Quang Báo

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
KHOA IN T - VIN THNG

N
TT NGHIP I HC
ti:
THIT K BNG QUNG CO !"# $ #%NG
VI I&U KHI'N AT("GA )*
(O#U!" I&U KHI'N HI'N TH+
Sinh vin thc hin !H" "INH #C
$%& T'( ) K*+
Gi,n- vin h.%n- /0n TS1 NG234N TI5N 67NG
C8n 9: &h,n 9in TS1 HONG "NH TH;NG
H< n:i= >?(@@+
B GIO 6AC B O TO CNG HCA DE HFI CHG NGHHA BIIT NA"
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
c lp - T do - Hnh phc
?????????????????????????????????
NHI( V% , N TT NGHIP
HJ v< tn Kinh vin 1L!H" "INH #CLL111 SM hiN Kinh vin L(@@*@O*PL
KhQ8LLL111*+1LLL1KhQR in tS ? BiTn thUn- N-<nh LLLLLL111111111
1. u n:
T-i.t /. 0123 45123 678 !"# 9: ;<23 =i >i5 /-i?2 AT("GA)*
(8;5@A >i5 /-i?2 -i?2 t-B
(1 Cc s liu ! d" liu #$n u:
LLLLLLLLLLLLLL11LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL11LL11LLLLLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL1
L11LLLLLLLLL11LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL1
%. &i dun' cc phn (hu)*( +inh ! (,nh (on:
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL11L1
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
LL11L1
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
LLL11L1LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
-. Cc #.n /0 (h1 2 'hi 34 cc loi ! 5,ch (h67c #.n / 8:
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL11L1
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL11
LLL1LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL1
>1 H9 (:n 'i.n' i:n h67n' d;n: LLLLL NG234N TI5N 67NG 11LLLLLLLL
V1 &'!) 'i$o nhi+ < n: ==================.=====
P1 &'!) ho!n (h!nh n: LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL11LLL
&'!) (hn' n>+
ChW nhiX B: XUn Gi,n- vin h.%n- /0n
Sinh vin YZ hQ<n th<nh v< n:& Y[ 8n tMt n-hi& n-<\ th8n- n]X
C72 0C D-12 0iE2
(
B GIO 6AC B O TO
???????????????????????????????????????????????????
BN NHFN GHT , N TT NGHIP
HJ v< tn Kinh vin 1111111111111 !H" "INH #C 111111111111 SM hiN Kinh vin 11111(@@*@O*P111111
N-<nh 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 KhQ8 11111111111111 *+ 1111111111111111111111111
Gi,n- vin h.%n- /0n11111111111111111111111 TS1 NG234N TI5N 67NG 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
C8n 9: &h,n 9in 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
)I NCi ;523 t-i.t /. tJt 23-iED:
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
(1 N-K2 LMt 6NO 672 0C D-12 0iE2:
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
N-<\ th8n- n]X
C8n 9: &h,n 9in
!Pi 2Qi >R5
^N,n- 98Q Y._c KS /`n- taQn- abt nhicN denh vc cWR Yfi KMn- gZ h:i 1 HhN
nh. Yi YiN tR cjn- ck thl thb\ nhmn- 9,n- nN,n- c8Q v%i nhicN honh thpc qh8c
nhRN1 B%i X`c Yrch d<X nsi 9tt dn K,n &huX cWR Xonh c, qhi tafi K8n- hR\ tMi
n-.fi tR YZ KS /`n- a:n- aZi c8c 9,n- nN,n- c8Q Yin tS1 B,n- nN,n- 98Q Yin tS ck
nhicN dQvi = Y._c KS /`n- taQn- nhicN denh vc qh8c nhRN = ck qh, n]n- hiln thw honh
,nh v< X<N Kxc &hQn- &hy 1 TN\ nhin /Q YicN qin ck hvn nn taQn- Y[ 8n n<\
chyn- zX XQn- XNMn toX hilN vc n-N\n d{ thi|t q| X:t 9,n- nN,n- c8Q Yin tS ck
qh, n]n- YicN qhiln hiln thw c8c qr t thzQ nh. XQn- XNMn v< thi|t q| X:t XQ/Ndz
dz/ nN,n- 98Q c} nh~ Yl thS n-hiX1
hN tin chyn- zX gin c,X n K h.%n- /0n ch 9,Q ttn tonh cWR thh\
N-N\Tn Ti|n 6jn- 1 Thh\ YZ cNn- cb& chQ chyn- zX c8c t<i diN vc Yc t<i -iy&
chyn- zX /T /<n- hn taQn- nN8 taonh toX hilN Y[ 8n 1 TaQn- nN8 taonh d<X thc
hin Y[ 8n thh\ YZ ch 9,Q chyn- zX Xi qhi -& qhk qh]n Yl Y[ 8n ck thl hQ<n
th<nh1
Chyn- zX cjn- gin c,X n c8c thh\ cU -i8Q taQn- qhQR YZ ttn tonh /v\ /
chyn- zX taQn- nh.n- n]X hJc vR nNR YZ -iy& chyn- zX ck nhmn- qi|n thpc c
K Yl d<X Y[ 8n n<\1
Sinh vin
!hvX "inh pc
*
TQS tTt >U 72
N:i /Nn- chrnh cWR Y[ 8n d< vic YicN qhiln hiln thw dz/ XR tatn1 Khi YicN
qhiln hiln thw dz/ XR tatn ck ( &h.n- &h8& cb& n-N[n thzQ tn- h<n- hR\ tn-
c:t1 [ 8n K tt& taNn- taonh 9<\ vc &h.n- &h8& cb& n-N[n thzQ tn- c:t 1 Bic cb&
n-N[n chQ c8c c:t Y._c thc hin 9n- c8ch KS /`n- IC -i,i XZ P*HC'O = cb&
n-N[n chQ c8c h<n- taQn- c:t Y._c thc hin 9n- c8ch KS /`n- 9: -hi /wch
P*HC>+>1 6m diN XZ hkR cb& n-N[n chQ c8c h<n- taQn- c:t Y._c -Si aR 9: -hi
/wch thUn- nNR vic KS /`n- S!I cWR vi YicN qhiln1 Bic YicN qhiln thfi -iRn cb&
n-N[n chQ XR tatn tvQ tMc Y: nNt Y._c thc hin 9n- c8ch KS /`n- 9: Ywnh thfi1
!hhn cNMi cWR Y[ 8n K taonh 9<\ vc c8ch tvQ X:t KM hiN pn- chQ XR tatn dz/ qhi KS
/`n- &h.n- &h8& cb& n-N[n thzQ c:t1
!aQzct R9KtaRct
Thz XRin cQntznt Q thiK &aQzct iK dz/ XRtaig /iK&dR\ cQntaQd1 Thzaz hRK tQ
&Qza KN&&d\ XzthQ/K Qa cQntaQddin- thz dz/ XRtaig aQ 9\ aQ Qa cQdNXn 9\
cQdNXn 1 In thiK &aQzct = I idd intaQ/Ncz thz cQdNXn Qncz1 hzn NKin- thiK XzthQ/=
thz P*HC'O /zcQ/za iK NKz/ tQ &Qza Qa zRch cQdNXn Rn/ thz P*HC>+> Khit
az-iKtza iK NKz/ tQ &Qza zvza\ aQ in thz cQdNXn hich iK chQKzn 9\ P*HC'O1
Thz /RtR hich iK cQ/z/ thz &Qza KN&d\ Qa zvza\ aQ in zRch cQdNXn iK taRnzaz/
tQ thz Khit az-iKtza 9\ NKin- thz S!I Q thz XicaQcQntaQddza1 TiXin- tQ &Qza thz dz/
XRtaig cRn 9z /Qnz 9\ NKin- thz tiXzacQNntza Q thz XicaQcQntaQddza1 ThiK iK thz
KiX&dz XzthQ/ tQ cQntaQdd thz KcRn aRtz Qa dz/ XRtig /iK&dR\1 SQXz dz/ XRtaig
/iK&dR\ zzctK idd 9z &azKzntz/ in thz inRd &Rat Q thiK /QcNXznt1
>
(<6 @<6
!Pi 2Qi >R5 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII V
TQS tTt >U 72 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII W
#O2- 976- 676 -X2- =Y IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Z
#O2- 976- 676 0123 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Z
#O2- 976- 676 6[23 t-\6 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ]
P-R2 S^ >R5 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII )_
C-à23 ) : Gibi t-iE5 6-523 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII )c
1.18 ?u.n' co ............................................................................................... 1@
1.@8 A.n' lBd Cu.n' #o ................................................................................. 1%
'1(1' ":t KM Yc ta.n- 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 '
'1'1( ^N,n- c8Q 9n- dz/ 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 '*
1.%8 Di7i (hiu chun' h (hn' ................................................................... 1E
C-à23 c : Gibi t-iE5 = =i >i5 /-i?2 AVd AtSA3O)* IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII c)
@.18 Di7i (hiu i iu 5hiFn h9 GHI .......................................................... @1
(1'1' ":t KM Yc ta.n- 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ('
(1'1( ":t KM Yc ta.n- 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 (
(1'1 ":t KM Yc ta.n- 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 (>
(1'1* ":t KM hJ vi /icN qhiln ABR 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 (V
@.@8 JK # i iu 5hiFn G(+B'$1L ............................................................. @L
(1(1' c ta.n- 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 (O
(1(1( C!2 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 '
(1(1 B: nh% 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 P
C-à23 e : N35fg2 tT6 >i5 /-i?2 @A; SO thK2 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Vc
%.18 CMu (3c ! n'u):n lN cMp n'un cho lBd +$ (3n .................................. -@
%.@8 &'u):n (Oc (o Pon( ch" hiFn (h1 ............................................................. -%
%.%8 iu 5hiFn hiFn (h1 lBd +$ (3n .............................................................. --
C-à23 V: i5 /-i?2 6iD 235U2 6-8 @A; SO thK2 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Vj
-.18 iu 5hiFn cMp n'un cho c( dQn' R-HC1%E ........................................ -R
*1'1' Chpc n]n- cWR P*HC'O 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 *P
*1'1( SS /`n- P*HC'O Yl cb& n-N[n chQ c8c c:t XR tatn 111111111111111111 *O
-.@8 iu 5hiFn cMp n'un cho h!n' dQn' R-HCSTS ..................................... SU
V
*1(1' Chpc n]n- cWR P*HC>+> 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >@
*1(1( SS /`n- P*HC>+>Yl cb& n-N[n chQ c8c h<n- cWR XR tatn 111111111 >'
-.%8 T3u)n d" liu cMp n'un cho h!n' sV d<n' JWX .................................... S-
*11' AtXz-R'V S!I 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >*
*11( Thi|t dt& S!I taN\cn /m diN chQ P*HC>+> 11111111111111111111111111111111111 >O
-.%8 Y*( lun ................................................................................................... ST
C-à23W: Tk8 tR2 9J 45Mt 6-8 SO thK2 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII *_
S.18 Ti+B31 G(+B'$1L ................................................................................. LU
>1'1' ":t KM ch| Y: hQvt Y:n- 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 V@
>1'1( C8c thRnh -hi 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 V>
S.@8 To (n s CuZ( +$ (3n ....................................................................... RU
S.%8 Y*( lun ............................................................................................... R1
C-à23 *: HiE5 \23 -i?2 t-B 0123 @A; IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII jc
L.18 A.n' lBd hiFn (h1 ..................................................................................... R@
L.@8 [1ch (3i0 ph.i ........................................................................................ R-
L.%8 [1ch l:n \un' ....................................................................................... RE
L.-8 HiFn (h1 (]n' 5, ( ................................................................................... E1
L.S8 Y*( lun .................................................................................................. E%
K.t @5K2 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ZV
Ti @iE5 t-OS /-18 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ZW
P-< @<6 A: $a >U 3-MD 2Ji -E t-J23 >i5 /-i?2 @A; SO thK2 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Z*
P-< @<6 B: (l 6-à23 thX2- 2kD 6-8 =i >i5 /-i?2 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ]_
P
#O2- 976- 676 -X2- =Y
#O2- 976- 676 0123
O
#O2- 976- 676 6[23 t-\6
+
P-R2 S^ >R5
^N,n- c8Q dNUn d< X:t taQn- c8c vbn Yc Ykn- vRi ta nNRn taJn- taQn- K
&h8t tailn cWR X:t cUn- t\= /QRnh n-hi& hR\ thtX chr d< cWR X:t cSR h<n-1 ^N,n-
c8Q tMt K YzX dvi nhicN d_i rch tQ d%n1 Cjn- chrnh vo vt\ X< qhUn- n-vc nhin qhi
h<n- n]X c8c /QRnh n-hi& YZ YhN t. abt nhicN v<Q vbn Yc n<\1 ":t taQn- nhmn-
9in &h8& Y._c .R /n- hin nR\ Yk d< KS /`n- 9,n- nN,n- c8Q 9n- Yn $6= vo
K Yn -i,n= hin Yvi= 9xt Xxt= chi &hr h_& d{ cjn- nh. trnh hiN nN, cWR nk1 Nhmn-
9,n- thUn- tin= csn- ch<Q hR\ nhmn- 9,n- $6 nN,n- c8Q v%i X<N Kxc Kc K}= 9xt
Xxt= -i\ nhicN chy { chxc hn YZ qhUn- cn gR dv YMi v%i n-.fi /in= nhbt d< n-.fi
/in YU thw1
^N,n- c8Q 9n- Yn $6 hin nR\ Y._c pn- /`n- abt a:n- aZi taQn- nhicN
n-<nh= nhicN denh vc1 Nk qhUn- ch -i%i hvn 9i vic hiln thw c8c /n- chm= c8c
9iln hiN nhb& nh8\ X< cn ck thl hiln thw c8c honh ,nh Y[ hJR= c8c honh ,nh Ndd
cQdQNa v< Yc 9it d< ck thl hiln thw Y._c c, vi/zQ1 Nk cjn- qhUn- ch -i%i hvn
taQn- vic nN,n- c8Q taQn- nh< in/QQa= 98n n-Q<i tafi KzXi ) QNt/QQa X< cn ck
thl nN,n- c8Q c, n-Q<i tafi= n-R\ -imR 9Rn n-<\ v%i Y: K8n- v< Y: Kxc nt cRQ1
Ch.n- I K -i%i thiN chi ti|t hn vc vbn Yc nN,n- c8Q 9n- Yn $61
TN\ nhin /Q cn hvn ch| vc nhicN Xt nn taQn- Y[ 8n n<\ chyn- zX ch
-i%i hvn vic hiln thw c8c /n- chm Y._c taN\cn t X8\ trnh gNMn- v%i Ywnh /vn-
Qnt ti|n- Rnh YZ d.N Kn taQn- 9: nh% dRKh cWR ABR v< X:t KM hiN pn- hiln thw
c 9,n1
TaQn- ( ch.n- YhN tin cWR Y[ 8n chyn- zX K -i%i thiN chNn- vc nN,n-
c8Q 9n- 9,n- $6= -i%i thiN h thMn- cjn- nh. K d._c vc vi YicN qhiln ABR v<
hJ AT"z-R 'V1 C8c ch.n- ti|& thzQ chyn- zX K taonh 9<\ vc Ykn- -k& cWR Xonh
'@
chQ Yc t<i1 C8c qhMi qhN|ch Yvi cUn- KNbt v< -iRQ ti|& X8\ trnh K Y._c 9vn Bi
$.N ^Nnh v< N-hiX DNin ^N\cn K taonh 9<\ nn taQn- Y[ 8n n<\ zX K tt&
taNn- taonh 9<\ vc vic YicN qhiln hiln thw= chMt /m diN chQ XR tatn
? Ch.n- K taonh 9<\ vc n-N\n txc c 9,n qhi YicN qhiln XR tatn dz/
? Ch.n- * K taonh 9<\ cc c8ch KS /`n- c8c IC thUn- /`n- Yl YicN qhiln cb&
n-N[n chQ XR tatn dz/
? Ch.n- > K taonh 9<\ vc c8ch tvQ thn KM nNt chQ XR tatn KS /`n- tiXza
? Ch.n- V K taonh 9<\ vc -i,i thNtt tvQ X:t KM hiN pn- hiln thw qr t tan
XR tatn dz/1
[ 8n YZ hQ<n th<nh ck thl YicN qhiln hiln thw c8c q{ t tan XR tatn -[X ck
(g XR tatn dz/ OgO= ck qh, n]n- dR chJn X<N Kxc= tMc Y: nNt= hiN pn- hiln thw
chQ XR tatn Y[n- thfi ck qh, n]n- X a:n- chQ c8c XR tatn qrch thpc d%n hn1
''
C-à23 ) : Gibi t-iE5 6-523
)I)m Q5123 678
H<n- n-<\= / 9bt cp YiN chyn- tR cjn- YcN 9xt -& nhmn- dQvi honh nN,n-
c8Q qh8c nhRN taQn- nh< tho d< tan ti vi= Y<i aR/iQ= intzanzt L cn n-Q<i tafi tho d<
c8c 9]n- aUn= 9,n-= 9iln nN,n- c8Q v< thtX chr d< c, tf ai nmR1 Bt\ nN,n- c8Q d<
-o v< tvi KRQ dvi &h,i nN,n- c8Q
^N,n- c8Q d< honh thpc tN\n taN\cn= -i%i thiN thUn- tin vc K,n &huX= /wch
v`= cUn- t\ hR\ { t.n-1 ^N,n- c8Q d< nhmn- n dc nhX t8c Y:n- t%i h<nh vi= thki
nNzn XNR h<n- cWR n-.fi tiN /n- hR\ qh8ch h<n- 9n- c8ch cNn- cb& nhmn-
thUn- Yi& 98n h<n- thzQ c8ch thN\|t &h`c vc K,n &huX hR\ /wch v` cWR n-.fi 98n1
C8c nh< h<n-= cUn- t\= /QRnh n-hi& L thRX -iR c8c hQvt Y:n- nN,n- c8Q qhUn-
n-Q<i X`c Yrch nN,n- 98 honh ,nh= -i%i thiN K,n &huX= /wch v`= thUn- tin L cWR
hJ Yl t Yk thN hyt Y._c thX c8c qh8ch h<n- ticX n]n-= nin- cRQ trnh cvnh taRnh
v< YzX dvi nhicN n-N[n d_i chQ cUn- t\1 ":t chi|n /wch nN,n- c8Q tMt K -k& &hhn
trch cc v<Q K &h8t tailn cWR /QRnh n-hi& vo th| cjn- ck thl nki an-= nN,n- c8Q
YZ= YRn- v< v0n K ti|& t`c Ykn- X:t vRi ta nNRn taJn- taQn- cN:c KMn- cWR gZ h:i
dQ<i n-.fi hin nR\1
Tan th| -i%i= nN,n- c8Q hin nR\ YZ &h8t tailn t%i nhmn- taonh Y: cRQ= tN\
nhin Bit NRX ? /Q cn nhicN hvn ch| ? nn YR KM c8c K,n &huX nN,n- c8Q v0n
cn taonh Y: thb&1 C8c K,n &huX nN,n- c8Q Yl ck thl Y|n v%i qh8ch h<n- ticX
n]n- chn &h,i Y._c taN\cn t,i nNR cRc h.n- tin taN\cn thUn-= nh. 98Q in= tv& chr=
Y<i &h8t thRnh= taN\cn honh= 98Q Yin tS1
C8c dQvi honh nN,n- c8Q &hs 9i|n hin nR\
'(
TaN\cn honh1
Intzanzt1
B8Q chr1
!h8t thRnh1
^N,n- c8Q tac tN\|n1
^N,n- c8Q nNR 9.N Yin1
^N,n- c8Q tan c8c &h.n- tin vtn chN\ln1
^N,n- c8Q nNR c8c taRn- v<n-1
^N,n- c8Q tan tf ai= 8& &hrch= &RnQ hR\ 9]n- aUn1
^N,n- c8Q tan 9RQ 9o K,n &huX1
^N,n- c8Q nNR c8c th. -Si tac ti|&1
^N,n- c8Q taN\cn Xin-1
^N,n- c8Q 9n- Yn $61
)Icm B123 @A; 45123 078
TaQn- c8c dQvi honh nN,n- c8Q Yc ct& Y|n tan tho nN,n- c8Q 9n- Yn $6
d< X:t dQvi honh nN,n- c8Q Y._c KS /`n- a:n- aZi 9i nhicN cUn- t\= cSR h<n- 9i
trnh Yn -i,n= hin Yvi cjn- nh. hmN /`n- cWR nk1 TR hZ\ cn- toX hilN Yn $6 d<
-o= hQvt Y:n- aR KRQ v< tvi KRQ nk dvi Y._c KS /`n- chQ X`c Yrch nN,n- c8Q v< gN
h.%n- &h8t tailn cWR nN,n- c8Q 9n- Yn $61
)IcI)m (Ct 9J >n6 th`23
$6 $i-ht Xittin- 6iQ/z ) Yi Mt &h8t nNRn- d< c8c dQvi Yi Mt ck qh, n]n-
&h8t aR 8nh K8n- hR\ tiR h[n- n-Qvi= tS n-Qvi1 Cjn- -iMn- nh. Yi Mt= $6 Y._c cbN
tvQ t X:t qhMi 98n /0n dQvi ! -h& v%i X:t qhMi 98n /0n dQvi N1
HQvt Y:n- cWR $6 cjn- -iMn- nh. nhicN dQvi Yi Mt 98n /0n qh8c qhMi 98n
/0n dQvi ! chpR nhicN d taMn- t /Q XRn- Yin trch /.n- nn qhi -h& v%i qhMi
98n /0n dQvi n chpR c8c Yin tS t /Q tho c8c d taMn- n<\ ck gN h.%n- chN\ln Y:n-
qhN|ch t8n KRn- qhMi N= cn- dyc Yk qhMi ! dvi nhtn thX c8c Yin tS Yin trch iX
t qhMi N chN\ln KRn-1 K|t nN, d< qhMi ! trch Yin iX thi|N h`t d taMn- v< thR
'
Yin tS taQn- qhi qhMi n trch Yin /.n- thi|N h`t Yin tS v< thR d taMn-1 9in
-i%i hRi Xt ti|& -i8&= X:t KM Yin tS 9i d taMn- thN hyt v< qhi chyn- ti|n dvi -hn
nhRN= chyn- ck gN h.%n- q|t h_& v%i nhRN tvQ th<nh c8c n-N\n tS taNn- hR1 ^N8
taonh n<\ ck thl -i,i &hkn- n]n- d._n- /.%i /vn- 8nh K8n- hR\ c8c 9pc gv Yin t
ck 9.%c Kkn- -hn Yk1 T\ thzQ Xpc n]n- d._n- -i,i &hkn- d< cRQ hR\ thb& X<
9.%c Kkn- 8nh K8n- &h8t aR qh8c nhRN tpc X<N Kxc cWR $6 K qh8c nhRN1 "pc
n]n- d._n- v< X<N Kxc cWR $6 hQ<n tQ<n &h` thN:c v<Q cbN tayc n]n- d._n- cWR
c8c n-N\n tS chbt 98n /0n1 ThUn- th.fn- $6 ck Yin th| &hin cc thNtn cRQ hn
c8c dQvi Yi Mt qh8c qhQ,n- '=> Y|n B nh.n- Yin th| &hin cc n-._c $6 dvi
qhUn- cRQ1
n $6 ck nhmn- pn- /`n- abt &hQn- &hy v< a:n- aZi d<X 9: &htn hiln
thw taQn- c8c thi|t 9w Yin= Yin tS= taRn- tar= d<X Yn -iRQ thUn-= c8c Yn $6 &h8t
aR tiR h[n- n-Qvi Y._c /n- taQn- c8c thi|t 9w YicN qhiln t gR taQn- Yin tS /in
/`n-L thtX chr n-<\ nR\ n-.fi tR YZ v< YRn- n-hin cpN Yn $6 &h8t 8nh K8n-
taxn- Yl thR\ th| chQ c8c thi|t 9w chi|N K8n- thUn- th.fn- nh. Yn K_i YMt= Yn
nzQn= Yn cQX&RctLicN n<\ d< hQ<n tQ<n ck thl v< ck d d< K th<nh hin thc
