Chu Yen Macht Rong Wan 1

BIN SON: NGUYN DUY NHT VIN
K THUT CHUYN MCH

TRONG MNG DIN RNG

nng, 2006.
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Destination I/P Port I/P Label O/P Label O/P Port
138.43 3 0:81 1 1
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Destination I/P Port I/P Label
138.43 3 0:54
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TA

Cun sch ny c bin son phc v cho cc sinh vin chuyn ngnh in
t, Vin thng v Cng ngh thng tin. Ni dung cun sch xoay quanh cc k thut
chuyn mch v c ch bn trong mng din rng WAN (wide area network) m c
pht trin h tr cc ng dng truyn thng thoi, video, d liu v multimedia qua
cc mng ng di. Cu trc ca sch nh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan. Cung cp cc khi nim tng quan, lch s pht
trin v gii thiu cc phng thc chuyn mch trong mng vin thng.
Chng 2: Chuyn mch knh. Gii thiu mng chuyn mch v trnh
by cc c trng chnh trong mng chuyn mch knh.
Chng 3: Chuyn mch gi. Gii thiu v nguyn l chuyn mch gi,
cc hot ng bn trong mng, cc ni dung chuyn mch o v datagram,
cc k thut chnh ca nh tuyn v iu khin tc nghn v giao thc
X.25 l giao tip chun gia thit b u cui v mng chuyn mch gi.
Chng 4: ISDN. Trnh by nguyn l c bn, cc mc tiu v cc dch
v, cc knh v giao tip ca ISDN, truy cp ngi s dng v cc giao
thc trong ISDN.
Chng 5: Frame relay. Gii thiu v frame relay, kin trc giao thc,
iu khin cuc gi, truyn d liu v iu khin tc nghn bn trong
frame relay.
Chng 6: ATM. Tho lun v s ATM, t bo, cc ni dung quan
trng ca lp thch ng ATM AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer) v iu
khin lu lng v iu khin tc nghn ca ATM.
Chng 7: Internet. Chng ny trnh by khi nim v Internet, m
hnh, nh tuyn, cc giao thc nh tuyn v cc kiu truy cp Internet.
Chng 8: MPLS. Trnh by cc khi nim tng quan v MPLS, sau
l cc cu trc d liu, giao thc phn phi nhn v cc c ch k thut
lu lng trong MPLS.
Trong , cc chng 2, 3, 4, 5 v 6 c bin son ch yu t cun sch Data
and Computer Communication ca William Stallings, cc chng cn li da trn
nhng ti liu tham kho khc. Ngoi ra, cng do nh hng bi ti liu ca W.Stallings,
nn cui mi chng, lun c mc gii thiu ti liu v cc website tham kho b ch cho
bn c.
Trong qu trnh bin son, khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, mong s phn hi t
pha c gi. Xin chn thnh cm n!
NGUYN DUY NHT VIN
Trang 4

MC LC

1. TNG QUAN...........................................................................................................10
1. TNG QUAN............................................................................................................10
Khi nim...................................................................................................................10
Dch v vin thng.....................................................................................................11
Cc dch v vin thng cho ngi s dng:...............................................................12
Cc yu cu mng v thit b .....................................................................................12
Mng vin thng.........................................................................................................12
Chuyn mch..............................................................................................................13
2. LCH S PHT TRIN............................................................................................14
Cc h thng chuyn mch nhn cng.......................................................................14
Cc h thng chuyn mch in t ............................................................................15
Cc h thng s v iu khin my tnh.....................................................................15
Cc node chuyn mch cho thng tin d liu ............................................................16
Cc node cho N-ISDN................................................................................................17
Cc node cho B-ISDN................................................................................................18
Chuyn mch quang...................................................................................................18
3. CC PHNG THC CHUYN MCH...............................................................18
Chuyn mch knh.....................................................................................................18
Chuyn mch tin.........................................................................................................18
Chuyn mch gi........................................................................................................19
Chuyn mch khung...................................................................................................20
Chuyn mch t bo...................................................................................................21
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc ................................................................................22
Chuyn mch quang...................................................................................................22
4. GII THIU TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................................23
Cc trang web:............................................................................................................23

2. CHUYN MCH KNH........................................................................................24
1. MNG CHUYN MCH.........................................................................................24
2. CC MNG CHUYN MCH KNH....................................................................25
3. NI DUNG CHUYN MCH..................................................................................28
Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (Space Division Switching) .............................28
Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian (Time Division Switching) ..........................31
4.NH TUYN CHO CC MNG CHUYN MCH KNH..................................33
nh tuyn lun phin: ...............................................................................................34
nh tuyn thch nghi .................................................................................................35
5. BO HIU.................................................................................................................37
Cc chc nng bo hiu .............................................................................................37
Vng bo hiu ............................................................................................................39
Bo hiu knh chung..................................................................................................39

3. CHUYN MCH GI ............................................................................................44
1. NGUYN L CHUYN MCH GI......................................................................44
K thut chuyn mch................................................................................................46
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Kch thc gi............................................................................................................48
So snh chuyn mch knh vi chuyn mch gi......................................................48
Thc hin....................................................................................................................48
Cc c trng khc.....................................................................................................49
Hot ng bn trong v bn ngoi .............................................................................50
Cc loi thit k bn trong v bn ngoi: ...................................................................52
2. NH TUYN...........................................................................................................53
Cc c trng: ............................................................................................................53
Tiu ch thc hin.......................................................................................................54
Thi im v ni quyt nh ......................................................................................54
Ngun thng tin mng v thi gian cp nht .............................................................55
Cc chin lc nh tuyn..........................................................................................56
nh tuyn c nh (fixed) .........................................................................................56
nh tuyn lan trn (flooding)....................................................................................57
nh tuyn ngu nhin (random) ...............................................................................58
nh tuyn thch nghi .................................................................................................59
Cc thut ton chi ph ti thiu...................................................................................61
Thut ton Dijkstra.....................................................................................................61
Gii thut Bellman-Ford.............................................................................................62
V d cho c hai thut ton Dijkstra v Bellman-Ford...............................................62
So snh .......................................................................................................................63
3. IU KHIN LU LNG....................................................................................64
Phm vi v mc iu khin lu lng .......................................................................65
iu khin lung........................................................................................................65
iu khin lung dng v ch ...................................................................................66
iu khin lung ca s trt ....................................................................................67
iu khin tc nghn..................................................................................................69
Kim sot kha cht (deadlock) .................................................................................72
Nguyn nhn kha cht ..............................................................................................73
Phng n kim sot kha cht:.................................................................................74
4. X.25............................................................................................................................74
Dch v knh o..........................................................................................................75
Dng gi .....................................................................................................................77
Ghp knh ..................................................................................................................79
iu khin lung v iu khin li ............................................................................80
Chui gi ....................................................................................................................80

