Thermochemistry

Energy Changes in Chemical Reaction

Definition:
Poem;
P.K.
EXOTHERMIC
ENDOTHERMIC
Very important
Bond breaking RE!IRE" energy
Bond formation RE#E$"E" energy
1
Thermochemistry is the st%&y o' changes in heat
energy (hich ta)e place &%ring chemical reaction
Heat energy, we shall
later study
Is involved in reactions of
thermochemistry,
Heat is being absorbed or
$ chemical reaction that *IVE" O!T+
RE#E$"E" heat to the s%rro%n&ings
$ chemical reaction that $,"OR," heat
'rom the s%rro%n&ings
EXOTHERMIC REACTION
Energy Profie Diagram
!t"dy t#e diagram $aref"y%
!o t#at yo" &i be abe to dra& t#e Energy 'e(e Diagram%
)#at i* a$ti(ation energy+
A$ti(ation energy i* t#e energy barrier t#at m"*t be
o(er$ome by t#e $oiding ,arti$e* of t#e rea$tant* in order
for rea$tion to o$$"r - to be$ome t#e ,rod"$t*
. H / T#e $#ange in t#e amo"nt of #eat in a $#emi$a
rea$tion i* $aed t#e heat o' reaction%
Energy
Reaction path
Energy
releases
d"ring bond
formation
Energy
re-%ires
d"ring
bond
breaking
Reactants
Pro&%cts
Energy Re-%ires . Energy Releases
X
0
1
$cti/ation Energy
. H / 2(e
3
What we can say about exothermic reaction?
T#e $on$"*ion i*4
5 Bond breaking re6"ire* less energy t#an bond formation7
5 !o7 t#e energy reea*ed to form t#e bond i* higher + greater
t#an t#e energy ab*orbed to break t#e bond*%
5 T#en7 e8$e** #eat energy i* release& to t#e *"rro"nding*%
5 T#"*7 d"ring t#e rea$tion tem,erat"re of t#e mi8t"re
inreases7
5 T#e tota energy of ,rod"$t i* lo(er t#an t#e tota energy of
rea$tant%
Energy 'e(e Diagram for E8ot#ermi$ Rea$tion
"imply mean li)e this0
Pro9e$t / rm1:: ::: ;energy re6"ire*<
Com,ete / rm1=: ::: ;energy reea*e*<
'o** / rm=: ::: ;. H7 #eat $#ange*<
!a(ing / e** rm=: ::: ;negati(e<
Energy
Rea$tant*
Prod"$t*
. H / 2 >negati(e?
. H / H
,rod"$t*
2 H
rea$tant*

. H / 2(e
@
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
Energy Profie Diagram
!t"dy t#e diagram $aref"y%
What we can say about endothermic reaction?
T#e $on$"*ion i*
5 Bond breaking re6"ire* more energy t#an bond formation7
5 !o7 t#e energy reea*ed to form t#e bond i* lo(er + less t#an
t#e energy ab*orbed to break t#e bond*%
5 T#en7 #eat energy i* a1sor1e& from t#e *"rro"nding*%
5 T#"*7 d"ring t#e rea$tion tem,erat"re of t#e mi8t"re
&ecreases7
5 T#e tota energy of ,rod"$t i* higher t#an t#e tota energy
of rea$tant%
Energy
Reaction path
Energy
releases
d"ring bond
formation
Energy
re-%ires
d"ring
bond
breaking
Reactants
Pro&%cts
Energy Re-%ire& 2 Energy Release&
A
P
R
$cti/ation Energy
. H / B(e
C
Energy 'e(e Diagram for Endot#ermi$ Rea$tion
"imply mean li)e this0
Pro9e$t / rm1:: ::: ;energy re6"ire*<
Com,ete / rm=: ::: ;energy reea*e*<
Profit / rm=: ::: ;energy #eat $#ange*<
!a(ing / ", to rm=: ::: ;,o*iti(e<
E3ample o' e3othermic reaction
Mo*t of t#e $#emi$a rea$tion i* e8ot#ermi$ *"$# a*
5 ne"traiDation
5 $omb"*tion
5 a$id and meta
;Ti,: better to memoriDe endot#ermi$ rea$tion7 be$a"*e not
many rea$tion i* endot#ermi$<
Energy
Rea$tant*
Prod"$t*
. H / B >,o*iti(e?
. H / H
,rod"$t
2 H
rea$tant*

. H / B(e
=
E3ample o' en&othermic reaction
1% !at di**o(e* in &ater
NH
C
C >*? E NH
C
B
>a6? B C
5
>a6?
FNO
@
>*? E F
B
>a6? B NO
@
5
>a6?
3% !at $ry*taiDation
C"!O
C
%=H
3
O >*? E C"
3B
>a6? B !O
C
35
>a6? B =H
3
O >?
@% T#erma de$om,o*ition
1nCO
@
>*? E 1nO

>*? B CO
3
>g?
3Mg>NO
@
?
3
>*? E 3MgO

>*? B CNO
3
>g? B O
3
>g?
C% !at di**o$iation
NH
C
C >*? G//H NH
C
B
>a6? B C
5
>a6?
CaCO
@
>*? G//H CaO