taQn- X:t t.n- dRi qhUn- gR1 i\ chxc chxn K d< X:t 9.%c ti|n nNRn taJn- taQn-
n-<nh cUn- n-hi& n]n- d._n- vo hin tvi Yn $6 taxn- ck tNsi thJ t%i >@1@@@ -if
KS /`n-= -b& >@ dhn KQ v%i 9kn- Yn V@1 icN n<\ ck n-heR d< chyn- ck thl thx&
K8n- din t`c taQn- vn- -hn V n]X1 Hn th| nmR chyn- /n- Yin 8& thb& nn
qhUn- -i\ ch8\ ns X< ti|t qiX Yin hn nhicN KQ v%i 9kn- Yn qh8c1 ":t taQn-
nhmn- pn- /`n- nNRn taJn- v< &hs 9i|n hin nR\ cWR Yn $6 chrnh d< taQn- denh
vc nN,n- c8Q 9,n- nN,n- c8Q 9n- Yn $61
)I)Icm Q5123 678 0o23 @A;
n $6 thc K d< ck c8ch Y:t &h8 X%i taQn- cUn- n-h cRQ nki chNn- v<
taQn- nN,n- c8Q nki ain-1 k d< c8c 9,n- hiN= 9,n- ch /0n= &Rnzd nN,n- c8QL ck
KS /`n- Yn $6 v< Xvch Yin tS Yl tvQ hiN pn- 8nh K8n-1 ^NR toX hilN tR thb\
nhicN Yc YilX nsi 9tt cWR nk nh. Y: 9cn cWR nk cRQ -b& Xb\ ch`c dhn 9kn- Yn
th.fn-= v< dvi abt rt hRQ Yin= qhUn- -i\ ch8\ ns= Rn tQ<n tN\t YMi= chMn- aNn-
Y:n- tMt= Yc 9it d< nk v0n K8n- a v<Q 9Rn n-<\ vo vt\ ck thl /`n- c, nhmn- 9iln
'*
nN,n- c8Q taQn- nh< in/QQa v< n-Q<i tafi QNt/QQa chQ hiN nN, cRQ cjn- nh. -i\
K chy { Y[n- thfi taN\cn Yvt thUn- tin Y|n qh8ch h<n- v< n-.fi Yi Y.fn-1
B,n- Yin tS ck thUn- tin thR\ Ysi Y._c cn Y._c -Ji d< 9,n- nNRn- 98Q hR\
X<n honh Yin tS $6= ck nhicN X<N Kxc= nhicN c8ch hiln thw Kinh Y:n-= /T /<n-
thN hyt K chy { cWR XJi n-.fi1 6Q /T /<n- thR\ Ysi thUn- tin tan 9,n- Yin tS nn
Yi\ Y._c gzX d< &h.n- tin taN\cn Yvt thUn- tin hin Yvi= nhRnh chkn-1
B,n- $6 nN,n- c8Q Y._c KS /`n- c, in/QQa= QNt/QQa v< KzXi?QNt/QQa
B,n- in/QQa KS /`n- tMt taQn- nh<= qhUn- KS /`n- n-Q<i tafi Y._c vo
qhUn- YW Y: K8n- v< qhUn- chwN Y._c X.R nxn-1
B,n- QNt/QQa ck Y: K8n- cRQ= q|t cbN chxc chxn= chwN Y._c X.R nxn-1
B,n- KzXi?QNt/QQa ck Y: K8n- cRQ= KS /`n- tMt n-Q<i tafi nh.n- chwN
X.R nxn- qX nn 9,n- nN,n- c8Q dQvi n<\ th.fn- Y._c Yt /.%i
X8i hin nh<1
TaQn- denh vc nN,n- c8Q= pn- /`n- cWR Yn $6 Y._c thl hin /.%i nhicN
honh thpc qh8c nhRN nh.
B,n- thUn- tin Yin tS chm chv\
B,n- thUn- tin Yin tS d< K,n &huX cWR n-<nh cUn- n-h cRQ v%i nhicN .N
YilX nsi 9tt YZ ta th<nh X:t &hhn qhUn- thl thi|N taQn- nhicN denh vc cWR cN:c
KMn-1 ilX nsi 9tt cWR 9,n- thUn- tin Yin tS d< qh, n]n- thR\ Ysi thUn- tin v<
&h.n- thpc taRQ Ysi thUn- tin1 B%i nhicN trnh n]n- Y:c Y8Q= 9,n- thUn- tin Yin tS
9,n- nNRn- 98Q= 9,n- Yin tS= 9,n- $6 dNUn thN hyt Y._c YUn- Y,Q K chy {
nNRn K8t cWR nhicN n-.fi1 6Q Yk= nk d< K,n &huX Yxc /`n- chQ c8c ch.n- taonh
nN,n- c8Q= c8c 9,n tin chpn- qhQ8n= t<i chrnhL
Cjn- vo trnh tin d_i X< 9,n- thUn- tin Yin tS Y._c pn- /`n- a:n- aZi
nhicN ni v%i nhicN X`c Yrch qh8c nhRN nh. qh8ch Kvn= nh< h<n-= taNn- tiX
th.n- Xvi= ta` K cUn- t\= n-in h<n-= Kin 9R\= hiN v<n-= K<n -iRQ /wch chpn-
qhQ8n= -iRQ thUn- hR\ tvi c8c csn- ta<Q cWR c8c tnh v< th<nh &hML
'>
._c thi|t q| abt qhQR hJc nn 9,n- thUn- tin Yin tS abt /T /<n- qhi KS
/`n-= ck thl YicN qhiln 9n- 9<n &hrX chN\n /`n-= 9n- nyt 9bX= YicN qhiln t
gR hR\ X8\ trnhL KhUn- nhmn- th|= nk cn abt tin d_i taQn- K,n gNbt= dx& Yt1
N-Q<i aR 9,n- thUn- tin Yin tS cn ck c8c thN:c trnh .N vit qh8c nh. Yin
8& thb&= trnh sn Ywnh cRQ= c.fn- Y: K8n- Xvnh= thR\ Ysi n:i /Nn- nhRnh= /T /<n-=
q g,Q hiln thw YR /vn-1
Biln hiN= 9iln v0\ -i\ chy { chQ qh8ch Yi Y.fn-1
$< dQvi 9iln nN,n- c8Q Yin tS KS /`n- Yn $6 KiN K8n- Y._c dt& taonh
9n- vi YicN qhiln tvQ nn c8c hiN pn- hiln thw qh8c nhRN -i\ bn t._n- Xvnh X
v< K chy { Yc 9it YMi v%i n-.fi Yi Y.fn-1
B,n- thUn- tin v< honh ,nh Y[ hJR
$< K,n &huX cWR n-<nh cUn- n-h cRQ v%i nhicN .N YilX nsi 9tt YZ ta
th<nh X:t &hhn nNRn taJn- taQn- nhicN denh vc cN:c KMn-1 B,n- ck qh, n]n- thl
hin YR /vn- c8c honh 9n- chm= dQ-Q v< c8c honh ,nh Y[ hJR1 Ck thl Yt X<N Kxc
qh8c nhRN chQ tn- /n- chm hQc tn- chm= YicN chnh Y._c tMc Y: q g,Q1 $<
&h.n- thpc nN,n- c8Q honh ,nh $Q-Q= -i%i thiN vc K,n &huX X:t c8ch cU YJn-
Kyc trch nhbt1
C8c dQvi 9,n- t -i8 9,n- -i8 v<n-= 9,n- -i8 n-Qvi t= 9,n- t -i8
n-in h<n-L
$< 9,n- thUn- tin Yin tS thi|t q| chN\n /`n- chQ tn- n-<nh Yc 9it d<
n-in h<n-= K,n &huX Y._c KS /`n- a:n- aZi c8c K -iRQ /wch= &hn- -iRQ /ichL=
d< &h.n- tin tMt -iy& chQ vic taRQ Ysi t -i8 nhRnh= thNtn tin1 B,n- ck nhicN
trnh n]n- /T KS /`n- v< thR\ Ysi thUn- tin nNR X8\ trnh1
B,n- nN,n- c8Q X<n honh Ndd CQdQNa
'V
S,n &huX X<n honh Ndd CQdQNa d< /n- K,n &huX X%i= pn- /`n- nhmn-
cUn- n-h qhQR hJc tin ti|n nhbt cWR n-<nh $6 hin nR\1 S,n &huX Y._c pn-
/`n- taQn- XJi denh vc cWR gZ h:i nh. v]n hkR= taN\cn thUn-= thl thRQ= /N dwch1
"<n honh Bi/zQ 6iK&dR\
Hiln thw nhicN X<N Kxc= Kxc nt taNn- thc v< KMn- Y:n- d< K,n &huX chW \|N
&h`c v` chQ denh vc nN,n- 98 th.n- hiN= K,n &huX YR /vn- vc chWn- dQvi= ck thl
/n- in/QQa= QNt/QQa hR\ KzXi?QNt/QQa1
S,n &huX ck qh, n]n- hiln thw Y._c tbt c, c8c /vn- thUn- tin nN,n- c8Q=
taonh /iTn c8c honh ,nh Y:n-= chi|N X:t YQvn &hiX vi/zQ nh. X:t X<n honh Ti Bi
d%n v< cn hn th| nmR ck thl q|t nMi tac tN\|n v%i Xvn- X8\ trnh1 S,n &huX cjn-
Y._c thi|t q| Yl dx& Yt c, taQn- nh< d0n n-Q<i tafi1
B,n- thUn- tin Yin tS /n- chQ thw ta.fn- chpn- qhQ8n
Kh8c v%i Yc ta.n- hiln thw $6 nN,n- c8Q 9onh th.fn-= Yi\ d< 9,n- hiln thw
thUn- tin /m diN Y:n-= thUn- tin Y._c ct& nhtt din t`c1 "<n honh d%n ck thl chiR aR
th<nh nhicN vn- Yl hiln thw thzQ tn- nhkX thUn- tin chpn- qhQ8n nh. tn cUn-
t\= c8c tiN Yc v< c8c thUn- KM YbN -i8= ,nh dQ-QL ThUn- tin hiln thw Y._c chiR
th<nh c8c qwch 9,n chv\ KQn- KQn- v%i nhRN tan cn- hQc qh8c &hin vn- hiln
thw1 ThUn- tin chpn- qhQ8n Y._c ct& nhtt X:t c8ch t Y:n- dn 9,n- Yin tS1 "<N
Kxc thUn- tin hiln thw tan 9,n- Yin tS thR\ Ysi thzQ tn- XZ chpn- qhQ8n v< &h`
thN:c v<Q K t]n- -i,X -i8 cWR XZ chpn- qhQ8n Yk1 icN n<\ -iy& chQ XJi n-.fi
thzQ /i thUn- tin chpn- qhQ8n X:t c8ch /T /<n- hn1
KhUn- ch ck vt\ n-<\ nR\ 9,n- $6 nN,n- c8Q cn Y._c pn- /`n- taQn-
nhicN n-<nh= denh vc qh8c nmR nh. 9,n- thUn- tin n-hi& v` chQ n-<nh /N dwch=
9.N Yin Yin tS= n-in h<n- Yin tS= 9,n- q|t nN, gs KM qi|n thi|t= 9,n- t KM thi
'P
YbN thl thRQ= 9,n- Yin tS /n- chQ trn hiN -iRQ thUn-L v%i qilN /8n- &hQn- &hy=
thi|t q| hin Yvi v< hiN pn- 9xt Xxt chQ hiN nN, cRQ taQn- denh vc nN,n- c8Q1
TN\ nhin= /Q hvn ch| vc nhicN Xt cjn- nh. ,nh h.n- cWR KN\ thQ8i qinh
t| tQ<n chN nn hin nR\ Bit NRX gNbt hin qhUn- nhicN c8c 9,n-= 9iln nN,n-
c8Q hiln thw vi/zQ= nh.n- c8c 9,n- nN,n- c8Q hiln thw /vn- tzgt /n- Yl -i%i thiN=
nN,n- 98 th.n- hiN hR\ Yl hiln thw thUn- tin vc c8c dQvi honh /wch v`= K,n &huX
Xpc dZi gNbt n-in h<n-= thUn- tin tvi K<n -iRQ /wch chpn- qhQ8n= thUn- tin vc
thfi -iRn 9ilN tvi Kin 9R\= q|t nN, c8c tatn 9kn- L L tho v0n YRn- &h8t tailn Xvnh
X1 c YilX .N vit cWR dQvi honh n<\ d< /T /<n- thR\ Ysi= ct& nhtt n:i /Nn- chn
hiln thw 9n- &hhn XcX1
)Iem Gibi t-iE5 6-523 = -E t-J23
B%i X`c Yrch toX hilN vc c8ch thi|t q| v< gi\ /n- X:t 9,n- nN,n- c8Q Yin
tS 9n- Yn $6 Yn -i,n chyn- zX gi\ /n- X:t h thMn- nNRn- 98Q v%i K Y[
qhMi nh. KRN
'O
GiRQ ti|& X8\ trnh
icN qhiln hiln
thw
ChMt /m diN h<n-
KhN|ch Yvi cUn-
KNbt h<n-
KhN|ch Yvi cUn-
KNbt c:t
$z/ XR tatn
ChMt /m diN c:t
Hnh 1 - S khi h thng
Khi giao tip vi my tnh : ck chpc n]n- taRQ Ysi /m diN -imR X8\ trnh v<
vi YicN qhiln= taN\cn c8c /m diN nh. n:i /Nn- hiln thw= X<N Kxc hiln thw= hiN pn-
hiln thw 111Y|n vi YicN qhiln= Y[n- thfi nhtn c8c /m diN Yk tvi vi YicN qhiln Yl ck
thl YicN qhiln hiln thw nh. XQn- XNMn1 6Q Yk= qhMi n<\ qhi thc hin -[X ck X:t
&hhn XcX KS /`n- tan X8\ trnh ck chpc n]n- -iRQ ti|& v%i n-.fi /n- Yl chJn
c8c thUn- KM chn taN\cn t%i vi YicN qhiln v< X:t KM thW t`c Yl nhtn /m diN tvi vi
YicN qhiln1 C8c /m diN n<\ K Y._c qhMi YicN qhiln hiln thw gS d{ Yl ck thl YicN
qhiln XR tatn $6 hiln thw n:i /Nn- cjn- nh. hiN pn- XQn- XNMn1
'+
Khi iu khin hin th! : ck chpc n]n- gS d{ c8c /m diN X< X8\ trnh
taN\cn t%i Yl tvQ aR c8c /m diN vc Xpc dQ-ic chn cb& chQ c8c dz/ taQn- tn- c:t
Y[n- thfi YicN qhiln nN8 taonh cb& n-N[n chQ dz/ XR tatn 1 KhMi n<\ Y._c gi\ /n-
9n- c8c thW t`c gS d{ /m diN tan vi YicN qhiln 1 Khi nhtn Y._c /m diN vc chNi
q{ t chn hiln thw tho qhMi n<\ K tvQ /m diN vc Xpc dQ-ic chn cb& chQ dz/ XR tatn1
Khi nhtn Y._c /m diN vc X<N Kxc= hiN pn- hiln thw tho qhMi n<\ K g8c Ywnh thW t`c
-Si /m diN chQ c8c qhMi chMt /m diN h<n- v< c:t1
Khi "ht #$ %iu h&ng : ck chpc n]n- chMt c8c -i8 taw dQ-ic cb& n-N[n chQ
c8c h<n- cWR XR tatn1 KhMi n<\ -[X X:t chNi c8c 9: P*HC>+> Xxc nMi ti|&1 6m
diN vc Xpc dQ-ic cWR c8c h<n- v< trn hiN 98Q chMt /m diN K Y._c qhMi YicN qhiln
hiln thw -Si Y|n1 C8c /m diN n<\ K Y._c chMt dvi tvi YhN aR cWR qhMi chQ Y|n qhi /m
diN X%i Y._c \N chN chMt1
Khi "ht #$ %iu "'t : ck chpc n]n- chMt c8c -i8 taw dQ-ic cb& n-N[n chQ c8c
c:t cWR XR tatn1 KhMi n<\ Y._c thc hin 9n- c8ch KS /`n- IC P*HC'O1 6m diN
vc Xpc dQ-ic cWR c8c c:t K Y._c qhMi YicN qhiln hiln thw -Si Y|n &h h_& v%i /m
diN cWR c8c h<n- Yl ck thl hiln thw Yyn- nh. XQn- XNMn1 C8c /m diN n<\ K Y._c
chMt dvi tvi YhN aR cWR qhMi chQ /|n qhi /m diN X%i Y._c \N chN chMt1
Khi khu"h (i ")ng *u+t h&ng : ck chpc n]n- Y,X 9,Q cb& YW n-N[n chQ
c8c h<n- cWR dz/ XR tatn= Y[n- thfi hvn ch| /n- chv\ nNR c8c chin cWR c8c IC
chMt /m diN h<n-1 l Y,X 9,Q chpc n]n- n<\ qhMi n<\ -[X c8c IC 2$N(O@ Xxc
nMi ti|& v%i c8c IC P*HC>+>1
Khi khu"h (i ")ng *u+t "'t : ck chpc n]n- Y,X 9,Q cb& YW n-N[n chQ
c8c c:t cWR dz/ XR tatn= Y[n- thfi hvn ch| /n- chv\ nNR c8c chin cWR c8c IC chMt
/m diN c:t1 l Y,X 9,Q chpc n]n- n<\ qhMi Y._c gi\ /n- -[X c8c taRnKiKtQa
B>V(1 Cc B cWR c8c taRnKiKtQa Y._c YicN qhiln 9i IC P*HC'O1
(@
C-à23 c : Gibi t-iE5 = =i >i5 /-i?2 AVd AtSA3O)*
cI)m Gibi t-iE5 = =i >i5 /-i?2 -p AVd
cI)I)m (Ct 9J >n6 th`23
i\ d< dQvi vi YicN qhiln O 9it= gS d{ nhRnh= tiN th` n]n- d._n- thb&1
ABR V ck cbN tayc RISC v%i
'' dnh= hhN h|t c8c dnh thc thi taQn- X:t chN q gNn- nhw&1
( g O thRnh -hi YR /`n-
Ndd KtRtic Q&zaRtiQn
('
TMc Y: d<X vic 'V"!IS= v%i thvch Rnh 'V "H1
Onchi& ( c\cdz XNdti&dza1
B: nh%
IS! dRKh v%i qh, n]n- '@1@@@ dhn -hi gkR1
RO"1
RA"1
GiRQ ti|& TAG
Kh, n]n- nNt tQ<n /in thzQ chNun TAG1
H ta_ qh, n]n- 6z9N- Qnchi&
H ta_ dt& taonh dRKh= RO"= NKzL
$Qcq 9it nNR -iRQ ti|& TAG
N-Qvi vi
TiXza cQNntza O 9it v%i c8c ch| Y: KQ K8nh v< chiR thn KM1
TiXzacQNntza 'V 9it v%i c8c ch| Y: KQ K8nh= chiR thn KM= cR&tNaz=
!"1
TiXza thfi -iRn thc RzRd tiXz CdQcq v%i 9: /RQ Y:n- ain- 9it1
C8c qnh !"1
Knh 9i|n Ysi A6C '@ 9it1
H ta_ -iRQ ti|& I(C1
B: -iRQ ti|& nMi ti|& dt& taonh Y._c 2SART1
GiRQ ti|& S!I1
Rtch/Q- tiXza v%i 9: /RQ Y:n- Qnchi& ain- 9it1
Nhmn- thN:c trnh Yc 9it
!Qza Qn azKzt v< BaQn?QNt /ztzctiQn1
Ch| Y: hiN chnh 9: KRi KM chQ 9: /RQ Y:n- RC Qn chi&
C8c ch| Y: n-xt n-Q<i v< taQn- YR /vn-1
V XQ/z Kdzz& I/dz= A6C nQiKz az/NctiQn= ti|t qiX n]n- d._n-=
&Qza?/Qn= KtRn/9\= zgtzn/z/ KtRn/9\1
C8c &hhn XcX dt& taonh chQ ABR
((
ABRStN/iQ= CQ/z BiKiQn1 C8c &hhn XcX n<\ ck h ta_ &hhn nv& v<
6z9N- Qn chi&1
N-Qn6 th`23
ABR ck cbN tayc HRvRa/ taQn- Yk Y.fn- taN\cn chQ 9: nh% /m diN /RtR
XzXQa\ 9NK v< Y.fn- taN\cn chQ 9: nh% ch.n- taonh !aQ-aRX XzXQa\ 9NK
Y._c t8ch ain-1 6RtR XzXQa\ 9NK ch ck O 9it v< Y._c q|t nMi v%i hhN h|t c8c thi|t
9w n-Qvi vi= c8c Rz-iKtza idz1 TaQn- qhi Yk= &aQ-aRX XzXQa\ 9NK ck Y: a:n- 'V 9it
v< ch &h`c v` chQ thRnh -hi dnh inKtaNctiQn az-iKtza1
B: nh% ch.n- taonh &aQ-aRX XzXQa\ d< 9: nh% dRKh dt& taonh Y._c1
TaQn- c8c dQvi ABR cj nh. AT+@S'(@@ 9: nh% ch.n- taonh ch -[X X:t &hhn d<
A&&dicRtiQn dRKh SzctiQn cn taQn- c8c dQvi ABR X%i ck thX &hhn BQQt dRKh
SzctiQn1 Chpc n]n- chrnh cWR 9: nh% ch.n- taonh d< chpR c8c dnh inKtaNctiQn
nn chyn- tR qhUn- ck nhicN c h:i t8c Y:n- nn 9: nh% n<\ qhi dt& taonh chQ chi&1
Cjn- chrnh vo vt\ X< YMi v%i n-.fi dt& taonh tho 9: nh% n<\ qhUn- nN8 nNRn
taJn-1 Tbt c, c8c thRnh -hi nNRn taJn- chn qh,Q K8t nX taQn- 9: nh% /m diN cWR
chi&1
(
Hnh , - -+u t./" 0' nh 123
B: nh% /m diN /RtR XzXQa\ Yi\ d< &hhn chpR c8c thRnh -hi nNRn taJn-
nhbt cWR chi&1 B: nh% /m diN tan c8c chi& ABR ck Y: d%n qh8c nhRN t\ thzQ Xi
chi&1 TN\ nhin vc c 9,n 9: nh% n<\ Y._c chiR d<X c8c &hhn
T& thRnh -hi Rz-iKtza idz -[X ( thRnh -hi O 9it ck YwR ch tN\t
YMi t @g@@@@ Y|n @g@@'1 C8c thRnh -hi n<\ Y._c Yt tn d< t R@
Y|n R'1 Chyn- ck Yc YilX
._c taN\ ct& tac ti|& taQn- c8c inKtaNctiQn1
C8c tQ8n tS= &h& tQ8n thc hin tan c8c thRnh -hi n<\ ch chn
X:t gNn- CdQcq1
T& thRnh -hi Y._c q|t nMi tac ti|& v%i 9: gS d{ taNn- tiX=
C!2 chi&1
Chyn- d< n-N[n chpR c8c KM hvn- taQn- c8c &h& tQ8n v< cjn-
d< Yrch chpR q|t nN,
C8c thRnh -hi v<Q aR thRnh -hi IO hR\ cn -Ji d< vn-
nh% IO d< csn- -iRQ ti|& -imR C!2 v%i thi|t 9w n-Qvi vi1 Tbt c, c8c
(*
thRnh -hi YicN qhiln= tavn- th8i L cWR thi|t 9w n-Qvi vi YcN nX
Yi\1
RA" n-Qvi gtzanRd RA" c8c chi& vi YicN qhiln
ABR chQ &h& n-.fi /n- ck thl -xn thX RA" n-Q<i Yl chpR 9i|n=
vn- n<\ thc chbt ch t[n tvi qhi n<Q n-.fi KS /`n- -xn thX 9: nh%
n-Q<i v<Q chi&1
!RO" dzctaicRd aRKR9dz !aQ-aRXXR9dz RO" d<
X:t &hhn nNRn taJn- cWR c8c chi& ABR X%i= vo d< RO" nn 9: nh%
n<\ qhUn- 9w gkR n-R\ c, qhi qhUn- cb& n-N[n nNUi chi&= abt thrch
h_& chQ c8c pn- /`n- d.N tam /m diN1
cI)Iem (Ct 9J >n6 th`23
Hnh , - -+u t./" 04n t.ong "5a 123
(>
HQvt Y:n- C8c dnh Y._c chpR taQn- 9: nh% ch.n- taonh dRKh "zXQa\
/.%i /vn- c8c thRnh -hi 'V 9it1 B: nh% ch.n- taonh Y._c taN\ ct& taQn- Xi chN
q gNn- CdQcq v< X:t dnh chpR taQn- !aQ-aRX XzXQa\ Y._c dQR/ v<Q thRnh -hi
dnh inKtaNctiQn Rz-iKtza= thRnh -hi dnh t8c Y:n- cjn- nh. dR chJn t& thRnh -hi
cjn- nh. RA" chQ A$2 thc thi1 TaQn- qhi thc thi ch.n- taonh= YwR ch cWR
/n- dnh YRn- thc thi Y._c nN\|t Ywnh 9i 9: Y|X ch.n- taonh ) !C !aQ-aRX
CQNntza1
ABR ck .N YilX d< hhN h|t c8c dnh YcN Y._c thc thi taQn- X:t chN q
gNn- nhw&= vo th| X< taQn- X:t KM ta.fn- h_& / n-N[n cdQcq cWR ABR nh~ hn
X:t KM dQvi vi YicN qhiln qh8c nh. !IC nh.n- thfi -iRn thc thi v0n nhRnh hn1
cI)IVm (Ct 9J -p =i ;i5 /-i?2 AVd
Bi YicN qhiln ABR abt &hQn- &hy v< YR /vn-= 9RQ -[X nhicN hJ qh8c nhRN
HJ AT2C@gggg gggg thl hin /Nn- d._n- dRKh cWR vi YicN qhiln=
vr /` AT2C@>'( ck >'( qB dRKh1
6n- vi YicN qhiln "GA ABR1
6n- Tin\ ABR1
6n- $C6 ABR
6n- 2SB ABR
6n- CAN ABR1
cIcm $a 0C = =i >i5 /-i?2 AtSA3O)*
AtXz-R'V d< 9: vi YicN qhiln C"OS O 9it tiN th` Yin n]n- thb& /R
tan qi|n tayc RISC Rz/Ncz/ IntaNctiQn Szt CQX&Ntza1 B<Q aR AnRdQ- ) /i-itRd v<
n-._c dvi1 B%i cUn- n-h n<\ chQ &h& c8c dnh thc thi ch taQn- X:t chN qo gNn-
nhw&= vo th| tMc Y: gS d{ /m diN ck thl Yvt Y|n ' taiN dnh tan -ii\ thn KM ' "h1
(V
Bi YicN qhiln n<\ chQ &h& n-.fi thi|t q| ck thl tMi .N hQ8 ch| Y: Y: tiN th` n]n-
d._n- X< v0n Y,X 9,Q tMc Y: gS dr1
$a >U /-Ji
Hnh , - S khi "5a 1tm6ga17
AtXz-R'V ck tt& dnh &hQn- &hy vc KM d._n- v%i ( thRnh -hi d<X vic YR
n]n-1 TQ<n 9: ( thRnh -hi YcN Y._c nMi tac ti|& v%i A$2 AaithXztic $Q-ic
2nit= chQ &h& taN\ ct& ( thRnh -hi Y:c dt& 9n- X:t chN qo gNn- nhw&1 Ki|n tayc
Yvt Y._c ck tMc Y: gS d{ nhRnh -b& '@ dhn vi YicN qhiln /vn- CISC CQX&dzg
IntaNctiQn Szt CQX&Ntza thUn- th.fn-1
(P
Khi KS /`n- vi YicN qhiln AtXz-R'V= ck abt nhicN &hhn XcX Y._c /n- Yl
dt& taonh 9n- nhicN n-Un n-m qh8c nhRN Yk d< Taonh /wch AKKzX9d\ nh. ABR
KtN/iQ cWR AtXzd= Taonh /wch C nh. in ABR= CQ/zBiKiQnABR C= ICCABR1 C ?
C"!!I$R cWR GN2L Taonh /wch C YZ Y._c nhicN n-.fi /`n- v< Y8nh -i8 t.n-
YMi Xvnh= /T ti|& ctn YMi v%i nhmn- n-.fi 9xt YhN toX hilN ABR= Yk d< taonh /wch
CQ/zBiKiQnABR C1 !hhn XcX n<\ h ta_ nhicN pn- /`n- v< ck nhicN h<X ck Kn
nn vic dt& taonh tMt hn1
cIcI)m n6 th`23
._c ch| tvQ thzQ qi|n tayc RISC hiN KNbt cRQ X< Yin n]n- tiN th` thb&
Tt& dnh -[X '' dnh= hhN h|t YcN ch thc thi taQn- ' chN qo gNn- nhw&1
B: nhin hRi chN qo1
( g O thRnh -hi d<X vic YR /`n-1
HQvt Y:n- tenh
'V "I!S v%i thUn- d._n- 'V"H
OKB dRKh RO" dt& taonh Y._c n-R\ tan h thMn-
GiRQ /in nMi ti|& S!I ck thl dt& taonh n-R\ tan h thMn-1
ChQ &h& '@@@ dhn -higkR1
B: !RO" >'( 9\tz= chQ &h& '@@1@@@ dhn -higkR
'V K9\tz 9: nh% ch.n- taonh in?S\KtzX Szd?&aQ-aRXXR9dz dRKh1
ChN qo -higkR aitzaRKz '@1@@@ dRKh '@@1@@@ !RO"1
: 9cn /m diN (@ n]X O>C v< '@@ n]X (>C
B: nh% SRA" >'( 9\tz1
B: 9i|n Ysi A6C O qnh= '@ 9it1
( n- IO dt& taonh Y._c1
B: taN\cn nMi ti|& 9bt Y[n- 9: vvn n]n- 2ART1
Bcc(1PB Y|n >1>B1
TMc Y: d<X vic O "H YMi v%i AtXz-R'V$= 'V"H YMi v%i
AtXz-R'V tMi YR 1
(O
TMc Y: gS dr dnh Y|n O "I!S O "H n-heR d< O taiN dnh tan
-ii\1
B: Ywnh thfi -iRn thc RTC v%i 9: /RQ Y:n- v< ch| Y: Y|X
t8ch 9it
( 9: TiXza O 9it v< ' 9: TiXza 'V 9it v%i ch| Y: KQ K8nh v< chiR
thn KM t8ch 9it v< ch| Y: 9xt X0N1
* qnh YicN ch| Y: a:n- gNn- !"1
Ck Y|n ' intzaaN&t n-Q<i v< taQn-1
B: KQ K8nh AnRdQ-1
B: dt& taonh Rtch /Q- tiXza1
V ch| Y: n-W I/dz= A6C NQiKz Rz/NctiQn= !Qza?KRvz= !Qza?
/Qn= StRn/9\ v< gtzn/z/ StRn/9\1
GiRQ ti|& nMi ti|& "RKtzaSdRvz S!I1
Hnh , - S "h8n 1tm6ga17

