B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP. HCM

KHOA C KH




N TT NGHIP
THIT K TI U,M PHNG PHANH LU CHT T BIN



GVHD:TS.Nguyn Quc Hng
Nhm Th:Nhm 5







TP. H Ch Minh, thng 4 nm 2013


DANH SCH NHM(DHCK7BLT)
01. Nguyn Vn Lm 11298621
02. Nguyn Vn Hng 11298611
03. Nguyn Mnh Hng 11282441
04. An Minh Lun 11289851
05. inh Thanh Hoi 11317471
06. Phm Huy Phc 11283121
07. inh Thnh Nam 11297741
08. Nguyn Vn To 11297881
09. Nguyn nh Lng 11283121
10. Nguyn Phng Nam 11293501












NI DUNG
I. Tm hiu v lu cht t bin v ng dng.
1. Gii thiu chung.
2. Cc nguyn tc c bn v ng dng ca MRF.
2.1 Kt cu cu ca MRF.
2.2 T tnh ca MRF.
2.3 Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht t bin.
2.4 Bin i ca lu cht trong MRF.
3. Hot ng ca cc ch trong MRF v ng dng ca n.
4. Phng php thit k ti u ca MRF- cc chi tit c bn.
4.1 Mt s chi tit c bn ca MRF.
4.2 Vn ti u ha trong thit k c s ca MRF.
4.3 Thit k ti u MRF da trn phn t hu hn.
5.Nghin cu thit k ti u Van lu cht MRF.
5.1 Hnh dng v m hnh ca van lu cht.
5.2 .S ti u ha ca cc van lu chttrong iu kin gim p lcvphm
vi hot ng.
6. Nghin cu thit k ti u xi-lanh ca b gim chn t bin.
6.1. Hnh dng v cu to ca b gim chn t bin
6.2. Ti u ho khong ng lc ca b gim chn t bin
II. Tm hiu v cc loi phanh lu cht t bin.
1. Gii thiu chung
2. Phanh lu cht t bin
3. Thit k ti u phanh lu cht t bin

NHN XT CA GVHD
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I.Tm hiu v lu cht t bin v ng dng.
1. Gii thiu
Cht lng t lu bin (lu cht t bin) l th keo khng c cc ht t ha khong hng chc
micron (20-50 micron) trn ng knh. Ni chung, lu cht t bin bao gm du, thng l
khong vt hoc silicone c s , v thay i t l phn trm ca cc ht cha st c ph
mt vt liu chng ng t. Khi khng cho hot ng , lu cht t bin th hin nh lut
Newton-nh. Khi tip xc vi t trng, cc ht cha st c phn tn trong cht lng to
thnh lng cc t. Nhng lng cc t xp thnh hng theo ng ca t thng. Cht lng
c pht trin bi Jacob Rabinow ti Cc Tiu chun Quc gia Hoa K trong cui nhng nm
1940.Trong nhng nm u tin, c mt lot cc li ch trong MRF nhng li sut ny nhanh
chng suy gim. Trong u nhng nm 1990 c s phc hi trong nghin cu lu cht t bin
ch yu do nghin cu v pht trin ca Tng cng ty .Mc d trong hot ng tng t cho
dch in lu bin (ERF) v ct thp cht lng, thit b MR c kh nng mnh nng sut cao hn
nhiu khi c kch hot. i vi li th ny, nhiu c ch lu cht t bin da trn c
pht trin nh MR van, MR phanh, MR ly hp, MR van ..., v by gi mt s trong s l
thng mi. Cng-bit rng hiu sut ca h thng da trn lu cht t bin ph thuc ng k
vo mch t kch hot, do , theo thit k ti u ca cc mch t kch hot, hiu sut ca h
thng lu cht t bin da trn c th c ti u ha. Gn y, c nhiu nghin cu v thit
k ti u ca cc thit b lu cht t bin da trn nh MR van iu tit, MR van, MR phanh.
Kt qu t cc nghin cu cho thy rng hiu sut ca h thng lu cht t bin da trn c th
c ci thin ng k thng qua thit k ti u ca mch t ca h thng.
Do , chng ny tp trung vo cc phng php thit k ti u ca cc thit b da trn
lu cht t bin. Chng trnh c t chc nh sau: Sau khi gii thiu cc chng, nguyn tc
c bn ca lu cht t bin , l thuyt ng sau lu cht t bin. Phn 3 cp n cc phng
thc c s dng trong cc thit b da trn lu cht t bin v cc thit b khc nhau c tnh
nng lu cht t bin c tho lun. Trong phn th t, phng php thit k ti u ca c ch
lu cht tbin da trn c xem xt. Trong phn ny, trc ht l s cn thit phi thit k ti
u ca cng ngh s c tho lun. Sau cc mch phn tch t tnh v cc mhnh ca cc
thit b lu cht t bin c xem xt. Ngoi ra, cc vn ti u ha cc thit b lu cht t
bin c tm ra v cc phng php gii quyt vn c iu tra. Phn 5,6 v 7 c
dnh cho vic gii quyt vi cc nghin cu trng hp cho thit k ti u in hnh lu cht
t bin cc thit b da trn nh MR van, van iu tit MR v MR phanh tng ng.




2.Cc nguyn tc c bn v ng dng ca MRF
2.1 Kt cu ca MRF.
Thng thng MRF gm nhng cht lng c nhng ht cht rn nh khng dnh
nhau li ti l lng trong ,c t tnh,cc hp cht v nguyn t nghch t trong mi
trng khng t tnh.Thc t MRF gm nhng ht t ha c nh nh st,hp kimst,
oxit st, nitrit st, stcacbua, stcacbonyl, niken v coban.Trong s nhng ht ny,ht c
p ng t tnh thch hp thng c dng nhiu cho vic hnh thnh nn MRF l st
cacbonyl.ng sut chy ti a c th c to ra bi hiu ng ca MR ch yu c xc
nh da trn khng t thp v mc cao nht ca t ha bo ho ca cc ht
phn tn.Do nhng vt liu c t tnh mm vi tinh khit cao nh bt st cacbonyl
l thnh phn chnh to nn cu trc thc t ca MRF. Khchnstcacbonyl, Fe-Co
hp kimvhp kimFe-Ni cng c thc s dng nhvt liuMR, theo , Fegp phn
vo vict habo hacao. Ngc li,mt s vt liut tnh nhMn-Zn ferrite, Ni-Zn
ferritevferrites c t ha bo ha thp v do thch hp trong vic ng dng trong
cc ng dng ca ng sut chy thp.Ht MR thng rt nh khong 0.1-10m nhng
m ln hn khong 1000 ln so vi nhng ht khc trong dung dch st t.Trong MRF
cc ht t tnh nm trong mt vng phn b nht nh m c th cung cp mt phn th
tch ti a m khng lm nht trong vng zero tng mt cch khng th chp nhn
c.V d thnh phn cht lng m c 50% th tch bt st cacbonyl c ng dng
trong vic iu khin moment xon trong lnh vc in c.

Cht lng c cha ht ti in to nn mt qu trnh lin tc ca MRF.V d mt
s cht lng tng thch gm nh du silicon, du khong, du paraffindu trng, du
thy lc, du bin p,dung dch hu c halogen ,diester, polyoxyalkylene, xilicon flo ha
,glycon, ncv cc loi duhydrocarbontng hp.S kt hp ca cc dung dch ny c
th c s dung nh l thnh phn ht ti in ca MRF.

Cht hot tnh b mt,ht nano,ht nano t ha,hoc nhng ht c ph t tnh c
th c thm vo lm gim s kt ta ca cc ht nng trong giai on cn dung
dch.Hin tng kt ta c th gy ra s trt dnh mng ca cht huyn ph.Vi s kt
ta nhiu hn,MRF s chu nh hng di p lc v tc trt cao hn trong thi
gian di ,dung dch s dn c c li.Hin tng kt ta s lm gim s nh hng ca
MR ni m nhng ht trong MRF ong cng li v hnh thnh nn mt khi cng ni
m gm nhng ht c bn c lin kt n nh do vic hnh thnh nhng dy khng hon
chnh.
Vt liu c th ngn s kt ta nh st hu c lm cho s kt ta tr nn mm
hn. Khi cc thnh phncaMRFc nhttng i thp, n s khng ng cng v d
dng.Vic ph mt lp polymer cng nh hng n tnh cht t tnh ca cc ht v lm
cho chng d dng ti phn tn sau khi t trng khng cn na.Tuy nhin,tnh cht c
trng ca MRF nh lc trt ,ng sut chy trong cng iu kin s chc chn suy gim
bng cch thm lp ph vo.Do s che chn ca cc lp polimer m nh hng n tnh
cht t tnh ca cc ht.Ngoi ra mt s cht ph gia c th ci thin mt s tnh cht ph
nh n nh oxy hahocchu mi mn.
2.2 T tnh ca MRF
Cc thuc tnht tnhtnh caMRFrt quan trng thit kcc thit bMRF v
thng thng c c trng bi tnh t tr ca B-H & M-H. Thng quacc thuc tnht
tnh,s ph thuc ca MRF c th c d on nh vo cc thit b.Di nh hng ca
t trng ,mt m hnh chun cho cu trc thng c s dng d on nh hng
ca nhng ht trong RMF.M hnh ny da trn mt mng li hnh khi c v s dy
ht sp xp theo mt ng thng tng ng vi hng ca t trng c th hin
hnh 1.

M hnh m t s bin i afin ca mt chui ht hnh cu.
Cc chui ny c xem nh l s bin i ca cng khong cch gia hai ht gn
nhau trong mt chui v tng cng mt t l khi MRF bin i.Trong trng hp thc t ,
kt cu ny kh n gin khi cc chui c hnh thnh nn lin kt nhiu khi cu cht
ch m c cu to di dng hnh tr.Di ng sut ,cc lin kt ny c th bin i v
cui cng b ph v. Mc dcc htpht trin thnhcu trc phc tpkhc nhautrong cc
iu kinkhc nhau,kt cu ny vn c th cho bit ng sut chy din ra nh th no.
Ccphng trnh chuyn ngcami httheo t trngl cn thit nh gi c tnh
dung tch ca RMF. Ti mtt trngrtthp,ten x lc t Fij c tnh c khi im
lng cc tng tc tng cp vi nhau, moment lng cc tgy rabi cc htkhcv cc
bc tngxung quanh cho cc khi cu cch in hoc khng t tnh di mt t trng
c tnh:
2 2
5 7 5
0
3 1
5( ) 2( )
4t
(
= +
(
(

ij ij
ij ij ij
p ij ij ij
r r
F m mr mr m
r r r


Fij l ten sor lc t tc dng ln ht i t ht j,p
:
dn t ca ht,0: dn t chn
khng ca ht, :
i j
r v tr t ht j n I v m l mo ment lng cc t c gy ra bi cc
ht trong MRF:
3
0
4t | =
f
m a H

H: l t trng iu, a: l ng knh ca ht v
|
c tnh:
2

|

f p
f p

:
f
dn t ring ca dung dch ti in.
t trng cao ln ca mo ment lc t xem nh l im lng cc t c lp khi t
tnh ca ht t bo ha.Trong trng hp ny moment lng cc t c tnh :
3
4
3
t =
s s
m a M

sMslt habo ha caccht, l khong1,7x106A/mchokhi stv0.48x106A/mcho
xit st t.





2.3. Cc nguyn tt c bn ca tnh cht lu bin:
Lu bin hc l mt ngnh ca c hc nghin cu bin dng ca vt liu . Lu
bin hc lmtlnh vc lin ngnhv c s dng m tcc c tnh canhiu loi vt
liunh du m,thc phm, mc in, polyme, t st, b tng, nha ng.Cc thng s
v i lng ca lu bin c th c dng xc nh nh hng ca vt liu phi
Newton, vt liu n hi nh l mt hm ca thi gian.Mc n nh ca hm khi ng
yn hoc trong sut qu trnh lu chuyn, nht trt bng 0,hoc nht ti a ca
dng cht lng ngn chn s kt ta.Cng thc nht da trn c s l thuyt thy
lc ng hc cho s phn tn long ca nhng ht hnh cu c tm ra bi Einstein
khong 100 nm cch y .Cng thc c suy ra t:
1 2.5 q | = +
r
q
r
: l nht tng i cht huyn ph
| : l phn khi lng cht ha tan ni l lng hoc ht ging hnh cu.
Vic thm cc ht rn vo dung dch lm tng lngca cc htv do lm
tngt lkhi lngca cc ht.Khi th tch ca cc ht tng ln, nht tng ln .Sook
cho rng nng ti a ca cc ht max | nn c kt hp trong mi lin quan gia
nht v nng .
max
2.5
(1 )
|
|
q
|
=

r

Tuy nhin nhng cng thc ny khng ph thuc vo hnh dng v cng ca
ht Do , TodavFurusem rng cng thc cho thy kch tht ca cc ht nh
hng n nht nh th no
3
1 0.5
(1 )
|
q
|

r

3
1 0.5
(1 ) (1 )
k| |
q
k| |
+
=

r
lh s hiu chnhc thph thuc vokch thcv mt ca cc ht. nht cacht
lng c thc tng ln vis lngb sung cacc ht rn. Tuy nhin, cng lc ,tnh
cht ca cht lng s thay i v phn ra t cht lng Newton Ni chung, ng sut
cttngvitc ctdy/duthng c thc c trng biccmi quan h.
( ) t t q = +
n
y
du
dy

y, v nl hng s,ylng sutvl nht ng.