4. INTEGRATED SERVICE DIGITAL NETWORK .............................................82
1. TNG QUAN V ISDN............................................................................................82
Nguyn l c s ca ISDN.........................................................................................82
Giao tip ngi s dng.............................................................................................84
Mc tiu......................................................................................................................85
Kin trc.....................................................................................................................85
Cc tiu chun............................................................................................................86
Series I.100 Cc ni dung tng quan.......................................................................86
Series I.200 Kh nng phc v................................................................................87
Series I.300 Cc kha cnh mng............................................................................87
Series I.400 Cc giao tip ngi s dng mng...................................................87
Series I.500 Cc giao tip lin mng.......................................................................87
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Series I.600 Nguyn l vn hnh ............................................................................87
2. CC KNH ISDN.....................................................................................................87
3. TRUY CP NGI S DNG...............................................................................90
4. CC GIAO THC ISDN..........................................................................................92
Kin trc giao thc ISDN...........................................................................................92
Cc ni kt ISDN.......................................................................................................93
Cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh................................................................................93
Cc ni kt bn vnh vin...........................................................................................93
Cc cuc gi chuyn mch gi qua knh B ...............................................................94
Cc cuc gi chuyn mch gi qua knh D...............................................................96
Bo hiu knh chung giao tip ngi s dng v mng ISDN...............................96
LAPD .........................................................................................................................99
Cc dch v LAPD...................................................................................................100
Giao thc LAPD.......................................................................................................100
C.............................................................................................................................101
a ch ......................................................................................................................101
iu khin................................................................................................................102
Thng tin ..................................................................................................................102
Dy kim tra khung..................................................................................................102
Lp vt l .................................................................................................................102
5. GII THIU TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................103
Gii thiu cc trang web: .........................................................................................103

5. FRAME RELAY....................................................................................................104
1. NN TNG..............................................................................................................104
2. KIN TRC GIAO THC FRAME RELAY ........................................................106
Mt phng iu khin...............................................................................................106
Mt phng ngi s dng ........................................................................................107
So snh vi X.25 ......................................................................................................108
3. IU KHIN CUC GI FRAME RELAY .........................................................110
Ni kt FRAME RELAY.........................................................................................111
Ni kt truy cp........................................................................................................112
4. TRUYN D LIU NGI S DNG................................................................113
5. CHC NNG MNG.............................................................................................115
6. IU KHIN TC NGHN...................................................................................116
Cc phng php iu khin tc nghn cho frame relay .........................................116
Qun l tc lu lng..........................................................................................118
Trnh nghn vi bo hiu tng minh.....................................................................121
Gii phng nghn vi bo hiu ngm nh. .............................................................123
Cc trang web:..........................................................................................................124

6. ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE............................................................125
1. KIN TRC GIAO THC .....................................................................................125
2. CC NI KT LOGIC ATM..................................................................................126
S dng ni kt knh o...........................................................................................128
Cc c trng ng o/knh o..............................................................................129
Bo hiu....................................................................................................................130
3. CC T BO ATM................................................................................................130
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Dng header..............................................................................................................131
iu khin li header ...............................................................................................132
4. TRUYN CC T BO ATM...............................................................................134
Lp vt l c s t bo.............................................................................................134
Lp vt l trn c s SDH........................................................................................136
5. LP THCH NG ATM.........................................................................................137
Cc dch v AAL......................................................................................................137
Cc giao thc AAL ..................................................................................................138
6. IU KHIN LU LNG V IU KHIN TC NGHN ...........................142
Cc khuyn ngh iu khin lu lng v nghn cho ATM....................................142
Bin i tr t bo ....................................................................................................143
Phn b mng vi s thay i tr t bo..................................................................144
S thay i tr t bo ti UNI ..................................................................................145
C ch iu khin lu lng v tc nghn...............................................................146
iu khin lu lng................................................................................................147
Qun l ti nguyn mng .........................................................................................147
iu khin chp nhn ni kt...................................................................................149
iu khin tham s s dng.....................................................................................150
iu khin u tin...............................................................................................151
Qun l ti nguyn nhanh.........................................................................................152
iu khin tc nghn................................................................................................152
Hy t bo c chn lc.............................................................................................152
Ch th iu khin tc nghn tng minh hng i..................................................152
Gii thiu cc trang web: .........................................................................................153