VCC: in 8& n-N[n nNUi1
(+
GN#: NMi XRKK1
P8htA qPAjrPA_m: !QatA nhtn v<Q trn hiN AnRdQ- v< chN\ln
Ysi nNR trn hiN 6i-itRd1 N-Q<i aR !QatA ck thl Y._c t8ch aR d<X v<Q aR (
h.%n- ( 9it n|N 9: chN\ln Ysi A6 qhUn- Y._c KS /`n-1 Khi c8c chin
!A@ Y|n !AP d< c8c dMi v<Q v< Y._c Yt gNMn- ch| Y: thb& t 9n n-Q<i=
chyn- K d< n-N[n /n- n|N c8c Yin ta nMi dn n-N[n /.n- Y._c qrch
hQvt1 C8c chin cWR !Qat A v<Q tavn- th8i ck Yin ta cRQ qhi trn hiN
RzKzt ch| Y: trch cc hQc n-R\ c, qhi qhUn- ck trn hiN gNn- Y[n-
h[1
!Qat A cNn- cb& c8c Y.fn- YwR ch/m diN v<QaR hQvt Y:n- thzQ qilN YR
h_& qnh qhi /n- 9: nh% SRA" 9n n-Q<i1
P8htBs# : t.n- t nh. !QatA1
P8htC qPCjrPC_m: t.n- t nh. !QatA1 Nh.n- n|N chQ &h&
-iRQ /in TAG= tho c8c chin !C>= !C= !C( K hQvt Y:n- n-R\ c, qhi
azKzt dvi trn hiN1
dA9At: $Mi v<Q Yt dvi1 B: vi YicN qhiln K Y._c Yt dvi qhi chin
n<\ ch| Y: thb& taQn- hn >@nK= c8c gNn- n-xn hn qhUn- tvQ aR trn
hiN Yt dvi1
GTA!): $Mi v<Q 9: qhN|ch Yvi Y,Q v< dMi v<Q Xvch tvQ gNn-
nhw& 9n taQn-1
GTA!c: $Mi aR 9: qhN|ch Yvi Y,Q DTA$' v< DTA$( dhn d._t
d< dMi v<Q v< dMi aR cWR X:t 9: qhN|ch Yvi Y,Q1 B: qhN|ch Yvi n<\ Y._c
9M tar Yl d<X 9: tvQ /RQ Y:n- tan chi&1 ":t 9: tinh thl thvch Rnh hQc
X:t 9: c:n- h.n- -MX ck thl Y._c KS /`n-1 l YicN qhiln 9: vi YicN
qhiln t X:t n-N[n gNn- nhw& 9n n-Q<i= chin DTA$( Yl taMn-= cn
chin DTA$' Y._c nMi v%i 9: /RQ Y:n- 9n n-Q<i1
Ad"t : $< chin chN\ln Ysi trn hiN RnRdQ- chQ 9: chN\ln Ysi
A61
AVCC : $< chin n-N[n chQ !Qat A v< chQ 9: chN\ln Ysi A61
Nk ck thl t q|t nMi v%i n-N[n chrnh n-R\ c, qhi A6C qhUn- Y._c KS
/`n-1
@
cIcIcm CPU
Ki|n tayc ABR nki chNn-= c8c chpc n]n- chrnh cWR C!2 Y,X 9,Q K thc thi
chrnh g8c &aQczKK1 C!2 &h,i ck qh, n]n- taN\ gNbt 9: nh%= thc hin trnh tQ8n= YicN
qhiln thi|t 9w n-Qvi vi v< c8c qnh n-xt1
TaQn- thp t thc hin KQn- KQn-= ABR KS /`n- qi|n tayc HRavRa/ v%i 9:
nh% t8ch afi -imR hRi dN[n- &aQczKK v< /m diN1 C8c ch dnh taQn- 9: nh% &aQczKK
Y._c thc hin v%i nhmn- Xpc &i&zdinz Yn1 TaQn- qhi X:t dnh /Rn- thc thi= dnh
ti|& thzQ K Y._c toX nv& ta.%c t 9: nh% &aQczKK1 Kh8i niX n<\ chQ &h& c8c dnh
K Y._c thc hin taQn- XJi chN q gNn-1 B: nh% &aQczKK d< h thMn- 9: nh% dRKh
dt& taonh dvi Y._c1 TaN\ gNbt nhRnh thRnh -hi idz chpR (O 9it thRnh -hi d<X vic
YR n]n- v%i X:t chN q gNn- Yn taN\ gNbt thfi -iRn1 icN n<\ chQ &h& 9: trnh
tQ8n A$2 d<X vic Yn chN q1
V taQn- ( thRnh -hi ck thl KS /`n- nh. YwR ch -i8n ti|& thRnh -hi cQn ta~
chQ qhUn- -iRn YwR ch /m diN1 Nk cjn- ck thl Y._c KS /`n- nh. cQn ta~ cWR 9:
nh% &aQczKK dRKh1
":t dnh ABR ck 'V 9it Yn Ywnh /vn- Qa/1
"i YwR ch 9: nh% &aQczKK chpR 'V hQc ( dnh1
B: nh% &aQczKK dRKh Y._c chiR aR d<X ( qhN vc= qhN vc qhi Y:n-
&aQczKK v< qhN vc pn- /`n- &aQczKK1 C, hRi qhN vc Y._c thi|t q| 9,Q v c8c 9it
-hi v< YJc-hi1
TaQn- qhi c8c n-xt v< &aQczKK cQn Y._c -Ji= YwR ch ta, vc cWR CQNntza
&aQczKK !C Y._c d.N tam taQn- StRcq1 StRcq Y._c Ywnh &hhn taQn- /m diN tsn-
nN8t SRA"= vo vt\ qrch th.%c STACK Y._c hvn ch| 9i qrch th.%c SRA" tsn-
v< c8ch KS /`n- cWR nk1 Tbt c, c8c &aQczKK KS /`n- &h,i qhi tvQ -i8 taw YhN chQ
StRcq !Qitza ta.%c qhi &aQczKK cQn hQc n-xt Y._c -Ji1 StRcq !Qitza Y._c YJc-hi
Y._c KS /`n- taQn- qhUn- -iRn IO1 6m diN SRA" ck thl /T /<n- Y._c taN\ gNbt
nNR > c8ch Y8nh YwR ch qh8c nhRN h: ta_ taQn- qi|n tayc ABR1 KhUn- -iRn 9: nh%
taQn- qi|n tayc ABR d< tbt c, nhmn- 9,n Y[ 9: nh% &hs 9i|n tN\|n trnh1 ":t XQ/Ndz
n-xt dinh hQvt ck nhmn- thRnh -hi YicN qhiln taQn- qhUn- -iRn IO v%i X:t n-xt
'
tQ<n c`c chQ &h& n-xt taQn- thRnh -hi tavn- th8i1 Tbt c, c8c n-xt YcN ck vzctQa n-xt
ain- 9it taQn- 9,n- vzctQa n-xt1 wR ch vzctQa n-xt c<n- thb& nN\cn .N tin n-xt
c<n- cRQ1
KhUn- -iRn 9: nh% IO chpR V* YwR ch chQ c8c chpc n]n- n-Qvi vi C!2 nh.
thRnh -hi YicN qhiln=S!I= v< X:t KM chpc n]n- IO qh8c1
Hnh , - S khi "+u t./" 19m6ga17
(1(1(1' A$2 ) AaithXztic $Q-ic 2nit
Thc thi cRQ ABR A$2 hQvt Y:n- taQn- K q|t nMi tac ti|& v%i tbt c, (
thRnh -hi h ta_ d<X vic1 HQvt Y:n- taQn- A$2 Y._c chiR th<nh chpc n]n-
chrnh KM hJc= dQ-ic v< chpc n]n- 9it1
(1(1(1( ThRnh -hi tavn- th8i StRtNK Rz-iKtzaK
(
ChpR thUn- tin vc q|t nN, cWR c8c trnh tQ8n Y._c thc thi -hn nhbt1 Chy
{ StRtNK Rz-iKtza Y._c thR\ Ysi KRN tbt c, c8c &h& trnh tQ8n taQn- A$21
Bit P V > * ( ' @

RzR/aitz R R R R R R R R
Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
Bit P?I chQ &h& n-xt tQ<n c`c1 KhUn- chQ &h& n-.fi KS /`n-
t { gkR1 Ch 9w gkR qhi ck n-xt X%i gNbt hin v< Y._c ch /0n 9i RTI
chQ nhmn- n-xt q| ti|&1 Ck thl Y._c Yt hQc Y._c gkR 9i SI v< C$I1
Bit V?T 9it d.N tam1 Ck thl ch& t BST KRn- B$6 v< n-._c dvi1
Bit >?H Cf nh% nSR H KS /`n- Yl nh% nSR hmN rch taQn- &h& trnh KM
BC61
Bit *?S trn hiN 9it $ u N V
Bit ?6 ( cf ta<n
Bit (?N cf &hW Ywnh1
Bit '? cf zaQ
Bit @?C cf nh%1
(1(1(1 ThRnh -hi X`c Yrch chNn-
ThRnh -hi idz Y._c tMi .N hkR chQ ABR t]n- c.fn- dt& tt& tin1 TaQn- Xnh
dnh Yl Yvt Y._c K thc hin Yi h~i v< trnh tMi .N hkR nhmn- K Y[ v<Q aR Yi\
Y._c h ta_
":t tQ8n hvn- n- aR O 9it v< X:t q|t nN, n- v<Q O 9it1
HRi tQ8n hvn- n- aR O 9it v< X:t q|t nN, n- v<Q O 9it1
HRi tQ8n hvn- n- aR O 9it v< X:t q|t nN, n- v<Q 'V 9it1
I T H S B N C
":t tQ8n hvn- n- aR 'V 9it v< X:t q|t nN, n- v<Q 'V 9it1
Hnh , - -" thanh ghi h: t.; %&m vi" 123 -<=
(1(1(1* CQn ta~ n-]n g|& StRcq &Qintza
Bit '> '* ' '( '' '@ + O

