C1.

LAM QUEN VI MATLAB

I.1. Vai net ve Matlab
Matab va a mot ngon ng ap trnh va a
mot phan mem ng dung tnh toan rat heu
qua.
Kh ong Matab man hnh desktop mac nh
nh hnh sau:
Ca so : Command Window ( Ca so enh )
a n chung ta am vec v chng trnh
Matab. Matab hen th dau nhac >> kh san
sang am vec va trc kh vao enh ta
pha e con tro ngay sau dau nhac.
1
Sau kh vao xong 1 enh nao o ta nhan phm
Enter e Matab th hanh , cac ket qua se
hen th ngay tren ca so enh. Kh vao
enh neu thay sa, nhan phm Esc e xoa
dong enh va vao a dong enh.
Matab cho phep dung phm e ay a cac
dong enh a vao trc o tng dong
mot sau o ten hanh sa no dung (Edit)
dong enh nay bang cach dung cac phm
mu ten tra pha
,
va cac phm Back
Space, Deete nham gam th gan vao enh.
Tren man hnh desktop con co ca so
Command !istor" a n gh a toan bo cac
dong enh a vao tren ca so enh, ta co
the copy 1 dong enh tren ca so Command
!istor" bang cach dung con chuot cheu
sang dong enh , xong g phm tra chuot ,
keo va tha vao ca so enh.
I.2 Lam !en v"i #a# le$n% #" ba&n #!&a
Matlab
#$ Ca%c phe%p toa%n so ho&c tre'n ca%c (o'
h)%n*:
K heu Phep toan Dang trong
Matab
Luy tha :
b
a ab
* Nhan : a x b a*b
/ Cha pha a/b =
a
b
a/b
\ Cha tra a\b =
b
a
a\b
2
+ Cong : a + b a + b
- Tr : a - b a - b
+ Lu y : Phep tnh cha tra : 7/2 = 2\7 = 3.5
( net gach ngheng nga ve mau so )
+ Matab hen th so : 3.456 x10
3
d dang
3.456e+03
+ Matab thc hen cac phep tnh v o chnh
xac cao, nhng che o mac nh ch hen
th 4 ch so thap phan.
+$ ,h% t& u tie'n ca%c phe%p toa%n
Ca'( )*$ +! tie,n -%e( t*an
Mot Cac cap dau ngoac ,
c tnh t cap trong
cung nhat.
Ha Luy tha c tnh t
tra qua pha.
Ba Nhan va cha cung
o u ten, c tnh
t tra qua pha.
Bon Cong va tr cung
o u ten, c tnh
t tra qua pha.
+ Nen dung them cac cap dau ngoac trong
trng hp tnh toan cac beu thc phc tap,
chung am beu thc tr nen de oc, tranh
cac sa sot kh vet beu thc.
-$ ,oa%n t *a%n
Toan t = trong Matab c go a toan
t *a%n hoa.c tha" the$
Mau dong enh dung phep gan nh sau :
3
Ten_bien = gia tr hoac bieu thc
tnh toan c
+ Bien / (aria0e 1 trong Matab a 1 k heu c
s dung e cha 1 ga tr.
+ ,e'n 0ien / (aria0e name 1 : bat au bang
mot ch ca /etter 1, tep theo a cac ch
ca, ch so hoac k t gach chan . To a a
31 k t, 2ata0 pha'n 0ie3t ro4 ch4 hoa ch4
th)5n*$ Cac ten ben v du voume, Voume,
VOLUME beu th cac ben khac nhau. Ten
ben xuat hen 0e'n tra%i toan t gan = va
ch mot ten ben ma tho.
+ Be'n phai toan t gan = a mot ga tr
hoac mot beu thc ma Matab co the tnh
toan c. Neu beu thc nay co cha cac
ben th cac ben nay pha co ga tr xac
nh trc : chung c gan hoac tnh toan
t nhng dong enh trc.
+ V du :
Phep gan : x + 2 = 20 a sa v ben tra
toan t gan khong pha a 1 ten ben.
Phep gan : x = 5 + y ch ung neu ga
tr cua ben y a c xac nh t
trc, neu khong Matab se bao sa.
>> x = 5 ;
>> x = x + 3 ;
Phep gan au gan ben x ga tr bang
