HNG DN S DNG,

KIM TRA, HIU CHUN

CN PHN TCH
Trung Tm o To V Pht Trin Sc K
9/25/2014 EDC - HCM 2

____________________________________



I. GII THIU V CN
1) Cn : l phng tin o dng xc nh khi
lng ca vt th thng qua tc ng ca trng
trng ln vt th .
Da theo cch thc hot ng, cn c phn thnh
hai loi :
a) Cn khng t ng l loi cn cn n s can thip
ca ngi thao tc trong qu trnh cn.
b) Cn t ng, v d : cn bng chuyn, cn ng gi
sn phm.


2. Cc thng s k thut ca cn:
Mc cn ln nht (Max. capacity) : l mc cn ln nht
c th cn c khng tnh n kh nng b b ca cn.
Mc cn nh nht (Min. capacity) : l gi tr ca ti m
nu cn nh hn gi tr ny th kt qu cn c th mc
sai s ln hn sai s cho php.
Phm vi cn : l phm vi gia mc cn nh nht v mc
cn ln nht.
Mc ti an ton ln nht (Limit) : l mc ti c th cn
m khng lm thay i cht lng v mt o lng ca
cn.
Gi tr chia nh nht (d) l :
- Hiu s gia hai gi tr tng ng hai vch chia lin tip
cn c c c cu ch th tng t
- Hiu s gia hai gi tr ch th lin tc ch th hin s.

Gi tr chia kim (e) l gi tr th hin bng n v
khi lng c dng phn cp v kim nh cn.
S lng chia kim (n) l t s Mc cn ln nht / e
.
ng l kh nng phn ng ca cn i vi nhng
bin ng nh ca ti trng.
lp li l lch gia cc kt qu ca nhiu ln cn
cng mt ti trng, khng c vt qu gi tr tuyt
i ca sai s cho php ln nht ca cn ti mc ti .
lch tm
Khi ti trng c t ti cc v tr khc nhau trn bn cn
th s ch th gia cc ln cn khng c sai bit vt
qu sai s cho php ln nht ti mc ti .


3. Cp chnh xc ca cn:
Theo T chc o lng hp php quc t OIML
R76-1, cn khng t ng c phn lm 4 cp
chnh xc :
- Cp chnh xc c bit ( special accuracy ) I
- Cp chnh xc cao ( high accuracy ) II
- Cp chnh xc trung bnh ( medium accuracy ) III
- Cp chnh xc thng ( ordinary accuracy ) IIII
- Gi tr chia kim e, s lng chia kim n v
gii hn cn nh nht (min) ca cc cp chnh xc
nu trn c cho trong bng :

Cp chnh
xc
Gi tr phn
chia kim
e
S lng chia
kim n
Gi tr cn
nh nht
Cp chnh
xc I
0.001g e 50.000 khng
hn ch
100d
Cp chnh
xc II
0,001 g e
0,05 g
0,1 g e
100 100 000
5 000 100 000
20 d
50 d
Cp chnh
xc III
0,1 g e 2 g
5 g e
100 10 000
500 10 000
20 d
20 d
Cp chnh
xc IIII

5 g e 100 1 000 10 d
Cch xc nh gi tr chia kim e :
Cn c thang chia c c cu ch th ph tr nh : con
m, c cu c xen vo, c cu ch th ph, c cu
ch th vi chia vi phn ( hin s v c s l sau
u chm) th gi tr chia kim e c xc nh
bi biu thc :
d < e 10d
e = 10
k
kg vi k = 0, 1, 2
Yu cu ny khng p dng cho cc cn cp chnh xc
I c d < 1 mg th e = 1 mg.
Ngoi ra, nh sn xut c th chn e ph hp v ghi
ln nhn cn.