Bit P V > * ( ' @
R R R R R R R R
Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
ThRnh -hi StRcq !Qitza dNUn ta~ Y|n Ynh cWR n-]n g|&1
StRcq !Qitza ta~ Y|n n-]n g|& /m diN SRA" d.N tam nhmn- &aQczKK cQn
v< nhmn- n-xt c`c 9:1 KhQ,n- taMn- taQn- SRA" &h,i Y._c Ywnh n-heR 9i
&aQczKK ta.%c 9bt q &aQczKK cQn n<Q -Ji nk thc thi hQc n-xt n<Q Y._c hQvt
Y:n-1 StRcq !Qitza -i,X Yi ' qhi /m diN Y._c Yu\ dn tan StRcq v%i dnh
!2SH= v< -i,X Yi ( qhi ta, vc YwR ch Y._c Yu\ dn tan StRcq v%i K -Ji
&aQczKK cQn hQc n-xt Y._c -Ji1 StRcq !Qitza t]n- dn ' qhi /m diN Y._c Y.R aR
S!'> S!'* S!' S!'( S!'' S!'@ S!+ S!O
S!P S!V S!> S!* S! S!( S!' S!@
*
qh~i StRcq v%i dnh !O!= v< t]n- dn ( qhi /m diN Y._c Y.R aR qh~i StRcq ta, vc
t &aQczKK cQn RT hQc ta, vc t n-xt RTI1
StRcq !Qitza ABR Y._c 9s gNn- nh. ( thRnh -hi O 9it taQn- qhUn- -iRn
IO1 SM d._n- c8c 9rt Y._c KS /`n- d< K thi h<nh &h` thN:c1 Chy { qhUn- -iRn
/m diN taQn- 9s gNn- cWR qi|n tayc ABR nh~ nn ch KS /`n- thRnh -hi S!$=
taQn- ta.fn- h_& n<\ qhUn- ck thRnh -hi S!H1
(1(1(1> RzKzt v< gS d{ n-xt1
ABR cNn- cb& v<i n-N[n n-xt qh8c nhRN1 C8c n-xt n<\ ck vzctQa RzKzt ain-
9it v%i vzctQa &aQczKK1 Tbt c, c8c n-xt -hi Xpc dQ-ic ' cn- v%i n-]t tQ<n c`c1
TaQn- thRnh -hi tavn- th8i c8c 9it chQ &h& n-xt &h` thN:c -i8 taw CQNntza &aQczKK1
C8c n-xt ck thl t Y:n- 9w cbX qhi qhi Y:n- qhkR 9it B$B@( hQc B$B'(1
Khi X:t n-xt gNbt hin= n-xt tQ<n c`c chQ &h& I?9it gkR v< tbt c, c8c n-xt
cn dvi 9w cbX1 SS /`n- &hhn XcX ck thl -hi dQ-ic ' chQ I?9it chQ &h& n-xt1 Tbt c,
c8c n-xt Y._c chQ &h& ck thl n-xt th.fn- taonh1 I?9it t Y:n- Y._c dt& qhi X:t
dnh n-xt ta dvi thc thi t RTI1
Ck hRi qilN n-xt c 9,n1
KilN ' hQvt Y:n- 9i ' K qin dt& 9i cf n-xt1 B%i Xi n-xt CQNntza
&aQczKK d< X:t vzctQa t%i vzctQa n-xt hin tvi taQn- thp t thc thi= &hhn cpn-
K gkR cf n-xt1 C8c cf n-xt ck thl 9w gkR 9i -hi dQ-ic ' t%i vw tar 9it cf Yl
gkR1 N|N YicN qin X:t n-xt gNbt hin taQn- qhi chQ &h& n-xt 9it 9w gkR tho
cf n-xt K Y._c dt& v< nh% Y|n qhi n-xt chQ &h& hQc cf n-xt 9w gkR 9i
&hhn XcX1 T.n- t= YicN qin Yl c8c n-xt gNbt hin taQn- qhi 9it
GIGdQ9Rd IntzaaN&t nR9dz 9w gkR tho cf nh% K dt& v< nh% Y|n qhi 9it GI
Y._c dt&1
KilN ( c8c n-xt K Y._c hQvt Y:n- n|N YicN qin Yl n-xt ck Xt1 Nhmn-
n-xt n<\ qhUn- chn ck cf n-xt1 N|N YicN qin n-xt qhUn- gNbt hin ta.%c qhi
n-xt chQ &h& n-xt K qhUn- Y._c hQvt Y:n-1
Khi ABR thQ8t qh~i ' n-xt= nk K dNUn ta, vc &aQczKK chrnh v< thc thi hn
X:t dnh ta.%c qhi tvX /n- n-xt1 Chy { thRnh -hi tavn- th8i qhUn- t Y:n- d.N tam
>
qhi v<Q X:t thW t`c n-xt v< cjn- qhUn- t &h`c h[i qhi thQ8t aR qh~i thW t`c1 Khi KS
/`n- dnh C$I Yl cbX c8c n-xt tho n-xt K qhUn- tac ti|& 9w cbX1 KhUn- ck n-xt
Y._c thc thi KRN dnh C$I n-R\ c, qhi gNbt hin Y[n- thfi v%i dnh1 DzX vr /`
KRN
Ghi 9n- AKKzX9d\
Ghi 9n- C
Khi KS /`n- dnh SI chQ &h& n-xt
Ghi 9n- AKKzX9d\
Ghi 9n- C
(1(1(1V N-xt Y8& pn- dvi thfi -iRn
N-xt thc thi Y8& pn- chQ tbt c, c8c n-xt chQ &h& cWR ABR d< * chN q
gNn- tMi thilN1 SRN * chN q gNn- vzctQa &aQczKK thX YwR ch chQ n-xt YRn- hQvt
Y:n- taQn- &aQczKK cQn thc thi1 TaQn- qhQ,n- thfi -iRn n<\ 9: nh% &aQczKK K Yu\
V
dn tan StRcq1 BzctQa n-xt nh,\ Y|n n-xt taQn- &aQczKK cQn v< dnh n-xt n<\ K Y.R
aR chN q gNn-1 N|N X:t n-xt gNbt hin taQn- qhi thc thi nhicN chN taonh dnh=
tho dnh K Y._c ta.%c qhi n-xt Y._c thc hin1 N|N X:t n-xt gNbt hin qhi "C2
ch| Y: n-W= n-xt thc thi \N chN thfi -iRn t]n- 9i * chN q gNn-1
Ta vc t n-xt &aQczKK cQn Y.R aR/ * chN q gNn- 9: Y|X ch.n- taonh K
Y._c Y.R aR t StRcq= StRcq !Qitza t]n- thX ( v< I?9it taQn- SRG Y._c dt&1
cIcIem BC 2-b
!hhn n<\ XU t, c8c 9: nh% qh8c nhRN taQn- AtXz-R'V1 Ki|n tayc ABR ck (
9: nh% chrnh 9: nh% /m diN v< 9: nh% &aQczKK1 Bs gNn- thX v<Q Yc trnh ABR
X:t 9: nh% !RO" d.N tam /m diN1
(1(11' H thMn- 9: nh% dt& taonh dvi dRKh
AtXz-R'V chpR 'V K 9\tzK On?Chi& taQn- h thMn- 9: nh% dt& taonh dvi
dRKh Yl d.N tam &aQczKK1 ChQ ABR 'V hQc ( 9it tho 9: nh% dRKh d< OK'V1 B:
nh% dRKh ck qh, n]n- -hi gkR '@@@ dhn chQ Xi vn-1 AtXz-R'V ck CQNntza '
9it cn- v%i OK YwR ch &aQczKK1
Hnh , - S 0' nh p.o"6**
(1(11( B: nh% /m diN SRA"
P
Ck t%i ''(@ YwR ch U nh% chQ 9: nh% nht& gNbt= thRnh -hi idz v< SRA"
n:i1 +V Y.fn- YwR ch YhN tin /<nh ain- chQ thRnh -hi idz v< 9: nh% v<Q aR v< cn
'@(* Y.fn- YwR ch cn dvi chQ SRA" n:i1
Hnh , - S 0' nh #$ %iu
Hnh , - >h$ng "hu k? t.uy @u+t S31A
(1(11 B: nh% /m diN !RO"
O
AtXz-R'V chpR >'( 9\tz 9: nh% /m diN !RO"1 Nk Y._c ts chpc nh.
X:t qhUn- -iRn /m diN ain- 9it= Xi 9\tz Yn ck thl YJc v< -hi1 !RA" ck qh,
n]n- thc hin '@@1@@@ chN q -higkR1 TaN\ gNbt -imR !RA" v< C!2 Y._c XU
t, thzQ Yc t, thRnh -hi YwR ch= thRnh -hi /m diN v< thRnh -hi YicN qhiln !RO"1
Th$nh 'hi 1$ ch^ __WIà :__GIH ! __GIb
Bit '> '* ' '( '' '@ + O

Bit P V > * ( ' @
R R R R R R R R
Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ D
D D D D D D D D
Bit )Wr] v dA9 c8c 9it YZ Y]n- q{ ta.%c1
C8c 9it n<\ K dNUn Y._c YJc d< @1
Bit Zr_ v ""dZr_ YwR ch !RO"1
ThRnh -hi YwR ch !RO" ) ARH v< AR$ XU t, YwR ch !RO"
taQn- >'( 9\tz qhUn- -iRn !RO"1 C8c 9\tz /m diN !RO" Y._c thX v<Q
tN\|n trnh -imR @ v< >''1 Gi8 taw YhN cWR AR d< qhUn- g8c Ywnh1 ":t -i8 taw ain-
&h,i Y._c -hi ta.%c1
(1(111( ThRnh -hi /m diN !RO" 6R
Bit P V > * ( ' @

Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
Bit jr_ v ""#djr_ : !RO" /m diN
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ARO
ARP ARV AR> AR* AR AR( AR' AR@
"SB $SB
+
!RO" -hi hQvt YJn-= thRnh -hi 6R chpR /m diN -hi t%i !RO" taQn-
YwR ch Y.R 9i thRnh -hi AR1 ChQ hQvt Y:n- YJc !RO"= 6R chpR /m diN
YJc n-Q * ( ' @

Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
Bit jrV v dA9 : c8c 9it Y]n- q{ ta.%c
C8c 9it n<\ YZ Y._c Y]n- q{ ta.%c taQn- AtXz-R'V v< dNUn Y._c YJc d< @1
Bit e v ""dI" : !RO" Kn K<n- chQ &h& n-xt
Ghi RI dn ' chQ &h& !RO" Kn K<n- n-xt n|N I?9it taQn- SRG
Y._c dt&1 Ghi RI vc @ K cbX n-xt1 Khi 9w gkR !RO" Kn K<n- &h8t
aR n-xt d< X:t hn- KM n-xt1
Bit c v ""(w" : !RO" ch chQ &h& -hi
Khi Bit " Y._c dt&= dt& v%i * chN q gNn- K -hi /m diN t%i
!RO" tvi YwR ch Y._c chJn1 N|N " @= dt& K qhUn- ck ,nh
h.n-1 Khi " Y._c -hi dn ' 9i &hhn XcX= &hhn cpn- gkR 9it vc @ KRN *
chN q gNn-1
Bit ) v ""w" : !RO" chQ &h& -hi
!RO" chQ &h& -hi trn hiN Y._c -hi trn hiN taR cpN t%i
!RO"1 Khi YwR ch v< /m diN Y.R dn chrnh g8c= 9it &h,i -hi dn '1 Bit
" &h,i -hi dn ' ta.%c qhi dQ-ic ' Y._c -hi chQ 1 C8c 9.%c chn d<X
qhi -hi !RO"1 9.%c v< * ck thl 9~ nNR1
_i Y|n qhi ta vc @1
_i Y|n qhi S!"N taQn- S!"CR ta vc @1
Ghi YwR ch X%i !RO" t%i AR t\ chJn1
? ? ? ? RI " R
*@
Ghi /m diN X%i !RO" t%i AR t\ chJn1
Ghi dQ-ic ' t%i 9it " taQn- qhi -hi taQn- CR vc @1
TaQn- * chN q gNn- Y[n- h[ KRN qhi dt& " -hi dQ-ic ' chQ
1
Bit _ v ""d" : !RO" chQ &h& YJc
Trn hiN chQ &h& YJc R YJc trn hiN taR cpN t%i !RO"1 Khi YwR ch
Yyn- tho dt& dn thRnh -hi AR= 9it R &h,i -hi dQ-ic ' Yl qhi Y:n-
!RO" YJc1 S taN\ gNbt !RO" YJc chn ' dnh v< \N chN /m diN ck -i8 taw
tac ti|&1 Khi !RO" Y._c YJc C!2 9w /n- taQn- * chN q ta.%c qhi dnh ti|&
Y._c thc thi1 N-.fi KS /`n- chn &h,i qilX taR 9it ta.%c thRQ t8c YJc1 N|N
-hi hQvt Y:n- taQn- ti|n taonh tho qhUn- c8i n<Q ck thl YJc !RO"= cjn- qhUn-
thl thR\ Ysi thRnh -hi AR1 B: /RQ Y:n- chNun Y._c KS /`n- Yl db\ thfi -iRn
taN\ gNbt !RO"1
(1(11* B: nh% IO
Tbt c, c8c AtXz-R'V IO v< c8c thi|t 9w n-Qvi vi taQn- qhUn- -iRn IO1 Bw tar
IO Y._c taN\ gNbt 9i dnh IN v< O2T= K chN\ln /m diN -imR ( thRnh -hi h ta_
d<X vic v< qhUn- -iRn IO1 Nhmn- thRnh -hi IO thN:c &hvX vi YwR ch @@ ? '
d< 9rt taN\ gNbt tac ti|& KS /`n- c8c dnh SBI v< CBI1 TaQn- c8c thRnh -hi -i8 taw
c8c 9it Yn Y._c qilX taR 9i c8c dnh SBI v< CBI1
*'
C-à23 e : N35fg2 tT6 >i5 /-i?2 @A; SO thK2
eI)m Ci5 thx6 = 235fg2 @y 6iD 235U2 6-8 @A; SO thK2
$z/ XR tatn 9RQ -[X c8c dz/ Yn Y._c g|& th<nh h<n- v< c:t 1 C8c dz/ Yn
taQn- cn- X:t h<n- tho Y._c nMi chNn- RnQt cRtQt cn taQn- cn- X:t c:t tho
Y._c nMi chNn- cRtQt RnQt1 6Q Yk Yl c8c dz/ ck thl K8n- tR &h,i cb& n-N[n chQ dz/
nh. KRN cb& Xpc cRQ thb& chQ h<n- v< Xpc thb& cRQ chQ c:t1
Hnh B - C6# ma t.Dn "hung anot
B%i c8ch Kx& g|& nh. tan tvi X:t thfi YilX tR qhUn- thl hiln thw X:t qr t
v%i tan ( h<n- ( c:t tan XR tatn1 6Q Yk Yl ck thl hiln thw X:t qr t tan dz/ XR
*(
tatn tho tR &h,i d_i /`n- hin t._n- d.N ,nh tan vn- Xvc1 TR &h,i Yl chQ tn-
h<n- c:t cWR qr t dhn d._t qin thw tan dz/ XR tatn v%i thn KM cRQ1 Ta.%c tin tR
&h,i g8c Ywnh Xpc dQ-ic chn cb& chQ tn- h<n- c:t cWR dz/ XR tatn Yl hiln thw q{
t a[i d.N c8c -i8 taw dQ-ic n<\ dvi1 SRN Yk qhi chn hiln thw q{ t tho tR dhn d._t Y.R
c8c -i8 taw n<\ aR c8c chin cb& n-N[n chQ h<n- c:t Y[n- thfi cb& n-N[n chQ c:t
h<n- t.n- pn- v%i nk1
eIcm N35fg2 tT6 tk8 z82t 6-{ -i?2 t-B
l c` thl hn tR gt vr /` hiln thw chm R tan dz/ XR tatn OgO thzQ c8ch nNt
dhn d._t tn- c:t XR tatn1 6Q nNt thzQ tn- c:t nn tR K &h,i g8c Ywnh Xpc dQ-ic
chn cb& chQ tbt c, c8c dz/ taQn- tn- c:t1 Gi, thi|t c8c dz/ cn- h<n- Xxc chNn-
RnQt= c8c dz/ taQn- cn- X:t c:t Xxc chNn- cRtQt1 Khi Yk n|N XNMn X:t dz/ n<Q Yk
taQn- c:t K8n- tho tR &h,i cb& Yin 8& Xpc cRQ v<Q h<n- t.n- pn-1
EFng B - 9(o Gont "h$ "ho k tH

Nhon v<Q
9,n- tan tR thb\
XNMn hiln thw chm
R &h,i cb& n-N[n
chQ c8c dz/ taQn-
tn- c:t nh. KRN
C:t > $ = H = H = $ = $ = $ = H = $
H H H H
H H
H H
H H H H
H H
H H
H H
*
C:t * H = $ = $ = H = $ = H = $ = $
C:t H = $ = $ = H = H = $ = $ = $
C:t ( H = $ = $ = H = $ = $ = $ = $
C:t ' H = H = H = H = H = H = H = $
C8c dz/ taQn- c8c c:t qh8c Y._c cb& Yin 8& Xpc thb& 1
C8c -i8 taw n<\ chn Y._c d.N dvi taQn- 9: nh% cWR vi YicN qhiln Yl qhi chn tR
ck thl db\ aR1 TR ck thl d.N c8c -i8 taw n<\ th<nh tn- 9\tz taQn- 9: nh% thzQ tatt t
t h<n- ' t%i h<n- O hR\ n-._c dvi1 Br /` c:t ' tR d.N thzQ thp t t h<n- X:t t%i O
tho d.N -i8 taw @OH cn n|N n-._c dvi tho d< PH 1
Bic XZ hkR Qnt &h` thN:c v<Q c8ch cb& n-N[n chQ XR tatn dz/1 N|N tR cb&
n-N[n chQ tn- c:t cWR XR tatn dz/ K8n- dhn d._t tho Qnt chm &h,i d.N c8c -i8 taw
dQ-ic XZ hkR c8ch ct& n-N[n chQ tbt c, c8c dz/ taQn- c:t Yk1 Gi, KS tR XZ hkR Qnt V
c:t O h<n- > c:t XZ hkR chm ' c:t tvQ qhQ,n- c8ch ( chm q| ti|& nh. YZ nN taQn-
n-N\n txc YicN qhiln dz/ tho Xi qr t chn V 9\tz /m diN Yl d.N1
eIem i5 /-i?2 -i?2 t-B @A; SO thK2
l tin chQ vic taN\ gNbt /m diN tR ck thl qhRi 98Q ' X,n- taQn- 9: nh%
dRKh cWR AtXz-R'V d.N c8c /m diN n<\1 Khi Yk YwR ch YhN cWR /m diN XZ hkR (
q{ t -hn nhRN tho c8ch nhRN c8ch nhRN V1 Bo vt\ qhi 9i|t Y._c vw tar cWR ' qr t
taQn- Qnt tho tR ck thl g8c Ywnh YwR ch cWR /m diN XZ hkR qr t Yk1 Tan c K Yk
tR ck thl /T /<n- gNbt /m diN cWR qr t chn hiln thw aR 1
SRN qhi g8c Ywnh Y._c c8c Xpc dQ-ic chn cb& chQ XR tatn dz/ tho tR ck thl
ti|n h<nh YicN qhiln nN8 taonh cb& n-N[n chQ dz/ XR tatn Yl ck Y._c honh ,nh nh. {
XNMn1 Bic cb& n-N[n chQ dz/ XR tatn &h` thN:c v<Q c8ch XZ hkR /m diN thzQ
tn- h<n- hR\ thzQ tn- c:t cWR XR tatn1 N|N /m diN XZ hkR d< c8c h<n- taQn- '
c:t h<n- tho tvi X:t thfi YilX tR ch cb& n-N[n chQ X:t c:t h<n- 1 ^N8 taonh YicN
qhiln hiln thw dz/ XR tatn OgO thzQ tn- c:t h<n- 9RQ -[X c8c 9.%c KRN
? B' $b\ X0N /m diN db\ c8c /m diN vc Xpc dQ-ic chn cb& chQ c8c c:t
h<n- cWR XR tatn
? B( Bxt YhN v%i c:t i'1
**
? B Cb& n-N[n chQ c:t i
? B* DNbt /m diN t.n- pn- v%i c:t Yk YZ Y._c db\ X0N t ta.%c Yl cb&
n-N[n chQ c8c h<n- cWR XR tatn
? B> ii' nNR\ dvi 9.%c ( n|N iO =n|N qhUn- tho nNR\ dvi 9.%c
Bxt YhN
iO
$b\ X0N /m diN
i'
DNbt /m diN cWR
c, c:t i aR
P*HC>+>
ii'
T
ChMt /m diN c:t i
Hnh B - CIu thuDt ton "+p ngun "ho ma t.Dn %6#
*>

