GP G TON HC 2014

Tiu Th Bi Ging Ngy 1

1. Phng trnh, h phng trnh
Bi 1.1: Gii phng trnh
x
_
x
2
1
+ x = 2. (1.1.1)
Li gii: iu kin: x > 1 x < 1. Phng trnh (1.1.1) tng ng vi
x
_
_
1
_
x
2
1
+1
_
_
= 2.
Suy ra x > 0, kt hp iu kin, ta c x > 1. n y ta c hai hng i sau:
Dng n ph: Ta vit (1.1.1) li nh sau
x
2
x
2
1
+ x
2
+2
x
2
_
x
2
1
= 4,
x
4
x
2
1
+2
x
2
_
x
2
1
4 = 0. (1.1.2)
t t =
x
2

x
2
1
2. Ta c (1.1.2) tng ng vi
t
2
+2t 4 = 0.
Gii phng trnh ny ta c t = 1

5 (loi).
S dng bt ng thc: Ta c
x
_
x
2
1
+ x >
x
_
x
2
1
+
_
x
2
1 2

x 2.
Nn phng trnh v nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho khng c nghim.
1
Nhn xt: Bn c hy th sc vi hai bi ton tng qut sau y:
x
n

x
n
1
+ x = k,
a
2
x
2
(x a)
2
+ x
2
= k.
Bi 1.2: Gii phng trnh
8x
3
36x
2
+26x 15 =
3
_
30x 15. (1.2.1)
Li gii: Phng trnh (1.2.1) tng ng vi
(2x 3)
3
+ (2x 3) = 30x 15 +
3
_
30x 15.
t u = 2x 3, v =
3

30x 15, ta c
u
3
+u = v
3
+ v,
hay
(u v)(u
2
+uv + v
2
+1) = 0.
Suy ra u = v, (v u
2
+uv + v
2
+1 =
_
u +
1
2
v
_
2
+
3
4
v
2
+1 > 0, vi mi s thc u, v).
Vy ta c
2x 3 =
3
_
30x 15,
tng ng
2x
3
9x
2
+6x 3 = 0,
(x +1)
3
= 5(x 1)
3
,
x +1 =
3

5(x 1) ,
hay x =
3

5+1
3

51
. Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x =
3

5+1
3

51
.
Bi 1.3: Cho s thc a > 0. Gii phng trnh
x =
_
a +
_
a +
_
a +

a + x.
iu kin: x a. D dng nhn thy
x =
_
a +
_
a +
_
a +

a + x > 0. (1.3.1)
Li gii 1: t y =
_
a +

a + x, khi , ta c h
_
_
_
x =
_
a +
_
a + y
y =
_
a +

a + x
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x y. Suy ra
y =
_
a +

a + x
_
a +
_
a + y = x,
2
suy ra tip x = y, hay x =
_
a +

a + x. t z =

a + x, ta c h
_
x =

a +z
z =

a + x
Tng t nh trn x = z =

a + x, hay x
2
x a = 0. Kt hp (1.3.1), ta c
nghim ca phng trnh l x =
1+

1+4a
2
.
Li gii 2: Nu x >

a + x, th
x =
_
a +
_
a +
_
a +

a + x <
_
a +
_
a +

a + x <
_
a +

a + x <

a + x.
Tng t, nu x >

a + x th cng dn n v l.
Do , x =

a + x, hay x
2
x a = 0, t suy ra nghim x =
1+

1+4a
2
.
Nhn xt: Mt cch tng qut, phng trnh
x =
_
a +
_
a + +

a + x
. _ .
n cn thc
,
c nghim x =
1+

1+4a
2
.
2. Thut ton
Bi 2.1: Chn n +2 s phn bit t cc s 1 ti 2n. Chng minh lun tn ti b 3 s
(a, b, c) trong n +2 s tho c = a + b.
Gi : Xp n +2 s theo th t tng dn: x
1
< x
2
< < x
n+2
. Xt cc hiu
x
n+2
x
1
, x
n+2
x
2
, . . . , x
n+2
x
n+1
.
D thy cc hiu ny phn bit cho ta n+1 s khc nhau, cng vi vic chn n+2 s
ban u, da theo nguyn l Dirichlet ta c iu phi chng minh (lu thm trng
hp x
n+2
x
i
= x
i
).
Bi 2.2: Tm nghim nguyn phng trnh a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 2abc.
Gi : u tin ta s chng minh a, b, c u chia ht cho 2. Tht vy nu a, b, c u
l s l th v tri l mt s l cn v phi chn, v l.
Nh vy trong ba s a, b, c c 1 s chia ht cho 2, suy ra v phi chia ht cho 4. T
y d dng chng minh c hai s cn li cng chia ht cho 2.
t a = 2a
0
, b = 2b
0
, c = 2c
0
, ta c
a
0
2
+ b
0
2
+ c
0
2
= 4a
0
b
0
c
0
.
Tng t ta cng c dc a
0
, b
0
, c
0
cng chia ht cho 2. Dng tng li v hn ta s
c iu phi chng minh.
3
Bi 2.3: Vi mi s nguyn dng n ta pht hnh cc ng xu c mnh gi
1
n
. Cho mt
b su tp gm hu hn cc ng xu nh vy (cc ng xu khng nht thit c mnh
gi khc nhau) m tng mnh gi ca chng khng vt qu
5
2
. Chng minh rng c th
phn chia b su tp thnh khng qu 3 nhm sao cho tng mnh gi ca cc ng
xu trong mi nhm khng vt qu 1.
Li gii: Gi ng xu nh nht c trng lng l m, i vi cc ng xu cn li ta c
th chia lm ba phn, mi phn u c trng lng ln hn 1 m v b hn 1.
T y gi tng trng lng tt c ng xu l a, ta c
3(1 m) + m< a
5
2
,
suy ra m>
1
4
, nn m thuc
_
1,
1
2
,
1
3
_
. Ti y ta chia lm hai trng hp:
C mt ng xu c mnh gi 1 hoc
1
2
.
Tt c ng xu u c mnh gi
1
3
.
C hai trng hp u d dng chia nhm suy ra lun tn ti cch chia cc ng xu
thnh ba nhm sao cho mi nhm u c tng trng lng ko qu 1.
4