4. Sai s cho php khi kim nh, hiu chun cn ban
u:










Sai s
cho php
Ti trng m c th hin theo gi tr chia kim e
Cp chnh xc I Cp chnh xc II Cp chnh xc III Cp chnh xc IIII
0.5e 0 m 50000 0 m 5000 0 m 500 0 m 50
1e
50000<m 200000
5000<m 20000 500<m 2000 50<m 200
1.5e
200000 < m
20000<m
100000
2000<m 10000 200<m 1000
Bi tp:
1) Mt cn phn tch 4 s l c d = 0.1mg, max = 220g.
- Xc nh cp chnh xc ca cn.
- Tnh gi tr cn nh nht ca cn
- Tnh sai s cho php ln nht ca cn khi s dng
mc cn 10g.
- Tnh sai s tng i khi cn mc cn 0.1g, 5g, 20g.
2) Mt cn k thut, d = 0.001g, Max = 120g
- Xc nh cp chnh xc ca cn
- Xc nh gi tr cn nh nht
- Tnh sai s ln nht ca cn khi s dng mc cn
50g.
- Tnh sai s tng i khi cn mc cn 5g, 20g, 70g.
II. HNG DN LP T, S DNG CN
1. V tr t cn:
- Lung gi : Phi t cn v tr trnh ca s,
ca va vo, ngi qua li v gn cc thit b cng
tc khc nh qut, my iu ho...
- Rung ng : Tt c cc loi cn, k c cn in
t u chu nh hng ca rung ng. php
o t n 0,01 g hoc nh hn th cn t
cn trn bn cch ly rung ng
- Loi bn vng chi ny thng c mt bn lm
bng b tng hoc c chiu dy ti thiu 400
mm t c lp, tch bit khi tng nh v
nhng thit b khc
- Khng nn t bn cn trn nn g hoc treo
di trn; cng khng nn t cn trn nn vi
bn chng rung c n hi cao, v c th
khi cn dn n nghing bn cn.

- Niv thng bng : Mt bn t cn phi c
niv thng bng v chn cn cn phi iu
chnh c n khi bt nc niv nm trong
vng trn gii hn.
- Bi : Cn phi c t ni sch s, khng c
bi, nc v nhng ho cht, cht n mn, xng
du, cht hu c khc.
- Nhit : iu kin l tng l c c mi tr-
ng n nh nhit trong phm vi 3
o
C.
- m : m cao dn n ngng t hi nc
lm nh hng n hot ng ca cc chi tit
c bit ca cc mch in t, dn n cn
hot ng km tin cy
- Can nhiu in t trng : Cn in t l i
lng chu can nhiu ca in t trng

2. Kim tra cn:
- Kim tra im 0: Hng ngy, hoc trc mi ln
cn.
- Kim tra mt im nht nh: thng kim tra im
thng s dng (dng vt chun bit trc khi
lng, hoc qu cn chun): kim tra hng ngy.
- Kim tra lp li ti di o thng s dng: 6
thng/ln.
- Hiu chun chu k: 1 nm hoc 3 nm/ln, ty chu
k kim tra
3. S dng cn:
- S dng ng gii o ca cn
- Gi sch cn, lau bi, vt bm sau mi ln cn.
- t nht mi ngy, sau khi s dng phi lau chi, v
sinh cn.
- Khng c cn khi lng gn bng max.
- Trc khi cn phi kim tra Niv thng bng.
III. Quy trnh hiu chun cn
- Kim tra bn ngoi.
- Kim tra o lng
1. PHNG TIN HIU CHUN :
- Vic s dng qu cn chun phi tha mn nguyn
tc chung sau y : cc qu cn chun dng hiu
chun cn phi c sai s khng ln hn 1/3 sai s
cho php ln nht ca cn ti mc cn kim tra.
- S dng cc qu cn chun cp chnh xc E
2
hoc
cp chnh xc F
1
kim nh cn cp chnh xc 1,
cc qu cn chun cp chnh xc F
1
hoc cp chnh
xc F
2
kim nh cc cn cp chnh xc 2.

2. IU KIN HIU CHUN :
Khi tin hnh hiu chun phi m bo cc iu kin sau :
- Phng hiu chun phi kh ro, sch s, khng b rung ng v
gi la. Nhit nm trong khong gii hn nhit lm vic
c nh sn xut qui nh. S thay i nhit trong phng
(trong thi gian hiu chun) khng c vt qu gii hn
0,5
o
C/h (i vi cn cp chnh xc 1) v 1
o
C/h (i vi cn
cp chnh xc 2).
- nh hng ca tc ng bn ngoi (rung ng, in t trng,
in p li, ) khng lm sai lch kt qu hiu chun.
- Bn t cn phi vng chc, m bo cn khng b nh hng
bi cc ngun rung ng.
- Ni t cn phi sng, xa cc ngun sinh nhit v in t
trng (l nung, t sy, bp, ), xa cc ngun sinh gi v
rung ng (ca ra vo, ca s, my iu ha nhit , my ht
m ).