Cht lng Newton xay ra khi cc dng cht lng khng c ng xut chy hoc y
bng 0 v n bng 1. nht ca cht lng Newton khng ph thuc vo thi gian v tc
ct. Hnh2 cho thyvic phn loicht lngda trn tnh chtlu bin.Nh th hin
trong hnh,tnh cht ca cht lng c th c chia thnh cht lng Newton v cht lng
phi Newton nh nha,Binghamnha, cht lngginhavcht lng gin n c. Cht
lngc cho lnhakhing sut ctphi tmt gi trti thiu no trc khi nbt u
tun chy.Nu vt liu l nha Bingham th n=1 .Cht lu gi do hoc cht lu trt
dnh mng nht ng lc gim khi tc ct cao .Cht lng trt ng dy hoc cht
lng gin n th ngc li, nht ng hc tng khi tc ct tng .Cht lng trt
ng dy n>1,cht lng trt dnh mng n<1.



2.4 Bin i ca lu cht trong MRF:
MRF hot ng khi c t trng tc ng nicc htc t chcvi nhau hnh
thnh chuisong song.S tng tc gia cc ht lm cn tr ng sut ct vi vi mt mc
nht nh m khng ph v v ng thi khng lm tng nht ca dng cht
lng.Trong mt s trng hp,tnh cht ca MRF c m ta bi loi nha
Bingham.Khi nha ny c bin i hoc kt hp gia hai loi li vi nhau chng hn
nh ma st nht v coulomb cng c s dng m t tnh cht ca MRF.Khi khng
c t trng MRF nh mt cht lng bnh thng c gi l cht lng Newton.C nhiu
yu tnh hng ncc tnh chtlu bincaMRF nh mt ,kch thc ca ht ,sp
xp hnh dng ,c tnh ca dng cht lng mang ht ti in,cht thm vo ,nhit v
t trng t vo.S lin quan ca cc yu t ny rt phc tp v quan trong trong vic
xy dng cc phng php ci thin tnh cht ca dng cht lng cho cc ng dng
ph hp.MRF tt phi c nht v khng t ca cc ht thp m khng nh hng
n t trng bn ngoi v c th t c ng sut ti a khi c t trng tc
ng.Gross tm thy mt loi van cho cht dn t trong qu trnh nghin cu m cho thy
c u im ca nhng ht c kch tht ln hoc cht huyn ph nng m c th tng
kch tht ca khe h v cng c th lm tng dng chy ca lu cht.Tuy nhin c cng
c xu hng kt ta li khi thot khi dng dung dch.
Mt s k thutthngcn thit lm tngng sut, bng cch tngcc phnkhi
lngca cc htMRhocbng cch tngcng ca ttrng bn ngoi .Tuy nhin
khng c k thut no mong mun tng thm khi lng cho ht MRF cng nh lm
gim nht ca vt liu.Trong lin kt,hn ch hnh dng, kch thc ca cc thit b
MR m c kh nng s dng vt liu v mt t trng cao hn ng k lm tng thm
s dng nng lng ca thit b. khc phc kh khan ,Calson gii thiu vt liu
ht hn hp m c s dng nh ht rn thay v cabonnyl.MRF ny tng ng sut d
dng m khng cn tng khi lng ca ht hay tng cng in trng.
2.5 Cc loi MRF
MRF ng vai tr quan trng trong trongs pht trin cacc thit bda trnMRF.
Hn na,m hnh chnh xcc th d onhiu sut ca ccthit bMRFl mtphn quan
trng trong vic ch to ra cc thit b.MRF th hin tnh cht phi tuyn khi b t trng
tc ng. Mt lot ccm hnh phi tuyn c s dng m tMRF, bao gm ccm
hnhnhaBingham,m hnh biviscous,m hnh Herschel-Bulkley v m hnh nha
Erying. Mc d cmt s m hnh c pht trinv p dng choMRF, hai m
hnhph bin nht cs dng rng rivi chnh xcvchi ph tnh tonhp ll m
hnhnhaBinghamv m hnhnhaHerschel-Bulkley. V vy, trongchng nyhai m
hnhcuc s dng.
M hnh nha Bingham:
M hnh nha Bingham gm phn t nha cng lin kt song song vi cht nht
Newton.Loi ny th ng sut ct t l thun vi tc ct v c biu th nh sau:
( )sgn( ) t t q = +
y
H

t
: ng sut ct trong cht lng.
t
y : ng sut chy
q
: nht ca cht do khi khng c t trng (l bin dng trt).
Sgn: l hm du. l cht lng trng thi ng im ,nh hng bi nht n
hi cho n khi tc ct ln hn gi tr ti hn
t
y
trong khi n di chuyn nh mt cht
lng Newton khi vt qua gi tr ti hn. M hnhnhaBinghamcth hin trong hnh3
th hin nhng tnh cht MRF ph thuc vo ng sut.

ng sut ct (t)
`Tc ct ( )
Cht lng
Newton ng sut chy (t
y
)
Nha Bingham
Cht lu ng
y
Cht lu trt
mng
Hnh 3: Nht do thng dng m t lu cht t bin

S n gin cam hnh haitham s ny dn n vics dng rng ri trong vic iu
khin cht lu, c bit l ERvMRF.
M hnh nha Herschel-Bulkley
Trong trng hp ny,cht lng s b trt dy hay trt mng,c bic l khi
MRF chu tc c ct cao,cu to ny s cho kt qu tt hn.Trong truong hp ny nha
Herschel-Bulkley l ph hp v c biu th nh sau:
1/
( ( )sgn( ) )sgn( ) t t = +
m
y
H K

K:l thng s c
m: l h s cht lng ca MRF
m>1: cht lng trt mng,m<1: cht lng trt dy,m=1 Herschel-Bulkley ging nh
nha Bingham.
ng ch l cc thng s ny c thit lp khi khng c t trng tc
ng.Nhng thc t,cc thng s ny b nh hng bi t trng. Zubieta xut
nha cho MRF da trn nha Bingham l cn bn kt hp vi nha Herschel-
Bulkley.Cc m hnhny sau cp dngtrongmt s nghin cu.Tnh chtlu
bincaMRFph thucvot trngv c thc c tnh bngcng thc sau:
2
0
( )(2 )
o o

= +
SY SY
B B
Y Y Y Y e e

trong Yl vit tt camtthng slu bincaMRFnh ng sut chy, nht, thng
s c, h s cht lng. Gi tr catham sYc xu hngtkhng n gi tr bo ha l
h s moment bo ha ca Y. Bl mt t trngc t vo. Cc gi tr caY0,, c
xc nh tkt qu th nghims dngphng phpiu chnh ng congph hp.





3. Hot ng ca cc ch lu cht t bin ( MRF) v ng dng ca n
3.1 Ch van
Hnh 4a s hin th ch van c s dng trong nhiu thit b MR ni dng chy
ca lu cht t bin gia cc tm ng hoc mt ng dn c to ra bi s gim p lc. T
trng, c p dng vung gc vi hng ca dng chy, c s dng thay i cc thuc
tnh lu bin ca lu cht t bin kim sot dng chy. V vy, s gia tng cng thng hoc
nht nng sut lm thay i tit din vn tc ca cht lng trong khong cch gia hai tm.
Profin tc in hnh cho Bingham-plastic ca ch van c minh ha trong hnh 4b. Profin
tc cha ng pre - sn lng vng , ni gradient vn tc l s khng trn ton khu vc ng .


Hnh 4. Ch van trong ng dng MR
Profin tc ca MRF gia hai tm song song c th c i din bi cc mi quan
h sau y [47]
1/ 1 1/ 1 1/
1
1/ 1 1/
2
1/ 1 1/ 1 1/
3
2
( ) ( ) [( ) ( ) ]
1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
2
( ) ( ) [( ) ( ) ]
1 2 2
n n n
n n
n n n
n P d y
u y
n KL
n P d
u y
n KL
n P d y
u y
n KL
o o
o
o o
+ +
+
+ +
A +
= +
+
A
=
+
A
=
+

y, n = 1 / m, u1 v u3 l profin tc ca ct - lu lng dng vng gip vi vch ng
hnh ch nht, v u2 l profin tc qua tm pre - lu l
vng van, m l mt thng s quan trng ca dng chy. Nh t trng tng ln, m l mt
thng s quan trng ca dng chy. do , pre - lu lng dy do tht li dng chy qua
ng Mt khng cao c sn xut theo phng thc van c th c s dng trong nhiu ng
dng nh van, van v thit b truyn ng [48-51].
3.2 Ch ct
Ch lm vic th hai cho cc thit b kim sot cht lng l ch ct trc tip lcht t
bin ( MRF) nm gia hai mt, qua mt mt trt hoc quay so vi khc, vi trng t tc
dng thng ng n hng ca chuyn ng ca nhng mt ct ny. Hnh 5 trng by khi
nim ny ca ch ct a vo ng dng lu cht t bin

Ch ct trc tip c nghin cu k lng c bit l trong cng ngh gim chn MR.
Masri v cng s. [52] xut mt ng cong ph hp k thut i din cho cc lc lng
khi phc phi tuyn ca mt thit b ER m t cc hnh vi ti liu ER di ti tnh v ng
trn mt phm vi rng cc lnh vc in. Spencer v cng s. [53] pht trin mt m hnh
hin tng m l da trn m hnh tr Bouc-Wen ci tin i din cho MR gim chn. Hn
na, Wereley et al. xut mt cch tip cn khng chiu m hnh cc loi van iu tit
ct (ch ct tuyn tnh, trng quay v van iu tit a quay)[54].Trong nghin cu, cc
Bingham-nha, biviscous, v cc m hnh Herschel-Bulkley c xem xt.V ch ca cc
van iu tit trong iu kin vn tc cao v u vo lnh vc cao, Lee et al. [55] ngh
Herschel-Bulkley ct m hnh phn tch hiu sut ca h thng van iu tit tc ng.Hn
na, Neelakantan et al. [56] kt hp mt h s phn khi lng ca cc ht vi mt k thut
phn tch tnh m-men xon truyn trong nanh vut tri qua ly tm ht. nh hng ca ly tm
tc quay cao v nhng vn nim phong tip theo lin kt vi n c th c gim nh
bng cc m hnh xut.
Tnh nng c bit ca ch trc tip ct nh n gin, p ng nhanh, giao din n gin
gia u vo v u ra in nng lng c hc s dng t trng, v kh nng kim sot nhng
tnh nng m lm cho cng ngh MRF thch hp cho nhiu ng dng nh b gim xc, phanh,
b ly hp v cc thit b nh bng [56-59].



3.3 ch nn
Ch lm vic th ba ca lu cht t bin l ch nn th hin trong hnh 6.Ch ny
khng c nghin cu rng ri. Ch sit cht hot ng khi mt lc tc dng c p
dng cho cc tm trong cng mt hng ca t trng gim hoc m rng khong cch gia
cc tm song song gy ra s n cht. Trong ch nn, lu cht t bin phi chu tc ng (lun
phin gia sc cng v nn) hoc tnh (ring sc cng hoc nn) ti trng. Nh t trng tnh cc
ht, chui ht c hnh thnh gia cc bc tng tr nn cng nhc vi nhng thay i nhanh
chng v nht.Cc chuyn v tham gia vo ch p tng i rt nh (vi mm) nhng yu
cu lc ln.
Ch nn c trnh by bi Stanway et al. [60] vo nm 1992. H nghin cu vic
s dng cc cht lng ER trong ch nn v thy rng ng sut n hi to ra di kch thch
Dc c th vi ln ln hn vi ch ct . Kt qu tng t sau c kho st bi Monkman
[61] cho cht lng di p lc nn. Do , iu tra h thng c thc hin bi nhiu nh
nghin cu nh gi cc c tnh c hc v in t ca ER v lu cht t bin trong nn dng
chy . Mc d thc t rng m hnh nha Bingham c s dng m t ch ca cht
lng ER trong ch ct, Nilsson v Ohlson [62] khng c khuyn co s dng m hnh
ch p Bingham thng s th nghim t ch ct khng c c s tnh cc ch x l p.
Sproston et al. [63] c im hiu sut ca cht lng ER trong ch p ng s dng mt m
hnh hai nht di mt hiu in th khng i hoc mt lnh vc lin tc. Sau , Sproston v
El Wahed [64] s dng m hnh nh gi phn ng ca cht lng mt bc thay i trong
lnh vc p dng v nh hng ca kch thc ca pha rn. Mc d m hnh l hu ch d
on gi tr nh ca u vo v lc lng truyn [65], mt m hnh tinh t hn l cn thit, theo
tc gi, d on cc bin th thi gian chi tit. V vy, mt cch tip cn mi ca bin i m
hnh bi-nht c pht trin bi El Wahed et al. m hnh x l ca mt t bo ch p ER
iu kin nng ng [66, 67]. hn na Yang v Zhu [68] m rng m hnh sau ny bng cch kt
hp iu kin trt Navier c c vn tc xuyn tm, p lc dc, p lc v lc p.

