GP G TON HC 2014

Li gii thi c nhn

Nguyn Vn Huyn
1
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh
_
y
3
+ y
2
x +3x 6y = 0
x
2
+ x y = 3.
(1.1)
Li gii: H (1.1) tng ng vi
_
y
3
+ y
2
x = 3x +6y
x
2
+ x y = 3.
Suy ra
3( y
3
+ y
2
x) = (x
2
+ x y)(3x +6y),
vy ta c
x
3
+ y
3
x
2
y x y
2
= 0,
(x + y)(x y)
2
= 0,
nn y = x hoc y = x. Khi
Nu y = x, ta c
_
9x = 0
0 = 3
(v l).
Nu y = x, th
_
2x
3
= 3x
2
2x
2
= 3
tng ng x
2
=
3
2
, hoc x = y =
_
3
2
.
H phng trnh cho c hai nghim
_

_
3
2
,
_
3
2
_
.
1
Sinh vin trng i hc Giao Thng Vn Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh.
1
Bi 2: Cho ba s dng x, y, z tha mn
(x + y +z)
_
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
_
=
27
2
.
Chng minh rng:
x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
x y + yz +zx
2.
Li gii: t a =

x, b =

y +

z. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v

AM-GM, ta c
(x + y +z)
_
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
_

_
a
2
+
b
2
2
_
_
1
a
2
+
8
b
2
_
.
T suy ra
_
a
2
+
b
2
2
_
_
1
a
2
+
8
b
2
_

27
2
,
tng ng vi
b
2
a
2
+
16a
2
b
2
17 0,
gii bt phng trnh ny ta c
a
b
1, suy ra a b, tc

x

y +

z. Gi s
x = max(x, y, z), xt hiu
x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
x y + yz +zx
2 =
(

x +

y +

z)(

x +

z)(

y +

x)(

z +

y)
x y + yz +zx
.
D thy vi x = max(x, y, z), v

x

y +

z, th v phi ca ng thc trn

khng vt qu 0, hay
x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
x y + yz +zx
2.
ng thc xy ra khi x = 4y = 4z. Chng minh hon tt.
Bi 3: Cho a, b, c l ba s thc khng m tha mn (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) > 0. Chng
minh rng
3 +
8abc
(a + b)(b +c)(c +a)

12(ab + bc +ca)
(a + b +c)
2
.
Li gii 1: Ta vit bt ng thc cn chng minh li nh sau
3 +
8abc
(a + b +c)(ab + bc +ca) abc

12(ab + bc +ca)
(a + b +c)
2
.
Chun ha a + b +c = 3, v t q = ab + bc +ca, r = abc. Bt ng thc tr thnh
3 +
8r
3q r

4q
3
,
tng ng vi
12q
2
+ (4q +15)r +27q
3(3q r)
0.
Vi php t trn, bt ng thc Schur bc 3 cho ta q
3
+9r 4pq, hay l r
4q9
3
.
Ta xt hai trng hp sau:
2
Nu
9
4
q 3, th
12q
2
+(4q+15)r+27q 12q
2
+
(4q +15)(4q 9)
3
+27q =
5(4q 9)(3 q)
3
0.
Nu q
9
4
, ta c
8r
3qr
0, v
3 =
4
3

9
4

4q
3
,
nn bt ng thc ng.
Trong trng hp tng qut d thy ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc
a = b, c = 0 cng cc hon v tng ng.
Tm li trong mi trng hp bi ton u c chng minh.
Li gii 2: p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
(a + b)(b +c)(c +a)
_
(a + b) + (b +c) + (c +a)
3
_
3
=
8(a + b +c)
3
27
,
ta a bi ton v chng minh bt ng thc mnh hn l
1 +
9abc
(a + b +c)
3

4(ab + bc +ca)
(a + b +c)
2
,
tng ng vi
(a + b +c)
3
+9abc 4(a + b +c)(ab + bc +ca).
y chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3.
Bi 4: Hai ng trn
1
,
2
ct nhau ti A, B. Gi s CD l tip tuyn chung ca