7. INTERNET PROTOCOL.....................................................................................154
1. KHI NIM V INTERNET..................................................................................154
Ngun gc ................................................................................................................154
Khi nim.................................................................................................................155
2. M HNH TCP/IP ...................................................................................................155
Khung dng gi tin Ipv4: .......................................................................................158
a ch IPv4..............................................................................................................159
Mng con..................................................................................................................160
IPv6 (IPng) ...............................................................................................................161
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol .......................................................................163
).................................................................................................................................163
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) ...............................................................................164
3. CC PHNG THC TRUY CP INTERNET ..................................................164
Truy cp Dial-up ......................................................................................................165
ISDN.........................................................................................................................169
Truy cp bng rng ..................................................................................................170
Cc mng truyn hnh cp........................................................................................172
Truy cp khng dy..................................................................................................173
Truy cp cp si .......................................................................................................174
Cc ni kt ring v cc mng din rng WAN.......................................................174
4. NH TUYN.........................................................................................................175
Khi nim.................................................................................................................175
Hot ng nh tuyn ca Router.............................................................................175
Tm ng - Cc gii thut tm ng.....................................................................175
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Chuyn gi tin theo l trnh chn........................................................................177
Cc gii thut tm ng..........................................................................................177
Tm ng tnh v ng...........................................................................................178
ng n v a ng...........................................................................................179
Ngang hng v c th bc........................................................................................179
My trm thng minh v Router thng minh...........................................................179
Intradomain v Interdomain.....................................................................................179
Trng thi lin kt v vector di..........................................................................179
Cc metric nh tuyn ..............................................................................................180
So snh cc giao thc nh tuyn.............................................................................181
5. MT S GIAO THC NH TUYN..................................................................182
Cc loi giao thc nh tuyn...................................................................................182
nh tuyn vector khong cch:...............................................................................182
nh tuyn trng thi lin kt:..................................................................................183
nh tuyn lai ghp ..................................................................................................184
Mt s giao thc dng trong hot ng nh tuyn: ................................................184
RIP (Router Information Protocol): .........................................................................186
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol): ............................................................186
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): ............................................................................186
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol): .........................................187

8. MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING......................................................189
1. TNG QUAN V MPLS ........................................................................................189
2. CC KHI NIM C BN TRONG MPLS .........................................................190
Cc thnh phn v cc c ch LDP:.........................................................................191
Router chuyn mch nhn........................................................................................192
Router nhn bin .....................................................................................................192
ng dn chuyn mch nhn.................................................................................192
Cc lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC....................................................................193
Nhn .........................................................................................................................193
Khng gian nhn ......................................................................................................194
Stack nhn................................................................................................................195
Cc ng gi nhn....................................................................................................195
ng hm...............................................................................................................195
Cc LSR ngc dng (upstream) v xui dng (downstream)................................196
3. CC CU TRC D LIU ...................................................................................196
Mc chuyn tip nhn chng tip theo.....................................................................196
FEC to NHLFE (FTN) .............................................................................................197
nh x nhn a n................................................................................................197
Chuyn i nhn.......................................................................................................197
3. GIAO THC PHN PHI NHN.........................................................................198
Cc nh danh LDP v cc a ch chng tip theo..................................................198
Pht hin LDP: .........................................................................................................198
Phin v thit lp LDP .............................................................................................199
Duy tr cc Hello ln cn..........................................................................................201
Duy tr cc phin LDP..............................................................................................201
Cc thng ip LDP.................................................................................................201
Cc kiu cng b nhn .............................................................................................202
Cc kiu iu khin LSP..........................................................................................203
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Cc kiu duy tr nhn ...............................................................................................204
nh tuyn................................................................................................................205
5. CC C CH K THUT LU LNG CA MPLS .......................................208
TE-RSVP..................................................................................................................209
CR-LDP....................................................................................................................209
So snh gia hai k thut lu lng s dng trong MPLS......................................210
Thit lp v duy tr CR-LDP....................................................................................211
Thit lp mt CR-LSP h tr cc ng dng nhy cm suy hao..........................213
Thit lp CR-LSR h tr cc ng dng khng nhy vi suy hao .......................213

TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................................................................214
K THUT CHUYN MCH TRONG MNG DIN RNG
Trang 10

1. TNG QUAN
Trong mng vin thng, vi kin trc phc tp, bi ton c t ra l lm th no
chuyn thng tin n ch mt cch an ton, hiu qu v nhanh chng, ng thi tha
mn nhu cu dch v ca ngi s dng. gii quyt iu ny, cc k thut chuyn
mch ln lt ra i, p dng cho cc mng v cc dch v t n gin n cc k phc
tp, chnh l ni dung trong ti liu ny. Trong chng ny, ngi c s c cung
cp kin thc tng quan v lch s pht trin cc phng thc chuyn mch trong mng
vin thng.

1. TNG QUAN
Khi nim
Trc tin, chng ta s xt khi nim v truyn thng, vin thng ri sau l
nhng khi nim v dch v vin thng, mng vin thng v chuyn mch.
Truyn thng (Communication) l tt c s trao i, vn chuyn thng tin bng
hnh thc ny hoc hnh thc khc.
V d: Bn ang c ti liu ny, t bo c sng nay, chuyn tu ch bn i t
Tp H Ch Minh n Th H ni, bn ang ly thng tin t Internet, bn ang xem
tivi, bn ang gi in
Vin thng l 3 v d sau, vy, vin thng (Telecommunication) l s truyn
thng qua khong cch a l.
T mt thnh ph A, bn mun trao i thng tin vi mt ngi thnh ph B th
c cc hnh thc nh trong Hnh 1-1.
Nu bn s dng in thoi, tc l bn s dng dch v vin thng, tele c ngha
l t xa, biu th mt s bc cu cho mt khong cch a l, ngha l s trao i thng
tin t xa.
Vin thng l mt trong nhng lnh vc c ng dng rng ri trong cuc sng
hin i, cc cng ngh mi lin tc pht trin v lun tm c ng dng trong cc thit
b, h thng k thut trong mng vin thng.

Hnh 1-1 S trao i thng tin gia hai thnh ph.
Vt mang dch v: L cc trang thit b c s dng h tr cho dch v . V
d, cp in thoi, my in thoi, tng i l nhng vt mang cho dch v thoi. Tuy
Chng 1. .. . OVERVIEW
Trang 11
nhin, khng phi vt mang cho dch v no th ch c th mang cho chnh dch v m
cn c th mang cc dch v khc, v d cp in thoi c th mang c cc dch v nh
thoi, internet, facsimile.