ng ut d c to ra bi hnh thc p l s ng sut cao nht trong s cc ch khc v
c th c s dng trong rung ng tt dn vi bin thp v lc tc dng cao[69, 70]. Trong
s c lp rung ng ca h thng kt cu, s rung ng khng mong mun trong mt di tn s
tng i cao c th c suy yu bng cch kch hot MR gn kt. V d kim sot rung
l cng c gn kt c lp [71], turbo-my mc [72] v mng mng p van iu tit [73]. Mt ng
dng th v v ch p c lin quan n cc thit b kim tra m ngi dng c th kim tra
c lc cn bng cch chm v di chuyn mt cng c [74].
3.4 Kt hp ca ch
Mt s ng dng ca cht lng p ng lnh vc tn dng li th ca s kt hp ca hai ch
cho mt sc mnh ln hn v chc nng.V d, b gim chn c th c xy dng trong ba
ch khc nhau [75]. Mt cch chung, phng thc trin lm ct Couette chy qua ng vng
vng, trong khi mt dng chy van c c trng bi dng chy Poiseiulle thng qua ng
vng hnh khuyn. S kt hp ca h thng cung cp cho ng sut cao hn so vi nhn mnh
sn xut theo phng thc hot ng c nhn. Kamath et al. [76] th hin trong phn tch v
th nghim ca h v x l Bingham nha hn hp (van v ct) ch gim chn dashpot c
gim xc b ng cao hn so vi ch gim chn lu.Ch gim chn hn hp c tc dng
th cp ca nht ko nh mt kt qu ca s chuyn ng ca u piston, thay v da vo
gradient p lc pht trin ca ngi ng u piston y cht lng thng qua khong cch
c to ra bi cc in cc c nh.Wereley v Pang [75] pht trin phi tuyn bn n nh
ER v m hnh gim chn MR s dng Bingham c ch dng chy ct nha l tng m t
cc gim xc nht tng ng lin tc ca cc b gim chn. dy cm l bin mnh gp
phn vo x l van iu tit cho c hai dng chy v ch hn hp.
Trong mt nghin cu thc nghim c thc hin bi Kulkarni et al. [62], cc ofhe kt hp
thc hin p v ch ct ca lu cht t bin a vo ti trng ng c nghin cu . Mc
d ch p c th sinh ra bn cc i trong s tt c cc ch , vic b sung cc ch p
ch ct khng lun lun cung cp cho mt bn tt hn so vi ch ct mt mnh. Tuy
nhin, Tang et al. [77] chng minh rng hiu sut ct tress c th c ci thin ng k bng
cch nn lu cht lu bin theo hng t trng trc khi qu trnh ct c thc hin.
4. Phng php thit k ti u MRF chi tit c bn.
4.1 Mt s chi tit c bn ca MRF.
R rng m phng ca h thng c s MRF l bi ton phn tch ngu lc : in t
phn tch v h thng thu lc phn tch. Mc ch ca vic m phng ca thit b c s
MRF l pht hin mi quan h gia cng sut in p dng ( thng p dng cho dng
cun dy ) v cng sut c nng nh l st p sut cho MR van, lm gim lc cho MR b
gim chn, mmen hm cho MR phanh v truyn mmen cho MR bt cht. c c
m phng ca thit b c s MRF, th nht cc mch t ca thit b c s MRF nn c
gii. Ni chung, mch t c th c phn tch s dng nh lut ca Kirchoff nam chm
nh sau :
k k turns
H l N I =

Hk l cng t trng a vo mi lin kt k
th
ca mch in v l
k
l chiu di
hu ch ca mi lin kt. N
turns
l s vng ca cun dy v I l dng p dng. Quy tc bo
v t thng ca mch in c tnh bng:
k k
A B = u
ul t thng ca mch in, A
k
v B
k
l din tch mt ct ngang v mt t thng
ca mi lin kt k
th
, ln lt. c bit l mi lin kt thm c s dng lm cho li gii
chnh xc c th t c. Tuy nhin, iu ny tng ti tnh ton.Ni t trng thp, mt
t thng B
k
, tng cn xng vi H
k
cng t trng nh sau :
k k k
H B
0
=

0
l t thm ca khng gian t do (
0
= 4t10
-7
Tm/A) v
k
l tnh thm tng
i ca vt liu lm nn mi lin kt k
th
. Khi t trng tr nn ln, kh nng ca n
phn cc vt liu c t tnh gim v vt liu chnh n l gn bng nam chm bo ho.
Ni chung, ng t ha phi tuyn c dng din t tnh t ca vt liu. Ni t
trng thp, khai thc mi quan h tuyn tnh ng k (16) vo xem xt, mt t
thng v cng trng ca mi lin kt k
th
ca mch t c th khong tnh nh sau :
0
1,
turns
k n
k i k
i i k k i i
N I
B
l l A
A

= =
=
+


1,
turns
k n
k k
k i
i i k i i
N I
H
A
l l
A

= =
=
+


Bng cch d on tnh t ca vt liu lm nn thit b MR l tng t
(
1
=
2
=
n
=)), mt t thng v cng trng qua th tch MRF hot ng c
th tnh nh sau :
0
1
turns
mr
mr i MR
i mr i
N I
B
l l A
A

=
+


turns
mr
mr mr i
mr
i i
N I
H
A l
l
A

=
+

mr
v ln lt l tnh thm tng i ca MRF v vt liu lm nn thit b MR.
N c lu tnh thm ca MRF nh hn nhiu so vi ca vt liu ca vng hot ng
van, do t cng thc (20) cng t trng ca mi lin kt MRF c th gn bng :
mr turns mr
H N I l =
Hng s thi gian quy np (T
in
) v tiu th nng lng (N) ca thit b c s MRF
c th tnh nh sau :
w in in
R L T =
w
R I N
2
=
L
in
l t cm ca cun dy c tnh : /
in turns
L N I = u , R
w
l sc cn ca dy
cun dy m c th c tnh:
c
w w w turns
w
r
R L r N d
A
t = =
Da vo cng thc trn, L
w
l b di ca dy cun dy, r
w
l sc cn mi b di
n v ca dy cun dy, d
c
l ng knh trung bnh ca s cun dy, r
w
l din tch mt
ct ngang ch thp ca dy cun dy, r l in tr sut ca dy cun dy, r = 0.01726E-
6Omcho dy ng, N
turns
l s vng dy ca cun dy m c th c gn ging bng
/
turns c w
N A A = , v in xoay chiu l din tch mt ct ngang ca cun dy.
Trong ng dng no , nam chm in c dng trong kt hp vi nam chm
vnh cu iu khin tnh cht lu bin ca MRF khi c trnh by trong Hnh 7.
Trong trng hp ny, nam chm vnh cu c dng dch chuyn trng thi ng (
dng khng a vo cun dy ) nht ca MRF n gi tr chn v nam chm in
c dng iu khin gi tr nht khc nhau quanh gi tr ny. Tnh hung ng
lu l ni mch t c thit k sao cho nht MRF l cc i khi khng dng in
qua cun dy. y l c bit c ch khi thit b da trn nhng mch t b chn bi phn
chnh thi gian hot ng ca n ( nh l a vo c cu th, v d ). Cng t trng
qua th tch hot ng ca MRF l nh bng:


Hnh 7. Cun dy nam chm vi MRF lm y k v nam chm vnh cu :
a) Cun dy nam chm b) mch in tng ng
0
( ) /
/ /
r m turn r
mr
r mr m mr mr m
l N I B
H
l l A A



=
+

l
m
v A
m
l chiu di v din tch mt ct ngang ca nam chm vnh cu, B
r
and
r
l mt
thng lng d v tnh thm tng i ca nam chm (
r
~1) xa b dng mt
trong MRF, NI phi bng lc t ng, F
m
=B
r
l
m
/
0
, m chu nh hng ln bi chiu di
nam chm. Tuy nhin mch nh vy s khng c dng trong thc t v n c th dn
n kh t ca nam chm vnh cu. Gii php cho bi ton ny l bao gm ng th
yu mt trong mch khi c trnh by trong Hnh 8 [78]
l
m
A
m
u
2
u
1
MRF
N
S
l
mr
A
mr
Magnet
N
turn
I
R
mr
R
m
=l
m
/(A
0
)
F
m
=
B
r
l
m
/
0
u
1
u
2
(a) (b)


Hnh 8. Cun dy nam chm vi MRF lm y k v nam chm vnh cu vi ng th
yu :
a) Cun dy nam chm b) mch in tng ng
Nh vy nam chm in s khng c dng xa b hon ton dng t do nam
chm vnh cu nhng s ch chuyn hng n n ni khc n ng th yu. ng
th yu ny gm khe khng kh t tr cao tp trung phn chnh dng sinh ra bng
nam chm vnh cu a vo ng u tin ( bao gm k MRF ) khi khng dng l dng
qua cun dy. Trong trng hp ny, cng t trng qua th tch hot ng ca
MRF xc nh bng [78]
0
( / ) /
/ / /
r m a a m a turn r
mr
r mr m a a mr m a mr mr m
l A A l N I B
H
l l A l A l A A


+
=
+ +

Lu l, nu g
a
, chng ti quay li cng thc. (25). xa b t thng mt
trong k MRF, chng ta cn :
0
[( )( )( ) 1]
r m
turn
a m a
r m
m a r
B l
N I
A l
A l A

=
+

Gi tr ny c th c v nh hn nhng g c t c trong trng hp
trc ; tuy nhin, t c t trng cng mt trong k MRF, nam chm phi mnh
hn v phi b cho t thng a vo mch th cp.
a vo bn trn, mch t ca thit b c s MRF l gii da trn php tnh gn
ng ca phn tch tch phn. Bin php ny ch c th dng trong trng hp hnh hc
n. Trong trng hp hnh hc phc tp hoc vi cun dy c s dng, phng php
(a)
u
1
l
mr
u
2
u
3
Magnet
A
mr
l
mr l
m
A
m
A
a
l
a
N
S
Air

R
mr
R
m

F
m
u
1
u
2
(b)
u
3
R
a
N
turn
I

tip cn tr nn phc tp. Do , trn thc t, mch t ca thit b c s MRF l gii
bng phng php phn t hu hn (FEM).
Mt khi gii php t t c, cng t trng v mt t thng qua th tch
MRF hot ng c th tnh.Cc tnh cht lu bin ca MRF trong qu trnh hot ng ny
sau c xc nh da trn cc c im tnh cht ca MRF s dng. Cc c im
hnh vi ca MRF thng thu c t kt qu thc nghim vi mt thut ton ng cong
ph hp. Cc tham s quan trng nht ca MRF l ng sut ph thuc vo v tr. c
mt s chc nng tng t c s dng th hin s ph thuc ca ng sut gy ra
ca MRF trn cc t trng ngoi.Hai chc nng s dng rng ri nht l cc hm s m
v hm a thc.Trc y cng c th by t s bo ha ca ng sut MRF nh mt
chc nng ca cng t trng c p dng.Tuy nhin, n th hin li ln gi tr
nh ca cng t trng c p dng. Ni chung, hm m gn ng ca ng sut
gy ra c th hin nh sau:
0
( )
y
H H
|
t t o = +
t
y
(H) l ng sut chy gy ra ca MRF khi hm ca cng t trng p dng ( H ), o
v | l tham s ng cong nh t kt qu th nghim s dng thut ton chn ng
cong, vt
0
l s khng - ng sut chy ca MRF.
Phn sau, hm a thc xp x, c th d on dng ng sut chy MRF ti gi tr nh
ca cng t trng p dng.Cp cao hn ca a thc l gi tr chnh xc hn ca ng
sut chy c th d on.Trn thc t, a thc dy th ba thng c dng.Tuy nhin,
hm a thc khng th bo ho ca ng sut chy gy ra. Do , iu kin bo ha nn
cng. Hm a thc xp x dy 3 ca ng sut chy MRF c th c a ra bi
2 3
0 1 2 3
( )
y
H c H c H c H t t = + + +
c
1
, c
2
, v c
3
l tham s ng cong nh t kt qu th nghim s dng thut ton chn
ng cong, v t
0
l s khng - ng sut dng chy ca MRF.
a vo nghin cu khc, cnhiu c im ca MRF nh l nht sn lng
tr (q) a vo kiu Bingham, tham sthng nht (K) v ch s vn hnh cht lng (m) l
nh t kt qu th nghim trn tnh cht lu bin ca MRF v gi nh khng l thuc
vo t trng p dng. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, nhng tham s hi ny tc dng vo
trng t p dng. tnh lun iu ny, Zubieta et al. xut m hnh cht do ph
thuc dnh cho MRF da trn nguyn bn Bingham cht do v Herschel-Bulkleyplastic
kiu nh nhc n trong mc 2.5.
Sau khi c c cc ng sut v cc thng s lu bin khc ca MRF, sn lng
nng lng c hc nh p gim, lc gim xc cho MR van iu tit, phanh m-men xon
v m-men xon truyn c th c xc nh theo phng trnh chi phi ca cc thit b
trn MRF.