3. CHUN B HIU CHUN :
- Lm sch v tr t cn, bn trong v bn ngoi bung cn.
- Lm sch bi bm trn cc c cu v cc chi tit ca cn.
- Kim tra li ni-v, nu cn thit iu chnh li cho cn ngay
ngn, cn bng.
- Kim tra li nhit k t trong phng hiu chun.
- M np cc hp qu cn chun. Qu cn chun phi cn trong
thi hn hiu lc hiu chun. M cc bung cn ( lm ng
u nhit gia khng gian bn ngoi v bn trong bung
cn, gia cc qu cn chun dng hiu chun v cc chi tit
ca cn).
- Ty thuc vo tng loi cn c th, cn tun th cc cng vic
chun b theo ng ch dn trong ti liu Hng dn s
dng trc khi tin hnh hiu chun (v thi gian sy cn, v
trnh t v phng php tin hnh hiu chun
4. TIN HNH HIU CHUN :
1. - Kim tra bn ngoi : phi kim tra theo cc yu cu
sau y :
- Kim tra tnh y ca cc c cu, cc cm chi tit
trn cn.
- Kim tra yu cu trn nhn hiu phi ghi ti thiu nhng
t trng sau :
+ K hiu cn hoc c s sn xut (nh sn xut hoc
nc sn xut).
+ Cp chnh xc.
+ Mc cn ln nht Max.
+ Gi tr chia nh nht d.
+ Gi tr chia kim e.
+ S cn.
- Cc k hiu, s hiu trn nhn hiu cn phi r rng,
khng c ty xa.
2. - Kim tra o lng :
2.1- Kim tra lp li :
Vic kim tra lp li ca cn c thc hin bng cch tin
hnh hai lot php cn tng ng vi hai mc cn bng 50%
Max v Max (hoc gn vi Max). Mi lot bao gm 6 php
cn, thc hin theo trnh t sau :
- Quan st ch th ca cn lc khng ti. Nhn Tare tr v
zero.
- t mt qu cn chun hoc mt nhm cn chun c khi
lng danh nh bng 50% Max ln gia a cn, ghi li gi
tr ca cn lc c ti. Ly qu cn ra.
- Ln lt tin hnh cc php cn lin tip nhau cho n khi
hon thnh 6 ln cn.
- Tip tc thc hin lot cn th hai mc cn Max (hoc gn
Max) theo trnh t nh trn .
- X l s liu : ly gi tr ca cn lc c ti ln nht tr gi tr
nh nht ta c sai s gia cc ln cn lp li. So snh sai s
vi sai s cho php. Tnh khng m bo o.

2.2- Kim tra ti trng lch tm :
Vic kim tra sai s ca cn khi t cng mt ti trng ln
cc v tr (cc gc) khc nhau ca a cn c thc
hin mc cn bng (hoc gn bng) Max/3 theo trnh
t sau :
- Quan st ch th lc khng ti. Nhn Tare tr v zero.
- t mt qu cn chun hoc mt nhm qu cn chun)
c khi lng danh nh bng (hoc gn bng) Max/3
ln gia a cn. Ghi li gi tr ch th.
- Tip tc thc hin chuyn tun t qu cn chun (hoc
nhm qu cn chun) sang v tr (cc gc) khc nhau
ca a cn theo chiu kim ng h. Ghi li cc gi tr
ch th tng ng.
- X l s liu : ly gi tr c c ti tng v tr tr i
khi lng thc ca qu cn chun ta c sai s ca
tng v tr cn. So snh vi sai s cho php.

2.3- Kim tra cc mc ti :
Thc hin kim tra ti thiu 5 mc cn khc nhau, k c
mc cn khng (trong phi c cc gi tr Max v cc
gi tr ngay ti (hoc gn) im nhy bc ca sai s cho
php theo c hai chiu : tng v gim ti.
- Quan st ch th lc khng ti. Nhn Tare tr v zero.
- Thc hin kim tra tng ti : t tng qu c khi lng
t nh n ln c trong b qu cho n khi tng cc qu
trn a cn bng (hoc gn bng) Max. Ghi li cc gi
tr ch th.
- Thc hin kim tra gim ti : ly tng qu c gi tr t
ln ti nh (ngc li qu trnh tng ti) cho n khi
khng cn qu cn no trn a cn. Ghi li cc gi tr
khi gim ti (k c im zero).
- X l s liu : ly gi tr ch th tr i gi tr ca cc qu
cn chun ta c sai s ca hai qu trnh tng v gim
ti. So snh vi sai s cho php.