Hnh 1-2 Vt mang ca dch v thoi.
Dch v vin thng
Trn quan im iu hnh mng, dch v vin thng gm:
Dch v c s: L cc dch v c bn c cung cp bi mng vin thng.
Dch v gi tr gia tng: L cc dch v m rng ca dch v c s, khi
ngi s dng dng dch v ny s phi np mt mc ph c th. V d
theo di t gi th trng qua mt s in thoi no , dch v hng dn,
chuyn i ngn ng.
Dch v b sung phn b: L cc dch v c xy dng trn dch v
vin thng c s. V d chuyn tip cuc gi v iu kin, ch cuc gi,
dch v bo thc.
Dch v b sung tp trung (dch v mng thng minh IN): IN
(Interligent Network) c thc hin trong mt mng cung cp nh v tp
trung thng minh, cho php iu khin nh tuyn, tnh cc linh hot. V
d in thoi tr tin trc, in thoi bnh chn
Mt s dch v c s kt hp ca dch v mng thng minh vi dch v gi tr gia
tng.

Hnh 1-3 Dch v vin thng.
Trang 12
Cc dch v vin thng cho ngi s dng:
Cc dng chnh ca dch v vin thng l:
Thoi.
S liu.
Video.
Mutimedia.
Cc dng trn cn c chia thnh bn nhm khc nhau da vo cch thc ca
dch v c iu khin vi cm nhn ca ngi s dng.

Hnh 1-4 Cc nhm dch v vin thng theo cm nhn ca ngi s dng.
Dch v tng tc: bao gm cc dch v cho php truyn thng tin theo
hai hng.
Dch v nhn tin: bao gm cc dch v da trn c s lu tr thng tin
m c th nghe hoc c c bi ngi nhn. Hp th thoi l mt trong
nhng dch v nhn tin.
Dch v tm kim (retrieval): l cc dch v c cung cp truy cp
thng tin c lu tr trong c s d liu. Cc c quan, doanh nghip
cung cp dch v thoi cho khch hng ca mnh truy cp thng tin
sng qua mt s in thoi. Gi c th trng, t gi trao i, qung
col nhng dch v ca dch v thu nhn.
Dch v phn b: C hai dng dch v phn b, l thng tin mt chiu
n mt ngi nhn hoc thng tin 1 chiu n nhiu ngi nhn.
Cc yu cu mng v thit b
Thoi, d liu v video yu cu khc nhau v mng v cc thit b ca n. Thng
tin quan trng trong cc yu cu l:
Bng thng.
T l li bit.
tr.
Mng vin thng
Mng vin thng l tt c cc trang thit b k thut c s dng trao i
thng tin gia cc i tng s dng trong mng.
Cc thnh phn mng vin thng:
Trang 13
Thit b u cui: Chuyn i tn hiu thn thuc vi con ngi thnh tn
hiu c chuyn ti trong mng tu thuc li hnh dch v.
Node chuyn mch: Cung cp ni kt cho cc i tng theo yu cu, thc
hin cc chc nng:
o X l thng tin: x l, cung cp thng tin.
o Chuyn mch.
Phng tin truyn dn: Lin kt hai thnh phn trn. tu thuc mi
trng, a hnh s dng h thng truyn dn thch hp nh cp ng, vi
ba, v tinh, quang
Phn mm: H tr cc thnh phn trn hot ng c hiu qu.

Hnh 1-5 Cc thnh phn mng vin thng.
Chuyn mch
ITU-T nh ngha chuyn mch nh sau: Chuyn mch l s thit lp ni kt
theo yu cu truyn thng tin t ng vo yu cu n ng ra c yu cu trong mt
tp ng vo v ng ra.
Mc ch ca chuyn mch l thit lp ng truyn thng tin qua mng theo cu
trc c nh hoc bin ng. Trong mng vin thng, ty theo cch thc thit lp ni kt
m ta c cc phng thc chuyn mch khc nhau.

Hnh 1-6 Chuyn mch v mng vin thng.
Thit b
u cui
Thit b
u cui
Node
chuyn
mch
Phng
tin
truyn
dn
Phn
mm
Trang 14
Ngy nay, thng tin khng ch biu th ting ni m c th nghe c bi ngi
nhn in thoi m n cn bao hm tt c cc dng thng tin ca dch v vin thng.
Trc y, chuyn mch c ngha l mt ngi iu hnh ni kt cho hai thu bao
ni chuyn vi nhau cn by gi th thit b chuyn mch phi c kh nng iu khin
nhiu hn trc bao gm tnh a dng v cht lng ca thng tin m chuyn mch phc
v. Ngoi ra, chuyn mch cn c nhng thng tin nm ngoi thng tin ca dch v ngi
s dng. V d thng tin c s dng bi mng gi l thng tin bo hiu cng c
chuyn mch.
Cc k thut chuyn mch c pht trin trong nhng nm gn y, t ban u,
chng ta c chuyn mch knh, rt ph hp vi cc dch v thi gian thc. V sau, cc
thu bao yu cu cht lng tt hn, bng thng ln hn, tn dng dung lng truyn dn
tt hn nn cc k thut khc c ra i.

2. LCH S PHT TRIN
Cc h thng chuyn mch nhn cng
Trc y, cc h thng chuyn mch c xy dng bi cc thit b chuyn
mch hot ng nhn cng. H thng chuyn mch u tin c thit lp New Haven,
M, nm 1878. in thoi vin nhn cuc gi v chuyn mch chng n thu bao b gi
bng tay. in thoi vin thit lp mt knh dn gia hai thu bao, do gi l chuyn
mch knh. Khi cuc gi kt thc, in thoi vin s gii phng ni kt. Chng ta c th
gi in thoi vin l mt h thng iu khin.