4.2 Vn ti u ho trong thit k c s MRF
Khi nu trn m phng ca h thng c s MRF l bi ton phn tch ngu lc,
cho nn cng sut c nng ca thit b ph thuc vo khng nhng trn cch vn hnh c
hc m cn trn mch t ca thit b.Ngoi ra, c im ca h thng nn tnh n nhng
im khc na. Do , ci thin thc hin ca thit b c s MRF, bn v phc ti u
ca thit b nn tnh n. Ni chung, bn v phc ti u l pht hin kch thc hnh
hc ng k ca thit b c s MRF t n cc i hm mc tiu xem xt in hnh c
c im ca thit b nh l st p sut, lm gim lc, dy ng hc, mmen hm, truyn
lc, khi lng, hng s ng c trng thi gian v tiu th nng lng. Mt s vn
nh l khng gian c hiu lc, c php nhit thao tc, khng kim tra c mmen
v.v c th c xem xt trong vic bn v phc ti u. c vi nghin cu tp trung vo
bn v phc ti u ca thit b MRF. Rosenfield v Wereley d kin phng php bn v
phc ti u ha phn tch cho ng van v b gim chn da trn gi nh ca hng s mt
t thng khp mch t bo m rng mt vng ca mch t khng lm bo ho
sm v gy ra bi ton nt c chai. Nguyen et al. D kin bn v phc ti u c s FEM
ng van ( n - cun dy, hai - cun dy, ba - cun dy v dng ta tia - vng kiu ) bt
p a vo th tch theo danh ngha. Vic ny xem xt tc dng ca tt c bin s hnh
hc ng van bng cch t ti cc tiu t s van tnh t phn tch FE. Sau Nguyen ch
L al. pht trin phng php ti u ha da trn phng php phn t hu hn tm
cc hnh hc ti u MR van hn ch n khi lng c th, p ng gim p lc cn thit
vi mc tiu th nng lng rt nh. ng c trng thi gian ca van cng c tnh
n bi xem hng s thi gian quy np l trng thi bin s.Kt qu ti u ha trnh ton
b bn v phc ti u ca MR van t ti cc tiu tiu th nng lng.N cng cho
thy rng ng knh dy khng nh hng khng ng k n gii php ti u ha v
c th b qua. Bn v phc ti u MR b gim chn cng l thc hin bi Nguyen et al
,trong hm i tng c cp bng t hp tuyn tnh ca t s ca lc gim
chn, dy ng hc v hng s thi gian quy np v tiu chun tham kho ca h s dng
tng ng trng s thng k. Gn y, c vi nghin cu trn bn v phc ti u
phanh MR v bt cht.Part v cc cng s. thc hin a ngnh thit k ti u ha ca
mt MR phanh t, trong c mt chc nng a mc tiu xem xt c hai m-men xon
phanh v khi lng ca phanh c xem xt. Nguyn v cc cng s. thc hin mt
nghin cu ton din v thit k ti u ca MR phanh cho chic xe c trung xem xt cc
khng gian c sn, khi lng, phanh m-men xon v nhit n nh c to ra bi
mt m-men xon ma st khng kh -lnh vc ca phanh MR trn my bay vi tc 100
km / h. Hn na, cu hnh khc nhau ca MR phanh v cc loi khc nhau ca MRF
c tnh n trong nghin cu. Gn y, hn na, Nguyen et al. thc hin bn v
phc ti u ca khi chung loi MR phanh nh l a - kiu, trng - kiu, lt ngc trng
- kiu, n - cun dy ging lai - kiu, lt ngc n - cun dy ging lai - kiu, hai -
cun dy ging lai - kiu, lt ngc hai - cun dy ging lai - kiu v T - kiu. Mc tiu
ca ti u ha l t n cc i mmen hm trong khi t s mmen ( t s ca cc
i mmen hm v cc lnh vc khng ma st) l buc khng vt mt s gi tr. Da
trn gii php ti u, li khuyn v la chn gii quyt ti u MR phanh kiu. N
c cho thy rng b phn dn hng trn la chn ti u MR kiu phanh c th c
p dng cho cc loi MRF v bt p khc ca t s mmen khc nhau.

4.3 Thit k ti u MRF da trn phn tch phn t hu hn.
Khi ni ln , mch t ca thit b c s MRF c th gii bng php tnh gn ng
ca dung dch phn tch hoc bng FEM. Do , bn v phc ti u ca nhng thit b
ny c th thc hin da trn hoc phn tch tch phn hoc phn tch phn t hu hn (
FEA ). Trc y ch c s dng cho cc thit b n gin nh n cun MR van iu
tit [84]. Trong phn ny, cc thit k ti u ca cc thit b MRF da trn FEA c
gii thiu.Trc ht, mt hm mc tiu cn c ra ty thuc vo mc ch ca thit
k ti u v ng dng ca cc thit b.Cn lu rng trong cc vn ti u ha hm
mc tiu l lun lun gim thiu. V vy, nu mc ch ca vic ti u ha l ti a ha
chc nng hot ng ca thit b, hm c th c chuyn i sang mt hm mc tiu
tng ng. Hm mc tiu ng lng l hm khi t ti cc tiu, hm thc hin
tng ng l t n cc i.Sau khi hm mc tiu c xy dng, tham s thit k ca
vn ti u ho nn tnh ng nht.Ngoi ra, nhng kh khn ca ti u ha nn c
xc nh nu c bt k vn . Trong bc tip theo, mt thut ton c c nhng
gii php ti u nn c la chn. N l ni ting m c rt nhiu phng php
tm ra gii php ti u ca mt vn ti u ha.H c th l phng php phi phi sinh,
u tin phi sinh hoc th hai phi sinh.Cc phng php phi phi sinh m khng yu
cu bt k hm ca hm thng khng c p dng cho cc h thng da trn
MRF.Mc d chng ni chung l d thc hin, tnh cht hi t ca chng l thay c v
kh ngho nn.Chng c th lm vic tt trong trng hp c bit khi chc nng ny l
kh ngu nhin trong thuc tnh hoc cc bin c v c bn khng tng quan. Mt s
thut ton phi phi sinh in hnh l cc n, thut ton di truyn v mng thn kinh. Cc
phng php ti u ha th hai phi sinh c c trng bi s hi t nhanh v bt bin
affine.Tuy nhin, chng yu cu cc dn xut th hai v cc gii php ca phng trnh
tuyn tnh c th l qu t i vi cc ng dng quy m ln.Phng php ti u ha ph
bin nht, c s dng rng ri trong thit k ti u ca cc thit b da trn MRF, l
th t u tin (dn xut) phng php.Mc d tc hi t ca phng php phi sinh
u tin c phn chm hn so vi th hai phi sinh, phng php phi sinh u tin vn
cn c a thch trong nhiu ng dng v chi ph tn km ca n tnh ton v lp
trnh.Mt thut ton ti u ha phi sinh u tin in hnh l phng php Gradient lin
hp. Cc biu trong Hnh 9 cho thy lm th no tm ra gii php ti u ca MRF
cc thit b da trn da trn phn mm ANSYS phn t hu hn bng cch s dng
phng php th t u tin. Cc th tc trong biu dng chy c th d dng m
rng vi phn mm phn t hu hn khc.



Hnh 9.S cng ngh cho bn v phc ti u ca thit b c s MRF s dng FEM.
Trc tin, gi tr khi u ca bin s bn v phc ( DV ) nn quyt nh. Tnh
ton thi gian quy trnh ti u ha ng k ty theo gi tr khi u ca DVs. Do , gi
tr khi u ca bin s bn v phc nn tnh da trn tnh ton bn phc ha hoc da
trn kinh nghim thc t. Sau , gia phn tch cho gii mch t v tnh thc tin c c
im ca thit b nh l nng lng iu khin, hng s thi gian quy np, st p sut,
lm gim lc, mmen hm v truyn mmen c xy dng. a vo ANSYS, gia
phn tch c xy dng s dng ngn ng bn v phc tham s ( APDL ). N c lu
gia phn tch ny c th to ra t mt phn cch ngi s dng th ( GUI ) kiu ca
Tnh ton gi tr mi ca
DV (Golden-phn thut
ton)
Gii php ti u

NO
YES
Chy tp tin phn tch
- Zero lnh vc
- Mt t
- m-men xon
- Objective function OBJ
Gi tr ban u ca thit k
variables (DV)
Tnh ton gi tr mi ca DV (Golden-phn thut ton)
Tnh ton tng ng hm mc tiu khng b gii hn (Q)
hi t
Tnh ton tng ng khng
b gii hn mc tiu hm Q
Tm DV hng vector (cng thc quy
Polak-Ribiere)
Tm DV hng vector (m ca gradient ca Q)
Ban u
Chy tp tin phn tch
tip theo
Iterations
Stop

ANSYS bng cch s dng danh sch > tp tin ghi nhn s kin (log file) thc n con
t thc n gia ca phn mm ANSYS. a vo gia phn tch, DVs nm mc c
dng lm bin s tng trng cho v gi tr khi u c phn cng cho h. Ni chung,
tnh thc hin c c im ca thit b, mt t thng qua th tch hot ng ca
MRF nn tnh. Mt t thng (B) v cng t trng ( H ) khng l hng s dc ng
MRF, cho nn s trung bnh nn c s dng. S trung bnh mt t thng v cng
qua ng l tnh bng cch ly tch phn mt thng lng dc ng xc nh trc,
sau chia cho di ng i [ 79, 80 ]. tnh hng s thi gian quy np, th nht t
thng l nh nh sau :
2 ( )
P
d
L
R B s ds t u =
}

B(s) l mt t thng mi im nt trn ng, s l bin s gi cho ly tch phn. Ly
tch phn c thc hin dc di ng iL
p
.
c bit l kch thc hnh hc ca thit b MRF i trong quy trnh ti u ha,
sao cho n khp ca c kiu FE nn c quy nh bi s ca phn t mi ng ch
khng phi l c phn t.
Sau khi gia phn tch c chun b, phng php t c tham s thit k
ti u ca thit b MRF s dng phng php dy u tin ca dng c ti u ha
ANSYS c hnh ng nh c trnh by trong Hnh 9. Khi ng vi gi tr khi u
ca DVs, bng cch thc thi gia phn tch, gi tr khi u ca thc hin c c im
ca thit b nh l nng lng iu khin, hng s thi gian quy np, st p sut, lm
gim lc, mmen hm v truyn mmen c t c. Chng trnh ang np d
liu...Lm n ch mt lc ri dch li !Khng chiu, khng b gii hn hm mc tiu
c trnh by nh sau :
1 1
0
( , ) ( ) ( )
n m
x i g i
i i
OBJ
Q x q P x q P g
OBJ
= =
= + +



OBJ
0
l gi tr hm mc tiu tham kho c chn la t nhm dng ca b my bn v
phc, q l tham s mt p li m iu khin tho mn bt p.P
x
l hm hnh pht ngoi
p dng cho bn v phc bin s x. P
g
l ko di - phn trong hnh pht hm p dng cho
trng thi bin s (bt p) g. Cho php lp u tin ( j = 0 ), hng nghin cu ca DVs
l gi c i lng m ca graien ca hm mc tiu khng b gii hn. Do ,
vect hng l tnh bng
) 1 , (
) 0 ( ) 0 (
x Q d V =
Tiu chun ca DVs a vo php lp ti ( j + 1 ) thu c t cn bng i theo,
) ( ) ( ) 1 ( j
j
j j
d s x x + =
+

u sj tham s nghin cu ng l tnh bng cch s dng k thut kt hp ca thut
ton t l iu ho v lp phng trnh bc hai a phng. Cc tp tin phn tch sau
c thc thi vi tiu chun tin ca DVs v tnh hi t ca hm mc tiu, OBJ, c
kim tra.Nu tnh hi t xy ra, tiu chun ca DVs ti php lp jth l iu kin ti u.
Nu khng, php lp tip theo s c thc hin. a vo php lp tip theo, phng
php ging nhng ca php lp u tin ngoi tr vect hng y c tnh theo cng
thc s quay tr li Polak-Ribiere nh sau :
) 1 (
1
) ( ) (
) , (

+ V =
j
j k
j j
d r q x Q d
2
) 1 (
) ( ) 1 ( ) (
1
) , (
) , ( )] , ( ) , ( [
q x Q
q x Q q x Q q x Q
r
j
j T j j
j

V
V V V
=
Do , mi php lp c to thnh t mt s nhm - php lp bao gm nghin cu
hng v graien tnh ton.
N c lu phn mm ANSYS gi ta bi ton bn v phc ti u bng cch
ly tch phn dng c ti u ha. Do , trong hu ht cc trng hp dung dch ti u
ca thit b c s MRF c th gii trc tip bng phn mm ANSYS khng c mt phn
cch vi bt k phn mm lp trnh. s dng dng c ti u ha ANSYS, cn phi
thit lp tham s ti u ha. lm c iu ny, th nht tp hp phn tch nn bng
tay thc thi mt ln ti tt c tham s a vo tp hp phn tch vo b nh m phn
mm. Sau , t thc n Chn Bn v phc, chng ti nh r gia phn tch m s
c dng trong quy trnh ti u ha, DVs vi gii hn v chp nhn ca h, bin s
trng thi ( nu c ) vi gii hn v chp nhn, hm mc tiu vi tiu chun tnh hi t,
phng php cho gii dung dch ti u, v quyn la chn kim sot u ra ti u nu
cn.
Trong mt vi trng hp, n phi s dng mt s thut ton ti u ha tin tin
nh l Thut ton Di truyn, Li Dy thn kinh, hoc thut ton nh r ngi s dng,
mt phn cch gia ANSYS v phn mm khc thc hin ti u ha nh l Matlab,
Fortran, ngn ng C bt buc.