1
,
2
_
C
1
, D
2
_
v im B gn CD hn im A. CB ct AD ti E, DB ct CA
ti F, EF ct AB ti N.K l hnh chiu vung gc ca N trn CD. Gi O l tm ng
trn ngoi tip tam gic ACD v H l trc tm ca tam gic KEF. Chng minh rng
(a) T gic AFBE ni tip.
(b) Ba im O, B, H thng hng.
Gi : ng thng qua B v song song vi NK ct AK ti L. Do M nm trn trc
ng phng ca hai ng trn, v cng nm trn tip tuyn chung, suy ra M l
trung im CD.
Theo kt qu quen thuc (chng minh bng nh l Thales) th EF CD. chng
minh cu (a) ta thy F EB = BCD (tnh cht song song) v BCD = BAC (tnh
cht tip tuyn), suy ra AEBF ni tip.
V (A, B, N, M) iu ha (chng minh bng nh l Thales), nn K(A, B, N, M) = 1.
M BL KN nn KM i qua trung im BL. Do L i xng vi B qua CD.
Bng nh l sin v tnh cht i xng, ta d dng chng minh c ACLD l t
gic iu ha. T tnh cht t gic iu ha suy ra ACM = ALD, kt hp vi
ALD = DBK (do i xng) ta suy ra ACM = DBK, hay CFBK ni tip.
3
D dng suy ra FKC = FBC = CAD ( t gic AFBE ni tip), bng bin i gc
n gin ta thu c COEH. Chng minh tng t ta cng c DOFH.
B
A
C
D
E
F
M
N
K
L
O
H
Kt hp hai iu trn vi OC = OD, EH = F (KEF c KN l ng cao cng l
trung tuyn nn l tam gic cn) p dng nh l Thales ta suy ra OH, DF, CE ng
quy, hay O, B, H thng hng.
Bi 5: Cho tam gic ABC c AB = AC. ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC tip xc vi
BC, CA, AB ln lt ti D, E, F. ng thng qua D vung gc vi EF ct AB ti X.
Giao im th hai ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic AEF v tam gic ABC l T.
(a) Gi M l trung im ca cung BC khng cha A ca ng trn ngoi tip tam
gic ABC. Chng minh rng T, D, M thng hng.
(b) Chng minh rng TX vung gc vi T F.
Li gii: (a) Gi I l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC. Ta c I nm trn (AEF)
v AF T = AI T = AET. Suy ra
BF T = MI T = CET, AMT = ABT = ACT.
Do T FB T I M T EC. Mt khc BD = BF v CD = CE suy ra
BD
CD
=
BF
CE
=
BT
CT
.
T suy ra, T D l phn gic ca BTC v do T, D, M thng hng.
4
(b) Gi G l chn ng vung gc k t D ln EF. Bng cch bin i dng gc ta
chng minh c GDE DBI v GDF DCI.
A
B
C
D
E
F
T
X
M
G
I
Do
BD
DI
=
DG
GE
,
CD
DI
=
DG
GF
,
suy ra GE BD = DG DI = CD GF suy ra tip
GF
GE
=
BD
CD
=
BF
EC
, (v BD = BF v CD = CE).
M T FB T EC nn
GF
GE
=
BF
CE
=
T F
T E
.
Suyra TG l phn gic ca F T E. T c c
GT F =
F T E
2
=
A
2
= FAI = FXG, (do AI || XG).
Suy ra X T FG l t gic ni tip. Do X T F = XGF = 90
o
.
Bi 6: C 2014 ng thng l
1
, l
2
, . . . , l
2014
nm trn mt phng sao cho khng c 2
ng thng no song song vi nhau, khng c 3 ng thng no ng quy. Chng
minh rng tn ti mt ng gp khc A
0
A
1
A
2014
gm 2014 on thng nh, sao
cho ng gp khc ny khng t ct chnh n, v ng vi mi k (k , k 2014) th
tn ti i sao cho on A
i
A
i+1
nm trn trn l
k
.
Gi : Di y l mt cch xy dng tha mn:
Gi S l tp hp cc giao im ca 2014 ng thng ban u:
(i) im A
0
c chn l im nm trn mt ng thng bt k trong cc ng
thng ban u nhng khng thuc S.
(ii) im A
1
c chn sao cho:
(a) A
1
S.
5
(b) A
0
A
1
l mt ng thng trong 2014 ng thng ban u.
(c) A
0
A
1
c chiu di ngn nht trong cc trng hp tha (a) v (b).
(iii) Gi s nu xy dng c cc im A
0
, A
1
, . . . , A
n
(1 n 2012) th im
A
n+1
c chn sao cho:
(a) A
n+1
S.
(b) A
n
A
n+1
l mt ng thng trong 2014 ng thng ban u.
(c) A
n+1
A
i
A
i+1
0 i n 1.
(d) A
n
A
n+1
chiu di ngn nht trong cc trng hp tha (a), (b), (c) (im
A
2014
s nhng li cho bn c).
Trc tin, ta thy rng cch dng nh trn l c th thc hin.
K n, s dng iu (c) ca (iii) chng minh rng ng gp khc A
0
A
1
A
2013
i qua 2013 ng thng phn bit (trong 2014 ng thng ban u).
Vic cn li l s dng iu kin ngn nht chng minh rng A
0
A
1
A
2013
khng
t ct. Vic cn li xy dng im A
2014
th nhng li bn c.
Bi 7: K hiu

l tp hp tt c cc s thc khc 0. Hy tm tt c cc hm s
f :

