TM HIU V AMONIAC V QUI TRNH

TNG HP AMONIAC
Cng thc cu to v tnh cht vt l ca amoniac:





Kh khng mu, c mi mnh gy ngt th.
nhit v p sut thng 1 lt nc ho tan c 750 lt
NH
3
.
Dng nhiu sn xut phn m, HNO
3
, mi cht lnh v
nhiu hp cht khc
Lch s amoniac:
Thut ng amnic c ngun gc t mt lin kt ho hc
c tn l clorua ammoni c tm thy gn n thi thn
Mc tinh Ammon Ai Cp.

Ngi u tin ch ra amnic nguyn cht l nh ho
hc Dzoz Prisly. ng thc hin thnh cng th
nghim ca mnh vo nm 1774 v khi ngi ta gi
amnic l cht kh kim.








Tng hp amoniac:
Nguyn liu th:
1. Nit ( ho lng khng kh ).
2. Hydro ( chuyn ho kh t nhin, in phn nc).
iu kin phn ng:
1.xc tc: Fe
2.nhit : 450C
3.p sut: 250atm
NH3 c tng hp theo phn ng:


y l phn ng thun nghch, to nhit v gim th tch.
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
Ho = -46 Kj/mol

N
2
H
2
NH
3
My nn
N
2
H
2
H thng
lm sch
Bnh phn ng


Bung lm lnh
NH
3
ng thng
N
2
v H
2

khng phn
ng c ti
s dng
Mm
ng xc
tc Fe
250atm
450C
QUI TRNH TNG HP AMONIAC
LU TRNH TNG HP AMONIAC
1: thp tng hp amniac; 2: thit b ngng t; 3: thit b phn ly;
4:bm tun hon; 5: thit b lc; 6: thp ngng t; 7: thp bc hi amniac.

AXIT NITRIC

Khi nim chung
Acid nitric nhit thng l cht lng khng mu ,bc
khi d b phn hy bi nh sng mt tri.
4HNO
3
2H
2
O +4NO
2
+O
2

HNO
3
l mt cht oxi ha mnh.
Tt c cc kim loi ,tr 1 s kim (platin,vng ,Rodi...) u
b HNO
3
m c oxi ha to thnh oxit.Cc oxit kim loi c
kh nng tan trong axit HNO
3
u to thnh cc mui nitrat.
Trong cng nghip c hai loi axit nitric: long c nng
30 60 %, m c 96 98 %.
HNO
3
l mt axit v c quan trng nht dng sn xut
phn on thuc n. Axit m c c dng iu ch cc
hp cht nitro dng trong cng nghip sn xut cc cht mu
v nhiu hp cht khc.
CU TO

L TNH
properties
Molecular formula HNO
3

Molar mass 63.012 g/mol
Appearance Clear, colorless liquid
Density 1.5129 g/cm
3
Melting point -42 C, 231 K, -44 F
Boiling point 83 C, 356 K, 181 F (bp of pure acid. 68% solution
boils at 120.5C)
Solubility in water miscible
Acidity (pKa) -1.4
Dipole moment 2.17 0.02 D
HA TNH




Oxy ha kim loi
Cu + 4H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
Cu
2+
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Mg + 2HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
Vi Al, Fe, Cr th khng phn ng vi HNO
3
c
HNO
3
c ngui oxy ha trn b mt kim loi to thnh lp oxit trn b
mt kim loi lm kim loi khng tc dng vi acid c

Phn ng vi phi kim
C + 4HNO
3
CO
2
+ 4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Hoc
3C + 4HNO
3
3CO
2
+ 4NO + 2H
2
O
Cng ngh sn xut HNO
3
long
1. Nguyn l chung
Ngy nay trong cng nghip, ngi ta iu ch acid nitric bng phng php duy nht l phng php oxi
ha kh amniac, c tin hnh qua 3 giai on:
- Oxy ha amniac thnh NO.
- Oxy ha NO thnh NO
2
- Hp th NO
2
bng nc.
a) Oxi ha amniac thnh NO:
4NH
3
+ 5O
2
= 4NO + 6H
2
O
Xc tc l hp kim Pt - Rh (5 - 10% Rh).
Ngoi ra c c phn ng ph:
4NH
3
+ 3O
2
2N
2
+6H
2
O
V
2NH
3
+ 2O
2
N
2
O + 3H
2
O
Cc phn ng u ta nhit. Hn hp cc oxit nit c gi l kh nitroza. Hiu sut to thnh NO ph thuc
vo p sut v nhit nh sau:
p sut (bar) Nhit (C) Hiu sut to thnh NO (%)
di 1.7 810 - 850 97
1.7 n 6.5 850 - 900 96
trn 6.5 900 - 940 95
Ngi ta thng dng loi thit b tip xc l t hp gm 3 thit b:
- Trn cng l thit b lc cactong .
- Thit b oxi ha ( gia).
- Di cng l ni hi - thu hi.
S nguyn l b phn ch yu ca thit b tip
xc









