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Ci kh, khng thy c gii n bng gc nh hng.
Khi thy , ta thy ton hc sao m hp dn l!
I. CC NH NGHA
1. Gc nh hng ca hai vect chung gc.
K hiu : OA, OB . OA : l vect u OB : l vect cui.

( )
sd (OA, OB ) = a + k 2p

hoc sd OA, OB a (mod 2p ) . Trong goc AOB = a (0 a 2p )

l gc khng nh hng.
2. Gc nh hng ca hai vect khng chung gc.
Cho hai vect AB, CD ( u khc vect khng). Ly im O dng OM = AB, ON = CD

uuur uuur

uuuur uuur

Ta c sd AB, CD = sd OM , ON = a + k 2p
3. Gc nh hng ca hai ng thng.
K hiu: (a, b) . a l ng thng u b l ng thng cui.
sd(a, b) = a + kp ,hay sd(a, b) = a (mod p ) . trong a l gc khng t ca gc hai ng thng a v b
khng hng.
II. CC TNH CHT.
1.(AB, CD) = AB, CD .(AB, CD) ( AB, DC ) (mod p ) .(AB, CD) ( BA, CD ) (mod p )
2.Hai ng thng a , b trng nhau hoc song song khi v ch khi (a, b ) 0 (mod p )
p
3.Hai ng thng a , b vung gc nhau khi v ch khi (a, b ) ( modp )

4.Gc (a, b) (b, a) (mod p )

5.H thc Sale : (a, b) = (a, c) + (c b). (mod p ) .
6. Hiu (a, b) (c, b) (c, a).
III. NG DNG
+Ba im thng hng.
-Ba im A, B, C thng hng khi v ch khi (AB,AC) 0 (mod p ) .
Ba im A, B, C thng hng khi v ch khi (AB,AM) (AC,AM) (mod p ) (M ty ).
+Hai ng thng vung gc.
Hai ng thng AB, CD vung gc khi v ch khi (AB,AC)

p
2

( modp ) .

+ Hai im i xng qua trc.

Hai im A,A i xng qua trc BC khi v ch khi (AB, AC) (AC, AB) (mod p ) .
+ Gc ni tip va gc tm : M, A, B trn ng trn (O):

(MA, MB ) = 1 (OA, OB ) ( BA, BT ) (mod p ) ,

2

trong BT l tip tuyn ca (O) ti B.

+Bon im cng nm trn ng trn.

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-BnimA,B,C,Dcngnmtrnngtrnkhivchkhi(AB,AD) (CB, CD ) (mod p )

Hqu:TphpimMnmtrongmtphngchatamgicABCthamn:
(MA, MB) (CA, CB) (mod p )lngtrnngoitiptamgicABC.
+Goccahaingthngccccnhimtvunggc.
Ta co AB ^ EF;CD ^ HG khivchkhi(AB,CD) (EFHG) (mod p) .
+Tphpim
- {M/( MA, MB) a (mod p )} = cungtrnchagc aquaA,B.
{M/( MA, MB) -a (mod p )} = cungtrnkhngchagc a quaA,B.
IV.BITPMINHHA
A.Phngphpphngminhhaingthngsongsong ,baimthnghng.
+ Haingthnga,bcngphngkhivchkhi(a,b) 0 (modp ) .
+Haingthnga,bcngphngkhivchkhi(ac) (b,c)(mod p ),ngthngcty
+ BaimA,B,Cthnghngkhivchkhi(AB,AC) 0 (modp ) .
+BaimA,B,Cthnghngkhivchkhi(AB,EF) (AC,EF)(mod p ),ngEFty.
Bi1.Chohaingtrn(O)v(O)ctnhautiA,B.HaicttuynbtkD,DlnltquaA,B
ct(O)v(O)lnlttiM,M vN, N.ChngtMN//MN.
HD. Tac(MN,MA) (BN,BA) (modp ) .(1) . v(AMNB)nitip
M
A
(MA,MN,) (BA,BN) (modp ) . v(AMNB)nitip
M '
Hay(MA,MN) (BA,BN) (modp ) .(2)
O
O'
Cng(1)v(2)theoSaletac: (MN,MN)=0 MN//MN
N'
B

M
F

Bi2.(ngthngSimson) .
imMnmtrnngtrnngoitiptamgicABCkhivchkhi
cchnhchiucaMlnltxungbacnhtamgicABCthnghng .
HD.Gis E,F,HlnltlhnhchiucaMxungcnh BC, AC,AB.Ta
c
E,F,Hthnghng ( HE , HM ) = ( HF , HM )(mod p )
(CE , CM ) =( HF , HM )(mod(p ).(vHMECnitip)
(CB, CM ) =( AB, AM )(mod p ) (HMFAnitip)
AMBCnitip
M VngngoitiptamgicABC.

