LTE Tutorial: Looking Forward Beyond HSPA+

LTE tutorial
- Looking forward beyond HSPA+

sppe12083@gmail.com
RAN System Engineer
All rights reserved @ 2009
Outline
Beyond HSPA+
LTE: motivation and expectations
E-UTRAN overview & initial performance evaluation
OFDMA and SC-FDMA fundamentals
LTE physical layer
LTE transmission procedures
Beyond HSPA evolution 3GPP path
Rel-99
WCDMA
Rel-7
HSPA+ (HSPA Evolution)
DL: 14.4 Mbps
UL: 5.76Mbps
HSDPA/HSUPA
DL: 28 Mbps
UL: 11 Mbps
DL: 42 Mbps
UL: 11 Mbps
DL: 84 Mbps
UL: 23 Mbps
DL: 100+Mbps
UL: 23+ Mbps
Rel-8 Rel-9 Beyond Rel-9
LTE specification
process ~ 2007Q4
E-UTRAN
UTRAN
Rel-6 Rel-5
LTE-A
DL:300 Mbps
UL: 75 Mbps
DL: 1 Gbps
UL: 100 Mbps
deployment
& service
enhancement
LTE - background
Motivation:
Based on HSPA success story(274*
commercial HSPA networks worldwide)
Uptake of mobile data traffic upon
cellular networks enforces:
Reduced latency
Higher user data rate
Improved system capacity and coverage
Cost-reduction per bit
Expectation:
Detailed requirements captured
in 3GPP TR 25.913
NGMN formally released requirements
on next generation RAN in late 2006**
*source: www.gsacom.com
mobile broadband evolution: roadmap from HSPA to LTE UMTS forum White paper
**http://www.ngmn.org/nc/de/downloads/techdownloads.html
LTE - background
Motivation:
Based on HSPA success story(274*
commercial HSPA networks worldwide)
Uptake of mobile data traffic upon
cellular networks enforces:
Reduced latency
Higher user data rate
Improved system capacity and coverage
Cost-reduction per bit
Expectation:
Detailed requirements captured
in 3GPP TR 25.913
NGMN formally released requirements
on next generation RAN in late 2006**
*source: www.gsacom.com
mobile broadband evolution: roadmap from HSPA to LTE UMTS forum White paper
**http://www.ngmn.org/nc/de/downloads/techdownloads.html
LTE feature overview
Flexible and expandable spectrum bandwidth
Simplified network architecture
High data throughput (Macro eNodeB & Home eNodeB)
Support for multi-antenna scheme (up to 4x4 MIMO in Rel-8)
Time-frequency scheduling on shared-channel
Soft(fractional) frequency reuse
Self-Organizing Network (SON)
LTE spectrum flexibility
FDD Pair
uplink
downlink
5 MHz
20 MHz
Operating bands
Flexible carriers: from 700MHz to
2600MHz
Extensible bandwidth: from 5MHz to
20MHz
active RBs
Transmission bandwidth configuration(RBs)
Channel bandwidth (MHz)
LTE basic parameters
Frequency range UMTS FDD bands and TDD bands defined in 36.101(v860) Table 5.5.1
channel bandwidth (MHz)
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Transmission bandwidth NRB:
(1 resource block =180kHz
in 1ms TTI)
6 15 25 50 75 100
Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Modulation Schemes:
Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM(optional)
downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Multiple Access:
uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)
downlink: TxAA, spatial multiplexing, CDD ,max 4x4 array
Multi-Antenna Technology
Uplink: Multi-user collaborative MIMO
Downlink: 150Mbps(UE Category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth)
300Mbps(UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth)
Peak data rate
Uplink: 75Mbps(20MHz bandwidth)
LTE Peak throughput w.r.t UE categories
UE Category Maximum number of DL-SCH
transport block bits recei ved
within a TTI
Maximum number of bits of
a DL-SCH transport
block recei ved within
a TTI
Total number of
soft
channel
bits
Maximum number of
supported layers for
spatial multiplexing
in DL
Category 1 10296 10296 250368 1
Category 2 51024 51024 1237248 2
Category 3 102048 75376 1237248 2
Category 4 150752 75376 1827072 2
Category 5 299552 149776 3667200 4
3GPP TS 36.306 v850 User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities
Table 4.1-1: Downlink physical layer parameter values set by the field ue-Category
Table 4.1-2: Uplink physical layer parameter values set by the field ue-Category
UE
Cate
gory
Maximum number of bits of an
UL-SCH transport block
transmitted within a TTI
Support for
64QAM in
UL
Category 1 5160 No
Category 2 25456 No
Category 3 51024 No
Category 4 51024 No
Category 5 75376 Yes
Peak rate
150Mbps with
2x2 MIMO
Peak rate 300Mbps
with 4x4 MIMO
Peak rate
75Mbps
LTE UE category
UE Category 1 2 3 4 5
DL 10 50 100 150 300
UL 5 25 50 50 75
RF bandwidth 20 MHz
DL QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
UL QPSK, 16QAM
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
2 Rx Diversity Assumed in performance requirements
2x2 MIMO Optional Mandatory
4x4 MIMO Not supported Mandatory
Modulation
Peak rate
(Mbps)
3GPP TS 36.306 v850 User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities
Channel dependent scheduling
Time-frequency scheduling
UE #1
UE #2
Soft (fractional) frequency reuse
Soft Frequency Reuse(SFR):
inner part of cell uses all subbands with less power;
Outer part of cell uses pre-served subbands with higher power;
MS 21
MS 11
BS 1
BS 3
BS 2
P
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MS 31
MS 12
MS 22
MS 32
3GPP R1-050841 Further Analysis of Soft Frequency Reuse Scheme
E-UTRAN overview
E-UTRAN architecture
S
1
S
1
S
1
S
1
X
2
X
2
E-UTRAN architecture
E-UTRAN radio protocol
Paging
System
information
Dedicated Control
and information transfer
PCCH
SRB0 SRB1 SRB2 DRB1 DRB2
PCH
BCCH
BCH
CCCH
RACH
DCCH 1 DCCH 2 DTCH 1 DTCH 2
DL-SCH UL-SCH
PBCH PRACH
PDSCH
PUSCH
PHY layer functions
Multiplexing and HARQ control
Integrity and
ciphering
ARQ
Integrity and
ciphering
ARQ
ciphering and
ROHC
ARQ
ciphering and
ROHC
ARQ
PDCP
RLC
MAC
RRC
radio
bearers
logical
channels
transport
channels
physical
channels
notifications common dedicated
E-UTRAN radio channels
PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH
DTCH MCCH MTCH
PCH BCH DL-SCH
MCH
PDCCH PBCH PDSCH PMCH
CCCH DCCH DTCH
RACH
PRACH
UL-SCH
PUCCH PUSCH
downlink
Logical
channels
Transport channels
Physical channels
uplink
Logical Channels
Define what type of information is transmitted over the air, e.g. traffic channels,
control channels, system broadcast, etc.
Transport Channels no per-user dedicated channels!
Define how is something transmitted over the air, e.g. what are encoding, interleaving
options used to transmit data
Physical Channels
Define where is something transmitted over the air, e.g. first N symbols in the DL
frame
E-UTRAN bearers
M
A
C
R
L
C
L
T
E