5. Nghin cu thit k ti u ca van lu cht(MR).

5.1. Hnh dng v m hnh ca van lu cht.

Hnh 10 cho thy cc cu trc ca hai loi in hnh ca van lu cht: van lu cht
hnh khuyn (Hnh 10a) v van lu cht vi ng dn dng chy c hnh khuyn v
xuyn tm (Hnh 10b). Cc thng s trong (hnh 10a)bao gm cun dy van, li v v.
Dng lu cht chy qua ng dn hnh khuyn gia li A v B. Khi trong li xut hin
dng in, mt t trng c tc dng ln dng lu cht, lc dng lu cht chy qua
cc ng dn thay i trng thi ca n vo bn lng hoc dng rn v ngn chn dng
chy. Ch khi p lc cung cp c cao b p ng sut, cht lng c th chy qua
van mt ln na. Cc thng s trong hnh 10b bao gm cc li van, a t v bung
vanto thnh mt mch t ca van. Mt vng m khng t tnh c s dng m
bo dy cn thit ca ng knh. Khi a t tnh c t ng trc vi bung van bng
cch s dng np hnh nn, cc ng dn hnh khuyn v xuyn tm c hnh thnh gia
cc a v cc bung van, v a v li van, tng ng. Dng lu cht chy t u vo
thng qua cc ng hnh khuyn v xuyn tm u tin, sau dng chy dc theo l
trung tm ca li v sau theo ng dn xuyn tm v vnh khuyn th hai vo cm.


Hnh 11a cho thy mt cu trc n gin v ngha kch thc ca mt van lu cht hnh
khuyn n cun. Dng hnh hc van c c trng bi chiu di tng th L, bn knh
bn ngoi R, dy bung van t
h
, khong cch khe h ca van lu cht t
g
, mt bch li
(cc) dy t
f
v chiu rng cun dy w
c
. Bng cch s dng m hnh nha Bingham, p
sut ca van c tnh bng [80, 81]:

, , 3
6
2
f
A A A Y
g d g
t
L
P P P Q c
t R t
q t
q
t
t
A = A +A = +
y
t , A
P A v
q , A
P A l phm vi ph thuc v p sut chy nht ca van lu cht hnh
khuyn n,
Q l tc dng chy qua van MR. Cun cun dy van
Rd l bn knh trung bnh ca ng hnh khuyn c a ra bi: 0.5
d h g
R R t t =
c l h s ph thuc vo dng i ca vn tc dng chy v c tm gi tr t mt gi
trti thiu2.0 (
q t a a
P P A A / cho ln hn 100) mt gi tr ti a3.0 (
q t a a
P P A A / t hn 1).



Van lu cht a cun.ci m ln u tin cs dng biSpencerv cng s
ca ng. thc hin mtgim chnlcMRvan iu titcaoc s dng trongh thng
bo va chn[85], by gi cs dng rng ritrongnhiu ng
dng.ChovanMRvihaicun dy, p sut gimc tnh bng:
1 2
2 2 , 2 , 1 1 2 2 3
6
2
f f
A A A Y Y
g d g g
t t
L
P P P Q c c
t R t t
q t
q
t t
t
A = A +A = + +
Vi P
2A,t
v P
2A,q
l phm vi ph thuc v p sut chy nht ca van lu cht hnh
khuyn hai cun dy.
1 Y
t v
2 Y
t l ng sut dng chy lu cht cui v gia ng dn.
c
1
v c
2
l h s ph thuc vo hnh dng vn tc dng chy ca lu lng lu cht cui
v gia ng dn.
Tng t nh vy, i vi ccvan lu cht hnh khuyn ba cun dy,p sut gimc
tnh bng:
1 2
3 3 , 3 , 1 1 2 2 3
6
2( )
f f
A A A Y Y
g d g g
t t
L
P P P Q c c
t R t t
q t
q
t t
t
A = A +A = + +


Vi P
3A,t
v P
3A,q
l phm vi ph thuc v p sut chy nht ca van lu cht hnh
khuyn ba cun dy.
ChovanMRvi ng dndng chychnh khuynvxuyn tmth hin trong hnh11b,
p sut gimc th ctnh bng:
t q , , AR AR AR
P P P A + A = A
P
AR,t
v P
AR,q
l phm vi ph thuc v p sut chy nht ca van c th c tnh bng:

) ( 2
,
0 2
, , r Y
g
r a Y
g
f
a AR
t
R R
c
t
t
c P t t
t

+ = A
, 3 3 4
0
6 8 ( 2 )
6
2[ ln( )]
f f
d
AR
g d g o
t L t Q
R Q
P Q
t R t R R
q
q q
q
t t t

A = + +
a Y ,
t v
r Y ,
t l ng sut gy ra trong ng hnh khuyn v ng xuyn tm ca dng luu
cht.R
0
l bn knh ca l tm ca li van v R
2
l bn knh ngoi ca ng dn xuyn
tm. y, C
a
v C
r
l cc h s ph thuc vo hnh dng vn tc ca dng lu cht chy
qua cc ng dn hnh khuyn v xuyn tm, tng ng.
5.2.S ti u ha ca cc van lu chttrong iu kin gim p lcvphm vi hot
ng.
Mc tiuti ul nhm gim thiut svanc xc nhbng t sphm vi ph
thuc v p sut chy nht. T l nycnh hng ln ncc c tnh cavanlu cht.
l mong mun rng t s van c gi tr nh. Cc van thng b hn ch trong mt hnh tr
c bn knh R = 30mm v chiu cao H = 50mm. Tnh cht t ca cc thnh phn van
c cho trong bng 1. nht sau bin dng ti gii hn chy ca MRF c gi nh
l khng i, q = 0.092Pa.s v tc dng chy ca van l
4 3
3 10 / Q x m s

= . Cht lng
lu cht (MRF132-DG) t Tng cng ty Lor c s dng. p lc gy ra do nng sut
ca cht lng MR nh mt chc nng ca cng t trng p dng (HMR) c th
c th hin bng khong:
3
3
2
2 1 0
) (
mr mr mr mr y
H C H C H C C H p + + + = = t
Trongphng trnh. (42),cc n v cang sutlkPatrong khi cng t
trnglkA /m. Cc h sC0, C1,C2, v C3, c xc nh tkt qu thc nghimbng
cch p dngccng congvungphng phpph hpnht, cxc nhtng
ngl0,3, 0,42, -0,00116v1.05E-6.
Cn lu rng, mt s thay inhtrongccvan thkhong ccht
g
slm thay ing
khiu sutca vanMR. V vy, trongMRthit kvan, mt khong cchc nh cla
chn theotng ng dng.Trong nghin cu ny, khong cch vanc chn l1mm.
TEQS. (36)-(41),t lvancan cun, haicun dyvvanMRxuyn tmhnh
khuynctng ngtnh theo:
,
2
,
3
A
A
A g d Y
P
HQ
P t R ct
q
t
q

t t
A
= =
A

2 ,
2 2
2 , , ,
3
( 0.5 )
A
A
A g d Y t Y a
P
HQ
P t R c t a
q
t
q

t t t
A
= =
A +

2 2 4
0
, 2 0 ,
2 ( 2 )
2 3 3
{[ ln( )] )
( ( ) )
g
d
g d o
AR
Y a Y r
t H t
R Q t
t R d R R
c t R R
q
t

t t

+ +
=
+







Thnh phn
ca van
Vt liu Kh nng
thm tng
i
Mt t
thng bo ha
Li van Thp silicon 2000 1.45 Tesla
Bung van Thp silicon 2000 1.45 Tesla
Cun dy ng 1 x
Cht lng lu cht MRF132-DG ng cong
BH
1.6 Tesla
Khng t
Cp/Cun
Khng c t tnh
thp
1 x

Hnh 1: Tnh cht t tnh ca cc thnh phn van.

Hnh12acho thy ccgii phpti u ca mtvan lu cht hnh khuyn n cun rng
bucv khi lng nht nh khimtdng in 2.5Ac p dng chocc cun dyvan.
Gi tr ban uca t,w
c
v t
h
thl17mm, 10mmv6,5 mm, tng ng. T svan, p
sutgim vtiu th in nngcaccvannhnggi tr ban ul 08274 . 0
0
= ,
0
15 P bar A = v
0
38.83 N W = .Tcon s ny, n cquan st thy rngccgii phphi
tsau13ln lp livgi tr ti thiut lvan(hm mc tiu) l 033 . 0 =
OPT
. p sut
gimtng ngl 37.32
OPT
P bar A = , cng lmc ti a.Ti u nht, tiu th in
nngl 7.92
OPT
N W = nh hnban unhiu. DVStithi imti u l 17.23
OPT
t mm = ,
,
1.78
c OPT
w mm = ,
,
7.43
h OPT
t mm = .
Hnh12bcho thy ccgii php ti ucavan lu cht hnh khuyn 2 cun dy. Gi tr ban
ut, w
c
v thl10mm, 5mm, 10mmv4mm, tng ng. T lvan, p sutgim vin
nng tiu thcc gi trban ul 0381 . 0
0
= ,
0
28.2 P bar A = v N
0
=83.2W, tng ng.
Gii php lhi tsau11ln lp livgi tr ti thiut lvan l 0.023
OPT
= . p sut
gimtng ngl 48.6
OPT
P bar A = , cng lmc ti a.DVSti ul 19.7
OPT
a mm = ,
10.6
OPT
t mm = ,
,
6.38
c OPT
w mm = v
,
5.33
h OPT
t mm = .




Hnh 12: S ti u ha ca cc van lu chttrong iu kin gim p lcvphm vi
hot ng.
Hnh 12c cho thy cc gii php ti u ha ca van lu cht vi dng chy xuyn tm.

Gi tr ban u ca R
0
, t, w
c
v t
h
l 6mm, 10mm, 6mm v 8mm, tng ng. T s
van, p sut gim v in nng tiu th cc gi tr ban u l
0
= 0,041, P
0
= 47bar v
N
0
= 44.3W, tng ng. S hi t xy ra 10 lp li, m ti gi tr ti thiu t l van
l
OPT
= 0,023 v cc thng s thit k ti u l
0,
14.41
OPT
R mm = , 6.47
OPT
t mm = ,
,
2.32
c OPT
w mm = v
,
4.81
h OPT
t mm = . p sut gim tng ng l P
OPT
= 37.2bar, m
khng phi l gim p lc ti a. L do ca vic ny l s st gim p lc khng kim
sot c (gim p sut nht) ca van ph thuc ng k vo bn knh li van. S gia
tng ca van li kt qu bn knh trong gim p sut gim nht m lm gim t l van.
Tuy nhin, s gia tng ca bn knh li van lm gim mt t thng, v do lm gim
gim p lc ca van. ci thin hiu sut van, bn knh li van nn c c nh mt
thch hp. Trong trng hp bn knh li van c c nh 6mm, n c tm thy
rng gi tr ti u ca van t l l
OPT
= 0,0293 v p sut gim tng ng l P
OPT
=
64.4bar, cng l mc ti a. DVS ti u l t
OPT
= 8.6mm,
,
3.1
c OPT
w mm = v
] [ 36 . 6
,
mm d
OPT h
= . Ti cc DVS ti u in nng tiu th l N
0
= 29.1W.

Bng 2 tm tt cc kt qu ti u ha cho MR thit k van nu trn. Kt qu cho thy
hnh dng hnh hc ca MR van c mt nh hng ln n hiu sut van. Bng cch la
chn mt hnh dng ti u, hiu sut nh van gim p sut c th c ci thin nhiu v
tiu th in nng c th c gim ng k. Trong s cc van MR hn ch trong cng
mt khi lng, hai cun dy hnh khuyn MR van cung cp gi tr tt nht ca t l van
trong khi cc hnh khuyn-xuyn tm c th cung cp gim p lc tt nht vo cc thng
s thit k ti u. Cho cc loi van MR vi ba cun dy tr ln, ngi ta thy rng hiu
sut ca cc van khng phi l tt hn so vi cc van MR hai cun dy cc thng s
thit k ti u.