5 , phep gan sau co ngha a ga tr m
cua x bang ga tr cu cua x ( a c
xac nh a 5 ) cong v 3. Sau 2 phep
gan x co ga tr a 8
4
6a3" toa%n t *a%n 7 , kho'n* man* "% n*h8a
s& 0a9n* nhau theo n*h8a toa%n ho&c ma5 no%
ch: tha" the *ia% tr; t<nh =)&c ) (e phai
(a5o o' nh)% cua 0ien 0e'n (e tra%i$
>$ Ca%c e3nh ?uan < mo3t phie'n a5m (ie3c:
Vec chung ta vao enh va Matab tra
tren ca so enh theo keu ho , ap c
Matab go a mot phen am vec tng tac
hoac n gan hn a mot phen am vec.
Trong Matab Workspace( khong gan am vec )
quan ten, kch thc . va ga tr cua cac
ben c dung trong phen am vec hen
hanh.
Ca so Workspace cha 3 ben a,b,c
Mot so lenh thong ung cu!a Matlab
c to" ta#t trong ba!ng sau$
Lenh Cong dung
Cc Xoa (au) ca so enh.Mang
tnh chat hnh thc,ga tr
cac ben van ton ta.
cear Ga phong toan bo ben ra
kho bo nh. Xoa Workspace
Cear var1 var2 Ga phong cac ben var1
5
var2 ra kho bo nh.
Exst(name) Ho Matab xem co ton ta
tap tn hay ben a c
thanh ap co ten a name
cha?
Out Thoat kho chng trnh Matab
Who Let ke cac ben hen hanh
co trong bo nh.
Whos Let ke cac ben hen hanh
va kch thc cua chung
trong bo nh va ch ro
phan ao cua chung neu co.
; Dau cham phay ; cuo
dong enh ngan khong cho
Matab hen th cac ket qua
ra ca so enh.
. Kh dong enh qua da can
xuong dong , dau 3 cham .
cuo dong enh bao cho
Matab bet dong enh con
tep tuc dong tep theo.
, Dau phay , ngan cach cac
phan t trong 1 mang.
: Dau 2 cham : c dung e
phat snh mot mang co cac
phan t cach eu nhau.
% Dau phan tram % Matab xem
nhng g sau dau % a
bnh, chu ga cho dong
enh. Thng dung kh vet
chng trnh.
+ Neu dong enh co dau cham phay ;
cuo dong Matab se khong hen th ket ra
6
man hnh sau kh tnh nhng van g ga tr
cua ben trong bo nh. V du :
>> x = 5 + 10 * 3
x=
35
>> y = 32+1;
>> y
y=
10
+ Kh dong enh e@ist/AnameB1 e ho, neu
Matab tra 1 th ben name a ton ta, neu
a 0 th ben o cha c tao ra.
+ Matab uon g ga tr sau cung cua ben
trong bo nh tr kh ta a thoat kho Matab
bang enh ?uit hoac xoa ben o bang
enh cear te'nC0ien.Muon bet ga tr hen
hanh cua 1 ben nao o ta ch can vao ten
ben, xong Enter .
+ Lenh cc,au man hnh ca so enh cho sach
se, de nhn, no khong tac ong g en cac
ga tr cua cac ben trong Workspace.
D$ Ca%c ha5m a3p saEn tron* 2ata0.
Matab co hang tram ham c xay dng
san, v du ham ay can bac 2 sqrt, ham sn.
Cap dau ngoac n ( ), c vet sau ten
ham, bao ay o so cua ham co the a so
hoac beu thc tnh c. Lu y : Ten cac
ham c vet bang ch thng. V du:
>> z = sqrt(25)
z=
5
>> y=sn(p/4)
7
y=
0.7071
%ac ha&" thong ung trong Matlab
sqrt(x) : ham rut can bac ha x
exp(x) : ham e
x
( e = 2,71828.)
og(x) : ham ogart t nhen ( c so e )
og10(x): ham ogart c so 10
sn(x) : ham sn
cos(x) : ham cos
tan(x) : ham tang
cot(x) : ham cotang
asn(x) : ham arcsn
acos(x) : ham arccos
atan(x) : ham arctang
atan2(y,x) : tra ve 1 cung (goc)