1. Thit b lc 2.Ca kh
3.Li phn phi 4.Li xc tc
5.Vng kim loi 6.Lp gch chu nhit
V qu trnh oxy ha NH
3
thnh NO c cc phn ng ph nn ngi ta la chn xc tc c
tnh chn lc cao sao cho qu trnh oxy ha NH
3
thnh NO c th t ti 98%. Thng s
dng l Pt v cc hp kim ca n vi cc kim loi cng nhm Pt nh Rh, Pd hoc cc oxit
kim loi khc nh oxit st, mangan, coban, Tuy nhin cc oxit ny c tui th ngn v
cho hot tnh khng n nh. Xc tc Pt tuy t tin nhng c hot tnh cao, n nh v d ti
sinh. Xc tc Pt b ng c khng thun nghch vi PH
3
ngay c nng rt nh
0,00001% v cng b ng c thun nghch vi S. Kh cha bi lm gim hot tnh xc tc.
V th nh k sau 3- 6 thng s dng, li xc tc c ti sinh. Sau khi ti sinh hot tnh
xc tc khi phc bnh thng.
Lng O
2
/NH
3
duy tr cho phn ng oxy ha vo khong 1.7-2, tc l oxy d khong 30%.
Phn ng nu c tin hnh di p sut cao (khong 9 atm) th hiu sut to thnh NO
nh hn khong 1- 2% so vi tin hnh p sut thng nhng nng sut tng hn ti 9 ln.
Hn na c th tng tc oxy ha NO thnh NO
2
ln rt nhiu giai on sau nn c th
gim th tch hp thu. V th nhng nc tin tin, ngi ta thng tin hnh p sut
cao. Tuy vy, do thc hin phn ng p sut cao nn nhng vn v cng ngh iu
khin cng nh thit b cng ht sc nghim ngt.
b)iu ch acid nitric:
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
+ 112,3 kJ
Phn ng xy ra hon ton nhit di 150
o
C. Trn nhit ny NO
2
b phn hy v 8000C phn
ng theo chiu thun khng xy ra na.
Hp th NO
2
bng nc to thnh acid nitric :
3NO
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3
+ NO
kh lng lng kh
=>Hai phn ng trn u thun nghch, ta nhit v xy ra theo chiu gim th tch.
=>Do chng xy ra theo chiu thun khi tng p sut v gim nhit .
Ty theo p sut ca h thng thit b m ngi ta chia ra ba loi cng ngh sn xut axit nitric long :
H thng lm vic p sut thng
H thng lm vic p sut cao (6 -8 atm)
H thng hn hp trong giai on u thc hin p sut thng cn giai on sau p sut cao.
H thng lm vic p sut thng iu ch c axit 50% HNO
3
v hiu sut chuyn ha oxit nit t
khong 92%.
Ngi ta thng iu ch HNO3 theo h thng lm vic p sut cao, iu ch c HNO
3
c nng
cao (60%) hiu sut t 98%.
Qu trnh hp th tin hnh ng thi trong cng thit b vi qu trnh oxy ha NO thnh NO
2
, m p
sut thng, giai on chm nht l oxy ha NO thnh NO
2
. Do vy nu s dng khng kh giu oxy
hoc oxy nguyn cht s cho php iu ch c NO c nng cao, tc oxy ha tng.

S quy trnh cng ngh h thng iu
ch axit nitric
Acid thp sau c nng thp hn nn chuyn ln thp trc
c HNO
3
c nng cao hn. HNO
3
thnh phm c ly ra.
Hn hp kh ra khi thp cn 0,6- 0,8% Oxit nit c hp th
bng Na
2
CO
3
thu hi NO v NO
2
di dng dung dch cc
mui NaNO
3
v NaNO
2
(gi l dung dch nitric - nitrat).
Na
2
CO
3
+ NO
2
+ NO = 2NaNO
2
+ CO
2

Na
2
CO
3
+ 2NO
2
= NaNO
2
+ CO
2
+ NaNO
3

Dung dch nitric - nitrat c dng iu ch Natrinitrat
NaNO
3

Hn hp kh thi trn cng c th cho hp th bng dung dch
H
2
SO
4
trc khi thi ra ngoi.
Mc d iu ch HNO
3
theo h thng ny thu nng HNO
3
ch
t 50% hiu sut 92% , nhng ngy nay vn c s dng rng
ri.