L
1
P
D
C
P
R
R
C
I
P
N
A
S
U
D
P
R
T
P
T
C
P
H
T
T
P
UE
M
A
C
R
L
C
L
T
E

L
1
P
D
C
P
R
R
C
P
H
Y
L
a
y
e
r

2
I
P
S
1

A
P
S
C
T
P
G
T
P
-
u
U
D
P
eNodeB
L
2
P
H
Y
I
P
S
C
T
P
S
1

A
P
MME
N
A
S
L
2
P
H
Y
I
P
U
D
P
G
T
P
-
u
S-GW
L
2
P
H
Y
I
P
U
D
P
G
T
P
-
u
I
P
P-GW
L
2
P
H
Y
I
P
U
D
P
G
T
P
-
u
SRB: internal E-UTRAN signalingssuch as RRC signalings, RB management signalings
NAS signalings: such as tracking area update and mobility management messages
data traffic: E-UTRAN radio bearer +S1bearer +S5/S8 bearer
E-UTRAN radio bearer
S1 bearer
S5/S8
bearer
EPS bearer
L1/L2 control channel
E-UTRAN Control plane stack
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
S1AP
X2AP
SCTP
L2
L1
IP
S1AP
X2AP
SCTP
L2
L1
IP
NAS NAS
UE
eNodeB
MME/
eNodeB
24.301
36.331
36.323
36.322
36.321
36.211~36.214
36.413
36.423
36.412
36.422
S1-MME/X2-C LTE-Uu
E-UTRAN User Plane Stack
IP
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
GTP-u
UDP
L2
L1
IP
GTP-u
UDP
L2
L1
IP
Application
UE
eNodeB
PDN/S-GW
eNodeB
36.323
36.322
36.321
36.211~36.214
S1-U/X2-u
LTE-Uu
IP
29.274
Radio resource management
RLC
MAC
RRC
PHY
PDCP
QoSmanagement
Admission
control
Semi-persistent
scheduling
Hybrid ARQ
manager
Dynamic
scheduling
Link adaptation
PDCCH
adaptation
CQI manager
Interference
management
Load
control
L2
L1
L3 mobility
management
An overview of downlink radio resource management for LTE, Klaus IngemannPedersen, et al, IEEE communication magazine, 2009 J uly
E-UTRAN mobility
Simplified RRC states
Idle-mode mobility (similar as HSPA)
Connected-mode mobility
handover controlled by network
RRC-connected
RRC-idle
Cell reselection decided by UE
Based on UE measurements
Controlled by broadcasted parameters
Different priorities assigned to frequency
layers
Network controlled handovers
Based on UE measurements
MME/SGW
Target cell signal
quality meets
reporting threshold
Source
eNodeB
HO decision
target
eNodeB
Call
Admission
Mobility difference between UTRAN and E-UTRAN
UTRAN E-UTRAN
Location area (CS core) Not relevant since no CS connections
Routing area Tracking area
SHO No SHO
Cell_FACH, Cell_PCH,URA_PCH No similar RRC states
RNC hides most of mobility Core network sees every handover
Neighbour cell list required
No need to provide cell-specific
information, only carrier-frequency is
required.
Overview of a PS call control plane
UE activities after power-on
Initial
cell search
Derive system
information
Random
Access
Data Tx/Rx
Power up
P
D
C
C
H
P
D
S
C
H
P
C
F
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H
/
P
H
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S
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S
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S
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P
U
S
C
H
/
P
U
C
C
H
UE E-UTRAN
Radom Access procedure
Security procedures
paging
RRC Connection Request
RRC Connection Setup
RRC Connection Setup Complete
RRC Connection Reconfiguration
RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
Connection
establishment
Radio bearer
establishment
Overview of a PS call control plane
UE activities after power-on
Initial
cell search
Derive system
information
Random
Access
Data Tx/Rx
Power up
D
L