N|N ch YicN qhiln ' KM d._n- dz/ XR tatn nh~ tho tR ck thl /n- tac ti|& c8c
chin cWR vi YicN qhiln Yl YicN qhiln vic cb& n-N[n chQ dz/ XR tatn1 N|N XR tatn
d%n hn tho tR &h,i /n- c8c 9: -hi /wch Yl cb& n-N[n chQ dz/ XR tatn1
l honh ,nh tan dz/ XR tatn hiln thw a a<n- qhUn- 9w nh8\ tR chn &h,i YicN
qhiln thn KM nNt dz/ XR tatn1 Ck thl /n- c8c 9: Ywnh thfi cWR vi YicN qhiln Yl
YicN qhiln thfi YilX cb& n-N[n chQ dz/ XR tatn tvQ thn KM nNt1
TkX dvi Yl YicN qhiln dz/ XR tatn tR YhN tin tR chn &h,i g8c Ywnh Y._c
&h.n- &h8& cb& n-N[n chQ XR tatn cb& n-N[n thzQ tn- c:t hR\ tn- h<n- 1 SRN
qhi YZ g8c Ywnh Y._c &h.n- &h8& cb& n-N[n tR chn &h,i gi\ /n- Qnt chm chQ
&h h_& v%i c8ch cb& n-N[n1 T Yi\ tR ck thl ti|n h<nh YicN qhiln vic cb& n-N[n
chQ XR tatn Yl /n- chm tan XR tatn hiln thw nh. XQn- XNMn1
*V
C-à23 V: i5 /-i?2 6iD 235U2 6-8 @A; SO thK2
Ch.n- n<\ K taonh 9<\ vc c8ch YicN qhiln cb& n-N[n chQ XR tatn KS /`n-
&h.n- &h8& cb& n-N[n thzQ tn- c:t1 Bic YicN qhiln cb& n-N[n chQ c8c c:t Y._c
thc hin 9n- c8ch KS /`n- IC P*HC'O1 C8c h<n- cWR XR tatn K Y._c ct& n-N[n
9n- c8ch KS /`n- 9: -hi /wch P*HC>+>1 C8c /m diN XZ hkR Qnt Y._c taN\cn nMi
ti|& t vi YicN qhiln t%i 9: -hi /wch 9n- c8ch KS /`n- S!I 1
VI)m i5 /-i?2 6iD 235U2 6-8 6Ct ;|23 jVHC)eZ
VI)I)m C-\6 2}23 6NO jVHC)eZ
S Y[ chin cWR P*HC'O *

Hnh J - S "h8n KJH-1BL
IC P*HC'O d< 9: -i, XZ YhN v<Q A@=A'=A( O YhN aR &hW Ywnh 3@ Y|n
3P 1 Nk ck YhN v<Q chQ &h& ( YhN v<Q trch cc thb&
' =
( v< X:t YhN v<Q
trch cc Xpc cRQ 1 Tbt c, c8c YhN aR cWR P*HC'O K Xpc cRQ ta qhi
' =
(
Xpc thb& v< Xpc cRQ1 Khi c8c YhN v<Q
' =
( Xpc thb& v< Xpc cRQ
tho YhN aR cWR P*HC'O K Y._c nN\|t Ywnh 9i YhN v<Q 1
*P
EFng J - -hM" nNmg ho(t 'ng "5a KJH-1BL
hN v<Q hN aR
' (
A@ A' A( 3@ 3' 3( 3 3* 3> 3V 3P
H
D
D
D
H
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
$
$
$
$
H
H
H
H
$
$
H
H
$
$
H
H
$
H
$
H
$
H
$
H
$
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
$
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
$
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
$
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
$
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
$
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
$
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
$
VI)Icm $: ;<23 jVHC)eZ >? 6iD 235U2 6-8 676 6Ct SO thK2
ThzQ n-N\n txc nNt XR tatn dz/ tho tvi Xi thfi YilX tR ch cb& n-N[n chQ
X:t c:t cWR XR tatn /Q Yk ck thl /Nn- P*HC'O Yl cb& n-N[n chQ c8c c:t cWR XR
tatn 1 C8c YhN v<Q A@=A'=A( cWR P*HC'O K Y._c nMi v%i c8c chin cWR vi YicN
qhiln= c8c YhN aR cWR P*HC'O Y._c nMi v%i c8c c:t cWR XR tatn dz/ thUn- nNR X:t
csn- &hW Ywnh hQc c8c 9: YX /n- cb& n-N[n chQ c:t = cn c8c chin
' =
(
Y._c nMi Ybt= nMi /.n- n-N[n 1ThUn- nNR vic -Si trn hiN t vi YicN qhiln t%i
c8c chin YhN v<Q cWR P*HC'O tR ck thl chJn Y._c c:t chn cb& n-N[n 1
*O
Hnh J - OhPp ni KJH-1BL vi vi #iu khin # "+p ngun "ho "'t "5a ma t.Dn
Khi X a:n- XR tatn tR t]n- thX KM d._n- IC Yl cb& n-N[n chQ tbt c, c8c
c:t= c8c IC n<\ ck thl cn- nMi chNn- hQc ain- chin YicN qhiln1 HQc ch KS /`n-
X:t IC nh.n- cb& n-N[n Y[n- thfi chQ tbt c, c8c XR tatn= qhi Yk X:t chin cWR IC
K Y._c nMi v%i c8c c:t cWR c8c XR tatn qh8c nhRN 1
*+
VIcm i5 /-i?2 6iD 235U2 6-8 -23 ;|23 jVHCW]W
VIcI)m C-\6 2}23 6NO jVHCW]W
P*HC>+> > d< 9: -hi /wch O 9rt -[X ck
' YhN v<Q chQ &h& O
' YhN v<Q chJn thRnh -hi /wch
"R

' YhN v<Q /m diN nMi ti|& 6S
' YhN v<Q cb& gNn- chQ thRnh -hi /wch SHC!
' YhN v<Q cb& gNn- chQ thRnh -hi chpR STC!
O YhN aR tavn- th8i ^' Y|n ^P v< ^P
Hnh J - S "h8n KJH-QRQ
>@
EFng J - -hM" nNng ho(t 'ng "5a KJH-QRQ
hN v<Q hN aR Chpc n]n-
SHC! STC!
O "R
6S ^P ^n
D D $ $ D $ qY
"R Xpc thb& /m diN ch /wch
taQn- thRnh -hi /wch YhN aR
qhUn- Ysi tavn- th8i
D

$ $ D $ $ DkR thRnh -hi /ich nv& /m diN
v<Q thRnh -hi chpR
D D H $ D $ DkR thRnh -hi /wch YhN aR
tavn- th8i ta qh8n- cRQ
D $ H H ^V qY
6wch chN\ln tavn- th8i cRQ v<Q
thRnh -hi /wch= -i8 taw ta.%c Yk
cWR 9rt thp V taQn- thRnh -hi
/wch Y._c chN\ln KRn- YhN aR
^P
D

$ H D qY ^n
N:i /`n- cWR thRnh -hi /wch
Y._c chN\ln KRn- thRnh -hi
chpR v< chN\ln KRn- YhN aR

$ H D ^V ^n
6wch chN\ln n:i /Nn- cWR
thRnh -hi /wch Y[n- thfi n:i
/Nn- cWR thRnh -hi /wch cj
Y._c chN\ln v<Q thRnh -hi
chpR v< c8c YhN aR KQn- KQn-

VIcIcm $: ;<23 jVHCW]W>? 6iD 235U2 6-8 676 -23 6NO SO thK2
Khi /n- P*HC>+> Yl cb& n-N[n chQ XR tatn dz/ tR nMi c8c YhN aR KQn- KQn-
cWR P*HC>+> v%i c8c chin cb& n-N[n chQ h<n- cWR XR tatn1 [n- thfi &h,i KS
>'
/`n- chin cWR vi YicN qhiln Yl nMi v%i c8c chin 6S=SHC!=STC! cWR
P*HC>+>1 C8c 9it /m diN XZ hkR Xpc dQ-ic chn cb& chQ c8c h<n- cWR ' c:t XR tatn
K Y._c taN\cn din ti|& 6S cWR P*HC>+>1 l Y[n- 9: 9it tho vi YicN qhiln Xi qhi
gNbt ' 9it t%i chin 6S K &h8t X:t gNn- ck K.fn /.n- v<Q chin SHC!1 SRN qhi
taN\cn gQn- h|t /m diN= Yl c8c dz/ tan c:t K8n- tho tR &h,i chN\ln /m diN taQn-
thRnh -hi /wch v<Q c8c YhN aR cWR P*HC>+> 9n- c8ch cb& ' gNn- K.fn /.n- v<Q
chin STT!1 Chy { Yl IC ck thl hQvt Y:n- v< Yu\ /m diN aR c8c chin YhN aR tho
chin O &h,i nMi Ybt= chin
"R
nMi /.n- n-N[n1
Hnh J - OhPp ni KJH-QRQ vi vi iu khin "+p ngun "ho h&ng "5a ma
t.Dn
Khi X a:n- XR tatn dz/ tR -h& nhicN P*HC>+> nMi ti|& nhRN c8c chin
SHC! Y._c nMi chNn- v%i ' n-N[n cb& gNn-= c8c chin STC! cjn- Y._c nMi
chNn- v%i nhRN= YhN aR ^P cWR IC &hrR ta.%c Y._c nMi v%i YhN v<Q 6S cWR IC ti|&
thzQ1 Khi Yk /m diN K Y._c /wch Y[n- 9: t IC n<\ KRn- IC qh8c v< YhN aR cWR c8c
IC cjn- Y._c chMt Y[n- 9:1
>(
Hnh J - OhPp ni tip "" S- KJH-QRQ
>
VIem Th5f2 ;{ @iE5 6iD 235U2 6-8 -23 9: ;<23 $PI
VIeI)m AtSA3O)* $PI
l taN\cn /m diN t vi YicN qhiln v<Q 9: -hi /wch tR ck thl /n- X:t YQvn
ch.n- taonh &hhn XcX dt& taonh chQ vi YicN qhiln taN\cn tn- 9it cWR /m diN1 TN\
nhin AtXz-R'V ck &hhn cpn- h ta_ vic taN\cn /m diN nMi ti|& v%i c8c thi|t 9w
n-Qvi vi S!I1
R S Y[ qhMi v< c8c ch| Y: S!I
Hnh J - S khi "5a S<S

TR ck thl thi|t dt& S!I ( ch| Y: "RKtza v< SdRvz
ch| Y: SdRvz= chin SdRvz Szdzct SS &h,i Yt d< YhN v<Q 1Khi chin n<\ 9w
qQ gNMn- Xpc thb& tho S!I K hQvt Y:n-= chin "ISO ck thl Yt d<X YhN aR= c8c
chin qh8c d< YhN v<Q1 Khi chin SS Y._c qQ dn Xpc cRQ Xpc cRQ S!I n-n-
nhtn /m diN t 9n n-Q*
Y|X 9it cWR KdRvz Y[n- 9: v%i 9: &h8t gNn- cWR XRKtza1 Khi SS 9w qQ dn Xpc cRQ
tho S!I KdRvz K t8i dt& dvi Xpc dQ-ic taN\cn v< nhtn= Y[n- thfi gkR /m diN YZ nhtn
taQn- thRnh -hi /wch1
ch| Y: "RKtza= tR ck thl Yt SS d<X YhN aR hR\ v<Q t\ {
N|N SS Y._c Yt d<X YhN aR tho nk qhUn- d<X ,nh h.n- tki S!I = nk ch ck t8c
/`n- YicN qhiln Xpc dQ-ic chQ chin SS cWR S!I KdRvz1
N|N SS Y._c Yt d<X YhN v<Q tho nk &h,i Y._c -im Xpc cRQ Yl Y,X 9,Q c8c
hQvt Y:n- cWR S!I XRKtza1 N|N S!I 9w qQ gNMn- Xpc thb& 9i thi|t 9w n-Qvi vi tho
nk K hilN Yk d< X:t "RKtza qh8c nn K Yt dvi S!I ch| Y: SdRvz v< 9xt YhN taN\cn
/m diN1 l ta8nh gNn- Y:t taQn- nN8 taonh n<\ S!I ti|n h<nh c8c thW t`c KRN
? DkR 9it "STR taQn- thRnh -hi S!CR Yl S!I ch| Y: SdRvz1 6Q Yk c8c chin
"OSI v< SCK ta th<nh YhN v<Q1
? Thi|t dt& Xpc cRQ chQ cf S!I taQn- thRnh -hi S!CR1 N|N n-xt S!I v< n-xt
tQ<n c`c Y._c chQ &h& tho nN8 taonh n-xt K Y._c thc hin1
9 C8c thRnh -hi S!I
ThRnh -hi /icN qhiln ? S!CR
Bit P V > * ( ' @

Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
Bit P ? S!I S!I IntzaN&t nR9dz
N-xt S!I K Y._c thc hin n|N cf S!I taQn- S!SR Y._c thi|t dt& v< n-xt
tQ<n c`c Y._c chQ &h&1
Bit V ? S! S!I nR9dz
Bit n<\ &h,i Y._c Yt Xpc cRQ Yl S!I ck thl hQvt Y:n-
Bit > ? 6OR6 6RtR Oa/za
Khi 6OR6 Xpc cRQ tho 9it $SB Y._c taN\cn ta.%c
Khi 6OR6 Xpc thb& tho 9it "SB Y._c taN\cn ta.%c
S!I S! 6OR6 "STR C!O$ C!HA S!R' S!R@
>>
Bit * ? "STR "RKtzaSdRvz Szdzct
Bit ck t8c /`n- chJn ch| Y: chQ S!I "RKtza n|N Xpc cRQ= SdRvz n|N Xpc
thb&1 N|N chin SS Y._c Yt d<X YhN v<Q tho qhi chin n<\ 9w qQ gNMn- Xpc thb& tho
"STR K 9w gkR v< S!I Y._c thi|t dt& Xpc cRQ1 6Q /k n-.fi /n- K &h,i Yt
"STR ta dvi Xpc cRQ n|N XNMn ti|& t`c KS /`n- ch| Y: "RKtza1
Bit ) C!O$ CdQcq !QdRait\
Khi 9it n<\ Y._c -hi ' tho SCK Xpc cRQ qhi ai= n-._c dvi tho SCK Xpc
thb& qhi ai1
EFng J - -hM" nNng "5a 0it -<TC
C!O$ $zR/in- /-z TaRidin- /-z
@ RiKin- Ridin-
' Ridin- RiKin-
Bit ( ) C!HA CdQcq !hRKz
D8c Ywnh vic db\ X0N /m diN tan K.fn ta.%c hR\ KRN cWR SCK

EFng J - -hM" nNng "5a 0it -<H1
C!HA $zR/in- /-z TaRidin- /-z
@ SRX&dz SztN&
' SztN& SRX&dz
Bit'=@ ) S!R'=S!R@ S!I CdQcq RRtz Szdzct ' Rn/ @
icN qhiln tMc Y: cWR SCK ch| Y: "RKtza 1 ^NRn h -imR SCK
v< thn KM -iRQ Y:n- QKc Y._c thl hin nh. KRN
EFng J - Uuan h gi$a tVn * S-K v& tVn * giao 'ng
>V
S!I(D S!R' S!R@ Thn KM SCK
@ @ @ QKc*
@ @ ' QKc'V
@ ' @ QKcV*
@ ' ' QKc'(O
' @ @ QKc(
' @ ' QKcO
' ' @ QKc(
' ' ' QKcV*
ThRnh -hi tavn- th8i ) S!SR
Bit P V > * ( ' @

Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
Bit P ) S!I S!I IntzaaN&t dR-
SRN qhi q|t thyc vic /m diN= cf S!I Y._c thi|t dt&1 N-xt K g,\ aR n|N n-xt S!I
v< n-xt tQ<n c`c Y._c chQ &h&1
Bit V ) CO$ aitz CO$iKiQn dR-
._c thi|t dt& n|N S!6R Y._c -hi /m diN qhi YRn- taN\cn /m diN1 S Y._c gkR
KRN qhi thRnh -hi tavn- th8i Y._c qilX taR1
Bit >11' KhUn- Y._c /n- taQn- AtXz-R'V
Bit @ S!I(D 6QN9dz S!I S&zz/ Bit
SS /`n- qX v%i S!R'= S!R@ Yl g8c Ywnh thn KM cWR SCK
ThRnh -hi /m diN ) S!6R
Bit P V > * ( ' @
S!I CO$ ? ? ? ? ? S!I(D
"SB $SB
>P
Khi tvQ D D D D D D D D
ChpR /m diN chn taN\cn v< nhtn 1
VIeIcm T-i.t @KD $PI th5f2 ;{ @iE5 6-8 jVHCW]W
l q|t nMi S!I -imR AtXz-R'V v< P*HC>+> tR chn nMi chin SCK cWR vi YicN
qhiln v%i chin SHC! cWR P*HC>+>= nMi chin "OSI cWR vi YicN qhiln v%i chin
6S cWR P*HC>+>1 N-Q+> Yl chMt /m diN tvi YhN aR cWR P*HC>+>1
Hnh J - OhPp ni vi iu khin vi KJH-QRQ *W #Xng S<S
6Q vic -iRQ ti|& -imR vi YicN qhiln v< P*HC>+> ch d< nN8 taonh taN\cn /m
diN t vi YicN qhiln Y|n P*HC>+> nn tR ck thl thi|t dt& chQ S!I ch| Y: XRKtza
v%i c8ch Kx& g|& /m diN thzQ tatt t 9it ck taJn- KM cRQ tho XZ hkR chQ h<n- tan
v< c8c YhN aR cWR P*HC>+> cjn- Y._c nMi v%i c8c chin cWR XR tatn dz/ thzQ tatt t
tan tho tR Yt 9it 6OR6@ 1
C8c -i8 taw chn nv& chQ thRnh -hi
>O
S!CR@g>@
S!SR@g@@
SRN Yk taQn- ch.n- taonh Xi qhi XNMn -Si ' 9\tz n<Q Yk aR tR ck thl /n-
dnh taQn- CQ/zBiKiQnABR
K&i9\tz
$nh n<\ chQ &h& -Si ' 9\tz t vi YicN qhiln nNR chin "OSI t%i thi|t 9w
n-Qvi vi1SRN Yk n|N XNMn chMt /m diN tR chn &h,i KS /`n- ' thW t`c Yl -Si ' K.fn
/.n- t%i chin STC! cWR P*HC>+> thUn-
vQi/ dRtch/RtR -
!ORTB1@
!ORTB1'

VIem K.t @5K2
Khi cb& n-N[n chQ XR tatn t\ thzQ qrch th.%c cWR XR tatn X< tR ck thl KS
/`n- nhicN &h.n- &h8& qh8c nhRN1 B%i c8c XR tatn YW nh~ tR ck thl KS /`n- c8c
chin cWR vi YicN qhiln Yl tac ti|& YicN qhiln vic cb& n-N[n chQ XR tatn1 B%i XR
tatn d%n tho chn &h,i /n- c8c IC h ta_ chQ vic YicN qhiln cb& n-N[n chQ XR tatn1
Khi cb& n-N[n chQ XR tatn thzQ tn- c:t tho tR ck thl KS /`n- c8c IC ck t8c /`n-
chJn qnh Yl cb& n-N[n chQ XR tatn= tvi Xi thfi YilX Xi IC n<\ ch cb& n-N[n
chQ ' c:t cWR XR tatn 1 Mi v%i c8c h<n- taQn- c:t tho tR ck thl /n- c8c 9: -hi /wch
Yl cb& n-N[n1 Khi cb& n-N[n tho tR chn chy { vic cb& &h8t /m diN cWR c8c h<n-
&h,i t.n- pn- v%i c:t Y._c cb& n-N[n1
>+
C-à23W: Tk8 tR2 9J 45Mt 6-8 SO thK2
l Y,X 9,Q chQ honh ,nh hiln thw a nt tho tR chn &h,i YicN chnh thn KM hiln
thw chQ &h h_& 1 Thn KM hiln thw c<n- cRQ tho honh ,nh c<n- a nt 1 6n- 9: Ywnh
thfi cWR vi YicN qhiln -iy& tR ck thl YicN qhiln thn KM hiln thw cWR XR tatn dz/1 "i
qhi n-xt Ywnh thfi Y._c thc hin tho tR K chQ X:t c:t cWR XR tatn K8n- 1 ^NR Yk tR
ck thl trnh Y._c thn KM hiln thw cWR XR tatn 9n- 'O thn KM n-xt1 Ch.n- K -i%i
thiN vc X:t KM ch| Y: cWR TiXza' v< c8c thRnh -hi /n- Yl thi|t dt& ch| Y: = KRN Yk
K taonh 9<\ vc c8ch thi|t dt& thRnh -hi /n- chQ vic YicN qhiln thn KM nNt dz/ XR
tatn1
WI)m TiSAh) AtSA3O)*
WI)I)m (Ct 9J 6-. >C -8kt >C23
Ta.%c tin tR chn chy { c8c Ywnh n-heR KRN
BOTTO" CQNntza t%i BOTTO" qhi nk ck /vn- @g@@@@1
"AD CQNntza t%i "AD qhi nk ck /vn- @g1
TO! qhi CQNntza t%i TO! qhi -i8 taw cWR nk 9n- -i8 taw cRQ
nhbt taQn- h<n- Y|X1 Gi8 taw TO! ck thl Y._c -8n d< ' taQn- c8c -i8
taw cM Ywnh qh8c KRN @g@@= @g@'= @g@ hQc d< -i8 taw d.N
taQn- OCR'A hQc thRnh -hi ICR'1 Bic -8n -i8 taw TO! &h` thN:c
v<Q ch| Y: hQvt Y:n-1
R Ch| Y: thUn- th.fn-
Ch| Y: hQvt Y:n- Yn -i,n nhbt cWR TiXza d< ch| Y: th.fn- G"'@
@1 TaQn- ch| Y: n<\ 9: Y|X dNUn Y|X dn v< qhUn- Y._c gkR1 B: Y|X ta<n qhi
Y|X nNR -i8 taw XRg "AD @g v< ta dvi BOTTO" @g@@@@1 TaQn- ch| Y:
n<\ TiXzaCQNntza OvzadQ dR- TOB' K Y._c thi|t dt& n-R\ qhi TCNT' ta vc
@1 TaQn- ta.fn- h_& n<\ cf TOB' hQvt /:n- nh. 9it thp 'P cWR 9: Y|X nn nk
qhUn- t gkR1 TN\ nhin qhi q|t h_& v%i n-xt ta<n TiXza cf n<\ ck thl t Y:n- gkR=
Y: &hin -i,i cWR TiXza ck thl t]n- dn 9i &hhn XcX1
V@
KhMi 9xt trn hiN YhN v<Q qh8 /T KS /`n- ch| Y: th.fn- nh.n- chn &h,i
chy { t%i qhQ,n- thfi -iRn d%n nhbt -imR c8c K qin n-Q<i= qhQ,n- thfi -iRn n<\
&h,i qhUn- v._t nN8 Y: &hin -i,i cWR 9: Y|X1 N|N qhQ,n- thfi -iRn -imR c8c K
qin nN8 /<i tR ck thl /n- n-xt ta<n hR\ t]n- Y: a:n- gNn- Y|X Yl ck thl X a:n-
Y: &hin -i,i chQ qhMi n<\ 1
9 Ch| Y: CTC cdzRa tiXza Qn cQX&Raz
TaQn- ch| Y: CTC G"'@ * hQc '(= thRnh -hi ICR' hQc OCR'A
Y._c KS /`n- tvQ Y: &hin -i,i chQ 9: Y|X1 TaQn- ch| Y: CTC 9: Y|X 9w gkR vc @
qhi -i8 taw 9: Y|X TCTN' tan- v%i -i8 taw cWR thRnh -hi OCR'A G"'@ *
hQc ICR' G"'@ '(1 ThRnh -hi OCR'A hQc ICR' Ywnh n-heR -i8 taw Ynh
chQ 9: Y|X1
Hnh Q - OiFn thYi gian "h ' -9-
":t n-xt ck thl &h8t aR qhi -i8 taw 9: Y|X Yvt t%i -i8 taw TO! 9i cn- KS
/`n- cf OC'A hQc IC'1 N|N n-xt Y._c chQ &h&= thW t`c YicN qhiln n-xt ck thl
Y._c KS /`n- Yl ct& nht& dvi -i8 taw TO!1 ThR\ Ysi TO! 9n- -i8 taw -hn v%i
BOTTO" qhi 9: Y|X YRn- chv\ v%i Y: a:n- gNn- d%n &h,i thc hin cun thtn 1
N|N -i8 taw X%i -hi chQ OCR'A hQc ICR' thb& hn KQ v%i -i8 taw cWR TCNT= 9:
Y|X K qhUn- 9xt Y._c thfi YilX Yvt -i8 taw TO!1 6Q Yk nk K Y|X t%i -i8 taw "AD
@g a[i nNR\ vc @g@@@@ ta.%c qhi ck thl ck thl -& Y._c-i8 taw TO!1 l ck thl
tvQ Kkn- YhN aR taQn- ch| Y: CTC= YhN aR OC'A ck thl dtt Xpc dQ-ic cWR nk Xi qhi
9xt -& -i8 taw tQ& 9n- c8ch thi|t dt& c8c 9it chJn ch| Y: KQ K8nh YhN aR CO"'A'@
V'
@'1 Gi8 taw cWR chin OC'A K qhUn- Y._c ct& nhtt n|N tR qhUn- thi|t dt& nk d<
YhN aR 66ROC'A'1 Skn- &h8t aR t chin OCA' K ck thn KM cc Yvi cWR
' `C G
P