B.Phngphpchngminhhaingthngvunggc.
+HaingthngAB,CDvunggckhivchkhi(AB,AC)

p
2

(mod p ) .

a ^ b
d ^ b .
(a, c) (d , c)(mod p)

Bi1.Haidycung AB,CDcangtrn(O)vunggcnhautiP.ChngminhtrungtuynPM
catamgicBPClngcaocatamgicPAD.
D
HD.Tac(PM,AD)=(PM,PC)+(PC,AD)=(PM,PC)+(DC,DA).
VtamgicPMCcntiMnn (PM, PC)=(CP,CB)=(CD,CB)=(AD,AB).
thayvo(1)tac(PM,AD)=(AD,AB)+(DC,DA)=(DC,DA)+(DA,AB)
P
B

A
M
C

=(DC,AB)

p
2

(mod p )

Suyra (PM,AB)

p
2

(mod p ) PM ^ AD .

Bi2.Chohaivngtrn(O)v(O) ctnhautiA,B.MtimMlungtrn(O).MAvMBct
vng(O)tiCvD.Chngminh MO ^CD .
HD.TiMktiptuynvng(O)
T
M
Tac(MA,MT) (BA,BM) (mod p) (1)
A
C
Xtvng(O)tac(BA,BD) (CA,CD) (mod p) (2)
O'
O
hay(BA,BM) (MA,CD) (mod p) (3)
B
T(1),(2),(3)tac(MA,MT) (MA,CD) (mod p) CD // MT
D
M MT ^ MO MO ^ CD
Bi3. Cho tamgicABC. VphangointadngcctamgicuABE,ACF.GiGltmtam
gicABEvKltrungimcaonEF.ChngminhrngtamgicKGCvungvcmtgc 600.
E
A
P
Li giai.DngimPsaochoEGFPlhnhbnhhnh
K
TachngminhtamgicCGPcntiC.
G
F
XthaitamgicGACvCPFcEG=PF AG = PF (1).
CA=CF(2).
Mtkhc(FP,FC) (GE,FC) (mod p) .
B
C
Vy(FP,FC)=(GE,GA)+(GA,CA)+(CA,FC) (mod p)
Chn(AB,AC)lgcdng,tac
2p
p
Tac(GE,GA) =(CA,FC) (CA,CF) (mod p) =
3
3
2p
p
Vy(FP,FC) (+(GA,CA)+ ) (mod p) =(AG,AC) (mod p ) GAC = PFC (3).
3
3
T(1),(2),(3) DGAC = DCPF CG = CP ,nntamgiccnGCPctrungtuynCKcngval

ngcao,haytamgicKGCvungtiK,
GCA
+
= PCF
+
=
Mat khactac GCA
ACP = PCF
ACP , hay GCP
ACF =600
=600.
Do KGB
Bi4. ChotamgicABCnitipngtrn(O).MNlmtngknhca(O).Chngminhrng
ccngthngSmsontamgicABCngvihaiimM,Nthvunggcnhau.
HD.GiX,YlcchnhchiucaMtrnAB,BCtheothtvZ,TlcchnhchiucNtrnAB,
BCtheotht.Tacnchng minh XY ^ZT .
Thtvytathybbnim M,B, X,YvN, B,Z,T ng vin.
Tac(XY,ZT)=(XY,MY)+(MY,NT) (mod p ) .
( XY , ZT ) = ( XB, MB) + 0 + ( NB, ZB)(mod p)
( XY , ZT ) ( NB, MB )(mod p)(v XB,ZBtrng nhau )
K
_
p
M
_
A
_
( XY , ZT ) = (mod p) ( V MNlngknhca(O)).
2
X
_
Suyra XY ^ ZT
O
_
Z
_