d
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t
a

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a
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m
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t
UE E-UTRAN
Radom Access procedure
Security procedures
paging
RRC Connection Request
RRC Connection Setup
RRC Connection Setup Complete
RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
Connection
establishment
Radio bearer
establishment
Overview of a PS call user plane
1 resource block:
180 kHz =12 subcarriers
1 resource block pair
1 TTI =1ms =2 slots
PS data
via S1 interface
Multiplexing
per user
scheduling
RLC
(Segmentation, ARQ)
PDCP
(Ciphering
Header Compression,)
HARQ
OFDM Signal
Generation
coding
data modulator
resource
mapping
eNodeB
Tx
to RF
UE
Overview of a PS call user plane
1 resource block:
1 resource block pair
1 TTI =1ms =2 slots
PS data
via S1 interface
Multiplexing
per user
scheduling
RLC
(Segmentation, ARQ)
PDCP
(Ciphering
Header Compression,)
HARQ
OFDM Signal
Generation
coding
data modulator
resource
mapping
eNodeB
Tx
to RF
UE
Occupying different radio
resources across TTIs
adapts to time-varying
radio channel condition!
LTE initial deployment scenario
Similar coverage as 3G HSPA on existing 3G frequency bands
LTE radio transmission technology itself does not provide coverage boost.
Lower frequency (e.g, 900MHz) provides better coverage but demands large-
size antennas.
Over-layedinitial deployment on hot-spot area
Spectrum availability
Backhaul capacity
Handset maturity (multi-mode)
urban
(0.6 ~1.2km)
sub-urban
(1.5 ~3.4km)
Rural
(26 ~50 km)
LTE initial trial performance
LTE data rates
Peak rate measured in lab and trial align with
3GPP performance targets
In reality, user throughputs are impacted by
RF conditions & UE speed
Inter-cell interference & multiple users sharing the capacity
Application overhead
Source: www.lstiforum.org
Active users per cell
Peak rate measured with a single user in
unloaded, optimal radio condition
Top 5%, loaded
Average
Cell edge
Active users per cell
Average: 10 active
users with 3Mbps
throughput per user
1Mpbs throughput
at cell edge
Macro Cellular network: peak rate Vs average rate
Unlike circuit-switched network design, live network throughput
is not fixed any more, being dependent on many environmental
factors such as CQI,Tx buffer status,etc.
In macro cellular network, network average throughput falls
behind peak rate by 10x.
Cellular booster for Mobile broadband
Ubiquitous coverage
High capacity & data rate
Low cost
>> FemtoCell Home eNodeB!
Tput (Mbps)
0
8
4
2
-3
2
10
25
15
G-factor (dB)
HSPA cell throughput
3GPP TS 25.101 Table 9.8D3, 9.8D4, 9.8F3 for PA3
LTE initial trial performance
User plane latency
3GPP RTT target is 10ms for short IP packet
Field trial results:
10~13ms with pre-scheduled uplink
<25ms with on-demand uplink
Control plane latency
Short latency helps to keep always onuser experience
Field trial results
Measured idle to active latency: 70~ 100ms
* Measurement takenwith one UE in unloaded case
* Source: www.lstiforum.org
EPC
App Server
air interface RTT
End-to-End Ping

Camped-state
(idle)
Active
(Cell_DCH)
Dormant
(Cell_PCH)
Less than 100msec
Less than 50msec
OFDMA and SC-FDMA rationale
OFDM fundamentals frequency spectrum
f
FDM
f
OFDM
No Inter-Carrier
Interference!
f f f 2
0
f 2
) sin(
f
f

f
T
u
=
1
Time domain
frequency domain
OFDM fundamentals multicarrier modulation
+1
+1
-1
f1
f2
f3
+
Modulated
subcarriers
1
1 0
,..., ,
c
N
a a a
0
a
S/P 1
a
1 Nc
a
t f j
e
0
2
t f j
e
1
2
t f j
Nc
e
1
2

) (
0
t x
) (
1
t x
) (
1
t x
Nc
+
) (t x
1
1 0
,..., ,
c
N
a a a
0
a
S/P
1
a
1 Nc
a
IFFT
0
0
P/S
X0
X1
XN-1
=
= =
1
0
2
1
0
) ( ) (
Nc
k
ft k j
k
Nc
k
k
e a t x t x

Specifying system sampling rate: f N T f
s s
= = / 1
We get:

= =
= =
1
0
1
0
2 2
1
0
2
) (
Nc
k
N
k
N
n
k j
k
N
n
k j
k
Nc
k
fnTs k j
k n
e a e a
e a nTs x x