cl5 X `
P
qhi OCR'A Y._c dt& vc @g@@@@1 Thn KM cWR Kkn- Y._c trnh nh. KRN
-)ng thM" Q - Uuan h gi$a tVn * Vu .a vi tVn * tim6. Z "h #' -9-

(1 1'
cl5 X `
`CnG
P
& `CInG
P =
+
N thl hin Y: chiR thn =ck thl d< c8c -i8 taw KRN '= O= V*= (>V= '@(*
c Ch| Y: RKt !"
RKt !NdKz i/th "Q/NdRtiQn hQc ch| Y: RKt !" G"'@
>=V=P='*='> ck chpc n]n- tvQ aR nhicN /vn- Kkn- thn KM cRQ1 RKt !" qh8c v%i
chpc n]n- !" 9i nk ch| Y: hQvt Y:n- K.fn Yn1 B: Y|X Y|X t BOTTO" t%i
TO! KRN Yk dt& tpc nNR\ vc BOTTO"1 TaQn- ch| Y: KQ K8nh qhUn- Y,Q YhN aR tho
YhN aR OC'g Y._c thi|t dt& qhi TCNT' v< OCR'g 9n- nhRN= v< gkR qhi Yvt -i8 taw
TO!1 TaQn- ch| Y: KQ K8nh Y,Q YhN aR tho chin OC'g Y._c gkR qhi ICNT' v<
OCR'g 9n- nhRN= v< Y._c thi|t dt& qhi Yvt -i8 taw TO!1 6Q ch /n- K.fn Yn nn
thn KM hQvt Y:n- cWR RKt !" cRQ -b& ( dhn KQ v%i c8c ch| Y: !hRKz cQaazct v<
!hRKz Rn/ aznNznc\ cQazct !" c8c ch| Y: n<\ qhi hQvt Y:n- /n- ( K.fn1
Thn KM cRQ d<X ch| Y: RKt !" &h h_& v%i YicN chnh cUn- KNbt= chnh d.N v<
pn- /`n- 6AC1 : &hin -i,i chQ RKt !" ck thl cM Ywnh O= + hQc '@ 9it= hQc
Ywnh n-heR 9i ICR' hQc OCR'A1 : &hin -i,i nh~ nhbt chQ &h& d< ( 9it ICR'=
OCR'A dt& dn @g@@@= d%n nhbt d< 'V 9it ICR' hQc OCR'A qhi Y._c -8n -i8
taw "AD1 : &hin -i,i !" taQn- c8c 9it ck thl trnh thzQ h<X
-)ng thM" Q - [' ph8n giFi <\A
dQ- '
dQ-(
cWda
T`W
I
+
=
V(
Hnh Q - OiFn thYi gian "h ' ]a*t <\A
Cf ta<n TiXzaCQNntza TOB' Y._c dt& Xi qhi CQNntza t%i -i8 taw TO!1
N-Q<i aR chin OC'A hQc IC' Y._c thi|t dt& taQn- cn- X:t chN q gNn- v%i thfi
YilX TOB' Y._c thi|t dt&1 N|N n-xt Y._c chQ &h&= thW t`c YicN qhiln n-xt ck thl
Y._c KS /`n- Yl ct& nht& dvi TO! v< c8c -i8 taw KQ K8nh1 Khi thR\ Ysi c8c -i8 taw
TO! tR &h,i chxc chxn -i8 taw TO! X%i d%n hn hQc 9n- -i8 taw cWR tbt c, c8c
thRnh -hi KQ K8nh n|N qhUn- K qhUn- ck K -& nhRN -imR TCNT' v< OCR'g 1
ThW t`c ct& Yl nht& dvi ICR' qh8c v%i @CR'A qhi KS /`n- Yl Ywnh n-heR -i8
taw TO!1 ThRnh -hi ICR' qhUn- ck ( 9: YX1 N|N ICR' thR\ Ysi t%i ' -i8 taw thb&
hn TCNT' qhi 9: Y|X YRn- chv\ tho nk K Y|X t% -i8 taw "AD @g v< nNR\
dvi -i8 taw @g@@@@ 1 OCR'A ck 9: YX q& nn ck thl -hi dn nk 9bt q dyc n<Q1 Khi
OCR'A IO Y._c -hi= -i8 taw -hi K Y._c Y.R v<Q taQn- thRnh -hi YX OCR'A1
ThRnh -hi KQ K8nh OCR'A K ct& nht& dvi -hrR taw taQn- thRnh -hi YX tvi chN q
KRN qhi TCNT' Yvt -i8 taw TO!1
TaQn- ch| Y: RKt !"= qhMi KQ K8nh chQ &h& tvQ aR ' /vn- Kkn- tvi chin
OC'g1 Thi|t dt& c8c 9it CO"'g'@ t%i ( ck thl tvQ aR X:t /vn- !" qhUn- Y,Q v<
X:t !" Y,Q 9n- c8ch thi|t dt& CO"'g'@ dn 1 Gi8 taw tvi chin OC'g ch nNRn
K8t Y._c n|N chin n<\ Y._c thi|t dt& d< YhN aR 66ROC'g1 6vn- Kkn- !"
Y._c Kinh aR qhi thi|t dt& gkR chin OC'g tvi thfi YilX OCR'g TCNT' v< gkR
thi|t dt& OC'g tvi thfi YilX 9: Y|X 9w gkR t TO! vc BOTTO"1
V
Thn KM !" tvi YhN aR ck thl Y._c trnh thzQ h<X
-)ng thM" Q - Uuan h gi$a tVn * Vu .a vi tVn * tim6. Z "h ' ]a*t <\A
dQ- '
dQ-(
`Cn\Wda
T`W
P
+
=
N thl hin Y: chiR thn =ck thl d< c8c -i8 taw KRN '= O= V*= (>V= '@(*
/ Ch| Y: !hRKz CQaazct !"
Ch| Y: n<\ hQvt Y:n- /R tan hRi K.fn dn gNMn-1B: Y|X K Y|X din t`c t
-i8 taw BOTTO" Y|n -i8 taw "AD v< KRN Yk t -i8 taw "AD Y|n -i8 taw
BOTTO"1TaQn- ch| Y: KQ K8nh qhUn- Y,Q chin KQ K8nh OCg K 9w gkR qhi -i8 taw
TCNTg 9n- -i8 taw OCRg taQn- nN8 taonh Y|X dn v< K Y._c thi|t dt& 9n- ' qhi
-i8 taw KQ K8nh gNbt hin taQn- nN8 taonh Y|X gNMn-1Ch| Y: KQ K8nh Y,Q tho c8c -i8
taw d< n-._c dvi1B%i hQvt Y:n- hRi K.fn gNn- n<\ tho ch| Y: n<\ qhUn- tvQ aR Y._c
thn KM nh~ nh. ch| Y: X:t K.fn gNn-1 Nh.n- /Q trnh cin YMi cWR hRi K.fn gNn- tho
nk tMt hn chQ YicN qhiln Y:n- c 1
Ch| Y: &hRKz cQaazct !" hQvt Y:n- cM Ywnh d< O 9rt1TaQn- ch| Y: n<\ 9:
Y|X K t]n- chQ Y|n qhi Yvt -i8 taw "AD= qhi Yk nk K Ysi chicN Y|X1 BilN Y[ thfi
-iRn KRN Yi\ XU t, hQvt Y:n- cWR hQvt Y:n- nN8 taonh
Hnh Q - OiFn thYi gian "h ' <ha*6 -o.6"t <\A
V*
T 9ilN Y[ thfi -iRn tR nhtn thb\ vic thR\ Ysi thn KM taQn- hQvt Y:n- cWR
&hRKz cQaazct !" ck thl thR\ th| 9n- hRi -i8 taw d< "AD v< BOTTO"1 Nk dinh
hQvt hn KQ v%i ch| Y: RKt !"1
WI)Icm C76 t-O2- 3-i
1.TCCI1G:
Bit P V > * ( ' @

RzR/aitz R R R R R R
Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
BitP=V CO"'A'=( chJn ch| Y: YhN aR chQ qnh A
Bit>=* CO"'B'=( chJn ch| Y: YhN aR chQ qnh B
N|N c, ( 9it YcN Y._c -hi @ tho c8c chin OC'A v< OC'B cQi nh. qhUn-
Y._c q|t nMi v%i 9: /wnh thfi v< hQvt Y:n- nh. c8c chin 9onh th.fn- qh8c cWR vi
YicN qhiln1 Khi ck rt nhbt ' taQn- ( 9it Y._c -hi Xpc cRQ tho c8c chin n<\ K Y._c
YicN qhiln 9i 9U Ywnh thfi t\ thzQ ch| Y: hQvt Y:n- Y._c chJn
EFng Q - 9hit %Dp "h ' Vu .a "ho tim6.
CO"'A' CO"'A@ CO"'B' CO"'B@ OC'A OC'B G"'' G"'@
CO()A)~
CO()B)
CO()A_~
CO()B_
([ t1
@ @ !Qat hQvt Y:n- thUn- th.fn-1KhUn- q|t nMi
OC'AOC'B1
@ ' $tt tavn- th8i OC'AOC'B
' @ DkR OC'AOC'B
' ' Thi|t dt& OC'AOC'B
V>
Bit=( c.}n- ch| KQ K8nh c8c ch| Y: qhUn- YicN ch| gNn-1
Bit'=@ ._c KS /`n- q|t h_& v%i c8c 9rt G"'( v< G"' Yl g8c Ywnh ch| Y:
cWR 9: Ywnh thfi
EFng Q - -" "h ' iu "h @ung
C-.
>C
wG()e wG()c wG()) wG()_ C-. >C -8kt >C23 6NO tiSAh TOP CKD 2-Kt
OCd)G
T-i.t @KD
6P TOV)
@ @ @ @ @ Th.fn- @g $t& tpc "AD
' @ @ @ ' !"= !hRKz CQaazct= O?9it @g@@ TO! BOTTO"
( @ @ ' @ !"= !hRKz CQaazct= +?9it @g@' TO! BOTTO"
@ @ ' ' !"= !hRKz CQaazct= '@?9it @g@ TO! BOTTO"
* @ ' @ @ CTC OCR'A $t& tpc "AD
> @ ' @ ' RKt !"= O?9it @g@@ TO! TO!
V @ ' ' @ RKt !"= +?9it @g@' TO! TO!
P @ ' ' ' RKt !"= '@?9it @g@ TO! TO!
O ' @ @ @ !"= !hRKz Rn/ aznNznc\ CQaazct ICR' BOTTO" BOTTO"
+ ' @ @ ' !"= !hRKz Rn/ aznNznc\ CQaazct OCR'A BOTTO" BOTTO"
'@ ' @ ' @ !"= !hRKz CQaazct ICR' TO! BOTTO"
'' ' @ ' ' !"= !hRKz CQaazct OCR'A TO! BOTTO"
'( ' ' @ @ CTC ICR' $t& tpc "AD
' ' ' @ ' RzKzavz/ ? ? ?
'* ' ' ' @ RKt !" ICR' TO! TO!
'> ' ' ' ' RKt !" OCR'A TO! TO!
@.TCCI1A:
Bit P V > * ( ' @

Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
ICNC'' ICS' ? G"' G"'( CS'( CS'' CS'@
VV
Bit P ICNC' Khi 9it n<\ Y._c -hi' tho c8c trn hiN v<Q t chin IC!' K Y._c dJc
nhiTN1 B: dJc nhiTN chn * dhn db\ X0N din ti|& ck -i8 taw 9n- nhRN chin IC!'1 6Q
Yk trn hiN v<Q 9w taT * chN q -iRQ Y:n- KQ v%i qhi qhUn- dJc nhiTN1
Bit V ICS' Bit n<\ dR chJn K.fn qrch hQvt K qin tvi chin IC!'1 Khi 9it n<\
Y._c -hi @ tho K.fn iX Y._c KS /`n- Yl qrch hQvt Khi 9it n<\ Y._c -hi ' tho K.fn
/.n- Y._c KS /`n-1
Bit > qhUn- /n- taQn- AtXz-R'V
Bit *= G"'=( Cn- v%i G"''=@ Yl Yl g8c Ywnh ch| Y: cWR 9: Ywnh thfi
Bit (='=@ CS'(='=@ 6n- Yl dR chJn thn KM chQ TiXza
EFng Q - CHa "h^n tVn * "ho 0' m
C$)c C$)) C$)_ ([ t1
@ @ @ TiXza qhUn- hQvt Y:n-
@ @ ' IO
cdq
' qhUn- chiR thn
@ ' @ IO
cdq
O t 9: chiR thn
@ ' ' IO
cdq
V* t 9: chiR thn
' @ @ IO
cdq
(>V t 9: chiR thn
' @ ' IO
cdq
'@(* t 9: chiR thn
' ' @ N-N[n n-Q * ( ' @

Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @

TCNT''>O
TCNT'P@
VP
$.N -i8 taw cWR 9: Y|X1 Ck qh, n]n- taN\ nht& tac ti|& Yl -hi v< YJc thUn-
nNR vic KS /`n- thRnh -hi tvX thfi1 Bic thR\ Ysi thRnh -hi n<\ taQn- qhi 9: Y|X
YRn- hQvt Y:n- ck thl 9~ nNR X:t dhn -& nhRN -imR TCNT' v< c8c thRnh -hi
OCR'g 1
-.`CI1GHeb:
Bit P V > * ( ' @

Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
S.`CI1AHeb:
Bit P V > * ( ' @

Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
C8c thRnh -hi OCR'g Y._c din t`c KQ K8nh v%i thRnh -hi TCNT' 1 "i qhi 9n-
nhRN ck thl tvQ aR ' n-xt KQ K8nh YhN aR hR\ Yl thR\ Ysi /vn- Kkn- tvi c8c chin YhN
aR OC'g 1
L.TXaJY:
Bit P V > * ( ' @

OCR'A'>O
OCR'AP@
OCR'B'>O
OCR'BP@
OCI( TOI( TIC' OCI'A OCI'B TOI' OCI@ TOI@
VO
Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
C8c 9it P=V='=@ /n- chQ c8c tiXza qh8c cWR AtXz-R'V1
Bit > ? TICI' Khi 9it n<\ Y._c thi|t dt& th<nh ' v< n-xt tQ<n c`c -dQ9Rd
intzaaN&t Y._c chQ &h& tho n-xt 9: Y|X YhN v<Q TiXzacQNtza' TiXzaCQNntza'
In&Nt CR&tNaz intzaaN&t Y._c chQ &h&1 BzctQa n-xt t.n- pn- K Y._c thc thi qhi
cf IC' taQn- thRnh -hi TIR Y._c thi|t dt&1
Bit* ? OCI'A Khi 9it n<\ Y._c thi|t dt& th<nh ' v< n-xt tQ<n c`c -dQ9Rd
intzaaN&t Y._c chQ &h& tho n-xt KQ K8nh YhN aR 'A TiXzaCQNntza' ONt&Nt
CQX&Raz A "Rtch IntzaaN&t Y._c chQ &h&1 BzctQa n-xt t.n- pn- K Y._c thc
hin qhi cf OC'A taQn- thRnh -hi TIR Y._c thi|t dt&1
Bit ? OCI'B Khi 9it n<\ Y._c Kzt th<nh ' v< n-xt tQ<n c`c -dQ9Rd intzaaN&t
Y._c chQ &h& tho n-xt KQ K8nh YhN aR 'B TiXzaCQNntza' ONt&Nt CQX&Raz B
"Rtch IntzaaN&t Y._c chQ &h&1 BzctQa n-xt t.n- pn- K Y._c thc thi qhi cf
OC'B taQn- thRnh -hi TIR Y._c thi|t dt& 1
Bit( ) TOI' Khi 9it n<\ Y._cKzt th<nh ' v< n-xt tQ<n c`c -dQ9Rd intzaaN&t Y._c
chQ &h& tho n-xt cf ta<n 9: Ywnh thfi ' TiXzaCQNntza' QvzadQ intzaaN&t Y._c
chQ &h&1 BzctQa n-xt t.n- pn- K Y._c thc thi qhi cf TOB' taQn- thRnh -hi
TIR Y._c thi|t dt& .
R.TXcI:
Bit P V > * ( ' @