A
_

T
_
Y
_

N
_

C
_

C.Phngphpchngminhccimngvin(cung nmtrnmtngtrn).
-BnimA,B,C,Dcngnmtrnng trnkhivchkhi(AB,AD) (CB, CD ) (mod p )
Hqu:TphpimMnmtrongmtphngchatamgicABCthamn
(MA, MB) (CA, CB) (mod p )lngtrnngoitiptamgicABC.
Bai1.ChohaingtrnctnhautiAvB.KmtcttuynMAN .Cac tiptuyntiMvNvi
ng trnctnhautiC, ChngminhrngbnimM,N,C,Bcngnm
trnmtngtrn.
C
HD.VMCltiptuynnntac(BM,BA) (MC,MA)(mod p )(1)
M
VNCltiptuynnn(BA,BN) (NA,NC)(mod p )(2)
A
Cng(1)v(2)tac(BM,BN)=(MC,NC)=(CM,CN))(mod p )
N
VybnimC,B,M,Ncngnm trnngtrn.
O
O'
B

Bi2.ChotgicABCDnitiptrongngtrn. A1 , C1 , B1 ,D1 lhnhchiuA, CvB,Dxung

BD, AC.Chngminh A1 B1C1 D1 ltgicnitip.
HD.V ABA1B1 nitipnntac ( B1 A1 ,B1A ) ( BA1,BA) (mod p ).(1)
VABCDnitipnn(BD,BA) (CD,CA)(mod p ).
B
Hay ( BA1,BA ) (CD,CA)(mod p ).(2)
A
C1
v

D1

A1

V CDD1C1 nitipnn ( CD,CD1) ( C1 D,C1D1) (mod p ).

D1

hay(CD,CA) ( C1 A1 ,C1D1) (mod p ).(3).

Cng(1),(2),(3)tac
A1 B1C1 D1 ltgicnitip.

( B1 A1 , B1 A ) =( C1 A1 ,C1D1) (mod p ).

Bai3.imixngcatrctmHquabacnhcamttamgicABCthnmtrnngtrn
ngoitiptamgicABC.
HD.GiHlimixngcaHquaBC
A
Tac(AC,AB) (HB,HC) (modp ) (Gcccnhtng ngvunggc
z
(HB,HC) (HC,HB) (modp ) (HaigcixngquaBC)
O
H
(AC,AB) (HC,HB) (mod p ) HABCnitiphay H' vngABC
C
B

H'

Hqu.BavngixngvivngngoitipquabacnhtamgicthquatrctmH
Bai 4. ChoM,N,PlnltlbaimtrnbacnhAB,BC,CAcatamgicABC.
Chngtrngbangtrn(AMP),(BMN)(CNP)cmtimchung.
A
HD.Gia s haivng(BMN)v(CNP)ctnhautiH
tacBMHNnitipnn:(BMBN) (HM,HN) (modp ) (1)
M
tacCNHPnitipnn:(CN,CP) ((HN,HP) (modp )
P
hay(BN,CP) ((HN,HP) (modp ) (2)
Cng(1)v(2)tac(BM,CP)=(HM,HP) (mod p ) AMHPnitip.
B
N
Hayvng (AMP)iquaH. iuphichngminh.
C