(radan)
nam trong khoang | -
,
| , sao cho tang

=
y/x. V du
atan2(1,-1) co ket qua a 2,3562. Nay
chnh a goc tao b truc Ox va ta OM v
em M co toa o (x,y)
acot(x) : ham arccotang
snh(x) : ham sn hyperboc, co ham ngc
a ham asnh(x)
cosh(x) : ham cos hyperboc, co ham ngc
a ham acosh(x)
tanh(x) : ham tang hyperboc, co ham
ngc a ham atanh(x)
coth(x) : ham cotang hyperboc, co ham
ngc a ham acoth(x)
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abs(x) : ham ay ga tr tuyet o hoac
moun cua so phc.
rem(x,y) : tra ve phan d kh cha x cho y. V
du rem(10,3) = 1
round(x): ham am tron en so nguyen
gan nhat.
V du : round(3.8) = 4, round(3.49) = 3,
round(3.5) = 4
ce(x): ham am tron en so nguyen gan
nhat dng ve dng vo cc

V du : ce(3.1)= 4, ce(-3.9) = -3
oor(x) : ham am tron en so nguyen
gan nhat hng ve am vo cc -

x(x) : ham am tron en so nguyen gan

nhat hng ve zero.
sgn(x) : ham sgnum
Neu x a so thc ,ham sgnum c nh
ngha nh sau :
1 x > 0
sgn(x) = 0 x = 0
-1 x < 0
gcd(m,n) : tra ve c so chung n nhat
cua 2 so nguyen dng m , n
cm(m,n) : tra ve bo so chung nho nhat
cua 2 so nguyen dng m , n
Ne nhan s tr gup cua Matab ve mot ham
nao o trong ca so enh ta go hel'
ten_ha&" , thong tn ve o so , ng x
cua ham se xuat hen ngay trong ca so
enh cung 1 so ham en quan. V du sau kh
go xong hep o*, nhan c thong tn sau :
>> hep o*
LOG Natura ogarthm
9
LOG(X) s the natura ogarthm of the eements of X
Compex resuts are procedure f X s not postve.
See aso LOG2 , LOG10 , EXP , LOGM.
F$ Ca%c ha9n* =;nh n*h8a tr)%c tron* 2ata0$
Matab co mot so hang ac bet a c
nh ngha trc, ta co the thay o cac ga
tr nay neu muon nhng tot nhat a ton
trong cac ga tr a c Matab gan san.
Cac ben va hang ac bet thong dung:
Bie'n. %a/n0 1 n0%2a
p So p = 3.14159
ans (answer) Ben tam cha ket
qua sau cung nhat.
eps So nho nhat kh cong vao 1
se cho 1 so n hn 1. No
chnh xac cua dau cham
ong.
,| Nn v ao 1
nf Vo cung n