OFDM fundamentals- Cyclic Prefix
1 k
a
1 + k
a
u
T
Integration interval
of direct path
directed path:
reflected path:
guard time
FFT integration time=1/Carrier spacing
OFDM symbol time
k
a
>
cp
T
directed path:
reflected path:
Guard time: Cyclic Prefix Vs Padding Zeroes
OFDM fundamentals- Cyclic Prefix
1 k
a
1 + k
a
u
T
Integration interval
of direct path
directed path:
reflected path:
guard time
FFT integration time=1/Carrier spacing
OFDM symbol time
k
a
>
cp
T
directed path:
reflected path:
Guard time: Cyclic Prefix Vs Padding Zeroes
IFFT
0
a
1
a
1 Nc
a
add
Cyclic
Prefix Tu
Tu+Tcp
an OFDM symbol
P/S
OFDM fundamentals general link level
chains
Digital communications: fundamentals and applications by Bernard Sklar, Prentice Hall, 1998. ISBN: 0-13-212713-x
OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications by Richard van Nee & RamjeePrasad, Artechhouse,2000, ISBN: 0-89006-530-6
3GPP TR 25892-600 feasibility study for OFDM in UTRAN
Coding Interleaving
QAM
mapping
Pilot
Insertion
S/P IFFT P/S add CP
Pulse
shaping
DAC RF Tx
Timing and
frequency Sync
ADC RF Rx
de-coding
de-
interleaving
QAM
de-mapping
Equalizer P/S FFT S/P
CP
removal
Binary input data
Binary output data
Sub-carriers
FFT
Time
Symbols
5 MHz Bandwidth
Guard Intervals
Frequency
OFDM fundamentals frequency domain
equalizer
) ( h
) (t S
transmitter
) ( w
+
) (t n
) (t r
) (
~
t s
receiver Channel model
) ( ) (
*
= h w
1 ) ( ) ( = w h
} ) ( ) ( {
2
t s t s E =
D D D
W0 W1 WL-1
+
n
r
n
s
DFT
0
R
0
W
0
1 N
R
1
N
S
1 N
W
IDFT
) (t r
) ( t s
MRC filter:
Zero Forcing:
MMSE:
Time domain
frequency domain
Frequency domain equalization for single carrier broadband wireless systems, David Falconer , et.al,
IEEE Communication magazine, 2002 April
Frequency domain equalizer outperforms with much less complexity!
OFDM fundamentals
Advantages:
OFDM itself does not provide processing gains,
but provides a degree of freedom in frequency
domain by partitioning the wideband channel into
multiple narrow flat-fadingsub-channels.
Channel coding is mandatory for OFDM to combat
frequency-selective fading.
Efficiently combating multi-path propagation in term of cyclic prefix
OFDM receiver (frequency domain equalizer) has less complexity than that of
Rake receiver on wideband channels.
OFDM characterizes flexible spectrum expansion for cellular systems.
Drawbacks:
high peak-to-average ratio.
Sensitive to frequency offset, hence to Doppler-shift as well
f
f
OFDM fundamentals downlink OFDMA
f
1 resource block:
1 slot =0.5 ms
PDSCH
PDCCH
OFDMA provides flexible scheduling in time-frequency domain.
In case of multi-carrier transmission, OFDMA has larger PAPR than traditional
single carrier transmission. Fortunately this is less concerned with downlink.
Does OFDMA suits for uplink transmission?
Uplink being sensitive to PAPR due to UE implementation requirements
With wider bandwidth in operation, OFDMA in uplink will have lower power per pilot
symbol which in turn leads to deterioration of demodulation performance.
Wideband single carrier transmission -
frequency domain equalizer (SC-FDE)
While time-domain discrete equalizer has effect of linear
convolutionon channel response; frequency domain equalizer
actually serves as cyclic convolutionthereof.
The difference will make first L-1 symbols incorrectat the output
of FDE.
Solution could be either overlapped processingor cyclic prefix
added in transmitter.
Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization and Diversity Combining for Broadband Wireless Communications, M. V. Clark,
IEEE J . Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 8, Oct. 1998
Linear Time and Frequency Domain Turbo Equalization, M. Tchler et al., Proc. IEEE 53rd Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), vol. 2,
May 2001
Block Channel Equalization in the Frequency Domain, F. Pancaldi et al., IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 53, no. 3, Mar. 2005
CP
insertion N samples
N+Ncpsamples
Single carrier
signal
generation
Pulse
Shaping
x(t)
block-wise generation
transmitter
SC-FDMA multiple access with FDE
Introduction to Single Carrier FDMA, Hyung G Myung, 2007 EURASIP
Coding Interleaving
QAM
mapping
add CP
Pulse
shaping
DAC RF Tx
Timing and
frequency Sync
ADC RF Rx
de-coding
de-
interleaving
QAM
de-mapping
Freq Domain
Equalizer
CP
removal
DFT
(size M)
IFFT
(size N)
P/S
Subcarrier
mapping
IDFT
(Size M)
P/S
FFT
(size N)
S/P
Binary input data
Binary output data
Single Carrier:
sequential transmission of the symbols
over a single frequency carrier
FDMA:
user multiplexing in frequency domain
SC-FDMA multiple access with SC-FDE
Multiple access in LTE uplink
DFT
OFDM
0
Pulse
Shaping
data stream
DFT
OFDM
0
Pulse
Shaping
data stream
Terminal B
Terminal A
f
f
Orthogonal uplink design in frequency domain!