Loi van
Thng s thit k
[mm]
T s van, p sut gim & tiu
hao nng lng
Ban
u
Ti u Ban u Ti u
Van lu
cht hnh
khuyn n
cun
t = 17
W= 10
d
h
=
6.5
t = 17.23
W= 1.78
d
h
= 7.43
08274 . 0 =
] [ 15 bar P = A
N = 38.83[W]
033 . 0 =
] [ 3 . 37 bar P = A
N = 7.92[W]
Van lu
cht hnh
khuyn 2
cun dy
a=10
t = 5
W= 10
d
h
= 4
a=19.7
t = 10.6
W= 6.38
d
h
= 5.33
0381 . 0 =
] [ 2 . 28 bar P = A
N = 83.2[W]
02296 . 0 =
] [ 62 . 48 bar P = A
N = 16.5[W]
Van lu
cht hnh
khuyn 3
cun dy
b = 6
a =7
t = 7
W= 10
d
h
= 6
b = 6.36
a =10.94
t = 5.84
W=7.48
d
h
= 3.35
0355 . 0 =
] [ 72 . 32 bar P = A
N = 55[W]
024 . 0 =
] [ 95 . 42 bar P = A
N = 37.4[W]
Van lu
cht vi
dng chy
xuyn tm
t = 10
W= 6
d
h
= 8
t = 8.6
W= 3.1
d
h
= 6.36
041 . 0 =
] [ 47 bar P = A
N = 44.3[W]
0293 . 0 =
] [ 4 . 64 bar P = A
N = 29.1[W]

Bng 2: thng sthit k ti u ha cho van lu cht
N cng c th hin bi ng Nguyn v cng s. [79] l gii php ti u b
nh hng bi p dng cha hiu qu. p dng gi tr cao ca dng int hiu sut tt
hn ca van. Tuy nhin, khi p dng tng hin ti mt gi tr nht nh cc gii php ti
u c xu hng bo ha. Do , n c thng bo rng hin ti p dng phi c thit
lp bi n gi tr ti a cho php trong cc vn ti u ha ca van MR.

6/ Nghin cu thit k ti u xi-lanh ca b gim chn t bin:
6.1/ Hnh dng v cu to ca b gim chn t bin:
Nghin cu ny ch n xi-lanh hnh tr trong b gim chn t bin ca cc xe
d kin lp rp bi Lee va Choi c th hin trong hnh 13. B gim chn t bin c
chia thnh bung trn v bung di bng pittong v y lu cht gia. Khi pit-tong di
chuyn, dng lu cht trong gim chn t bin chuyn t bung nay sang bung cn li
v i qua c hai u ca phn ng hnh vnh khn gia thnh ngai v thnh trong ca
xi-lanh. Bung gas nm ngoi ng vai tr nh mt c-quy cha ng dng lu cht
gy ra bi chuyn ng ca pit-tong










Hnh 13: Cu to ca b gim chn t bin
Bng gi thit l b qua lc ma st gia du trong xi-lanh v cc trng thi ca gim
chn iu trong iu kin l tng th lc gim chn ca b gim chn t bin c th
c tnh bng cng thc:

2 2
0 1
( 4 2 )( 2 )
1, 5
2 2
mr m m m
m w m
R L L H L R
t A L

s
(46)


Trong :
2 2
3 3 3
2 1 1
2 2 6
[( )( ) ]
m m
vis p s p
g m m
L L L
c A A A
R t Rt Rt
q
t
= + +

2
(2 )
m
MR p s y
m
cL
F A A
t
t =


iu kin tin quyt cng thc (46) ng lc n hi ca gas phi ph hp. iu
kin th hai l nht ca dng lu cht t bin. iu kin th ba l lc sinh ra do ng
sut nn ca lu cht t bin, lc m c th c iu khin lin tc bng cng ca
trng in t dc sut theo ung ng cha lu cht. Ba iu kin trn l i hi ch
yu ca lc gim chn, lc m c k vng l t c gi tr ln khi thit k b gim
chn t bin. Khong ng lc ca b gim chn (xc nh bng t s gia lc ln nht
khi dng lu cht vo ln nht v lc khi dng lu cht vo bng 0) c th c tnh gn
ng theo cng thc:

'
0 ,max
'
0
s vis p MR
d
s vis p
P A c x F
P A c x

+ +
=
+
(47)

Khong ng lc cng l mt thng s quan trng trong vic nh gi ton b cht
lng hp th chn ng ca lu ca gim chn t bin.Mt gi tr ln ca khong ng
lc c k vng c cung cp bi mt khong iu khin rng ca b hp th chn
ng trong gim chn t bin. Hn na, F
MRmax
l lc sinh ra do ng sut nn khi dng
lu cht tc dng l ln nht. A
p
v A
s
tng ng l tit din pit-tong v tit din ca trc
pit-tong. x
p
l chuyn v ca pit-tong. L l chiu di ca thnh trong xi-lanh.t
g
l h
ca ng ng gia thnh trong v thnh ngoi xi-lanh. R
1
v R
2
tng ng l bn knh
trung bnh ca nam chm v bn knh ca ng ng.L
m
l chiu di ca nam chm in
t.t
m
l khe h gia trc pit-tong v van iu tit.c l h s ph thuc vo dng vn tc
dng chy ( c c gi tr nh nht l 2,07 n gi tr ln nht l 3,07). P
a
l p sut trong
bung gas v c xc nh bng cng thc:

0
0
0
( )
a
s p
V
P P
V A x
_
=
+
(48)
Trong :
P
0
: l p sut ban u ca bung gas.
V
0
: l th tch ban u ca bung gas.
: l h s gin nhit trong qu trnh on nhit ( 1,4 1,7).

6.2/ Ti u ho khong ng lc ca b gim chn t bin:
Trong phn ny, Phng Php Phn T Hu Hn c tch hp vo mt phn mm
ti u ho c dng tnh ton kch tht hnh hc ti u cho b gim chn t bin
vi yu cu tho mt hm cc tiu cho trc. thit k h thng gim xc cho xe chy
nh v khng xc (khng gian Rattle) l hai c tnh i nghch c quan tm. Trong
yu cu gim bt cc chn ng khi di chuyn th lc gim xc i hi phi cao.Theo
mt cch khc, tng s m nh khi chy th lc gim xc nh c k vng.y l
khong ng lc ln c mong i.Ngoi ra, thi gian p ng nhanh ca b gim chn
t bin cng c mong i trong yu cu nng cao kh nng iu khin ca h thng
gim xc. Ni n mt yu cu cao hn trong tnh ton, ta tnh theo hm mc tiu d
kin l:

, , MR r d r
F d T
MR d r
F
T
OBJ
F T

o o o

= + + +
(49)


Trong :
F
MR
: l lc sinh ra do ng sut nn.

d
: l khong ng lc.
T: l hng s thi gian cm in ( hng s ny quy nh r trn dung dch FE ca mch t
gim chn).
F
MR,r
;
d,r
; T
r
: tng ng l cc thng s chun ca lc sinh ra do ng sut nn, khong
ng lc v hng s thi gian cm in.

F
;
d
;
T
: tng ng l ch s khi lng ca lc gim chn, ch s khong ng lc v
ch s thi gian cm in (
F
+
d
+
T
= 1).
iu quan trng l gi tr ch s khi lng c chn ph thuc vo c trng
ring ca mi h thng gim xc.i vi h thng gim xc c thit k cho phng
tin i trn ng khng bng phng hoc ng khng c tri nha th lc gim xc
ln l cn thit. Nh vy, trong trng hp ny ta chn gi tr
F
v
T
. Cn gi tr
d

c dng trong thit k h thng gim xc cho ng bng phng.
Lc gim xc tiu chun, khong ng lc v hng s thi gian cm in ca b
gim chn t c t cc gii php ca b gim chn t bin ti cc gi tr ban u ca
cc thng s thit k. Cc kch tht hnh hc ban u ca b gim chn da trn gi
thit ca mt t thng khng i trong mch t ca cc b gim chn. Vy, gi tr bn
knh ban u ca li l R
c
, rng ca cun dy l w
c
. B dy v ca van c xc nh
nh sau:

2 2
2 ; 4 2 ;
c m c v m m h v c c
R L w R L L t R w R = = =


Trong :
R
v
: l bn knh ngoi ca van
Gi tr di ban u ca nam chm L
m
c xc nh sao cho mt t thng
khng vt qu gi tr bo ho ca vt liu lm li van (thp silic) l 1,5 Tesla trong
nghin cu ny.
Hnh 14 th hin gn ng mch t ca kt cu van t vo trong b gim chn. Khi
t trng thp, t biu thc (20) ta thy cng t trng qua th tch hot ng ca
lu cht t bin c th c tnh gn ng theo cng thc:
1 2 8
1 2 8
2
2
c
mr
mr mr mr mr mr mr
m
N I
H
l A l A l A
t
A A A


=
+ + +

Mc dn t ca lu cht t bin phi nh hn ca vt liu lm li. Biu thc (51)
c th c tnh tng ng bng H
mr
= N
c
I/2t
m
. Trong trng hp ny, p ng
c s bo ho ca vt liu lm li th phi tho mn iu kin sau y:
2 2
0 1
( 4 2 )( 2 )
1, 5
2 2
mr m m m
m w m
R L L H L R
t A L

s









Hnh 14: Mch t gn ng ca b gim chn t bin
Trong phn ny, thp silic (thp c t tnh c th hin trong hnh 15a) c dng
cho cc li ca van.T tnh ca lu cht t bin c th hin trong hnh 15b. Gi s hiu
sut nht ca lu cht t bin l mt hng s, =0,0092 Pa.s v vn tc ca pit-tong
c ti u ho l 0,4 m/s. Cc kch tht quan trng ca b gim chn t bin nh b
rng cun dy w
c
, b dy lp v ca van t
h
, h trc pit-tong v van kt cu t
m
, chiu
di L
m
ca nam chm c dng nh nhng bin s thit k. ng ch l tit din
ca trc pit-tong c gi nguyn (R
s
= 6mm) trong qu trnh ti u ho. Tuy nhin, tit
din pit-tong c thay i tu thuc vo cc bin thit k (A
p
= R
p
2
; R
p
= R
v
- t
h
-t
m
-
t
in
)
Dy qun ca cun dy c kch tht bng 24 gauge (d = 0, 5106mm) v chu c
dng in ti a cho php l I = 2,4A. Da trn mc s dng rng ri ca gim chn
t bin, gi tr ban u ca l t bin c chn l t
m
= 0,75mm. T cc biu thc (50),
(52) vi gi nh rng mt t tnh ca thp silic v lu cht t bin tng t l vi
cng t trng = 2000, mr = 4. Gi tr ban u ca cc bin thit k c xc
nh nh sau: L
m
= 7,5mm ; w
c
= 2,4mm ; t
h
= 5,6mm.
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
c

F
l
u
x

D
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

B
[
T
]
Magnetic Field Intensity, H[kA/m]
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
c

F
l
u
x

D
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

B
[
T
]
Magnetic Field Intensity, H[kA/m]

(a) B-H ng cong c tnh ca thp silic (b) B-H ng cong c tnh ca lu
cht t bin

Hnh 15:c im t tnh ca thp silic v lu cht t bin


Bng 3 cho ta thy cc gii php ti u ca cc gim chn t bin vi cc b gi tr
khc nhau ca cc h s gia trng ph thssuc vo mc tiu thit k.N c th hin
t cc kt qu bng cch dng cc gi tr khc nhau ca h s gia trng trong kt qu ti
u c th t c.Trong iu kin c gi tr ln, h s gia trng tr nn ni tri.

Thng s
Gi tr
ban u
Gi tr ti u
o
F
= o
d
= o
T

=1/3
o
F
= 0.5; o
d

=0.2; o
T
=0.3
o
F
= 0.2; o
d

=0.5; o
T
=0.3
h ca van t
m

Chiu di nam chm L
m

Chiu rng cun dy w
c

Chiu dy thnh v t
h

Lc do ng sut nn
Khong ng lc
Hng s thi gian
Hm mc tiu
Nng lng tiu th

0.75mm
7.5mm
2.4mm
5.6mm
2065N
8.85
50.5ms
1
8W
1.1mm
11.7mm
3mm
4.05mm
1715N
35.64
40.6ms
0.943
6.21W
0.81mm
12.26mm
2.72mm
4.17mm
2630N
20
42.3ms
0.937
5.16W
1.47mm
11.5mm
3.3mm
4.1mm
1170N
63
40.3m
0.826
6.6W

Bng 3: thng s ti u ca phanh t bin loi a n


0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Y
i
e
l
d

S
t
r
e
s
s

F
o
r
c
e

[
k
N
]
Applied Current [A]
Opt.1 Opt.2 Opt.3 Initial
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
50
60
70
80
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e

T
i
m
e

C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t

[
m
s
]
Apllied Current [A]
Opt.1 Opt.2 Opt.3 Initial

(a) Lc do ng sut nn gy ra (b) hng s thi gian cm in
Hnh 16: Lc do ng sut nn v hng s thi gian cm in trong ti u ho cc
gim chn t bin ban u ti cc gi tr khc nhau ca dng lu cht.
nh gi hiu sut ti u ca b gim chn t bin.Khong dng b tc dng, lc
gim xc v hng s thi gian cm in ca cc b gim chn uc ti u ho ban u ti
cc gi tr khc nhau ca dng lu cht trong hnh 16.Trong hnh ny, thut ng Opt.1,
Opt.2, Opt.3 i din cho ba trng hp ti u trong bng 3. Tng ng nh sau:
- Opt.1:
F
=
d
=
T
= 1/3
- Opt.2:
F
= 0,5 ;
d
= 0,2 ;
T
= 0.3
- Opt.3:
F
= 0,2 ;
d
= 0,5 ;
T
= 0,3
Cc thng s trn c xc nh t hnh m lc ca ng sut nn tip cn n mt
mc bo ho khi dng in tc dng tng ln 1,5A. Hn na, ti gi tr dng in tc
dng nh th h s thi gian cm in cng khng i. L do l ti dng in tc dng
nh th t thng sinh ra nh. Vy mt t thng tng t l thn vi cng t trng.
Ti gi tr dng in tc dng ln, mt t thng tip cn vi bo ho t tnh ca vt
liu.iu ny dn n mt mc bo ho ca lc do ng sut nn v gim hng s thi
gian cm in.