( V du 5/0 )
nan (Not a number) Ket qua so
khong xac nh

+ 3*' (%+# : z = 5 - 4 kh a vao dong enh
co dang :
>> z = 5 - 4 ( 4%*,n0 co dau * ga so 4 va
n v ao ). Ha so phc en hep co phan
thc bang nhau va phan ao o nhau. V du : 4
+ 3 va 4 - 3. Tch cua chung se a so thc.
10
+ Cac phep tnh cong tr nhan cha so phc
thc hen tng t nh so thc.
Mot so ha&" lien (uan en so 'hc
nh sau$
abs(z) : ay moun (suat) cua so phc.
angc(z): ay goc pha cua so phc.
rea(x): ay phan thc.
mag(x) : ay phan ao.
con|(x) : tra ve so phc en hep cua
so phc z
Ou c vet so phc trong Matab co the gay
ra sa am neu ta khong can than , v du : >> x
= 7/2* cho ket qua a 3.5 trong kh >> y= 7/2
cho ket qua bang -3.5.
M*$t 5*' v6 7!8 )e9 lam !en v"i Matlab
1. Co mot be cha hnh tru tron co cheu
cao 12 m , ban knh 5m . Ng ta muon
xay dng mot be cha th ha co cung
cheu cao, nhng the tch n hn ca th
nhat a 25% . Ho ban knh tng ng a
bao nheu met ?
Thc hen tren ca so enh cac dong enh
nh sau :
>> r = 5;
>> h = 12;
>> v = p*r2*h;
>> v = 1.25*v;
>> r = sqrt(v/(p*h))
r=
5.5902
Ga%p so : Ban knh be th ha a r = 5,5902
m
11
Dong enh cuo cung khong co dau ; e
Matab hen th ga tr cua r.
2. Ga phng trnh bac 2 trong R : 2x
2
+ 5x - 3
= 0
>>a=2;
>>b=5;
>>c=-3;
>>deta=b2-4*a*c
deta=
49
>>x1= (-b+sqrt(deta))/(2*a)
x1=
0.5000
>>x2= (-b-sqrt(deta))/(2*a)
x2=
-3
1.: Lam !en n%an% v"i m*$t 5*' va'n
)e #" ba&n #!&a Matlab.
#$ 2an* /arra"1 (a5 =a th%c # 0ien$
Lu y ay g theu a mang 1 cheu
con go a vect.
a. Mang a tap hp so c sap xep co
th% t& . V du mang x gom 4 so 2,7,0,-3
c kha bao v Matab nh sau :
>>x=|2,7,0,-3|; ca%ch nhau 0a9n* dau ,
hoa.c:
>>x=|2 7 0 -3|; ca%ch nhau 0a9n* khoan*
tran*$
Mang y gom 4 so 7,-3,2,0
Matab co the cong ha mang x,y co cung
kch thc e c 1 mang z cung kch
12
thc,ch bang dong enh z=x+y nh mnh
hoa sau ay:
>>x=|2,7,9,-3|
>>y=|7,-3,2,0|
>>z=x+y
z=
9 4 2 3
Nay chnh a em manh cua Matab so v
cac ngon ng ap trnh khac.Do vay
chng trnh vet bang Matab se rat gon.
0$ 2an* co% ca%c phaHn t ca%ch =eHu :
Kh ta muon kha bao mot mang tang u
co phan t au ten a 0, phan t cuo
cung a 10, trong o 2 phan t en tep
cach nhau mot ga so = 0.1 > 0, ta vao
enh nh sau:
>>u= |0:0.1:10|;
Dang tong quat e kha bao a :
Te,n;ma&n0<= (t+& )a! a> 0ia 5*' >(t+&
#!*'i b ?@
+ Lu y: Neu a>b th ga so pha a so
am.
+ So phan t trong 1 mang c tnh b
ham en*th, muon truy xuat ga tr phan
t th n cua mang ta s dung k heu :
,e'nCman*/n1. So n c go a ch: so
cua mang. V du :
>>u=|0:0.1:10|;
>>ength(u) % t<nh so phaHn t cua man*
u
ans =
13
101
>>u(5) % tru" @uat phaHn t th% D cua
man* u
ans =
0.4000
>>u(80) % tru" @uat phaHn t th% IJ cua
man* u
ans =
7.9000
>> w=2*cos(u);
>> m=ength(w)
m =
101
+ Dong enh w = 2*cos(u) bat Matab thc
hen 101 an phep tnh 2*cos(u) v tng
ga tr cua mang u va phat snh ra mang
m w co 101 phan t.
Cac mang no tren c go chnh xac a
mang keu dong ( row arra" ). Matab con
co mang keu cot (coumn arra"): cac
phan t cua mang c phan cach nhau
bang dau cham phay ; thay v dau phay ,
hoac khoang trong nh mang keu dong.
>> v=|1,3,5,7| K man* kieu do5n*$
v=
1 3 5 7
>> v=|1;3;5;7| K man* kieu co3t$
v=
1
3
5
7
14
c$ ,Lm n*hie3m cua =a th%c mo3t 0ien:
Ta co the mo ta 1 a thc trong Matab
bang 1 mang co cac phan t a cac he
so cua a thc, bat au bang he so
tng ng v uy tha co bac cao nhat
trong a thc. Nghem cua 1 a thc c
ga bang ham roots(a) trong o a a
mang cha cac he so cua a thc theo
uy tha gam. Ket qua cua ham roots
a 1 mang keu cot, cha cac nghem
cua a thc.
V du 3: Tm nghem cua a thc x
3
+ 6x
2
-11x + 290
>>a=|1,6,-11,290|; % cac he so cua a
thc.
>>roots(a)
ans=
-10.0000
2.0000 + 5.0000
2.0000 - 5.0000
Na thc tren co 3 nghem a x= -10 va x=
2