SC-FDMA multiple access with SC-FDE
Multiple access in LTE uplink
DFT
OFDM
0
Pulse
Shaping
data stream
DFT
OFDM
0
Pulse
Shaping
data stream
Terminal B
Terminal A
f
f
Orthogonal uplink design in frequency domain!
SC-FDMA multiple access with FDE
block-wise
signals
DFT
(M)
IFFT
(N)
CP
insertion
D/A conversion
/pulse shaping
RF
Also called DFT-
Spread OFDM!
Adopted by
LTE uplink!
DFT
(M)
IFFT
(N)
A B C D
DFT
(M)
A B C D
IFFT
(N)
Distributed FDMA: Localized FDMA:
A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D
Upsamplingin freq domain makes
repeated sequence at time domain output
A * * * B * * * C * * * D * * *
OverSamplingin freq domain results in
interpolation at time domain output
time domain:
frequency domain:
OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA
t
time domain
f
frequency domain
Input data symbols
OFDM symbol
SC-FDMA symbol *
* Assuming bandwidth expansion factor Q=4 in distributed FDMA.
Time domain:
Frequency domain
- OFDM symbol is a sum of all data symbols by IFFT
- SC-FDMA symbol is repeated sequence of data chips
- OFDM modulates each subcarrier with one data symbol
- SC-FDMA distributes all data symbols on each subcarrier.
OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA
Similarities
Block-wise data processing and use of Cyclic Prefix
Divides transmission bandwidth into smaller sub-carriers
Channel inversion/equalization is done in frequency domain
SC-FDMA is regarded as DFT-Precoded or DFT-Spread OFDMA
Difference
Signal structure: In OFDMA each sub-carrier only carries information related
to only one data symbol while in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains
information of all data symbols.
Equalization: Equalization for OFDMA is done on per-subcarrier basis while
for SC-FDMA, equalization is done over the group of sub-carriers used by
transmitter.
PAPR: SC-FDMA presents much lower PAPR than OFDMA does.
Sensitivity to freq offset: yes for OFDMA but tolerable to SC-FDMA.
LTE Physical layer and transmission
procedures
LTE physical layer a vertical view
What kind of information is transmitted?
Upper layer SDUs plus additional L1 control information in transmission, e.g
Reference Signals, Sync signals,CQI, HARQ,etc
How is it transmitted?
Downlink OFDMA and uplink SC-FDMA
Channel dependent scheduling, HARQ,etc
multiple antenna support
Related L1 procedures
random access, power control, time alignment, etc
coding Scrambling multiplex modulation
reference signals
control information
time
frequency
PDCP
RLC
MAC
Transport blocks
control information
or user data
signals from
other channels
LTE physical layer - a horizontal view
PBCH: carries system broadcast information
PCFICH: indicates resources used for PDCCH
PHICH: carries ACK/NACK for HARQ operation.
PDCCH: carriers scheduling assignments and other control information
PDSCH: conveys data or control information
PMCH: for MBMS data transmission
Reference signal
Synchronization signal (PSS,SSS)
PUCCH: carries control information
PRACH: to obtain uplink synchronization
PUSCH: for data or control information
Reference Signals (Demod RS & SRS)
data transm
ission
PD
C
C
H
notifies how
to dem
odulate data
Feedback C
Q
Is,
Fundamental Downlink transmission scheme
1 resourrcblock =
12 sub-carriers =180KHz
1 slot =0.5 ms =
7 OFDM symbols
1 sub-frame =1 ms
1 resource
element
1 radio frame =10 ms
1 radio frame =10 sub-frames =10 ms
1 sub-frame =2 slot =14 OFDM symbols*
*An alternative slot structure for MBMS is 6 OFDM symbols per slot where extended CP is in use.
=
, 7 . 4
, 2 . 5
s
s
Tcp
66.7 us
66.7 us
Tcp
Tcp-e
for first OFDM symbol
for remaining symbols
s e Tcp 7 . 16 _ =
System information broadcast
System information
MIB: transmitted on PBCH (40msTTI)
information about downlink bandwidth
PHICH configuration
SFN
SIB: transmitted on PDSCH(DL-SCH)
SIB1: operator infor & access restriction infor
SIB2: uplink cell bandwidth, random access parameters
SIB3: cell-reselection
SIB4~SIB8: neighbor cell infor
Synchronization signal
PBCH: the first 4 OFDM
symbol in 2
nd
Slot per
10ms frame
10MHz
600 subcarriers
10ms frame
1.08 MHz
10ms frame
CRC insertion
scrambling
modulation
antenna
mapping
De-multiplexing
1/3 conv.
coding
One BCH transportation block
Downlink control channels PCFICH,PHICH
PCFICH:
tells about the size of the control region.
Locates in the first OFDM symbol for each sub-frame.
PHICH:
acknowledges uplink data transfer
Locates in 1
st
OFDM symbol for each sub-frame
inferior to PCFICH allocation
1/16
block code
Scrambling QPSK mod
2 bits 32 bits 32 bits
16 symbols
PCFICH-to-resource-element mapping
depends on cell identity so as to avoid
inter-cell interference.
3x
repetition
BPSK mod
1 bit 3 bits
scrambling
3x
repetition
BPSK mod
1 bit 3 bits
Orthogonal code
Orthogonal code
I
Q
12 symbols
One PHICH group