Hnh 1-7 Chuyn mch nhn cng.
Chuyn mch nhn cng ny c nhc im l thi gian ni kt cuc gi kh lu,
hiu qu chuyn mch km.
Cc h thng chuyn mch in t
H thng chuyn mch xoay
Cc nm sau , cc h thng chuyn mch nhn cng c thay th bi cc h
thng chuyn mch in t. Cc h thng ny cung cp lu lng ln hn vi chi ph
thp hn, chun b cho s bng n ca mng vin thng trong nhng nm tip theo. Cc
h thng mi cn c kh nng phn b lu lng, nh tuyn tt hn qua mng truyn
dn, lm gim dung lng cp.
Trang 15
Nm 1889, Almon B. Strowger, Kansas City, USA xy dng h thng tng i t
ng u tin, y l h thng tng i tng bc. Tng i ny c cc chuyn mch
xoay v cc chuyn mch ny s c x l theo tng ch s a ch nhn c.
Sau l s pht trin ca h thng tng i thanh ghi, cc ch s c x l
trong thanh ghi, khng x l trc tip) nn thch hp vi dung lng tng i ln hn. u
im ca iu khin thanh ghi l kh nng chn ng dn thay th, v vy, mng truyn
dn c th c s dng mt cch hiu qu hn.
Cc h thng ny s dng cc chuyn mch c kiu xoay v ng truyn, sau
c thay th bng chuyn mch thanh cho (1937) cho dung lng cao hn, vi thi
gian chuyn mch nhanh hn, chnh xc hn.
H thng chuyn mch thanh cho
Nm 1937, h thng chuyn mch thanh cho ra i. Chuyn mch thanh cho
chuyn thao tc xoay thnh thao tc n nn c nhng u im sau:
Thi gian chuyn mch nhanh, t li, n gin.
L c s pht trin cc h thng chuyn mch sau ny.
Cc h thng s v iu khin my tnh
Nm 1960, tng i iu khin s u tin c xy dng M Chu u l
nm 1968.
H tng i ny cn c gi l tng i iu khin bng chng trnh ghi sn
SPC (Stored Program Control).
K thut truyn dn v chuyn mch pht trin lin tc, lm cho gi thnh thit b
gim xung r rt. FDM c xut cho truyn dn thng tin ng di, k thut ny
c pht minh khong nm 1910 nhng mi n nm 1950 mi c ng dng, thi
im ny, 1000 knh c th c truyn trong cng mt cp ng trc.

Hnh 1-8 Tng i SPC.
Ghp knh s da trn tn hiu PCM c gii thiu khong 1970 lm cho mng
truyn dn tr nn r hn vi cng cht lng truyn dn. Gi thnh c gim hn na
khi cc chuyn mch nhm s c kt hp vi cc h thng truyn dn s. Lc ny, cc
h thng ny b hn ch bi cc b chuyn i tng t-s t tin. Sau , cc h thng
iu khin l cc h thng my tnh, vy cc tng i by gi hon ton l thit b s.
Tng i s u tin iu khin bng my tnh c a vo s dng vo nm 1960
M, cc tng i s chu u c hot ng vo nm 1968.
Trang 16
Cc node chuyn mch cho thng tin d liu
Vic s dng my tnh trong vn phng, cng s cng nh trong gia nh, c nhn
tr nn ph bin. Nhu cu s dng v trao i thng tin d liu pht trin mnh, dn
n s phn bit gia mng chuyn mch knh v d liu. Lc ny, ngoi mng chuyn
mch knh ang tn ti, mt mng chuyn mch gi cng c trin khai song song,
phc v cho s trao i thng tin d liu gia cc my tnh. Phng thc chuyn mch c
bn l chuyn mch gi, cc bn tin ca ngi s dng c chia thnh cc gi nh ri
chuyn i, khi n ch s c sp xp li thnh bn tin nh ban u. u im ni tri
ca chuyn mch gi chnh l kh nng dng chung ng truyn dn.

Hnh 1-9 Chuyn mch d liu.

Cc node cho N-ISDN

Hnh 1-10 Cc node chuyn mch ISDN.
Ngi s dng cn c mt mng c th cung cp cho h c nhiu dng dch v
khc nhau (thoi ln d liu) trong khi , nh cung cp dch v cng mun c mt c s
h tng chung cho cc loi hnh dch v, gim chi ph phn cng, gim chi ph bo dng,
iu hnh T y bt u hnh thnh khi nim mng hi t, hi t v thit b, hi t v
cng ngh, hi t v dch v, hi t v gi c
Pht trin cho cc mng tch hp dch v, N-ISDN c th c xem l s kt hp
gia tng i in thoi vi chuyn mch d liu.
Cc node cho B-ISDN
Cc h thng chuyn mch trc ch p ng c mt trong hai iu kin: bng
thng, thi gian thc. Trong khi , nhu cu v nhng ng dng multimedia ngy cng
cao, va yu cu v bng thng rng, tr b, thay i tr b. Lc ny, B-ISDN c
Trang 17
xut cung cp cc dch v yu cu bng thng v thi gian thc. C nhiu gii php
ang c tiu chun ho (ATM, MPLS).

Hnh 1-11 Nhu cu bng thng.

Chuyn mch quang

Hnh 1-12 S pht trin ca cc h thng chuyn mch.
Kh khn ca chuyn mch l bng thng b hn ch. Ngy nay, chng ta c
nhu cu trao i thng tin vi tc bit rt cao (hng Gbps) trn h thng truyn dn
quang, tuy nhin, trong thit b chuyn mch th chng ta phi chuyn i qua tn hiu
in m th tc bit l kh thp.
Trang 18
Sau , s dng chuyn mch quang vi iu khin chuyn mch in t l mt
bc qu tin ti mt h thng chuyn mch ton quang.

3. CC PHNG THC CHUYN MCH
Chuyn mch knh
L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin bng cch cp knh dn trc
tip gia cc i tng s dng.

Hnh 1-13 Chuyn mch knh.
X l cuc gi tin hnh qua 3 giai on:
Thit lp ng dn da vo nh cu trao i thng tin.
Duy tr knh dn trong sut thi gian trao i thng tin.
Gii phng knh dn khi i tng s dng ht nhu cu trao i.
c im:
Thc hin trao i thng tin gia cc user trn trc thi gian thc.
Cc user lm ch knh dn tng sut qa trnh trao i.
Hiu sut thp.
Yu cu chnh xc thng tin khng cao.
Ni dung trao i khng mang thng tin a ch.
Ph hp vi dch v thoi.
Khi lu lng tng n ngng no th cuc gi mi c th b kho,
mng t chi mi yu cu kt ni mi n khi c th.
Chuyn mch tin
L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin gia cc bn tin nh in tn,
th in t, file
Thit b u cui gi n node chuyn mch bn tin mang thng tin a ch ch.
Ti y, bn tin c thu nhn, x l (chn ng) ri sp hng ch truyn i.
Phng php ny gi l store and forward.
Trong phng php store and forward ny, lun c tr khi chuyn gi ti ch.
Thi gian tr ti mt node:
Trang 19
t
delay
=t
nhn
+t
x l
+t
sp hng
.