Bi5. ChotamgicABCvmtimP btk trongmtphngcatamgic.Chngminhrngcc

vngtrnixngcabavngtrnngoitipcctamgicPAB,PBC,PCAquacccnhAB,BC,
CAcmtimchung.
HD. Goi P1, P2, P3 laimixngcaPquaAB,BC,CAvQlgiaoimthhaicahaivng
(P1AB),(P2BC).
Vtnhchtixngnntac(P1A,P1B) (PA,PB)(mod p ).(1)
A
(P2B,P2C) (PB,PC)(mod p ).(2)
Q
(P3C,P3A) (PC,PA)(mod p ).(3)
P
CcimP1,A,B,Qngvin,tac(QA,QB) (P1A,P1B)(mod p ).(4)
C
B
CcimP2,C,B,Qngvin,tac(QB,QC) (P2 B,P2C)(mod p ).(5)
P1
Cng(4)v(5)tac(QA,QC)=(P1A,P1B)+(P2 B,P2 C)
P2
=(PA,PB)(PB,PC)=(PA,PC).(6)
T(6)v(3)tac(QA,QC) (P3A,P3 C)(mod p ) P3,Q,A,Cngvin.
Suyraiuphichngminh.
D.Phngphpchngminhtiptuyn ngtrn.
+ ATltiptuynng trnngoitiptamgicABCkhivchkhi(AT,AB) (CA,CB)(mod p ).
Bi1.ChotamgiccnABCnhA.MtimMdichuyntrnngtrnngoitiptamgicABC.
ngthngAMctctBCtaiP.
1. Chng minhrngccvngtrnngoitipcatamgicBMPvCMPtipxcviABvACln
lttiBvC.
2.Tm tap hptmcaccngtrnBMPvCMP.
HD.VA,B.C.M ngvinnn(BA,BM)=(CA,CM)
A
= (CA,CB)+(CB,CM)(1).
M
TheogithittamgicABCcntiAnntac
(CA,CB) (BC,BA)(mod p )(2)
B
P
C
(CB,CM) (AB,AM)(mod p )(3)
T(1),(2),(3)tac(BA,BM)=(BC,BA)+(AB,AM)=(BC,AM)
I
( BA, BM ) ( PB, PM )(mod p ) BAltiptuynvngngoitiptam
gicPMB.
TngtACltiptuyncavngngoitiptamgicCMPtiC
2.GisIltmngtrnngoitiptamgicBMPnnIlgiaoim
ngtrungtrccnhBPvngthng D cnhvunggcAB.Khi
Mlungtrnngtrn(ABC)thPlungtrnBC,suyraIlu
ngtrn D
E.Phngphptmtphpim.
+TphpimMnmtrnvng(ABC)khivchkhi(MB,MC) ( AB, AC ) (mod p )
+ {M/( MA, MB) a (mod p )} = cungtrnchagc a quaA,B.
+ {M/( MA, MB) -a (mod p )} = cungtrnkhngchagc a quaA,B.
Bi1.ChotamgicABC.MlmtimlungtrncnhBC.HaivngthayiquaM,tipxc
viAB,AC,lnlttiA,BctnhautiI.TmtphpimIkhiMthayi.
HD.V AB la tiptuynvng(O1)
(IB,IM)=(BA,BM)=(BA,BC) (modp ) (1)
A
VACltiptuynvng(O2)
(IM,IC)=(CM,CA)=(BC,CA) (modp ) (2)
B
C
M
Cng(1)v(2)tac(IB,IC)=(AB,AC) (mod p )
O1
O2
I
ABICnitip.VytphpimIlvngngoitiptam gicABC.

Bai 2. Chongtrn(O)v(O)cbnknhRvRctnhautiA,B.MtimMlungtrn
(O).MAvMBctng(O)tiCvD.TmtphptrungimIcaCDkhiMlungtrn(O).
HD. Tac(AD,AC)=(AD,BM)+(BM,AC)
C

O'
j

M(AD,BM)=(AD,BD)=

1
(O' A, O ' B ) =(OOOB) (mod p)
2

1
(OB, OA) = (OB, OO ' )(mod p ) .
2
B
D
Do(AD,AC)=(OOOB)+ (OB, OO' ) =(OB,OB). (mod p ) .
hay(AD,AC)=(AOAO) (mod p) .
tgc CAD = a OAO ' = a khngi.
DodiCDkhngi CD =2R sin a .Nn khongcch O ' I = R cos a .
VytphptrungimIlngtrntmObnknhbng Rcos a

(BM,AC)=(MB,MA)=

Bi3.ChotamgicABCnhn,trctmHvflmtngthngtyquaH.Gi f a , fb , fc lnlt
lccngthngixngvifquaccngthngBC,CA,AB.Chngminhrng f a , fb , fc ng
quitimtimtrnngtrnngoitiptamgicABC(Bungarian1999).