II.Tm hiu v cc loi phanh lu cht t bin.
Nghin cu ny tp trung vo thit k ti u ca cc loi phanh lu cht t bin
(MRB), t cc loi MRB ti u c chn.Trong vic ti u ha, loi ph bin ca
MRB nh loi a, hnh trng, loi hn hp v loi hnh ch T c xem xt.Cc vn
ti u ha l tm gi tr ti u kch thc hnh hc quan trng ca MRB c th to ra
m-men xon phanh ti a. Cc MRB b gii hn trong mt th tch hnh tr c bn knh
v chiu di c th. Sau khi m t ngn gn v cu hnh ca cc loi MRB, cc mmen
xon phanh ca MRBs c ngun gc da trn Herschel Bulkley-m hnh ca cht lng
MR. Thit k ti u ca MRBs b hn ch trong mt khi hnh tr c th sau c
phn tch. Mc tiu ca vic ti u ha l ti a ha cc m-men xon phanh trong khi t
s m-men xon (t s ln nht m-men xon phanh v moment ma st khi khng c t
trng) c gii hn n gi tr nht nh ln hn.Phn tch phn t hu hn tch hp
vi mt cng c ti u ha c s dng m phng ti u ti u MRBs. Da trn cc
phng php ti u ha c xut, m phng ti uu MRBs thu c bi hn ch vi
khi lng khc nhau. T cc kt qu vic la chn ti u ca cc loi MRB ty thuc
vo khi lng gii hn c a ra.
1. Gii thiu
Lu cht t bin (MRF) l gm cc ht cc ht l lng, c th b t ha , v nhng
bin i nhanh chng, mnh m, v hi phc nh tnh cht lu bin ca n khi t trng
c t vo. V vy, MRF c tim nng ln trong nhiu ng dng i hi lp trung gian
in nh b ly hp, phanh, van,b gim chn v robot . c mt s lng ln cc
nghin cu v pht trin ca phanh MRF trong nhiu ng dng. Loi phanh a l thit k
ph bin nht v cng l phanh u tin c m t trong nghin cu v sau ca
Rabinow, 1951 .y l loi MRB l rt d dng sn xut v cho kt qu kh tt v
trng lng v nh gn. Thit k ny l ch c mt nhng rt c gi tr trong thng mi
v l sn phm mu c sn xut bi LORD Corporation v c s dng trong nhiu
nghin cu. Tuy nhin, trong mt s ng dng, phn s dng MRB l mt hnh tr nh
v di. Trong trng hp ny, cc MRB kiu a l khng ph hp v phanh MRB kiu
hnh trng s cho mt m-men xon phanh cao hn. Huang et al.,cung cp cho mt s
cc biu thc gii tch m hng dn thit k v LORD Corporation s dng n nh mt
mu c sn hng dn v thit k ca cc thit b lm vic s dng lu cht MR. Thit
k hnh trng c c trng bi mt lc qun tnh ln m lm cho hnh trng o ngc
li. Lc qun tnh ny cng c th c gim li nh hnh li mt phn bn trong ca n
khi c t thng thp .Thit k trng ngc c s dng trong mt lot cc ng dng nh
khp ly hp 40nm cho cnh qut xe ti c v pht trin bi General Motors hoc
phanh trong bnh c s dng trong thit b tp th dc c bp. ci thin hiu sut
phanh ca trng loi MRB, MRB vi roto hnh ch T c xem xt. Cc phanh rotor
hnh ch T l nh gn hn so vi thit k trng, nhng phc tp hn sn xut (do cc
di mng cc ca rotor).Mc d bn cao nhng thit k ny khng ph bin lm.
Gn y, Nguyn el al. xut mt thit k kt hp ca MRB cho mt c tay haptic
(c phn hi).Thit k ny l s kt hp ca phanh a v phanh trng .Trong nghin cu,
thit k ti u phanh a, phanh hnh trng,kiu c phn hi, MRB c phn hi c
thc hin. Kt qu cho thy thit kt kt hp ny cung cp mt hiu sut tt hn cho c
tay my haptic hn nhng lai khc. Mc d c mt s lng ln cc nghin cu v
thit k v ng dng ca MRBs v cc loi thit k c xut, s khc nhau v
thit k ti u ca cc cu hnh ny vn cn thiu. ng gp chnh ca nghin cu ny l
tp trung vo thit k ti u ca cc loi khc nhau ca MRB nhng gii trong mt khi
lng c th. Mc tiu ca vic ti u ha l ti a ha phanh m-men xon ca MRBs.
Cc phng php m phng ti u ca MRBs nhng vi mt khi lng nht nh
thc hin v trnh by. T cc kt qu ny , mt la chn ti u ca MRBs c kho
st.



2. Phanh lu cht t bin:
Nh cp trn, loi u tin v ph bin nht ca MRBs l phanh a.

Hnh 1
Hnh1 cho thy mt thit k in hnh ca MRB dng a .Rotor ca phanh l rt
mng nhng vn gi l a quay.Khi mt dng in c t cho cc cun dy, mt t
trng c to ra; MRF cui b mt ca a c in v tr thnh mt ng rn. Ma
st trt gia a quay v MRF ong cng cung cp mt lc phanh lm chm dn v
dng cc trc. Kch thc hnh hc quan trng ca MRB dng cng c hin th trong
hnh. 1. Bng cch p dng cc tnh cht lu bin Herschel-Bulkley cho MRF, m-men
xon phanh ca phanh loi a loi c th c xc nh bi :
0
3
4
3 3 2
0 0
4 4
1 ( ) 2 [ ]
( 3) 3
t tt
t t
+
(
| | | | O
= O+ + + (
| |
+
( \ . \ .

d
n n
eqd do yd
di do
d do di do d
d do o
R
R R
T R R R t K
n d R d


t
yd ,
d
n
,Kd: tng ng l ng sut, h s tnh cht dng chy v c ca MRF
cui b mt ng ca phanh.
( )
1
/

= O
d
n
eqd d do
K R d : c gi l nht tng ng ca MRF trong ng
0
t
0
, n
,K0: tng ng l ng sut, h s tnh cht dng chy v c ca MRF khi
khng c t trng tc dng.
0
, :
d di
R R Bn knh ngoi v trong ca a.
0
, : d d Kch thc khe h ca vnh v b mt ng cui cng.
:
d
t dy ca a.
: O Vn tc gc.
Trong trng hp khng c in t vo cc cuc dy,m ment xon phanh c tnh:
0 0
3
4
0 3 3 2 0
0 0 0
0
4
4
1 ( ) 2 [ ]
( 3) 3
n n
eqd do
di do
d do di do d
do o
R
R R
T R R R t K
n d R d
t
tt
t t
+
(
| | | | O
( = O+ + +
| |
+
(
\ . \ .

eqd0
: nht tng ng ca MRF khi khng c t trng tc dng cui b mt
ng.
Tng t nh h thng phanh thng thng, bn cnh nhng MRB kiu a, MRB
loi trng l mt trong nhng MRBs ph bin.

Hnh 2a
Hnh 2a cho thy mt hnh dng c trng v kch thc hnh hc c ngha ca
MRB loi hnh trng. Trong trng hp ny, roto ca phanh l mt hnh tr di, v t
trng c t vo theo hng xuyn tm. V bn ngoi ca phanh c lm bng vt
liu khng t tnh nh vy khng c t trng tc dng dc trc c hai bn ca cc
roto.Phanh loi trng, cc cun dy c qun trn mt cun c gia c trn lp v bn
ngoi.iu ny gy kh khn trong sn xut ca phanh.Hn na, vi cc cun dy gn
lin v bn ngoi, trnh dng t b nghn li, dy v bn ngoi phi ln.iu ny
dn n kch thc ca phanh ln hn hoc m-men xon phanh nh (do bn knh ca
roto nh). khc phc tnh trng ny, Phanh trng hnh.2b vi mt cun dy c t
trn trng ca phanh.

Hnh 2b
Loi MRB ny c ngc vi MRB hnh trng.Thit k hnh trng ngc ny
c bic thch hp cho h thng phanh, trong trc ng yn trong khi lp v quay. i
vi c hai loi phanh ny, m-men xon phanh v m-men khi khng c t trng tc
dng c xc nh bng:
0
3
4
0 3 3 2 0
0
4
4
1 ( ) 2 [ ]
( 3) 3
t
tt
t t
+
(
| | | | O
= O+ + + (
| |
+
( \ . \ .

a
n n
eq o
i o
dr o i o a ya a
o o
R
R R
T R R R L K
n d R d

0 0
3
4
0 3 3 2 0
0 0 0
0
4
4
1 ( ) 2 [ ]
( 3) 3
t
tt
t t
+
(
| | | | O
= O+ + + (
| |
+
( \ . \ .

n n
eq o
i o
dr o i o d
o o
R
R R
T R R R w K
n d R d

, t
ya ,
a
n Ka: tng ng l ng sut, h s tnh cht dng chy v c ca MRF
trong ng hnh khuyn ca phanh.
R
o
v R
i
: l bn knh ngoi v trong cui b mt ng
La: chiu di lm vic ng hnh khuyn.
L
a
~w
d
-w
c
. w
d
,w
c
:chiu rng ca trng v cun dy.

eq0
: nht tng ng ca MRF khi khng c t trng cui b mt ng.
( )
0
1
0 0
/
n
eq o
K R d

= O .
Nh nu trn, trong trng hp phanh kiu a, MRF cui b mt ca a s ha
t. i vi phanh trng, t trng c t theo hng xuyn tm, do MRF bn
ngoi mt tr ca ng s c in. Trong nhiu trng hp, c hai loi a u c s
dng,nhng m nu kt hp c hai loi th cng c lu n.

Hnh 3a
Hnh 3a cho thy cu hnh hn hp ca phanh MRF. S khc bit duy nht gia
phanh MRB loi kt hp v MRB kiu trng l v bn ngoi ca phanh kt hp l lp
bn ngoi c lm bng cht liu t tnh.Do , t thng gy ra bi dng chy ca cun
dy khng ch theo hng xuyn tm trn b mt hnh tr ca roto m cn theo hng
dc trc ngang qua b mt cui cng ca roto.

Hnh 3
Tng t nh phanh MRB hnh3a , mt cu hnh ngc kt hp c th hin
trong Fig.3b c th c s dng khi cc trc ca phanh ng yn hoc trnh dng t
b nghn li ti lp v hnh tr bn ngoi.M-men xon phanh v m-men xon khi
khng c t trng tc dng ca phanh kt hp v phanh trng ngc c th c xc
nh bi :
3
4
3 3 2
4 4
1 ( ) 2 ( )
( 3) 3
e a
n n
eq o ye
i o
h o i o a ya a
e o o
R
R R
T R R R L K
n d R d
t tt
t t
+
(
| | | | O
( = O+ + +
| |
+
(
\ . \ .


0 0
3
4
0 3 3 2 0
0 0 0
0
4
4
1 ( ) 2 [ ]
( 3) 3
n n
eq o
i o
h o i o d
o o
R
R R
T R R R w K
n d R d
t
tt
t t
+
(
| | | | O
( = O+ + +
| |
+
(
\ . \ .


t
ye
, n
e
v K
e
: tng ng l ng sut, h s tnh cht dng chy v c ca MRF cui
b mt ng ca phanh.

eq
: nht tng ng ca MRF cui b mt ng.
( )
1
/
e
n
eq e o
K R d

= O


c c mt mt t thng ng u hn phanh MRB, kiu kt hp vi hai cun
dy qun ln vo hnh.4 c s dng.

Hnh 4a
Tng t nh kiu kt hp li n, kiu hai cun dy bao gm :loi hai cun dy v loi
hai cun dy o ngc qun li vi nhau ,tng ng hnh 4a,4b .

Hnh 4b
i vi c hai trng hp, m-men xon phanh c th c xc nh bng :
3
4
3 3 2
2 2
4 4
1 ( ) 2 ( )
( 3) 3
t tt
t t
+
(
| | | | O
= O+ + + (
| |
+
( \ . \ .

e a
n n
eq c ye
i o
h c i o ah ya a
e c o
R
R R
T R R R L K
n d R d

L
ah2
:chiu di lm vic ca ng hnh khuyn.
L
ah2
~w
d
-2w
c
. w
d
v w
c
:chiu rng ca ng v cun dy tng ng.