contains 8 PHICHs
Downlink control channels - PDCCH
Downlink control information (DCIs)
Downlink scheduling assignments
Uplink scheduling assignments
Power control commands
Control region size indicated by PCFICH
Blind decoded by UE in its search spaceand common search
space allows UEs micro-sleep even in active state
QPSK always used but channel coding rate is variable
R1-073373 Search space definition ofr L1/L2 control channels.
Downlink control channel design for 3GPP LTE, Robert Love, AmitavaGhosh, et,al. IEEE WCNC 2008.
reference signals
control information
1 sub-frame =1 ms
control region
Downlink control channels PDCCH
How to map DCIs to physical resource elements
Control Channel Elements(CCEs), consisting of 36 REs, are used to
construct control channels.
CCE aggregated at pre-defined level(1,2,4,8) to ease blind detections.
Usually 5MHz bandwidth system renders 6 UL/DL scheduling
assignments within a sub-frame.
Control Channel Element 0
Control channel candidates on which the UE attempts to
decode the information
(10 decoding attempts in this example)
Control channel
candidate set
Or search space
C
C
H

c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e

1
C
C
H

c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e

2
C
C
H

c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e

3
C
C
H

c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e

4
C
C
H

c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e

5
C
C
H

c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e

6
C
C
H

c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e

7
C
C
H

c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e

8
C
C
H

c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e

9
C
C
H

c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e

1
0
R1-070787 Downlink L1/L2 CCH design
Downlink control channels - PDCCH
Each PDCCH carries one DCI message.
CRC attachment
1/3 ConvCoding
Rate mattching
Control information
RNTI CRC attachment
1/3 ConvCoding
Rate mattching
Control information
RNTI
CRC attachment
1/3 ConvCoding
Rate mattching
Control information
RNTI
CCE aggragationand PDCCH multiplexing
Scrambling
QPSK
Interleaving
Cell specific
Cyclic shift
Downlink shared channel: PDSCH
Support up to 4 Tx antennas*
Resource block allocation:
Localized: with less signaling overheads
Distributed: benefits from frequency diversity
Channelization (location):
reference signals
control information
1 sub-frame =1 ms
User A
User B
User C
unused
CRC
Segmentation
FEC
RM+HARQ
Scrambling
Modulation
CRC
Segmentation
FEC
RM+HARQ
Scrambling
Modulation
Antenna mapping
Transport block
from MAC
Transport block
from MAC
RB mapping
To OFDM modulation for each antenna
data region
Cell-specific, bit-level
scrambling for interference
randomization **
* For MBSFN, antenna diversity scheme does not apply.
** For MBSFN, its MBSFN-area-specific scrambling.
Downlink reference signals
Cell-specific reference signals are length-31 Gold sequence,
initialized based on cell ID and OFDM symbol location.
Each antenna has a specific reference signal pattern, e.g 2
antennas
frequency domain spacing is 6 sub-carriers
Time domain spacing is 4 OFDM symbols
That is, 4 reference symbols per Resource Block per antenna
time
frequency
Antenna 0 Antenna 1
3GPP TS 36.211 physical channels and modulation section 6.10.1.1
LTE Multiple antenna scheme
3 2 1 0
, , , S S S S
STTD
UE
3 2 1 0
, , , S S S S
*
2
*
3
*
0
*
1
, , , S S S S
NodeB transmitter
OFDM
modulation
0
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
OFDM
modulation
*
1
a
*
0
a
*
2
a
*
3
a
UE
eNodeB transmitter
OFDM
modulation
0
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
OFDM
modulation
t f j
e a
2
1
UE
eNodeB transmitter
0
a
t f j
e a
2 2
2

t f j
e a
3 2
3

WCDMA STTD scheme:
LTE SFBC (space frequency block coding):
LTE CDD (cyclic delay diversity):
Downlink SU-MIMO
Transmission of different data streams simultaneously over multiple antennas
Codebook based pre-coding: signal is pre-coded at eNodeB before transmission
while optimum pre-coding matrix is selected from pre-defined codebook based on
UE feedback.
Open-loop mode possible for high speed
Uplink MU-MIMO: collaborative MIMO
Simultaneous transmission from 2UEs on
same time-frequency resource
Each UE with one Tx antenna
Uplink reference signals are coordinated
between UEs
Pre-
coding
SIC
receiver
S1
S2
S
r
r1
r2
r
H
eNodeB
UE
PMI, RI, CQI
LTE channels Multiple Antenna Schemes comments
open-loop spatial multiplexing large delay CDD/ SFBC
closed-loop spatical multiplexing SU-MIMO
multi-user MIMO MU-MIMO
UE specific RS beam-forming Applicable >4 Antennas
PDCCH SFBC
PHICH SFBC
PCFICH SFBC
PBCH SFBC
Sync Signals PVS
receiver diversity MRC/IRC
multi-user MIMO MU-MIMO
PUCCH receiver diversity MRC
PRACH receiver diversity MRC
UL control channel
UL data channel PUSCH
open-loop transmit diversity DL control channel
DL data channel PDSCH
Synchronization and Cell Search
LTE synchronization design considerations:
high PSR (Peak to side-lobe ratio: the ratio between the peak to the side-lobes of its
aperiodic autocorrelation function) to ease time-domain processing
low PAPR for coverage
Generalized Chirp Like (GCL) sequences overwhelm Golay and Gold sequences!
Synchronization signals
PSS: length-63 Zadoff-Chu sequences
Auto-correlation/cross-correlation/hybrid correlation based detection
SSS: an interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences
Alternative transmission (SSS1 and SSS2) in one radio frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 radio frame =10 ms SSS
PSS
3GPP TS 36.211 physical channels and modulation
Cell search in 3GPP LTE systems, by YingmingTsai etal, J UNE 2007 | IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE
LTE synchronization design considerations:
high PSR (Peak to side-lobe ratio: the ratio between the peak to the side-lobes of its
aperiodic autocorrelation function) to ease time-domain processing
low PAPR for coverage
Generalized Chirp Like (GCL) sequences overwhelm Golay and Gold sequences!
Synchronization signals
PSS: length-63 Zadoff-Chu sequences
Auto-correlation/cross-correlation/hybrid correlation based detection
SSS: an interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences
Alternative transmission (SSS1 and SSS2) in one radio frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 radio frame =10 ms SSS
PSS
62 Central
Sub-carriers
3GPP TS 36.211 physical channels and modulation
Cell search in 3GPP LTE systems, by YingmingTsai etal, J UNE 2007 | IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE
Hierarchical cell ID(1 out of 504):
Cell ID = 3* Cell group ID + PHY ID :
PSS structure
SSS structure
) 2 ( ) 1 (
3
ID ID
CELL
ID
N N N + =
=
=
=
+ +
61 ,..., 32 , 31
30 ,..., 1 , 0
) (
63
) 2 )( 1 (
63
) 1 (
n e
n e
n d
n n u
j
n un
j
u
25 =
29 =
34 =
0
) 2 (
=
ID
N
1
) 2 (
=
ID
N
2
) 2 (
=
ID
N
IFFT
0
pss
x
1
pss
x
62
pss
x
CP
insertion
PSS sequences
f
62 sub-carriers excluding DC carrier