Gii.Gi A1 , B1 ,C1 theothtlccimixngviHquacc

ngthng BC,CA,ABkhiddngchngminhc
A1 , B1 ,C1 thuc(ABC),ngoira
( f a fb ) = ( f a BC ) + ( BC CA ) + ( CA f b) ( modp )
= ( BC f ) + ( BC CA ) + ( f CA )

( modp )
2 ( BC f ) + ( BC CA ) +( f CA ) ( modp )
Suyra f a fb ( ABC ) tngttacngc fb fc ( ABC ), f a f c ( ABC )
T,domtngthngvmtngtrnctnhautinhiunhthaiim,suyraiuphi
chngminh..

Bi4.(ThiHSG2006BngA).ChotgicliABCD.Xtmtim Mdingtrn ngthngAB

saochoMkhngtrngvi AvB.GiNlgiaoimthhaikhcMcangtrniquabaim
(M,A,C)vngtrniquabaim(M,B,D).Chngminh:
1. imNdingtrnngtrncnh .
2. ngthngMNluniquamtimc nh
HD.1)Gi Ilgiaoim cahaing choliABCD.Xt ccgcnh
hng ,tac(CI,CN)=(CA,CN)=(MA,MN)=(MB,MN)=(DB,DN)
(DI,DN)(mod p )(1).
Vy(CI,CN)=(DI,DN)(mod p ) C,I,D,Nngvin.Doim Ndi
A
B
A
ng trnng trncnh(C,D,I)
I
M
2.ng thng quaI,songsongviABctng thng MNtiK(gilt).
K
D
V(MA,MN)=(KI,KN)(mod p ).Do bnim C,I,K,Nng vin.hay
C
N
im Knm trnng trncnhquaC,D,I,N.im Klgiaoim
ng thng tcnhvng trn(C,D,T)cnhnnng thng MN
luniquaim Kcnh.
BITPNGH

Bi 1. Trn mt ng trn ly bn im A, B, C, D. Cc ng trn ng knh BA v BC, BC v

CD , CD v DA, DA v AB ct li nhau ln lt ti B, C, D A . Chng minh rng bn im A,B,
C, D cng nm trn mt ng trn
Bi 2. Cho tam gic ABC vi trc tm Hnooij tip trong ng trn tm (O). Gi A1 , A2 theo th t l
im i xng vi H qua BC v trung im BC. Cc im B1 , B2 , C1 , C2 c xc nh mt cch tng
t. Chng minh rng A1 , B1 , C1 nm trn ng trn (O).
Bi 3. Hai day cung vung gc AB v CD ca mt ng trn ct nhau ti P. Chng minh rng trung
tuyn ca tam gic PBC l ng cao ca tam gic PAD.
Bi 4. Cho t gic ABCD ni tip trong ng trn (O). Gi E, F, G theo th t l giao im ca cc
cp ng thawngrAB v CD, BC v DA, AC v BD. Cc ng trn (DAE), (DCF) ct nhau ti im
ct CD ti J. Chng minh
th hai H. Phn gic ca gc
AHB ct AB ti I, phn gic ca gc DHC
rng I, G, J thng hng.
Bi 5. Cho mt tam gic cn ABC nh A. Mt im M thay i trn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic
ABC. ng thng AM ct BcC ti P
1. Chng minh rng cc ng trn ngoi tip ca tam gic BMP v CMP tip xc vi AB v AC
ti B v C.
2. Tm tp hp cc tm ca cc ng trn BMP v CMP.
Bi 6. Gi M. N theo th t l trung im cc cnh AB, AC ca tam gic ABC. Mt ng thng d
quay quanh A. Gi P, Q l hnh chiu ca B, C trn d . Tm tp hp giao im ca hai ng thng PM
v QN .
Bi 7. Cho mt tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn (O).
1. K mt day cung MN vung gc vi BC. Chng minh rng ng thng Simson ca im M
song song vi AN .
2. Gi M l im xuyn tm i ca M. Chng minh rng ng Simson ca M v M vung gc
nhau.
Bi 8. Cho trc ng trn (O) v hai im A, B sao cho AB tip xc vi ng trn (O) ti B. Ly
im C khng nm trn ng trn (O) sao cho AC ct (O) ti hai im phn bit, dng ng trn (O)
tip xc vi AC ti C, tip xc vi (O) ti D sao cho B, D nm v hai pha ca ng thawngrAC.
Chng minh rng tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic BCD nm trn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic
ABC.

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