KIM TRA HIU CHUN
DNG C O TH TCH
Trung Tm o To V Pht Trin Sc K
I. c im ca dng c o th tch
- Dung tch
- Loi ra (Ex) hay vo
(In).
- chia: vch khc trn
dng c o tng ng vi
cc th tch c th.
- Thi gian c (thi gian
chuyn th tch), thi gian
ch.
- Cp chnh xc A/AS, B.

VI. Sai s phng tin o:

Dung sai
(mL) Tn ph- ng
tin o
Gi tr
thtch
(mL)
Cp chnh
xc A
Cp chnh
xc B
1 0,008 0.015
2 0,01 0,02
5 0,015 0,03
10 0,02 0,04
20 0,03 0,06
25 0,03 0,06
50 0,05 0,1
Pipet bu
100 0,08 0,15

Dung sai
(mL)
Tn ph- ng
tin o
Gi tr
thtch
(mL)
Cp chnh
xc A
Cp chnh
xc B
1 0,006 0,01
2 0,01 0,02
5 0,03 0,05
10 0,05 0,10
Pipet chia
25 0,10 0,20

Dung sai
(mL)
Tn ph- ng
tin o
Gi tr
thtch
(mL)
Cp chnh
xc A
Cp chnh
xc B
1 0,01 0,02
2 0,01 0,02
5 0,01 0,02
10 0,02 0,05
25 0,03 0,05
50 0,05 0,1
Buret
100 0,1 0,2

Dung sai
(mL)
Tn ph- ng
tin o
Gi tr
thtch
(mL)
Cp chnh
xc A
Cp chnh
xc B
10 0,025 0,050
20 0,040 0,080
25 0,040 0,080
50 0,060 0,120
100 0,100 0,200
250 0,150 0,300
Bnh nh mc
1000 0,400 0,800

25 September 2014 28
SAI S PHNG TIN O TH TCH

Th tch ca 1 g nc
Nhit
(C)
Th tch ca 1g nc (mL) Nhit
(C)
Th tch ca 1g nc (mL)
10 1,0013 21 1,0030
11 1,0014 22 1,0033
12 1,0015 23 1,0035
13 1,0016 24 1,0037
14 1,0018 25 1,0040
15 1,0019 26 1,0043
16 1,0021 27 1,0045
17 1,0022 28 1,0048
18 1,0024 29 1,0051
19 1,0026 30 1,0054
20 1,0028
II. Kim tra dng c th tch:
Phng tin chun :
- Cn phn tch cp chnh xc I
- Nhit k thy tinh cht lng vch chia 0,5
o
C
- Nc ct

25 September 2014 30
HIU CHUN PHNG TIN O TH TCH

Cc bc hiu chun :
1. Chun b dng c o th tch
2. o nhit nc ct
3. Cn lng nc ct ly t dng c o th tch
4. Tnh th tch tng ng
5. Qui v th tch nhit chun 20
o
C
6. Tnh sai lch so vi dung tch danh ngha
7. So snh vi sai s cho php LVN 68:2001
8. Kt lun v cp chnh xc A hay B
Tnh th tch 20oC:
Tnh th tch V
ToC
= Khi lng x th tch1g nc
nhit
Th tch 20
o
C = V
T
(1 0.00002(T
o
C -20
o
C))
= 0.00002/
o
C: h s gin n nhit ca bnh thy
tinh.
So snh sai s vi sai s cho php theo o lng Vit
Nam 68:2001
My o pH
- Thit b quan trng o
pH ca dung dch.
- Dng nh phn acid,
kim, chua trong
nhng mu c mu sm
khng th pht hin im
tng ng bng ch th
in cc pH
- N l mt loi in cc thy tinh, gi
l in cc mng chn lc ion H
+
- Thnh phn mng thy tinh ch yu l:
+ 72% SiO
2
22% Na
2
O 6% CaO
Hoc
+ 80% SiO
2
10% Li
2
O 10% CaO
- Loi thy tinh ny ch chn lc vi
ION H
+