Hnh 1-14 Chuyn mch tin.
c im:
Khng c mi lin h thi gian thc gia cc user.
Knh dn khng dnh ring cho cc user (dng chung ng truyn).
Hiu sut cao.
Yu cu chnh xc.
Ni dung c a ch.
p dng cho s liu.
Vn chp nhn cuc gi mi trong khi lu lng mng ang cao.
Chuyn mch gi

Hnh 1-15 Chuyn mch gi.
Trong cc mng chuyn mch gi, thng tin c truyn cho cc gi vi kch
thc khc nhau. Vy, nhim v ca cc nodes l phn b cc gi n ni thu. Mi nodes
c trng a ch ca mi gi v nh tuyn gi n tuyn thch hp.
a ch
Bn tin
ngi s
dng
Thit b
u cui
Thit b
u cui
Node chuyn
mch
a ch
Bn tin
ngi s
dng
Thit b
u cui
Thit b
u cui
Node chuyn
mch
Gi
Trang 20
Mi gi i qua cc node c tin hnh theo phng php store and forward nh
chuyn mch tin.
Ti u thu tin hnh sp xp cc gi tr li.
c im:
Trao i thng tin khng theo thi gian thc nhng nhanh hn chuyn
mch tin.
i tng s dng khng lm ch knh dn.
Hiu sut cao.
Thch hp truyn s liu.
Vic kim tra li tng chng l m bo gi truyn khng li nhng li
lm gim tc truyn gi qua mng.
Bng thng thp, tc thp.
Ph hp vi mng truyn dn cht lng thp.
Trong cc gi lun c trng kim tra m bo gi truyn khng li
qua tng chng.
Chuyn mch khung

Hnh 1-16 Chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch khung trong cng mt mng
Trang 21
Frame Relay l k thut chuyn mch c pht trin vi tng kt hp ca
chia x bng thng ging nh chuyn mch gi nhng vi tc cao hn v tr t hn
nh trong chuyn mch knh.
Tc ca frame relay cao hn l nh vo phng thc iu khin n gin,
khng ch tm n vic iu khin li.
Nh vo iu ny, lu lng c iu khin nhanh hn, Frame Relay chuyn
tip qua node nhanh hn chuyn mch gi khong 2ms. Mt s l gii khc ca tc
cao ca Frame Relay l chuyn mch c b tr rng hn trong mi nodes.
Mng Frame Relay c th c xy dng theo nhiu cch, thng thng l ni kt
vnh vin gi l knh o vnh vin (PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit). Cc knh o chuyn
mch (SVC Switched Virtual Circuit) cng cng c th c ni chung trong tng lai.
Frame Relay cn c th thc hin mt mng chuyn mch gi ring.
c im:
Hn ch chc nng kim tra li v iu khin lung.
Tc truyn dn c ci thin ng k so vi chuyn mch gi.
Hot ng ch yu lp 2, vi mc ch ln nht l to mng ring o
VPN (Virtual Private Network) cho khch hng.
Bng thng khng c nh cho user m c phn phi mt cch linh hot.
Phc tp do tc bit thay i.
Kh nng n 40Mbps so vi 2Mbps ca chuyn mch gi.
Chuyn mch t bo
Khi yu cu bng thng v thi gian thc ca mt s dch v c nng cao th
cc loi chuyn mch k trn khng p ng c. gii quyt vn ny c nhiu gii
php c xut. Mt trong nhng gii php ni tri, l chuyn mch t bo.
Chuyn mch t bo th chia bn tin thnh cc t bo (cell) c kch thc nh v
c nh. Cc t bo ny c nh tuyn ngun v nh vy, khi n i qua cc node trong
mng th ch tin hnh tra bng ri chuyn tip. ng dn t ngun n ch c
xc nh bi node chuyn mch u vo. Vic xc nh ng dn ny c th da trn
mt s tham s yu cu ca khch hng.

Hnh 1-17 C s chuyn mch ATM
Trong mt chuyn mch ATM, cc t bo c chuyn t mt knh logic ng vo
n mt hoc nhiu knh logic ng ra. Mt knh logic c ch th bng s kt hp ca
hai nh danh:
S tuyn vt l.
Trang 22
nh danh knh - nh danh ng dn o (VPI) v nh danh knh o
(VCI) trn mt tuyn vt l.
Chuyn mch cc t bo qua mt node ATM yu cu s kt hp cht ch gia cc
nh danh ca cc knh logic ng vo v ng ra.
Trong mng ATM, cc nh danh ca cc knh logic tng ng vi cc khe thi
gian. nh danh kt hp hai gi tr vo trong header ca t bo, l trng VPI v VCI
xc nh mt knh logic.
u im:
X l nhanh.
Chuyn tip nhanh.
Tc t n 600Mbps.
Kh nng phc v cc dch v tc bit thay i v c nh.
Tnh thi gian thc hng n chuyn mch knh.
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
Internet ang pht trin rt mnh v l iu khng th thiu trong cuc sng hin
ti. T , cc dch v mi a s u p dng trn IP (Internet Protocol). Tuy nhin,
Internet ang gp tr ngi v thi gian thc v bng thng, kh khn trong vic m bo
QoS cho ngi s dng. Gii php IP over ATM c xut nhng cng gp kh khn
trong k thut.
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (Multiple Protocol Label Switching) n
gin ho vic chuyn tip cho cc router bn trong. Cng nh ATM, chuyn mch nhn
a giao thc c s dng nh tuyn ngun, cc router bin thc hin nh tuyn v cc
router trung tm ch thc hin chuyn mch, ng thi c kh nng kt hp vi mi giao
thc lp mng hin nay cng nh cc giao thc lp thp hn. u im ca MPLS:
Tc nh ATM.
Gi thnh r.
n gin.
Chuyn mch quang
Chuyn mch knh ln chuyn mch gi u c s dng trong cc mng
thng tin quang. Do nh ngha trc cu hnh chuyn mch trong chuyn mch knh nn
iu khin chuyn mch c th c n gin ha v khng cn thit phi x l theo thi
gian thc. Do , chuyn mch knh l s la chn hng u trong truyn thng quang,
trong , cc tc truyn dn l rt cao.
Mt khc, trong chuyn mch gi, khi cc tc truyn dn cng cao th thi gian
gi n cng ngn. Nh vy, yu cu thay i trong cu hnh chuyn mch cng tr nn
kh khn. V d, khi chuyn mch ln th tc chuyn mch s b gii hn bi dung
lng bus ni.
Khi xt chuyn mch photon, b m gi trong chuyn mch gi li ny sinh mt
vn na. Bi v cc photon khng th c lu nh cc electron (ngha l photon
khng c khi lng tnh) nn kh khn trong vic m cc photon nhiu hn l cho qua
cc ng dy tr. Nh vy, nhiu thit k chuyn mch gi m s dng b m gim
xc sut nghn l khng th d dng trin khai trong chuyn mch photon.
Trang 23