Khi tvQ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
OC( TOB( IC' OC'A OC'B TOB' OC@ TO@
V+
C8c 9it P=V='=@ /n- chQ c8c tiXza qh8c cWR AtXz-R'V1
Bit> ? IC' Cf n<\ Y._c thi|t dt& qhi g,\ aR K qin tvi n- v<Q In&Nt CR&tNaz
cWR chin IC!'1 Khi thRnh -hi ICR' In&NtCR&tNaz Rz-iKtza Y._c thi|t dt& 9i c8c
9it G"n@ Yl KS /`n- nh. X:t -i8 taw Ynh thocf IC' K Y._c thi|t dt& qhi 9:
Y|X Yvt t%i -i8 taw Ynh1 Cf IC' K t Y:n- gkR qhi n-xt t.n- pn- Y._c thc thi=
hQc ck thl gkR hR\ thi|t dt& 9n- c8ch -hi X:t -i8 taw dQ-ic v<Q vw tar cWR nk1
Bit* ? OC'A Cf n<\ Y._c thi|t dt& n-R\ KRN qhi -i8 taw 9: Y|X TCNT' 9n-
v%i -i8 taw thRnh -hi OCR'A ONt&Nt CQX&Raz Rz-iKtza A1 Chy { d< X:t KQ K8nh
c.}n- 9pc OC'A K qhUn- thi|t dt& cf n<\1 Cf OC'A K t Y:n- gkR qhi n-xt
t.n- pn- Y._c thc thi= hQc ck thl gkR hR\ thi|t dt& 9n- c8ch -hi X:t -i8 taw
dQ-ic v<Q vw tar cWR nk1
Bit ? OC'B Cf n<\ Y._c thi|t dt& n-R\ KRN qhi -i8 taw 9: Y|X TCNT' 9n-
v%i -i8 taw thRnh -hi OCR'B ONt&Nt CQX&Raz Rz-iKtza B1 Chy { d< X:t KQ K8nh
c.}n- 9pc OC'B K qhUn- thi|t dt& cf n<\1 Cf OC'B K t Y:n- gkR qhi n-xt
t.n- pn- Y._c thc thi= hQc ck thl gkR hR\ thi|t dt& 9n- c8ch -hi X:t -i8 taw
dQ-ic v<Q vw tar cWR nk1
Bit ( ? TOB' Bic thi|t dt& cf n<\ &h` thN:c v<Q thi|t dt& cWR c8c 9it G"n@=
taQn- ch| Y: 9onh th.fn- v< CTC cf TOB' Y._c thi|t dt& qhi 9: Ywnh thfi ta<n1
WIcm Tk8 tR2 9J 45Mt SO thK2
l Y,X 9,Q Xxt n-.fi ck thl c,X nhtn Y._c honh ,nh /T /<n- qhUn- 9w
aNn- tho tR chn tvQ thn KM nNt qhQ,n- V@H 1
6Q XR tatn dz/ ck O c:t K8n- dNin &hin nn KM dhn cb& n-N[n chQ dz/ d<
V@ g O *O@ dhnK 1
Khi Yk qhQ,n- c8ch -imR ( dhn cb& n-N[n din ti|& qhQ,n-
'@@@*O@ (=@O XK
P@
Thn KM cWR thvch Rnh d< ''1@>+("H /Q Yk KM chN qo /RQ Y:n- taQn-
qhQ,n- thfi -iRn tan d<
''1@>+( g (@O (@*@dhn
i\ cjn- d< KM chN qo X< tiXza &h,i Y|X Yl cb& n-N[n chQ dz/ c8c c:t cWR XR tatn1
l Yn -i,n taQn- vic YicN qhiln cb& n-N[n chQ dz/ XR tatn tR /n- n-xt
TiXza' ch| Y: CTC n-xt qhi 9: Y|X Yvt -i8 taw TO!OCR'A 1 6Q qhUn- chn db\
Kkn- YhN aR nn tR ck thl -8n @g'@ chQ thRnh -hi TI"SK = -8n @g@@ chQ thRnh -hi
TCCR'A = -8n @g@" chQ TCCR'B v%i " d< X:t taQn- c8c -i8 taw KRN +=A=B=C=61
6Q Yk qhi /n- n-xt ch| Y: CTC tho tR chn nv& -i8 taw (''> chQ thRnh -hi
OCR'A n|N qhUn- chiR thn KM /RQ Y:n- c8c 9it CS'(@ cWR TCCR'B /._c -8n
@@'1 B%i c8c Y: chiR thn qh8c cWR TiXza tR ck thl nv& c8c -i8 taw KRN
EFng Q - 9(o t" ' _uPt 7` Ha "ho ma t.Dn
CS'( CS'' CS'@ OCR'A TCCR'B
@ @ ' (@*@ @g@+
@ ' @ (OO@ @g@A
@ ' ' V@ @g@B
' @ @ +@ @g@C
' @ ' (( @g@6
l thR\ Ysi tMc Y:c nNt chQ XR tatn tR ck thl thR\ Ysi c8c -i8 taw cWR c8c
thRnh -hi OCR'A v< TCCR'B c8c 9it CS'(=''='@ cWR TCCR'B 1
WIem K.t @5K2
TMc Y: nNt XR tatn ,nh h.n- honh ,nh nNRn K8t Y._c tan XR tatn1 6Q Yk
vic tvQ tMc Y: nNt h_& d{ ck vRi ta nNRn taJn- taQn- vic YicN qhiln hiln thw dz/
XR tatn1 6n- 9: Ywnh thfi d< &h.n- &h8& Yn -i,n nhbt Yl YicN qhiln tMc Y: nNt
X:t c8ch chrnh g8c1 Bic thi|t dt& c8c thUn- KM chQ 9: Ywnh thfi X:t c8ch dinh hQvt
K -iy& tR /T /<n- hn taQn- vic YicN qhiln tMc Y: nNt chQ XR tatn1
P'
C-à23 *: HiE5 \23 -i?2 t-B 0123 @A;
l tvQ c8c hiN pn- tho tR &h,i nNt XR tatn dz/ KRQ chQ honh ,nh hiln thw
tan XR tatn Yvt Y._c nh. XQn- XNMn1 6Q Yk tR ch chn YicN qhiln vic Y.R /m
diN v<Q c8c chin cWR XR tatn X:t c8ch h& d{ d< ck thl tvQ aR Y._c hiN pn- XQn-
XNMn 1 l thc hin YicN n<\ tR ck thl /n- ( X,n- /m diN= ' X,n- Yl d.N /m diN
cWR honh ,nh ch.R ck hiN pn- = ' X,n- d.N /m diN cWR honh ,nh tpc thfi Yl Y.R
aR hiln thw1 ",n- thp ( Y._c gi\ /n- 9n- c8ch gS dr dvi /m diN cWR X,n- thp
nhbt1 N-N\n txc chNn- chQ vic YicN qhiln dz/ XR tatn tvQ hiN pn- d< KRN qhi '
honh ,nh Y._c hiln thw tho tR db\ X0N chQ honh ,nh ti|& thzQ a[i chQ hiln thw honh
,nh Yk /m diN XZ hkR c8c honh ,nh n<\ Y._c d.N X,n- thp ( 1
*I)m B123 @A; -i?2 t-B
Ta.%c qhi gi\ /n- c8c hiN pn- hiln thw tR chn g8c Ywnh gzX 9,n- dz/ chn
YicN qhiln ck qrch th.%c nh. th| n<Q v< &h,i g8c Ywnh Y._c 9,n- dz/ Y._c gi\
/n- nh. th| n<Q1 Khi hilN a c8ch gi\ /n- 9,n- dz/ tR X%i ck thl YicN qhiln cb&
n-N[n chQ 9,n- dz/1 TaQn- Y[ 8n n<\ chyn- zX gi\ /n- X:t 9,n- dz/ -[X V XR
tatn dz/ OgO hRi X<N gRnh= Y~ RnQt chNn- Y._c 9M tr th<nh hRi h<n- Xi h<n-
XR tatn
P(
Hnh 7 - EFng %6# hin th!
C8c XR tatn Y._c gQR\ KRQ chQ c8c RnQt cWR dz/ Y._c nMi chNn- thzQ tn-
c:t1 "i c:t ck O dz/ ( X<N= c8c cRtQt cWR dz/ gRnh Y._c nMi v%i YhN aR cWR IC
P*HC>+> thp nhbt thUn- nNR 9: /X /n- 2$N(O@= cn c8c cRtQt cWR dz/ Y~ Y._c
nMi v%i IC P*HC>+> thp hRi1 HRi IC P*HC>+> Y._c Xxc nMi ti|& nhRN= YhN aR nMi
ti|& ^P cWR IC thp nhbt Y._c nMi v%i YhN v<Q cWR IC thp (1 hN aR ^P cWR IC thp
( K Y._c nMi v%i -ixc cxX Yl X a:n- KRn- c8c dz/ XR tatn ti|& thzQ1 B%i c8ch 9M
tar nh. tan= Y| cWR XR tatn dz/ Xi XR tatn dz/ K ck O chin YhN v<Q cb& n-N[n
chQ tn- c:t = ( chin YhN v<Q cb& n-N[n chQ c8c IC= chin YhN v<Q nMi v%i
P*HC>+> 6S= SHC!= STC!= v< > chin YhN aR Yl nMi v%i c8c XR tatn dz/ qh8c
-[X ( chin n-N[n v< chin nMi v%i P*HC>+>1
B%i c8ch ts chpc XR tatn nh. tan &h,i cb& n-N[n chQ XR tatn dz/ thzQ tn-
c:t1 6m diN cb& n-N[n chQ c8c h<n- qhi -Si nMi ti|& thUn- nNR S!I chn &h,i -Si
thzQ thp t /m diN chQ XR tatn dz/ &hrR KRN Y._c -Si aR ta.%c v< KRN qhi YZ -Si h|t
/m diN chQ tbt c, c8c XR tatn tho X%i chMt /m diN tvi YhN aR cWR c8c IC P*HC>+>1
"i XR tatn chn /m diN cWR ( X<N= IC chpR /m diN X<N gRnh &hrR ta.%c nn tR K
&h,i taN\cn /m diN chQ X<N Y~ ta.%c a[i X%i Y|n X<N gRnh1
C8c &hhn ti|& thzQ cWR ch.n- n<\ K tonh 9<\ vc c8ch tvQ c8c hiN pn- hiln
thw chQ 9,n- dz/ -[X XR tatn dz/ ck cbN tvQ nh. tan1 TN\ nhin tR ck thl KS /`n-
c8c thNtt tQ8n n<\ qhi X a:n- XR tatn v%i qrch th.%c d%n hn1
P
*Icm #B6- th7is D-1i
B%i c8ch ts chpc /m diN XZ hkR qr t thzQ tn- c:t tho vic YicN qhiln hiln
thw chQ c8c q{ t /wch ta8i = &h,i tan dz/ XR tatn d< qh8 Yn -i,n 1
Gi, KS tR XNMn honh ,nh /wch KRn- ta8i tho tR ch vic Y.R /m diN cWR c:t 9n
&h,i cWR honh ,nh ta.%c aR Yl hiln thw chQ c:t hin tvi cWR honh ,nh KRN c:t ' cWR
honh ,nh X%i d< c:t ( cWR honh ,nh cj L 1
C` thl v%i XR tatn O h<n- (* c:t tR ck thl d<X nh. KRN
? 6n- X:t X,n- Yl d.N /m diN cWR tQ<n 9: honh ,nh qhi qhUn- /wch
chN\ln1 ",n- n<\ chn ck qrch th.%c (* 9\tzK d.N /m diN cWR (* c:t 1
? 6n- X:t X,n- qh8c Yl d.N /m diN cWR c8c honh ,nh tpc thfi = honh ,nh
n<\ ck qrch th.%c 9n- v%i honh ,nh tan (* 9\tzK1
? Tvi thfi YilX YhN tin tho honh ,nh tpc thfi K d.N -i8 taw @ chQ tbt c, c8c
c:t XR tatn txt 1 Tvi thfi YilX thp ( tR -8n -i8 taw cWR c:t ' cWR X,n- thp nhbt v<
c:t (* cWR X,n- thp ( 1 Tvi thfi YilX ti|& thzQ tR -8n -i8 taw cWR c:t '=( cWR X,n-
thp nhbt v<Q c:t (=(* cWR X,n- thp (111 Cp nh. th| qhi dhn d._t hiln thw v< db\ X0N
dvi honh ,nh tR K thb\ honh ,nh tan XR tatn dz/ /wch t ta8i KRn- &h,i1
P*
Hnh 7 - A) phbng hiu Mng #!"h t.i
P>
Bxt YhN
i
i(
Nv& -i8 taw chQ "'
G8n c8c &hhn tS
"( @
G8n i@
"((?"'
'
Hiln thw XR tatn
G8n @
ii'
T
T
Hnh 7 - CIu thuDt ton hiu Mng #!"h t.i
Khi X a:n- qrch th.%c cWR XR tatn hR\ KM d._n- c8c q{ t d<X v._t nN8
qrch th.%c cWR XR tatn tho tR v0n ck thl KS /`n- &h.n- &h8& tan nh.n- v%i -i8 taw
-i%i hvn qhUn- &h,i d< ( X< d< KM c:t cWR XR tatn hR\ KM c:t chn Yl hiln thw h|t
tQ<n 9: c8c q{ t1
PV
N-Q<i aR tR cjn- ck thl g|& ( X,n- th<nh X:t= X,n- KRN= X,n- ( ta.%c
a[i cp Xi dhn hiln thw tR d< &h& -8n /wch ta8i c8c /m diN taQn- X,n- "i"i'=
9xt YhN v%i i@= -8n "(n?'@ v%i n d< KM c:t hiln thw1 6m diN Y.R aR hiln thw d< n
-i8 taw YhN cWR X,n-1
HiN pn- /wch &h,i cjn- t.n- t nh. /wch ta8i nh.n- &h,i thR\ &h& -8n
taQn- vn- d& th<nh "("'n?1 TR cjn- ck thl -QX ( XRn- d<X X:t= X,n-
' ta.%c X,n- ( KRN= cp Xi dhn hiln thw tR -8n "i "i?' nh.n- 9xt YhN v%i
i (n?'v< -8n "@@ /m diN Y.R aR hiln thw d< n -i8 taw KRN cWR X,n-1
PP
*Iem #B6- @g2 L5J23
B%i c8ch ts chpc /m diN XZ hkR qr t thzQ tn- c:t tho vic YicN qhiln hiln
thw chQ c8c q{ t /wch dn gNMn- ck thl thc hin 9n- c8ch /wch 9it c8c /m diN XZ
hkR honh ,nh cWR tn- c:t 1
C` thl v%i XR tatn O h<n- (* c:t chQ honh ,nh /wch dn tR ck thl d<X nh.
KRN
? 6n- X:t X,n- qh8c Yl d.N /m diN cWR c8c honh ,nh tpc thfi = honh ,nh
n<\ ck qrch th.%c 9n- v%i honh ,nh tan (* 9\tzK1
? Tvi thfi YilX YhN tin tho honh ,nh tpc thfi K d.N -i8 taw @ chQ tbt c, c8c
c:t XR tatn txt 1 Tvi thfi YilX thp ( tR chn -8n 9it XZ hkR h<n- tan cn- cWR
X,n- ' "SB v<Q h<n- /.%i cn- cWR X,n- ( $SB 1 6Q Yk tR chn &h,i /wch
&h,i c8c 9it taQn- tn- 9\tz /m diN cWR X,n- ' Yi P 9it a[i -8n v<Q X,n- (1 Tvi thfi
YilX ti|& thzQ tR /wch &h,i V 9it 1 Cp nh. vt\ honh ,nh K /wch /hn dn1 TN\ nhin
n|N chi /wch nh. vt\ tho thonh ,nh ch /wch Y|n qhi aR -imR XR tatn1 l honh ck thl
ti|& t`c /wch dn tho tR &h,i /wch ta8i /m diN Yi t ' 9it chQ Y|n P 9it 1 SRN qhi /wch
ta8i h|t tho dvi -8n @ chQ tbt c, c8c 9it cWR XR tatn 1
Hnh 7 - A) phbng hiu Mng #!"h %4n
PO
Bxt YhN
(
iP
Nv& -i8 taw chQ "'
G8n c8c &hhn tS
"( @
i@
"("'O?i
'
Hiln thw
@
ii'
T
T
Hiln thw
@
"("'i?O
'
(
ii'
T
i'>
T
Hnh 7 - CIu thuDt ton hiu Mng #!"h %4n
P+
Khi X a:n- XR tatn chN taonh -8n -i8 taw hiln thw K &hpR tv& hn /Q qrch
th.%c /m diN chn -8n chQ X:t c:t cWR XR tatn t]n- dn1 Khi Yk tR ck thl chiR /m
diN YzX aR hiln thw th<nh nhicN X,n- v%i Xi X,n- Yvi /in chQ ' /n- cWR XR
tatn1 !hhn tS YhN tin cWR Xi X,n- K chpR /m diN chQ c:t YhN tin cWR Xi /n-1
Cp Xi dhn /wch tR ck thl -8n "ti "ti "/iO? 1 B%i "t d<
/n- tan= "/ d< /n- /.%i 1
HiN pn- /wch gNMn- cjn- t.n- t nh. /wch dn nh.n- qh8c chicN cWR
&h& /wch 9it v< KM dhn /wch 9it tR ck thl thR\ chicN cWR &h& /wch v< KM 9it /wch Ysi
t O?i th<nh i 1
O@
*IVm Hi?2 t-B t23 / t
B%i c8ch ts chpc /m diN XZ hkR qr t thzQ tn- c:t tho vic YicN qhiln chQ
c8c q{ t dhn d._t hin tan 9,n- dz/ ck thl thc hin 9n- c8ch db\ X0N dhn d._t
thX tn- { t X:t 1
C` thl v%i XR tatn O h<n- (* c:t chQ hiln thw t.n- q{ t X:t tR ck thl d<X nh. KRN
? 6n- X:t X,n- qh8c Yl d.N /m diN cWR c8c honh ,nh tpc thfi= honh ,nh n<\
ck qrch th.%c 9n- v%i honh ,nh tan (* 9\tzK1
? Tvi thfi YilX YhN tin tho X,n- d.N honh ,nh tpc thfi Y._c -8n @ Yl txt tbt
c, c8c dz/1 SRN Yk tvi c8c thfi YilX ti|& thzQ tR dhn d._t -8n tn- V 9\tzK cWR X,n-
' v<Q X,n- ( Yl Y.R aR hiln thw /Q cp V 9\tzK tho XZ hkR ' q{ t1
Hnh 7 - A) phbng hiu Mng hin th! tcng "h$
O'
Bxt YhN
>
i
Nv& -i8 taw chQ "'
G8n c8c &hhn tS
"( @
i@
"(iV"'iV
'
Hiln thw
@
ii'
T
T
Hnh 7 - CIu thuDt ton hiu Mng hin th! tIng kd tH
O(
*IWm K.t @5K2
Bic KS /`n- ( X,n- /m diN X:t X,n- d.N tQ<n 9: qhNn- honh= X:t X,n-
d.N honh ,nh tpc thfi K -iy& vic tvQ c8c hiN pn- Yn -i,n hn1 DS d{ c8c /m diN
tan X,n- thp nhbt a[i d.N v<Q X,n- thp ( Yl Y.R aR hiln thw K chn X:t d._n- 9:
nh% d%n qhi KM d._n- q{ t v< qrch th.%c cWR Qnt chm t]n-1 6Q Yk qhi tvQ c8c hiN
pn- v< YicN qhiln hiln thw chn &h,i chy { Y|n qrch th.%c 9: nh%1 N|N chn ck thl
/n- thX c8c 9: nh% n-Q<i hQc chJn c8c vi YicN qhiln ck 9: nh% YW d%n Yl ck thl
tvQ hiN pn- chn thi|t1 C8c 9,n- Yin tS thUn- /`n- th.fn- ch hiln thw X:t n:i
/Nn- cM Ywnh nn tR ck thl KS /`n- 9: nh% dRKh ck qrch th.%c qh8 d%n Yl d.N -i8
taw cWR X,n- thp nhbt= thtX chr ck thl d.N tQ<n 9: c8c qhNn- chn hiln thw1 Khi Yk tR
ch chn YicN qhiln vic gNbt /m diN thzQ YwR ch Yl hiln thw1
Mi v%i &h.n- &h8& cb& n-N[n thzQ tn- c:t tho vic tvQ c8c hiN pn- /wch
ta8i= /wch &h,i qh8 Yn -i,n v< vic X a:n- XR tatn qhUn- ,nh h.n- nhicN Y|n
vic -8n /m diN nh.n- v%i c8c hiN pn- /wch dn gNMn- qh8 &hpc tv& qhi X a:n-
XR tatn1 TN\ nhin n|N ch KS /`n- X:t hiN pn- chQ XR tatn tho v%i hiN pn- /wch
dn= gNMn- tR ck thl chJn &h.n- &h8& cb& n-N[n thzQ tn- h<n-1 Khi Yk chn &h,i
gi\ /n- Qnt chm thzQ t.n- h<n- v< &h,i gx& g|& dvi c8c XR tatn dz/ gQR\ +@ Y:
KQ v%i qhi cb& n-N[n thzQ c:t 1
O
K.t @5K2
(8;5@A >i5 /-i?2 -i?2 t-B >l -82 t-2- s = >kt >`6 2-{23 /.t 451
9O5:
? Ck qh, n]n- YicN qhiln hiln thw ( chNi q{ t tan hRi h<n- XR tatn=
ck qh, n]n- YicN qhiln hiln thw XR tatn ck YJ a:n- d%n hn1
? Ck qh, n]n- hiln thw c8c /n- q{ t v%i 9R X<N gRnh= Y~ v< cRX1
? Ck qh, n]n- YicN qhiln hiln thw c8c q{ t v%i X:t KM hiN pn- c
9,n1 ThNtt tQ8n YicN qhiln hiln thw hiN pn- ck thl KS /`n- qhi X a:n- XR tatn v<
ck thl d<X c K Yl tvQ c8c hiN pn- &hpc tv& hn1
? Ck qh, n]n- thR\ Ysi thn KM nNt XR tatn 1
T5f 2-ig2 S8;5@A =2 62 SCt 9J 3ibi -k2 :
? Ck thl hiln thw c8c q{ t tan hRi /n- nh.n- dvi Y:c dt& v%i nhRN1
6Q Yk qhi -& &h,i X:t KM \N chN vc vic hiln thw ( /n- chm ck Y: t.n- nNRn
nhbt Ywnh tho chn &h,i thR\ Ysi vc vic YicN qhiln gNbt /m diN1
? TN\ ck thl thR\ Ysi X<N cWR /n- chm hiln thw nh.n- dvi ch.R YicN
qhiln Y._c X<N Kxc cWR tn- q{ t1 Bbn Yc n<\ ck thl /T /<n- qhxc &h`c qhi hiln
thw c8c q{ t tenh= nh.n- qhi chn YicN qhiln c8c q{ t Y:n- tho K qhk qh]n taQn-
vic YicN qhiln X<N Kxc1
? 6Q nN8 taonh YicN qhiln hiln thw chn ck -iRi YQvn db\ X0N dvi /m diN
nn qhi YicN qhiln hiln thw XR tatn ck qrch th.%c d%n ck thl -i\ ,nh h.n- Y|n vic
YicN qhiln thn KM nNt 1
TaQn- Yc t<i ck thl ck X:t KM vbn Yc h_& d{ hR\ ch.R tMi .N vc c8c thNtt tQ8n
YicN qhiln hiln thw v< KS /`n- 9: nh% cWR vi YicN qhiln1 6Q Yk zX abt XQn- ck K
-k& { cWR c8c thh\ cU v< c8c 9vn Yl Y[ 8n ck thl hQ<n thin hn1
O*
Ti @iE5 t-OS /-18
' Stzvzn 1 BRaaztt Rn/ 6Rnizd 1 !Rcq= G(+Bl GHI aic3ocon(3ollB3 W3i+B3:
W3o'3$++in' $nd Xn(B3P$cin'0 "Qa-Rn CdR\&QQd= (@@O
( Qz !Ra/Nz= C W3o'3$++in' Po3 aic3ocon(3ollB3s= SXidz\ "icaQK= (@@>
AtXz-R'V /RtRKhzzt= 1Rdd/RtRKhzzt1cQX= taN\ nht& cNMi cn- n-<\
(V>(@@+
* P*HC>+> /RtRKhzzt= 1Rdd/RtRKhzzt1cQX= taN\ nht& cNMi cn- n-<\
(V>(@@+
> P*HC'O /RtRKhzzt= 1Rdd/RtRKhzzt1cQX= taN\ nht& cNMi cn- n-<\
(V>(@@+
V htt&1RtXzd1cQX&aQ/NctKABR= taN\ nht& cNMi cn- n-<\ (V>(@@+
P htt&1/izntNviztnRX1nztQaNXKQaNX/iK&dR\1&h&>>= taN\ nht& cNMi
cn- n-<\ (V>(@@+
O htt&1/izntNviztnRX1nztQaNXKKhQthazR/1&h&t('PO>= taN\ nht& cNMi
cn- n-<\ (V>(@@+
+ htt&1/izntNviztnRX1nztQaNXKKhQthazR/1&h&t'>V'= taN\ nht& cNMi
cn- n-<\ (V>(@@+
O>
P-< @<6 A: $a >U 3-MD 2Ji -E t-J23 >i5 /-i?2 @A; SO thK2
Hnh 1 - S ghPp ni h thng
OV
KHI C! NG2N
TR1
TRAN-2P5S
VI
1
VO
3
G
N
D
2
7805
33pF
33pF
470uF
K-8i 6OD 23582 6-8 IC
cc_=
Hnh 1 - Khi "+p ngun
KHI CHT 6 $II2 CC HNG
Q
0
1
5
Q
1
1
Q
2
2
Q
3
3
Q
4
4
Q
5
5
Q
6
6
Q
7
7
Q
7
'
9
S
H
_
C
P
1
1
S
T
_
C
P
1
2
D
S
1
4
M
R
1
0
O
1
3
!4
74HC595
Q
0
1
5
Q
1
1
Q
2
2
Q
3
3
Q
4
4
Q
5
5
Q
6
6
Q
7
7
Q
7
'
9
S
H
_
C
P
1
1
S
T
_
C
P
1
2
D
S
1
4
M
R
1
0
O
1
3
!5
74HC595
Q
0
1
5
Q
1
1
Q
2
2
Q
3
3
Q
4
4
Q
5
5
Q
6
6
Q
7
7
Q
7
'
9
S
H
_
C
P
1
1
S
T
_
C
P
1
2
D
S
1
4
M
R
1
0
O
1
3
!6
74HC595
1
"
1
2
"
2
3
"
3
4
"
4
5
"
5
6
"
6
7
"
7
8
"
8
1
C
1
8
2
C
1
7
3
C
1
6
4
C
1
5
5
C
1
4
6
C
1
3
7
C
1
2
8
C
1
1
C
O
M
1
0
!1
!#N2803
1
"
1
2
"
2
3
"
3
4
"
4
5
"
5
6
"
6
7
"
7
8
"
8
1
C
1
8
2
C
1
7
3
C
1
6
4
C
1
5
5
C
1
4
6
C
1
3
7
C
1
2
8
C
1
1
C
O
M
1
0
!2
!#N2803
1
"
1
2
"
2
3
"
3
4
"
4
5
"
5
6
"
6
7
"
7
8
"
8
1
C
1
8
2
C
1
7
3
C
1
6
4
C
1
5
5
C
1
4
6
C
1
3
7
C
1
2
8
C
1
1
C
O
M
1
0
!3
!#N2803
OC0
MOSI
SC$
K-8i 6-82 -O23 6-8 !"#
Hnh 1 - Khi "ht #$ %iu "" h&ng
OP
KHI GIAO TI5! BI "3 TNH
T1IN
11
R1O!T
12
T2IN
10
R2O!T
9
T1O!T
14
R1IN
13
T2O!T
7
R2IN
8
C2%
4
C2-
5
C1%
1
C1-
3
VS%
2
VS-
6
R&D
T&D
R R O R
T&D
3
R&D
2
CTS
8
RTS
7
DSR
6
DTR
4
DCD
1
RI
9
P1
COMPIM
C3
1'F
C6
1'F
GiO8 tiAD SOf ti2-
Hnh 1 - Khi giao tip my tnh
KHI KH25CH I 6CNG CHO CT
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
5A
6
A
7
A
8
C
0C
1
C
2
C
3C
4
C
5
C
6
C
7
A
1
A
2A
3A
4
A
5
A
6
A
7
A
8
"
1
C(0))7*
Hnh 1 - Khi khu"h (i #eng "ho "'t
OO
KHI I2 KHIN TR2NG T" B ^2T CT
C
0
C
1C
2
C
3C
4
C
5
C
6C
7
PA0+ADC0
40
PA1+ADC1
39
PA2+ADC2
38
PA3+ADC3
37
PA4+ADC4
36
PA5+ADC5
35
PA6+ADC6
34
P"0+&C$+T0
1
P"1+T1
2
P"2+INT2+AIN0
3
P"3+OC0+AIN1
4
P"4+SS
5
P"5+MOSI
6
P"6+MISO
7
P"7+SC$
8
PA7+ADC7
33
RST
9
&TA#1
13
&TA#2
12
PC0+SC#
22
PC1+SDA
23
PC2+TC$
24
PC3+TMS
25
PC4+TDO
26
PC5+TDI
27
PC6+TOSC1
28
PC7+TOSC2
29
PD0+R&D
14
PD1+T&D
15
PD2+INT0
16
PD3+INT1
17
PD4+OC1"
18
PD5+OC1A
19
PD6+ICP
20
PD7+OC2
21
AVCC
30
ARF
32
!7
ATMGA16
C2
33pF
C1
33pF
A
1
"
2
C
3
1
6
2
4
3
5
,
0
1
5
,
1
1
4
,
2
1
3
,
3
1
2
,
4
1
1
,
5
1
0
,
6
9
,
7
7
!8
74HC138
C(0))7*
R&D
T&D
OC0
MOSI
SC$
KH8i ;iA5/-iA2th523 tOS=O6-8268t
Hnh 1 - Khi @W %d t.ung t8m v& _uPt "'t
O+
P-< @<6 B: (l 6-à23 thX2- 2kD 6-8 =i >i5 /-i?2
incdN/z Xz-R'V1h
incdN/z /zdR\1h
incdN/z Kt/iQ1h
incdN/z K&i1h
/zinz SC$ !ORTB1
NnKi-nz/ chRa dRKh ONT -@=
V(=V>=V>=V>=V(=@= @ '
'P=='(P='='=@= ' (
>=V+=P=P=*+=@= (
*=V>=P=P=>*=@= *
'(=(@=V=P+=*=@= * >
''*=P=P=P=P@=@= > V
V(=P=P=P=O=@= V P
V>=VV=VO=P(=''(=@= P O
>*=P=P=P=>*=@= O +
>@=P=P=P=V(=@= + '@
V=VO=VO=VO=V=@= A ''
'(P=P=P=P=>*=@= B '(
V(=V>=V>=V>=*=@= C '
'(P=V>=V>=V>=V(=@= 6 '*
'(P=P=P=P=V>=@= '>
'(P=P(=P(=P(=V*=@= 'V
V(=V>=P=P=*V=@= G 'P
'(P=O=O=O='(P=@= H 'O
V>=V>='(P=V>=V>=@= I '+
P@=V>=V>='(V=V*=@= (@
'(P=O=(@=*=V>=@= K ('
'(P='='='='=@= $ ((
'(P=(=(*=(='(P=@= " (
'(P=(='V=O='(P=@= N (*
V(=V>=V>=V>=V(=@= O (>
'(P=VO=VO=VO=>V=@= ! (V
V(=V>=V+=VV=V'=@= ^ (P
'(P=VO=VO=P*=*+=@= R (O
>@=P=P=P=O=@= S (+
V*=V*='(P=V*=V*=@= T @
'(V='='='='(V=@= 2 '
'(*=(='=(='(*=@= B '
'(P=(='(=(='(P=@=
V>=*=(O=*=V>=@= D *
+@
+V='V='>='V=+V=@= 3 >
VP=V+=P=O'=+P=@= V
*=*(=*(=*(=(O=@= R P
'(V='O='O='O='(=@= 9 O
(O=*=*=*=(@=@= c +
'(='O='O=(@='(V=@= / *@
(O=*(=*(='V=@=@= z *'
*=V(=P(=V*=(=@= *(
(*=P=P=P=@=@= - *
'(V='V='V='V='*=@= h **
@=+(=(=(=*=@= i *>
*=(=(=+(=@=@= *V
'(V=O=(@=*=@=@= q *P
'(*=(=(=(=@=@= d *O
@=(=@=(=@=@= X *+
V(=O='V=V(=@=@= n >@
(O=*=*=*=(O=@= Q >'
'=V=V=V=(*=@= & >(
(*=V=V=V='=@= n >
@=@=(=(=(*=@= a >*
'O=*(=*(=*(=V=@= K >>
@=(='(*=*=*=@= t >V
V@=(=(=(=V@=@= N >P
>V=*=(=*=>V=@= v >O
>V=(='(=(=>V=@= >+
*=(@=O=(@=*=@= g V@
*O=O='*=O=*O=@= \ V'
*=O=*(=>@=*=@= V(
@=@=@=@=@=@=
(>>
NnKi-nz/ chRa /Qn-''+(=/Qn-('+(
NnKi-nz/ chRa tQc/QnNzt>@=tQc/QchR\=c=cQd(=z'=Kc@=K&@
NnKi-nz/ chRa t-=X@=t@=q@=i==KQqt*=KQqt'*=KQqt(*
NnKi-nz/ chRa chNQi''V-O=O=O=O=O=O=O=O
NnKi-nz/ chRa chNQi('V-V=V=V=V=V=V=V=V
=8i; $Rtch6RtR-
SC$@
SC$'
+'
=8i; dX' -
Qa i@iKQqt'?'i-
Qa @> -
/Qn-'iVONTchNQi'iV'