in cc pH (cu to)
- Bu thy tinh chn lc Ion H+
rt mng.
- 2 in cc so snh Ag/AgCl,
mt in cc so snh bn trong
v mt in cc so snh bn
ngoi
- Dung dch KCl 3M
- Trong bu thy tinh l HCl c
nng c nh
Nguyn tc hot ng ca my
- o s chnh lch th gia
trong v ngoi in cc.
E
do
= a + bpH,
a, b: l nhng hng s c
xc nh bng thc
nghim (Calib my).
- T th o c, my
chuyn v b phn x l
s liu v tnh pH dung
dch
- Trng hp l tng:
E
do
= a + 0.0592pH
- 0.0592: h s l thuyt
c tnh t phng trnh
Nest.
- Tuy nhin thc t: pH
my o ph thuc vo
nhit v nhiu yu t
khc dn n h s b
khng phi l hng s.
- H s b c gi l h s
gc (hay Slope)
pH ph thuc vo nhit
- Nhit thay i lm thay
i slope.
- pH mu v m cng s thay
i.
- S khng n nh c th xy
ra do nhit bn trong v
ngoi in cc kh cn bng.
- Nhiu my hin ny c chc
nay b nhit ATC, hiu
chnh li slope khi nhit
mu thay i lm gim sai s
khi o mu.
- im ng th l g???

Thao tc trn my pH khi o dung dch
nc
- Ly in cc ra khi dung dch bo
qun.
- Ra in cc bng nc ct, dng
giy lau kh quanh in cc (khng
lau bu thy tinh).
- Calib my (pH 7, 4) hoc (7, 10)
ty vo mi trng ca dung dch
cn o.
- Ra sch in cc bng nc ct,
- Nhng in cc vo dung dch cn
o sao cho bu thy tinh chm su
trong dung dch, ch n nh v
c kt qu pH.
Nhng iu cn lu khi thao tc
- Thao tc nh nhng, trnh va
chm mnh in cc vo
thnh cc o.
- Khng c t bu thy tinh
chm y cc
- Khng khuy trn khi o
- Khng dng giy lau kh bu
thy tinh ca in cc.
- Khng o nhng dung dch
c tnh n mn thy tinh (HF,
st m c)
- Lun lun calib my trc
khi o
- Khong pH ti u 2 12.
- c kt qu pH cng vi
nhit .

Nhng iu cn lu vi in cc pH
- Khi khng s dng phi
ngm in cc trong dung
dch bo qun (nu khng
in cc b kh, lp hidrat
ha (10nm) b hng).
- Nu dung dch in li bn
trong in cc b kh, phi
ra sch in cc v np li
dung dch in li.
- Khi thy mng in cc b
d nn lm sch bng cch:
+ Ngm in cc trrong dung
dch thioure 7% trong HCl
0.1mol/L

+ Ngm vi gi trong
pepsin 1% trong HCl
0.1mol/L.
- Nu nhim bn cht hu
c, nn ngm trong
dung mi IsoPropanol.
- Sau ra li bng
nc ct
- Ra phn bn trong
bng dung dch in li,
v thay dung dch in
li mi.
Khi o trong dung mi khc nc
- Dung mi khc nc: oil, ethanol,
methanol, acetonenhng dung
mi ny lm cho kh nng p ng
ca in cc thp v gy sai s khi
o:
+ nhng dch ny c in tr ln
dn thp nn chn in cc
m bu thy tinh c in tr thp,
hoc cho thm mt loi mui tr
(nh mui amonium bc 4) tng
dn ca dung dch

Khi o trong dung mi khc nc
- Lm cho lp hydrat ha b hp th
mnh bi nhng ion H+, dn n s
trao i ion kh khn , H+ thm vo
trong bu thy tinh lm pH khng n
nh, v l nguyn nhn lm nhim
cho mu nn ra in cc bng
dung mi ha tan c mu, sau ra
li bng dung mi d bay hi nh
acetone, sau ngm vo mt dung
dch m.

Khi o trong dung mi khc nc
Khi do trong dung mi khc
nc, th ni ln l nguyn
nhn dn n kt qu c
khng n nh, ngoi ra c
th to huyn ph, nh gia
dung dch in li v mu.
- Thay dung dch in li bng:
+ methanol bo ha nc v
KCl
+ Acid acetic bo ha KI
+ Acetone bo ha KI
+ Methanol bo ha LiCl
- Sai khi thay th dung
dch in li, nn cn
bng qua m.
- S thay i ny ch
dng cho nhng loi
in cc cho php thay
i nh ROSS ULTRA
cua Thermo.
- pH trong dung mi v
trong dung dch m
khc nhau do khc nhau
h s F, do o pH
trong dung mi hu c
ch c tnh tng i.