5 (mot nghem thc va 2 nghem phc

en hep).
Ca ha dong tren co the gop thanh 1
enh duy nhat :
>>roots(|1,6,-11,290|);
+ Ham po"/ r 1 tra ve 1 man* kieu do5n*
v cac phan t a cac he so cua 1 a
thc co nghem cho trc a cac phan
t cua mang r ( ba toan ngc : cho
15
trc nghem, tm a thc ). Dung ham
po" kem tra a v du 3 ta c ket qua:
>>r=|-10,2+5,2-5|; % cho trc cac
nghem
>>poy( r )
ans=
1 6 -11 290
Na thc pha tm a x
3
+ 6x
2
-11x +290. Lu
y cac he so c sap xep theo uy
tha gam cua ben.
+ Ham po"(a/a,@1 dung e tnh cac ga
tr cua 1 a thc co cac he so cha
trong mang a ta cac em thuoc mang x.
Ket qua a 1 mang co cung kch thc
v mang x.
>>a=|3,-5,15|; % cac he so cua a thc
>>x=|1:5|; % ga so bang 1 , khong can
kha bao
>>y=poyva(a,x)
y=
13 17 27 43 65
Ham poyva rat ten dung kh ve o th
cua a thc.
)*%ac toan t! (uan he$
16
Mathab co 6 toan t quan he dung e so
sanh 2 so hoac 2 mang co cung kch
thc v nhau:
Toan t quan he YU ngha
< Nho hn
<= Nho hn hay bang
> Ln hn
>= Ln hn hay bang
== Bang v
-= Khac v
+ Mu "% : toan t so sanh bang nhau
dung 2 k heu = ch khong pha 1 k heu
= nh ta a quen trong toan hoc.Matab
danh k heu = cho toan t gan nh a
ga thch tren.
Ket qua cua 1 s so sanh se a so 0
neu s so sanh nay sa hoac a 1 neu s
so sanh nay ung. V du:neu x=3 va y=7
th phep gan z=x<y se am cho ben z co
ga tr a 1 con phep gan w=(x==y) se
am cho ben w co ga tr a 0.
Kh so sanh 2 mang cung kch thc Matab
so sanh tng cap phan t tng ng v
nhau ve th t, ket qua a 1 mang co
kch thc cha cac ga tr a 0 hoac 1.
>>x=|5,8,-6,12|;
>>y=|14,7,0,12|;
>>z=(x<y)
z=
1 0 1 0
>>w=(x-=y)
17
w=
1 1 1 0
Vay x<y cac v tr th 1 va th 3 trong
mang va x y cac v tr 1,2,3 trong
mang.
Matab con cho phep so sanh 1 mang v 1
so trong trng hp nay tat ca cac phan
t cua mang eu c so sanh v so
nay.
>>u=(x<10)
u=
1 1 1 0
Tep tuc v du nay neu gan z = (x<y), ta
c z=|5,6| ngha a z a mang con cua x
cha cac phan t nho hn cac phan t
tng ng trong mang y. Nay a dang phat
beu gan co eu ken.
+ Ham Nnd/@1 , trong o x a mot mang :
ham nay se tra ve mot mang cha
cac ch so cua cac phan t khac zero
trong mang x.
>>x=|1,0,-5,8,0,14|;
>>y=nd(x)
y=
1 3 4 6
Ket qua : cac phan t khac 0 cua mang
x a : x(1) x(3) x(4) x(6)
Ham Nnd/@O"1 , trong o x,y a 2 mang co
cung kch thc , se tra ve 1 mang cha
18
cac ch so cua cac phan t trong mang
x ( hay mang y ) thoa eu ken x<y :
>>x=|1,5,8,12|;
>>y=|0,7,-3,15|;
>>z=nd(x<y)
z=
2 4
Ket qua : x(2) < y(2) , x(4) < y(4)
Lu y : Ham Nnd ch cho ket qua a cac
ch so (ndex) khong pha a cac ga tr .
Cac phat beu kem eu ken nh tren
rat ten kh ap trnh can pha tach ra
1 mang con thoa 1 va eu ken nao o
t 1 mang x co rat nheu phan t.

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