Hnh 1-18 Chuyn mch photon WDM 4x4.
Xt chuyn mch photon ghp knh phn chia bc sng WDM (wavelength
division multiplexing) s dng b ghp ni sao (star coupler) nh Hnh 1-18. Mt b
ghp ni sao l mt thit b quang nhiu cng m ghp mt s tn hiu ng vo, trn
chng mt cch ng nht v phn b chng n tt c cc u ra. Trong kin trc ny,
b lc quang c s dng chn lc mt trong cc tn hiu ng vo c bc sng
i
.
Trong phng thc ny, tn hiu c chuyn mch theo bc sng ca n. Nu
ta mun tng kch thc chuyn mch th ta ch tng s knh bc sng. Bi v b lc
ng ra c th chn bt k ng vo nn chuyn mch WDM ny khng xy ra nghn ni
v gn ging nh chuyn mch thanh cho.
Hai nhc im chnh l suy hao cng sut khi kch thc chuyn mch tng v
cn cc ngun sng v cc b lc c kh nng thay i.

4. GII THIU TI LIU THAM KHO
[JOHN79] John Bellamy. Digital Telephony. John Wiley and Sons, 1979.
[MAX96] Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and applicaions of optical
communications. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1996
Cc trang web:
http://www.shore.net/~ws/DCC5e.html
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/conlcom-resources.html
http://www.internic.net/ds/dspgol.html
http://www.ericsson.com/support/telecom/book-index/index.shtml

Trang 24

2. CHUYN MCH KNH
T khi pht minh ra my in thoi, chuyn mch knh tr thnh mt k thut ni
tri trong vic truyn thng thoi v n vn cn rt hu hiu trong k nguyn mng s
tch hp hin nay. Chng ny trc ht gii thiu mng chuyn mch v sau trnh
by cc c trng chnh trong mng chuyn mch knh.

1. MNG CHUYN MCH
truyn d liu n mt ni no , th thng tin phi c truyn t ngun n
ch qua mng vi cc node chuyn mch trung gian, vic thit k cc mng chuyn mch
nh vy thng c s dng trong cc mng LAN hoc MAN. Cc node chuyn mch
khng quan tm n ni dung ca d liu, m mc ch ca chng l cung cp mt
phng tin chuyn mch m chuyn d liu t node ny sang node khc cho n khi ti
ch. Hnh 2-1 m t mt mng chuyn mch n gin. Cc thit b u cui mun truyn
thng c xt nh cc trm. Cc trm c th l cc my tnh, cc thit b u cui hoc
cc in thoi hoc cc thit b truyn thng khc. Ta s xt cc thit b chuyn mch vi
mc ch cung cp kh nng truyn thng nh cc node ni vi cc tuyn truyn dn theo
mt hnh nht nh. Mi trm cng vi cc node v tng hp cc node c xem nh
l mt mng chuyn mch.

Hnh 2-1Vdmtmngngin
1
2
3
6 5
4
A
G
B
C
D
E
Trm u
cui
Node chuyn
mch
Tuyn
truyn dn
Chng 2. .. . CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Trang 25
Dng thc ca cc mng ny c trnh by trong chng ny v cc chng tip
theo gi l cc mng truyn thng chuyn mch. D liu a vo mng t mt trm u
cui c ni n ch bi cc chuyn mch t node ny n node khc. V d nh trong
Hnh 2-1, d liu t trm A n trm D bng cch gi n node 1 ri c th n node 3
ri node 4 n trm D. Ta thy rng:
1. C nhng node ch ni vi node khc, v d node 5, nhim v ca
chng l chuyn mch qu giang (chuyn mch bn trong trong mng) cho dliu.
Cc node khc c mt hoc nhiu trm c ni vi chng, ngoi chc nng
chuyn mch ca chng cn thu nhn v pht i d liu n cc trm c ni.
2. Cc tuyn ni gia node ny vi node khc thng c ghp
knh, s dng k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s FDM hoc ghp knh
phn chia theo thi gian TDM.
3. Thng thng, mng khng c ni kt hon ton, ngha l khng
thc hin vic ni trc tip tng i mt gia cc node vi nhau. Tuy nhin,
chng thng c nhiu hn mt ng dn c th qua mng, iu ny tng cng
tin cy ca mng.
Hai k thut khc nhau c s dng trong cc mng din rng l chuyn mch
knh v chuyn mch gi. Hai k thut ny khc nhau v cch thc chuyn mch thng
tin t tuyn ny n tuyn khc t ngun n ch. Chng ny, chng ta s ni n
chuyn mch knh, chng tip theo l chuyn mch gi v cc chng sau na s bn
n cc phng thc pht trin khc ca chuyn mch gi nh Frame Relay, ATM