f
slot 0
slot 10
odd sub-carriers
even sub-carriers
+
) 0 (
0
m
S
0
C
1
SSC
+
) 1 (
1
m
S
1
C
2
SSC
+
) 0 (
1
m
Z
+
) 1 (
1
m
S
0
C
1
SSC
+
) 0 (
0
m
S
1
C
2
SSC
+
) 1 (
1
m
Z
The indices (m0, m1) define
the cell group identity.
LTE Cell Search Vs WCDMA cell search
PSS detection
Slot timing
Physical layer ID (1 of 3)
SSS detection
Radio frame timing
Cell group ID (1 of 168)
CP length
PBCH decoding
PBCH timing
System information access
P-SCH detection
Slot boundary
S-SCH detection
frame timing
code group ID
CPICH detection
Cell-specific scrambling code
identified
BCH reading
cell searching in WCDMA,Sanat Kamal Bahl, IEEE Potential 2003;
LTE uplink
SC-FDMA: fundamental uplink radio parameters are aligned with
downlink scheme, e.g frame structure, sub-carrier spacing, RB
size.
Multiplexing of uplink data and control information
Combination of FDM and TDM are adopted in LTE uplink
Uplink transmission are well time-aligned to maintain
orthogonality (no intra-cell interference)
PRACH will not convey user data like WCDMA does, but serve to
obtain uplink synchronization
Fundamental uplink transmission scheme
Uplink transmission frame aligned with downlink parameterization
to ease UE implementation.
f
1 radio frame =10 ms
=
, 7 . 4
, 2 . 5
s
s
Tcp
66.7 us
66.7 us
Tcp
Tcp-e
for first OFDM symbol
for remaining symbols
s e Tcp 7 . 16 _ =
1 slot =0.5 ms =
7 OFDM symbols
1 sub-frame =1 ms
under eNodeB scheduling
Uplink reference signal
Uplink reference signals
Mostly based on Zadoff-Chu sequences (cyclic extensions)
Pre-defined QPSK sequences for small RB allocation
Demodulation Reference Signal (DRS) in a cell
Each cell is assigned 1 out of 30 sequence groups
Each sequence group contains 1(for less than 5 RB case) or 2 (6RB+ case) RS
sequence across all possible RB allocations
Sequence-group hopping is configurable in term of broadcasting information where the
hopping pattern is decided by Cell ID
Cyclic time shift hopping applies to both control channel and data channel
DRS on PUSCH
DFT
(size M)
OFDM
modulator
add CP
block of
data symbols
0
0
0
0
One DFTS-OFDM symbol
Instantaneous
bandwidth
(M sub-carriers)
interference
randomization
across intra-cell and
inter-cells
R
S

s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
3GPP TS 36.101 physical channels and modulation section 5.5.1
Uplink reference signal
DRS on PUCCH
See next slides
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
Not regularly but allows eNodeB to estimate uplink channel quality at alternative
frequencies
UEs SRS transmission is subject to network configuration
Location: always on last OFDM symbol of a sub-frame if available
one sub-frame
wideband, non-frequency hopping SRS
narrowband, frequency hopping SRS
Uplink control channel transmission - PUCCH
Uplink control signaling
Data associated: transport format, new data indicator, MIMO parameters
Non-data associated: ACK/NACK, CQI, MIMO codeword feedback
Channelization
In the absence of uplink data transmission: in reserved frequency region on
band edge
In the presence of uplink data transmission: see multiplexing with data on
PUSCH
f
downlink
data transmission
downlink
data transmission
Uplink
control TDM
with data
standalone
uplink control
no explicit tranmission
from UE as it follows
eNodeB scheduling!
.
.
1 ms sub-frame
Control region 1
Control region 2
total uplink
system bandwidth
Uplink control channel transmission - PUCCH
To cater for multiple downlink transmission mode, while preserving
single-carrier property in uplink, multiple PUCCH formats exist.
PUCCH is thus mainly classified by PUCCH format 1 & 2
PUCCH format 1/1a/1b: 1 or 2 bits transmitted per 1ms, for ACK/NACK/SR
PUCCH format 2/2a/2b: up to 20 bits transmitted per 1ms, for CQI/PMI/RI
.
.
1 ms sub-frame
CQI
reference
signal
.
.
1 ms sub-frame
ACK/NACK
reference
signal
Multiuser transmission on PUCCH
In PUCCH format 1, multiple PUCCHs are distinguished by cyclic
shift of ZACAC sequences plus orthogonal cover sequence
In PUCCH format 2, multiple PUCCHs are distinguished by cyclic
shift of ZACAC sequences.
IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT
RS RS RS
ACK/NACK bit
BPSK/QPSK
Length-12 phase
rotated sequence
IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT
RS RS
channel status report
QPSK
Length-12 phase
rotated sequence
IFFT
Length-4
Walsh sequence
1 slot =0.5 ms
1 slot =0.5 ms
Uplink data transmission - PUSCH
In case of PUSCH available, control signaling is multiplexed with
data on PUSCH.
To cater for radio channel variation, link adaptation applies to data part
Control signaling does not adopt adaptive modulation but the size of REs
(resource elements) can change w.r.t varying radio condition
Turbo
coding
Rate
matching
MUX
Conv
coding
Rate
matching
Block
coding
Rate
matching
baseband
modulation
IFFT DFT
QPSK
Block
coding
DFTS-OFDM
modulation
UL-SCH
CQI,/PMI
RI
ACK/NACK
CQI/PMI
RS
ACK/NACK
RI
PUSCH data
t
Uplink data transmission - PUSCH
UL-SCH processing chain
No Tx diversity/spatial multiplexing as downlink does
PUSCH frequency hopping (on slot basis)
Subband-based hopping according to cell-specific hopping patterns
Hopping based on explicit hopping information in scheduling grant
Transport block
from MAC @UE
CRC
Segmentation
FEC
RM+HARQ
Scrambling
Modulation
UE-specific,
bit-level
scrambling
To DFTS-OFDM and map to
assigned frequency resorurce
Random Access
LTE random access serves to obtain uplink synchronization, not
to carry data.
Contention-based random access: preambles based on ZC sequences
Contention-free random access: faster with reserved preambles (e.g, for
handover)
Random access resources
64 preambles classified into 3 parts:
RA area:
1 in every 1~20 ms(configurable)
UE eNodeB
RA preambles
RA response (timing
adjustment, UL grant)
UE terminal ID
Contention resolution