Hnh 5 l kiu phanh ht hp hnh T. Bi v t thng ca MRB chy trn c bn
trong ln bn ngoi ng hnh khuyn ca ca mt T v bn knh ng dn nhnh T, to ra
m-men xon phanh mong mun.. M-men xon phanh loi kt hp hnh ch T c th
c tnh nh sau:

Hnh 5
1 2
2 = + +
t l a a
T T T T

T
l
, T
a1
v T
a2
:tng ng l mmen xon phanh m bn ca nhnh T,bn trong v mt tr
ngoi ca mt T v c xc nh nh sau:
3
4
3 3
2 2
1 ( )
( 3) 3
t tt
+
(
| |
(
= O+
|
|
+
(
\ .

l
n
eql f yl
i
l f i
l f
R
R
T R R
n d R

1
2
1 1 1 a1
2 ( )
a
n
f
a f a ya
R
T R L K
d
t t
| | O
= +
|
|
\ .

2
2
2 2 2 a2
2 ( )
a
n
o
a o a ya
R
T R L K
d
t t
| | O
= +
|
\ .

Trong trng hp khng c in c t vo cc cun dy, m-men xon phanh c th
c xc nh nh sau:
0
0
0 0
3
4
0 3 3 2 2 0
0 0 1 2
0
2 2
0 a1 a2
4
4
1 ( ) 2 ( )
( 3) 3
2 ( )
n
eq o
i
b o i f a o a
o
n
n n
f o
R
R
T R R R L R L
n d R
K R L R L
d
t
tt
tt
t
+
+ +
(
| |
( = O+ + + +
|
+
(
\ .

O | |
+
|
\ .

R
i
:bn knh trong nhnh T.
R
f
, R
o
: tng ng l bn knh trong v ngoi ca mt T.
L
a1
and L
a2
:chiu di lm vic bn trong v ngoi mt tr ca T.
t
yl
, t
ya1
and t
ya2
:tng ng l ng sut ca MRF trong ng nhnh T,bn trong v ngoi
mt T.
n
l
, n
a1
, n
a2
: tng ng l h s tnh cht ca MRF trong nhnh T,bn trong v ngoi mt
T.

eql
: nht tng ng ca MRF trong nhnh T.
K
l,
K
a1
v K
a2
: tng ng l c ca MRF trong nhnh T,bn trong v ngoi mt tr T.









3. Thit k ti u ca MRB
Trong nghin cu ny, FEA tch hp vi mt cng c ti u c s dng c
c kch thc hnh hc ti u ca MRBs nhng b hn ch bi mt khi lng nht
nh.Mc tiu ca vic ti u ha l ti a ha cc m-men xon phanh.Ngoi ra, m-
men xon khi khng c t trng c tnh n trong nghin cu ny nh l bin trng
thi.Cn lu rng kch thc kch thc khe h ca ng MR cng nh th to ra m
ment xon ln hn. Tuy nhin, khe h nh s to ra mo ment xon khi khng c t
trng ln,iu ny lm gim cc c tnh ca MRBs nh nng lng tiu tn cao, ta
nhit, di ng hc nh do lm gim hiu sut kim lm vic ca phanh. Trong nghin
cu ny, t s m-men xon MRB - t s ca m-men xon phanh ti a v m-men
xon phanh khng c t trng tc dng s ln hn gi tr mong mun. V vy, iu
kin sau y phi c tha mn:
max
0
= >
b
cr
T
T

:t s mo ment xon ca MRB.

cr
:t s momeny xon ti hn.
T
bmax
:gi tr ln nht ca moment xon phanh ca MRBs.
T
0
: moment xon phanh khi khng c t trng.
Mment xon phanh ca MRBs (Tb) c xc nh bi phng trnh (1), (3), (5),
(7) and (8) tng ng cho phanh a,phanh trng,phanh kt hp hai cun dy,v phanh
loi T.Moment xon phanh khi khng c t trng tc dng c tnh bng phng trnh
(2), (4), (6) v (12) tng ng cho phanh a,phanh trng,phanh kt hp (c n cun v
hai cun dy) v phanh loi T.
Nh ni trn, trong nghin cu ny FEA tch hp vi mt cng c ti u ha
c s dng c c m phng ti u ca MRB. Khi nim m phng ti u ca cc
thit b MR thc hin bng cch s dng phng php bc nht vi cc thut ton tit
din vng vi cc cng c ti u ca ANSYS c cp trong mt s chi tit trong qu
trnh nghin cu. ng ch l, thay v ti a ha cc m-men xon phanh, ti u ha
trong nghin cu ny gim thiu ha iu ny:
1
=
b
OBJ
T

Trc ht , xc nh m-men xon phanh ca MRBs mt t trn cc ng dn
MR ca MRBs c tnh ton bng cch s dng FEA. Trong nghin cu ny, cc m
hnh phn t hu hn s dng phn t i xng trc 2D ca hng phn mm ANSYS
c s dng gii quyt cc dng t ca MRBs. Cc m hnh phn t hu hn c
s dng gii quyt cc dng t ca MRBs c hin th trong hnh. 6, 7 v 8.







4. Kt qu v tho lun
Trong nghin cu ny, ngi ta cho rng rotor v stator ca MRBs c lm bng
thp silic, cc dy cun dy c o bng dng (ng knh = 0.511mm) m c dng
in nh mc l 3A. Nghin cu ny xem xt hai loi ph bin nht ca MRF c thc
hin bi Lord Corporation: MRF-132-DG (ng sut trung bnh) v MRF-140CG (ng
sut cao). Tnh cht lu bin ca MRFs c th c c tnh bng phng trnh sau y:
2
0
( )(2 )
o o

= +
SY SY
B B
Y Y Y Y e e

Trong Y l vit tt ca mt thng s lu bin ca MRF nh ng sut chy,
nht, c v tnh cht c dng cht lu. Gi tr ca tham s Y c xu hng Y0(khi
khng c t trng tc dng) n gi tr bo haY

.
SY
o l h s m ment bo hal bo
ha ch s ca tham s Y. B l mt t trng c t vo. Cc gi tr ca Y0, c
xc nh t kt qu th nghim s dng phng php iu chnh ng cong, c trnh
by trong bng 1.
Hnh 9 cho thy m-men xon phanh ti u ca MRBs loi MRF-140-CG vi
dng hnh hc ca khi lng phanh l (L/R) khi t l mment xon ln hn 20
(
cr
=20).ng ch l khe h ng dn MRF ng dn (d v do) ln hn 0.6mm nn d
dng sn xut. T cc kt qu,trong s nhng loi MRBs, loi hnh T s to moment khi
dng hnh hc 0,6 (L / R> 0.6). C th, khi t s L/D ln hn 1,5, mment xon phanh
ca phanh hnh ch T l cao hn so vi cc loi MRBs khc.Ni bt nht l MRB dng
a c kt cu nh gn v n gin nht, tuy phanh ch hot ng tt khi L/D c gi tr
thp. Kt qu cho thy khi L / R <0,36 mmen xon phanh MRB dng a l cao hn so
vi phanh trng,phanh kt hp, phanh MRBs hai cun dy v nh hn phanh kt hp
ngc v loi chu T. Do Khi L/D<0.36 phanh a nn c s dng.T cc kt qu
cho thy phanh c kt cu o ngc th s cho moment hm phanh ln hn so vi loi
khng o ngc.V cu hnh ny lm gim vn nghn dng t v tng moment xon
phanh.

Hnh 9
i vi phanh MRB kt hp, (L / R <0,75), phanh MRB li n l tt hn so vi MRB
loi hai cun dy. Tuy nhin, L / R c gi tr cao hn, MRB hai cun dy s cho moment
phanh ln hn ng k. Nguyn nhn l do L/D ln nn dng t i qua phanh hai cun
dy s ln hn v vn nghn t nh ca phanh n cun l khng quan trong. So snh
phanh kt hp v v cc phanh khc cho thy m ment xon phanh ca phanh n li l
ln hn ng k so vi phanh i v phanh trng trong trng hp 0,36 <L / R <0,75.
Ngoi ra, m-men xon phanh ca cu hnh lai hai cun dy l ln hn ng k so vi
phanh a v phanh hnh trng trong trng hp L / R> 0,75.Khi L/R <2 phanh li n s
to ra moment xon ln hn phanh hnh trng.

Hnh 10
nghin cu nhng nh hng ca t s mment xon, m phng ti u ca
MRBs loi MRF-140-CG c t s m-men xon gii hn ln hn 50(
cr
=50) c trnh
by trong hnh . 10. So snh gia hnh 9 v 10 cho thy khi t s hnh hc (L/D>1)
mment xon phanh ti a MRBs khng b nh hng ng k bi t s mment xon
bt buc. Tuy nhin, L / R nh chng hn nh L / R<0,5 cho phanh av 0,75 cho cc
loi phanh khc , khi t s mment xon hn ch ln c th gy ra mment xon phanh
ti a gim ng k. L do khi L / R ln , lc phanh do p sut cht lng MR ln hn
nhiu so vi cc lc ma st khi khng co t trng v kch thc ca khe h dn n gi
tr gii hn ca n.
kho st nh hng ca MRF trn cc kt qu t c, m phng ti u ca
MRBs loi MRF-132DG c t l mment xon hn ln hn 50 v c trnh by trong
hnh. 11.

Hnh 11
So snh gia kt qu trong Fig.11 v hnh. 10 cho thy mment xon phanh ti a
ca tt c cc loi MRBs th loi MRF-132-DG co gi tr thp hn so vi loi MRF-
140CG, c bit l L / R c gi tr ln. iu ny l do l cc ng sut v c ca
MRF-140CG l ln hn so vi MRF-132DG trong khi kch thc gii hn khe h ca
ng dn MR (d and d
o
) ln hn 0.6mm. V vy, khi L / R ln , kch thc khe h ti u
ca MRF s tin n gi tr gii hn thp v ng sut chy ln c th to ra mt lc
lng phanh cao hn. Tuy nhin, phi lu rng mo6ment xon phanh tng i ca cc
loi MRB gn tng t nh trong trng hp h thng phanh MRF-140CG.
trn, nhiu loi MRB vi kch thc khc nhau c xem xt v kt qu thc
nghim ca MRBs khng th c bo h. Trong nghin cu ny, ch c kt qu th
nghim cho phanh a, phanh trng v phanh kt hp c trng l MRF-140-CG c
xem xt.Kt qu thc nghim cho cc loi khc ca MRBs v tnh cht vt liu ha t s
c coi l giai on th hai ca nghin cu ny. Hnh 12 (a) v (b) cho p ng n v
ca phanh a, trng,kt hp tng ng vi R = 40mm, L = 15mm v R = 40mm, L =
30mm. Dng in t vo l 2.5A. Mment xon phanh ti u ca MRBs t c t
vic ti u ha da trn FEA cng c hin th trong hnh.Kt qu cho thy mt s
tng quan gia kt qu thc nghim v FEA da trn c kt qu ti u.Trong trng
hp ny, m ment xon phanh t c t th nghim th nh hn so vi vic ti u ha
da trn FEA. iu ny c th l do s bo ha t tnh ca thp nguyn mu nh hn khi
c s dng trong FEA v mt mt nng lng t ra mi trng xung quanh trong thc
t.
T cc kt qu xem xt, cc gi sau y cc gi v la chn loi MRBs :
Khi t s R / L < 0,36, phanh a nn c s dng v kt cu phanh n gin.
Khi t s R / L > 1,5, phanh hnh chu T nn c s dng bi v m-men xon phanh ti
a ca n l ln hn nhiu so vi cc loi khc.
Khi t s 0.36<R / L <0,75, phanh kt hp mt li nn c s dng.
Khi t s 0,75<R / L <1,5, phanh kt hp hai cun dy v v phanh hnh T cn c
xem xt. Loi T c th sn xut mt phanh m-men xon cao hn (ln n 130% kiu
phanh kt hp hai cun dy).Tuy nhin, s phc tp v chi ph cao ca phanh hnh T
cng l vn cn c tnh n.
Cc MRBs hnh trng nn ch c xem xt trong trng hp khi t s R / L > 2 v
mo6ment xon phanh ln l khng cn thit.
Trong trng hp,trng phanh ng yn v v bn ngoi quay, kiu phanh ngc nn
c s dng do mment xon phanh cao v h thng dy in cun dy n gin.Nhng
khi trng phanh l quay v v ngoi ng yn th ngc li.

Hnh 12

5. Kt lun
Trong cng trnh nghin cu ny, thit k ti u phanh lu cht t bin nh
:phanh a, phanh trng, phanh trng ngc, phanh kt hp 1 cun dy, phanh ngc kt
hp 1 cun dy, phanh kt hp 2 cun dy, phanh ngc kt hp 2 cun dy, phanh kt
hp v phanh hnh T. Mc tiu ca vic ti u ha l ti a ha cc mment xon phanh
trong khi t s mment xon (t sti a mment xon phanh v moment khi khng c t
trng) ln hn mt gi tr nht nh. Phn tch phn t hu hn c p dng cho cc
mch t ca MRBs v kt qu sau c s dng bi mt cng c ti u ha tm
gii php ti u cho MRBs. Gii php ti u ca MRBs c gii hn vi nhng khi
lng khc nhau bng t s L/R. Da trn cc m phng ti u, t ta c th la chn
MRBs mong mun. cng c cc kt qu ny , gii hn khc nhau ca t s mment
xon v cc loi khc nhau ca MRBs c xem xt. Kt qu cho thy mt s tng
quan gia kt qu thc nghim v FEA da trn kt qu ti u.