Qa i@iKQqt(?'i-
Qa @> -
/Qn-(iVONTchNQi(iV'

=8i; dX(-
Qa i@iKQqt'V?'i-
/Qn-'iKQqt'V/Qn-'i
/Qn-'i@
/Qn-'i(>>

Qa i@iKQqt(V?'i-
/Qn-(iKQqt(V/Qn-(i
/Qn-(i@
/Qn-(i(>>

=8i; gNd\chNQi-
Qa i@iKQqt'i -
i chNQi'i*PchNQi'i>O chNQi'ichNQi'i?*O
zdKz i chNQi'iV*chNQi'i+' chNQi'ichNQi'i?>>
zdKz i chNQi'i+VchNQi'i'( chNQi'ichNQi'i?V@
zdKz chNQi'iV(

Qa i@iKQqt(i -
i chNQi(i*PchNQi(i>O chNQi(ichNQi(i?*O
zdKz i chNQi(iV*chNQi(i+' chNQi(ichNQi(i?>>
zdKz i chNQi(i+VchNQi(i'( chNQi(ichNQi(i?V@
zdKz chNQi(iV(

=8i; Khitdzt-
Qa i@iKQqt''(?'i-
/Qn-'i/Qn-'i'

+(
/Qn-'KQqt''(?'@
/Qn-'KQqt''(?'(>>
Qa i@iKQqt('(?'i-
/Qn-(i/Qn-(i'

/Qn-(KQqt('(?'@
/Qn-(KQqt('(?'(>>

=8i; Khitai-ht-
t- /Qn-'KQqt'(?'
Qa iKQqt''(?'i@i??-
/Qn-'i/Qn-'i?'
/Qn-'@t-
t- /Qn-(KQqt'(?'
Qa iKQqt('(?'i@i??-
/Qn-(i/Qn-(i?'
/Qn-(@t-
=8i; 2!int q-
KQqtKQqt'KQqt(KQqt'KQqt(
i qO
Qa i@iKQqtV?'i-
/Qn-'i@g
/Qn-(i/Qn-'iKQqtVO?q@gq

zdKz i qPq'V -
Xq?O
Qa i@iKQqtV?'i-
/Qn-'i/Qn-'iKQqtVO?X@gX
/Qn-(i/Qn-'iKQqtVX/Qn-(iKQqtVO?X

zdKz i q'>q(* -
Xq?'V
Qa i@iKQqtV?'i-
/Qn-'i/Qn-'iKQqtVX/Qn-(iKQqtVO?X
/Qn-(i/Qn-(iKQqtVX@gO?X

zdKz -
Xq?(*
Qa i@iKQqtV?'i-
/Qn-'i/Qn-(iKQqtVX@gO?X
/Qn-(i@g
+

i qO -
Qa i@iKQqtV?'i-
Xq?O
/Qn-'i/Qn-'iKQqtVX@gO?X

i qO -
Qa i@iKQqtV?'i-
/Qn-'i/Qn-'iKQqtVO?q@gPq
/Qn-(i/Qn-(iKQqtVO?q@gPq

=8i; /Qnint q-
KQqtKQqt'KQqt(KQqt'KQqt(
i q( -
Xq?(*
Qa i@iKQqtV?'i-
/Qn-'i@g
/Qn-(i/Qn-'iKQqtVX@gPX

i q'>q( -
Xq?'V
Qa i@iKQqtV?'i-
/Qn-'i/Qn-'iKQqtVX@gO?X
/Qn-(i/Qn-'iKQqtVO?X/Qn-(iKQqtVX

i qPq'V -
Xq?O
Qa i@iKQqtV?'i-
/Qn-'i/Qn-'iKQqtVO?X/Qn-(iKQqtVX

i qO-
XO?q
Qa i@iKQqtV?'i-
/Qn-'i/Qn-(iKQqtVX@gO?X
/Qn-(i@g

+*
i qO -
Qa i@iKQqtVi-
Xq?O
/Qn-(i/Qn-(iKQqtVX@gPO?X
/Qn-'i/Qn-'iKQqtVX@gPO?X

i qO -
Qa i@iKQqtVi-
/Qn-(i/Qn-(iKQqtVO?q@gq
/Qn-'i/Qn-'iKQqtVO?q@gq

=8i; tNn-chN -
Qa i@iqVi-
/Qn-'i/Qn-'KQqtVi
/Qn-(i/Qn-(KQqtVi

=8i; hiznthi -
Kitch cQd-
(/Q'/Q
cRKz @
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(c'V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(cO
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(c
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'c'V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'cO
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'c
9azRq
(gRnh'/Q
cRKz '
K&i/Qn-(c'V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(cO
K&i@g@@
+>
K&i/Qn-(c
K&i@g@@
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'c'V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'cO
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'c
9azRq
(cRX'/Q
cRKz (
K&i/Qn-(c'V
K&i/Qn-(c'V
K&i/Qn-(cO
K&i/Qn-(cO
K&i/Qn-(c
K&i/Qn-(c
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'c'V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'cO
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'c
9azRq
(/Q'gRnh
cRKz
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(c'V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(cO
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(c
K&i/Qn-'c'V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'cO
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'c
K&i@g@@
9azRq
(gRnh'gRnh
cRKz *
K&i/Qn-(c'V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(cO
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(c
+V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'c'V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'cO
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'c
K&i@g@@
9azRq
(cRX'gRnh
cRKz >
K&i/Qn-(c'V
K&i/Qn-(c'V
K&i/Qn-(cO
K&i/Qn-(cO
K&i/Qn-(c
K&i/Qn-(c
K&i/Qn-'c'V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'cO
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'c
K&i@g@@
9azRq
(/Q'cRX
cRKz V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(c'V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(cO
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(c
K&i/Qn-'c'V
K&i/Qn-'c'V
K&i/Qn-'cO
K&i/Qn-'cO
K&i/Qn-'c
K&i/Qn-'c
(gRnh'cRX
cRKz P
K&i/Qn-(c'V
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(cO
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-(c
K&i@g@@
K&i/Qn-'c'V
+P
K&i/Qn-'c'V
K&i/Qn-'cO
K&i/Qn-'cO
K&i/Qn-'c
K&i/Qn-'c
9azRq
(cRX'cRX
cRKz O
K&i/Qn-(c'V
K&i/Qn-(c'V
K&i/Qn-(cO
K&i/Qn-(cO
K&i/Qn-(c
K&i/Qn-(c
K&i/Qn-'c'V
K&i/Qn-'c'V
K&i/Qn-'cO
K&i/Qn-'cO
K&i/Qn-'c
K&i/Qn-'c
9azRq
/zRNdt 9azRq

=8i; hizNNn- -
Kitch z-
hizn9t
cRKz @
dX'
9azRq
/ichtaRi
cRKz '
i t*O-
t@
K&

i K&tQc/QchR\-
K&@
q
Khitdzt

i qKQqt'( -
dX'
dX(
q@
+O

9azRq
/ich&hRi
cRKz (
i t*O-
t@
K&

i K&tQc/QchR\-
K&@
q
Khitai-ht

i qKQqt'( -
dX'
dX(
q@

9azRq
/ichdzn
cRKz
i t*O-
t@
K&

i K&tQc/QchR\-
K&@
q
2!q

i q( -
dX'
dX(
q@
i tKQqtO-
q
2!q

i q'V -
dX'
dX(
q@

9azRq
++
/ichgNQn-
cRKz *
i t*O-
t@
K&

i K&tQc/QchR\-
K&@
q
/Qnq

i q( -
dX'
dX(
q@

9azRq
tNn-chN
cRKz >
i t(@@-
t@
K&

i K&tQc/QchR\-
K&@
q
tNn-chN

i qKQqt -
dX'
dX(
q@

9azRq
/zRNdt 9azRq
TiXza ' QNt&Nt cQX&Raz A intzaaN&t Kzavicz aQNtinz

intzaaN&t TI"'CO"!A =8i; tiXza'cQX&RiKavQi/ -

hiznthi
$Rtch6RtR
!ORTCcO
!ORTAcO
'@@
c
t
i cO c@
hizNNn-

=8i; XRinvQi/-
dX'
dX(
TiXzaCQNntza ' initiRdiRtiQn
CdQcq KQNacz S\KtzX CdQcq
CdQcq vRdNz cdq(>V qH
"Q/z CTC tQ&OCR'A
OC'A QNt&Nt 6iKcQn1
OC'B QNt&Nt 6iKcQn1
NQiKz CRnczdza O
In&Nt CR&tNaz Qn Rddin- /-z
TiXza ' OvzadQ IntzaaN&t O
In&Nt CR&tNaz IntzaaN&t O
CQX&Raz A "Rtch IntzaaN&t On
CQX&Raz B "Rtch IntzaaN&t O
TCCR'A@g@@
TCCR'B@g@C
TCNT'H@g@@
TCNT'$@g@@
ICR'H@g@@
ICR'$@g@@
OCR'AH@g@@
OCR'A$tQc/QnNzt
OCR'BH@g@@
OCR'B$@g@@
2CSRA@g@@
2CSRB@g'O
2CSRC@gOV
2BRRH@g@@
2BRR$@g'+
2CSRB@g'O
2CSRC@gOV
2BRRH@g@@
2BRR$@g*P
66RB@g
66RC@g
66RA@g
'@'
SC$'
TiXzaKCQNntzaK IntzaaN&tK initiRdiRtiQn
TI"SK@g'@
GdQ9Rd znR9dz intzaaN&tK
RKXKzi
S!I initiRdiRtiQn
S!I T\&z "RKtza
S!I CdQcq RRtz cdq
S!I CdQcq !hRKz C\cdz HRd
S!I CdQcq !QdRait\ $Q
S!I 6RtR Oa/za "SB iaKt
S!CR@g>@
S!SR@g@@
hidz '-
NnKi-nz/ chRa tzX&'=tzX&(=dzn-th
int i
tzX&' -ztchRa
i tzX&'A
-
TI"SK@g@@
NhRn chNQi q\ tN hRn- '
tinh /Q /Ri chNQi
tzX&' -ztchRa?*O
tzX&( -ztchRa?*O
dzn-th tzX&''@ tzX&(
KQqt'dzn-th
NhRn chNQi q\ tN
i dzn-th '-
Qa i@idzn-thi
-
chNQi'i -ztchRa

NhRn chNQi q\ tN hRn- (
tinh /Q /Ri chNQi
tzX&' -ztchRa?*O
tzX&( -ztchRa?*O
dzn-th tzX&''@ tzX&(
KQqt(dzn-th
NhRn chNQi q\ tN
i dzn-th '-
Qa i@idzn-thi
-
chNQi(i -ztchRa

NhRn XRN
cQd -ztchRa ? *O
'@(
NhRn hizN Nn-
z -ztchRa ? *O
NhRn TQc /Q nNzt
tzX&' -ztchRa?*O
tzX&( -ztchRa?*O
tQc/QnNzt tzX&''@ tzX&(
NhRn tQc /Q chR\
tzX&' -ztchRa?*O
tzX&( -ztchRa?*O
tQc/QchR\ tzX&''@ tzX&(
gNd\chNQi
dX'
dX(
t@
c@
TI"SK@g'@

'@

Quang Báo

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Quang Báo

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

KHOA IN T - VIN THNG

TiXza ' QNt&Nt cQX&Raz A intzaaN&t Kzavicz aQNtinz

You might also like