Preamble set #0 Preamble set #1 reserved
10 ms frame
1ms
6 RBs random
access area
NAS UE ID
RRC
Connection
Request
temporary C-RNTI;
timing advance;
initial uplink grant
early contention
resolution
Random Access
PRACH structure
Preamble sequence: cyclic shifted sequences from multiple root ZC sequences
CP: facilitates frequency-domain prcoessing at eNodeB
Guard time: to handle timing uncertainty
PRACH format options
Other users CP Preamble Sequence Guard time Other users near user
Other users CP Preamble Sequence Other users
timing
uncertainty
far user
preamble format RA window (ms) Tcplength (ms) Tseqlength (ms) Typical usage
0 1 0.1 0.8 for small~mediumcells (up to ~14 km)
1 2 0.68 0.8
for larget cells(upto ~77km) without link
budget problem
2 2 0.2 1.6
for medium cells(upto ~ 29km)
supporting low data rates
3 3 0.68 1.6 for very large cells(upto ~100km)
Layer 1 procedures power control
Uplink power control
WCDMA power control is continuous at 1500Hz; while LTE runs power control
slower at 200Hz
Based on open-loop setting while assisted by close-loop adjustment
Independent power control on PUCCH and PUSCH respectively
PUCCH power control
PUSCH power control
Independent of PUCCH power control
UE Power Headroom in use to indicate the true desired Tx power
To increase uplink data rate, LTE
would increase users bandwidth
rather than increase Txpower!
{ } + + + =
format DL T
PL P P P
0 max
, min
{ } + + + + =
MCS DL T
M PL P P P ) ( log 10 , min
10 0 max
Layer 1 procedures Timing Alignment
To maintain uplink intra-cell orthogonality, timing alignment is
necessary.
The further away from eNodeB, the earlier the UE transmits.
Configurable by eNodeB at granularity of 0.52us from 0 ~0.67 ms
(corresponding to max cell radius of 100km)
Tp1
Ta1
Tp2
Ta2
Timing aligned uplink
reception at eNodeB for
different users
Tx
Rx
Tx
Tx
Rx
Rx
Backup - OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA
Channel equalizer:
OFDMA: divides wideband into multiple narrow flat-fadingsub-
bands hence equalization done on each sub-band is sufficient.
SC-FDMA: frequency domain equalization on the whole group
bandwidth of sub-carriers in use.
DFT
Sub-carrier
de-mapping
equalizer
equalizer
equalizer
Detect
Detect
Detect
DFT
Sub-carrier
de-mapping
equalizer IDFT
detect
OFDMA:
SC-FDMA:
Backup - OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA
PAPR:
CM: a better measure of UE PA back-off
3G evolution, HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband(2
nd
edition), ISBN: 978-0-12-374538-5, page.118,
) ) ( (
) (
2
2
t s E
t s
PAPR =
85 . 1
5237 . 1 ) ( log 20
) (
) (
log 20
3
10
3
3
10
=
rms n
rms ref
rms n
v
F
v
v
CM
SC-FDMA has around 2dB CM gain against OFDMA!
Backup - Zadoff-Chu sequence
characteristics
Zadoff-Chu sequences
Property of ZC sequences:
Constant amplitude, even after Nzc-point DFT.
Ideal cyclic auto-correlation
Constant cross-correlation[=sqrt(1/Nzc)], assuming Nzc is a prime number
=
=
=
+ +
61 ,..., 32 , 31
30 ,..., 1 , 0
) (
63
) 2 )( 1 (
63
) 1 (
n e
n e
n d
n n u
j
n un
j
u

Polyphase codes with good periodic correlation properties, J .D.C.Chu, IEEE trans on Informaitontheory, ,vol.18, pp.531-532, J uly 1972
Phase shift pulse codes with good periodic correlation properties, R.Frank,S.Zadoff and R.Heimiller, IEEE Trans on Information Theory, Vol 8, pp 381-382, Oct 1962.
Backup mobility: intra-MME handover
UE Source eNodeB Target eNodeB EPC
Measurement reporting
Handover
decision
Handover request
Admission
control
Handover request Ack
Detach from
old cell
Deliver packets
to target eNodeB
Data forwarding
buffer packets
From source eNodeB
RRC Connection Reconfiguration complete
Path switch procedure
UE context release
Flush buffer
Release resource

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