sao cho
f (x
2
+ y) +1 = f (x
2
+1) +
f (x y)
f (x)
, (7.1)
vi mi x, y thuc

v x
2
+ y = 0.
Li gii: Thay x bi x v so snh vi (7.1), ta c
f (x y)
f (x)
=
f (x y)
f (x)
, nn tn ti s thc
k sao cho
f (x) = kf (x), x = 0. (7.2)
Thay y = 1 vo (7.1) ta c
f (x
2
+1) f (x
2
1) = 1 k, x = 0, 1. (7.3)
Thay y bi y v s dng (7.2) ta c
f (x
2
y)+1 = f (x
2
+1)+
kf (x y)
f (x)
= f (x
2
+1)+k( f (x
2
+ y)+1f (x
2
+1)). (7.4)
Thay y = 1 ta c
1 = k( f (x
2
1) +1 f (x
2
+1)) = k
2
Nu k = 1 : Ta c f (x) = f (x) (do (7.2)) v
f (x
2
y) = f (x
2
+ y). (7.5)
Thay x =
_
a+b
2
, y =
ab
2
vi a, b > 0, a = b vo (7.5) ta c
f (a) = f (b), a, b > 0, a = b,
hay f (x) = c, x > 0. Kt hp vi tnh f chn na ta c f (x) = c, x = 0. Th li
ta thy hm ny tha mn iu kin bi ton.
6
Nu k = 1 : Khi f (x) = f (x) hay f l v f (x
2
+1)f (x
2
1) = 2 (do (7.3)).
T suy ra
_
f (3) f (1) = 2
f (4) f (2) = 2
Thay x = 1, y = 3 vo (7.1) ta c
f (4) +1 = f (2) +
f (3)
f (1)
,
hay f (3) = 3f (1) (do f (4) = f (2) +2). Kt hp f (3) = f (1) +2 ta c f (3) = 3 v
f (1) = 1.
Tip tc thay x = 1 vo (7.1) ta c
f ( y +1) +1 + f (2) + f ( y). (7.6)
Thay y = 3 vo (7.6) ta c f (2) +1 = f (2) + f (3), hay f (2) +1 = f (2) f (3)
(do f l) vy f (2) = 2. Suy ra
f ( y +1) = f ( y) +1, x

, x = 1. (7.7).
Thay y bi y +1 vo (7.1) v s dng (7.7) ta c
f (x
2
+ y +1) +1 = f (x
2
+1) +
f (x y + x)
f (x)
,
tng ng vi
f (x
2
+ y) +2 = f (x
2
+1) +
f (x y + x)
f (x)
,
f (x y + x)
f (x)
=
f (x y)
f (x)
+1,
f (x y + x) = f (x) + f (x y), x, y = 0, y = 1, y = x
2
1.
f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y), x, y = 0, y = x, y = x
3
x. (7.8)
Xt x > 0 v y > 0 v s dng (7.8) vo (7.1) ta c
f (x
2
) + f ( y) +1 = f (x
2
) +1 =
f (x y)
f (x)
, (7.9)
f (x y) = f (x) f ( y).
T (7.8) v (7.9) ta c ngay f (x) = x, x > 0. Do f l nn f (x) = x, x R

. Th li
ta thy hm ny cng tha.
Bi ton c 2 nghim l f (x) = c v f (x) = x, x R

Bi 8: Trong mt gii c vua hai k th bt k u vi nhau ng mt trn. Trong mi

trn u, ngi thng c 1 im, ngi thua c 0 im v khi hai k th ha nhau
th mi ngi c
1
2
im. Vo cui gii, ngi ta nhn thy rng ng mt na s
im ca mi k th kim c t cc trn u vi 10 k th xp cui (v nh vy, mi
mt trong 10 k th xp cui cng kim c na s im cho mnh t cc trn u vi
9 k th xp cui cn li). Hy tm s k th tham gia gii.
7
Li gii: Gi n(n

, n 10) l s k th tham gia v S l tng im ca n k th

vo cui gii. Ta s tnh S bng hai cch.
Nhn thy sau mi trn u, tng im m hai k th tham gia nhn c t trn
u lun l 1. Do , tng im ca k k th u vi nhau cui cng s bng s trn
u hay bng C
2
k
. S dng nhn xt trn, ta c S = C
2
n
.
Mt khc, theo gi thit, tng im ca n 10 k th xp u s gp i tng im
m n 10 k th ny u vi nhau. Tng t, tng im ca 10 k th xp cui s
gp i tng im m 10 k th ny u vi nhau. Kt hp vi nhn xt, ta cng c
S = 2C
2
n10
+2C
2
10
,
suy ra
C
2
n
= 2C
2
n10
+2C
2
10
,
tng ng vi
n(n 1)
2
= 2
(n 10) (n 11)
2
+90,
n
2
41n +400 = 0,
vy ta c n = 16 hoc n = 15. Vy s k th tham gia c th l 16 hoc 25.
Bi 9: t =
3

3.
(a) Chng minh rng nu a, b, c l cc s hu t sao cho a + b + c
2
= 0, th
a = b = c = 0.
(b) Tm tt c cc a thc P(x) c bc nh nht vi h s hu t sao cho
P(+
2
) = 3 +.
(c) Tn ti hay khng a thc P(x) vi h s nguyn tha mn iu kin
P(+
2
) = 3 +.
Gi : (a) Gi s l nghim ca phng trnh a + bx +c x
2
= 0. Suy ra
a + b = c
2
,
hay
a
2
b
2

2
= c
2
(a b) = ac
2
3bc,
suy ra tip
2
l s hu t, v l.
(b) Th vi a thc bc 2. ng nht h s, ta c P(x) =
1
2
x
2

1
2
x.
(c) Chng minh bng quy np, ch (
2
+)
n
lun biu din c di dng
u + v+w
2
.
Bi ton kt thc.
8