>*? B CO
3
>g?
=% Rea$tion bet&een a$id &it# *odi"m #ydrogen $arbonate
and ,ota**i"m #ydrogen $arbonate4
HC>a6? B NaHCO
@
>a6? E NaC>a6? B H
3
O>? B CO
3
>g?
HC>a6? B FHCO
@
>a6? E FC>a6? B H
3
O>? B CO
3
>g?
I% ,#oto*ynt#e*i*
ICO
3
B IH
3
O E C
I
H
13
O
I
B IO
3
J% ,ro$e** of meting7 e(a,oration and boiing%
I
E8am,e 1:
Mg B H
3
!O
C
Mg!O
C
B H
3

. H / 2CIJ kK
Energy e(e diagram
Exercises
Ba*ed from t#e foo&ing e6"ation*7 $on*tr"$t and e8,ain
energy e(e diagram for t#e rea$tion%
>1? CaCO
@
CaO B CO
3
. H / B 1JL kK
>3? 3H
3
B O
3
3H
3
O . H / 2 =J3 kK
>@? 1n B C"!O
C
1n!O
C
B C" . H / 2 1M: kK
>C? H
3
B I
3
3HI . H / B =@ kK
Energy
Mg B H
3
!O
C
Mg!O
C
B H
3
. H / 5 CIJ kK
E8,anation:
T#e rea$tion i* an e8ot#ermi$ rea$tion
Tem,erat"re of mi8t"re i* in$rea*e*
Tota energy of 1 moe Mg and 1 moe H
3
!O
C
i*
#ig#er t#an 1 moe of Mg!O
C
and 1 moe H
3
by CIJ
kK
)#en 1 moe Mg rea$t* &it# 1 moe H
3
!O
C
to form 1
moe of Mg!O
C
and 1 moe H
3
7 CIJ kK of #eat i*
reea*ed-,rod"$ed%
J
Effe$ti(e Pra$ti$e ,g 1CL no% 17 37 @ N C
E8am,e 3:
3HgO 3Hg B O
3

. H / B1L3 kK
Energy e(e diagram4
Kamal Ariffin Bin Saaim
SMKDBL
http://www.kemhawk.webs.com/
Energy
3HgO
3Hg B O
3
. H / B 1L3
E8,anation:
T#e rea$tion i* an endot#ermi$ rea$tion
Tem,erat"re of mi8t"re i* de$rea*e*
Tota energy of 3 moe HgO i* o&er t#an 3 moe of
Hg and 1 moe O
3
by 1L3 kK
)#en 3 moe HgO de$om,o*e to form 3 moe of Hg
and 1 moe O
3
7 1L3 kK of #eat i* ab*orbed
L
example
T#e diagram *#o&* an energy ,rofie diagram%
Ba*ed on t#e abo(e energy ,rofie diagram7 t#e amo"nt of a$ti(ation energy i*%%
$ >0 2 X? kK mo
51
, X kK mo
51
C >X 2 0? kK mo
51

D 0 kK mo
51
45 T#e rea$tion bet&een nitrogen and o8ygen $an be re,re*ented by t#e foo&ing e6"ation:
N3 >g? B O3>g? 3NO>g? H / B1L1 kK
)#i$# of t#e foo&ing energy e(e diagram* re,re*ent t#e abo(e rea$tion+
$ ,
C D
Energy
Rea$tant*
X kK mo
51
0 kK mo
51
Prod"$t*
M
3NO>g?
Energy
Energy
N
3
>g? B O
3
>g?
3NO>g?
H / B1L1 kK
N
3
>g? B O
3
>g?
3NO>g?
H / B1L1 kK
Energy
3NO>g?
N
3
>g? B O
3
>g?
H / B1L1 kK
Energy
N
3
>g? B O
3
>g?
H / B1L1 kK
6 A ,",i $arried o"t an e8,eriment to determine t#e (a"e of #eat of ne"traiDation%
Diagram I *#o&* t#e *et ", of t#e a,,arat"* "*ed in t#e e8,eriment%
T#e foo&ing data &a* obtained4
a? )#y &a* a ,oy*tyrene $", "*ed in t#i* e8,eriment+
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO%%
;1 mark<
>b? Pi(en t#at t#e *,e$ifi$ #eat $a,a$ity of t#e *o"tion i* C%3 Kg
51o
C
51
and t#e
den*ity of t#e *o"tion i* 1%: g$m
5@%
>i? Ca$"ate t#e $#ange of #eat in t#e e8,eriment%
>ii? Ca$"ate t#e #eat of di*,a$ement in t#e e8,eriment%
;@ marks<
1:
Initia tem,erat"re of #ydro$#ori$ a$id / 3L
o
C
Initia tem,erat"re of *odi"m #ydro8ide *o"tion / 3L
o
C
Hig#e*t tem,erat"re of t#e mi8t"re of ,rod"$t / C1
o
C
1:: $m
@
of 3%: mo dm
5@

!odi"m #ydro8ide *o"tion
1:: $m
@
of 3%: modm
5@

#ydro$#ori$ a$id
T#ermometer
DIAPRAM I
Poy*tyrene $",
>$? Dra& t#e energy e(e diagram for t#e rea$tion%
;3 marks<
>d? Ba*ed on t#e e8,eriment7 &#at i* meant by t#e #eat of ne"trai*ation+
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO%%%%%%%
;1 mark<
>e? T#e ,",i re,eat* t#e e8,eriment by re,a$ing #ydro$#ori$ a$id &it#
et#anoi$ a$id% A t#e ot#er $ondition* remain "n$#anged%
>i? Predi$t t#e (a"e of t#e #eat of ne"trai*ation+
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO%%%%%%%%%
;1 mark<
>ii? E8,ain &#y+
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO%%%%%%%%
%%%OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO%
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
;3 marks<
11