2. CC MNG CHUYN MCH KNH
Vic truyn thng qua mng chuyn mch knh ng mt s n nh ng dn
thng tin gia hai trm u cui. ng dn ny lin quan n mt chui cc tuyn lin
tc gia cc node khc nhau. Trn mi tuyn vt l, cc knh logic c n nh cho mt
ni kt. Vic truyn thng qua mng chuyn mch knh bao gm 3 giai an:
1. Thit lp knh dn: Trc khi tn hiu c th c truyn, knh dn t u
cui n u cui phi c thit lp. V d trong Hnh 2-1, trm A gi
yu cu n node 1 yu cu mt ni kt n trm D. Lc ny, gia A v
1 c dnh ring mt ng dn, node 1 tm n node cui l node 4, l
node ni vi trm D, da vo thng tin nh tuyn vi cc tham s nh chi
ph, di l trnh, node 1 s chn ng dn n node 3 phn b
mt knh ri (s dng ghp knh phn chia theo tn s FDM hoc ghp
knh phn chia theo thi gian TDM) trn tuyn gi thng ip yu cu
n trm D. Nh vy, ng dn dnh ring phi c thit lp t A qua 1
n 3, v node 3 s n nh mt knh n node 4, node 4 ni vi trm D
to thnh mt ni kt. Ni kt hon thnh vi mt s kim tra trng thi
ca trm D l bn hay sn sng cho vic trao i.
2. Truyn d liu: Thng tin by gi c th c truyn t A qua mng n
D. D liu c th l tng t hoc s ty theo mi trng mng. Khi cc
vt mang l cc mng s tch hp th vic s dng truyn dn s cho cc
dch v thoi cng nh d liu l u im. ng dn gia A vi 1 gi l
tuyn, ng dn gia 1 n 3, 3 n 4 gi l knh v t 4 n D gi l
tuyn. Trong trng hp tng quan th cc ni kt u l song cng.
Trang 26
3. Gii phng knh dn: Sau giai an truyn d liu, ni kt c kt thc
bi mt trong hai trm u cui, tn hiu c truyn trn ng dn
gii phng b nhng ti nguyn c n nh.
Ch rng ng dn phi c thit lp trc khi truyn d liu. Nh vy, dung
lng knh phi c d tr gia cc cp node ca ng dn v mi node phi c kh
nng chuyn mch chuyn tip x l ni kt yu cu. Chuyn mch phi c tnh thng
minh phn b v sp xp ng dn qua mng.
Chuyn mch knh c hiu qu km, dung lng knh c phn b trong sut
thi gian hot ng ca ni kt, thm ch l khi khng c d liu c tryn. Vi mt ni
kt cho thoi, s dng c th rt cao nhng vn khng th t c 100%. Vi ni kt
n my tnh, dung lng c th ri trong hu ht thi gian kt ni, vi s phn b dung
lng nh trn l khng hiu qu. Trong khi hot ng, c nhng khong thi gian tr
trong vic truyn bo hiu thit lp ni kt, nhng n khi ni kt c thit lp th
mng l trong sut i vi ngi s dng. Thng tin c truyn tc c nh v
khng tr hn trn truyn dn qua cc tuyn, tr ti cc node l khng ng k.
Chuyn mch knh c pht trin kim sot lu lng thoi, nhng n thi
im by gi, chng cn c s dng truyn d liu. V d thng dng ca chuyn
mch knh l mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng (Hnh 2-2), l s chn la ca cc
mng quc gia ni vi cc dch v quc t. Mc d mong mun c bn l thc hin cho
cc thu bao dch v thoi tng t, nhng mng cn kim sot nhiu lu lng d liu
qua modem v ln dn sang mng s. ng dng ph dng ca chuyn mch knh l cc
tng i nhnh ring PBX (Private Branch Exchange), PBX c s dng ni ktcc
my in thoi trong mt ta nh hay mt cng s. Chuyn mch knh cn c s
dng trong cc mng ring, ni cc chi nhnh hoc cc t chc li vi nhau, chng
thng gm cc h thng PBX ti mi ni v c ni vi nhau bi cc ng thu knh
ring (leased line) qua mt hoc nhiu nhcung cp dch v nh AT&T. V d cui cng
v ng dng ca chuyn mch knh l chuyn mch d liu. Chuyn mch d liu
tng t nh PBX nhng c thit k ni kt cc thit b x l d liu s vi nhau
nh cc thit b kt cui hay cc my tnh.

Hnh 2-2Mngchuynmchinthoicngcng
Mng vin thng cng cng c th c m t vi bn thnh phn mng nh sau:
Cc thu bao: L cc thit b c gn vi mng, cc thu bao thng l
cc my in thoi tng t nhng t l phn trm s tng theo tng nm
sang cc thu bao d liu s.
Mch vng ni ht (local loop): L tuyn ni gia thu bao v mng,
chng cn c gi l mch vng thu bao. Cc mch vng ni ht thng
s dng cp xon ng trc, di khong vi km n vi chc km.

Trang 27
Cc tng i: L cc trung tm chuyn mch trong mng. Mt trung tm
chuyn mch m h tr trc tip cho cc thu bao gi l tng i ni ht
(tng i cui), mt tng i ni ht c th h tr cho hng ngn thu bao
trong khu vc. M c hn 19000 tng i ni ht v nh vy, ngha l
khng thc t khi ta ni trc tip t tng i ni ht ny n tng i ni
ht kia v s ng trung k l khong 2.10
8
ng dy l rt ln. Lc ny,
cc tng i qu giang c s dng.
Cc ng trung k: Ni gia cc tng i vi nhau. Trung k mang nhiu
knh thoi c ghp vi nhau theo tn s FDM hoc thi gian TDM.
Cc thu bao ni trc tip n cc tng i ni ht, cc tng i ni ht c nhim
v chuyn mch lu lng gia cc thu bao hoc gia thu bao vi cc tng i khc.
Cc tng i ny thc hin vic nh tuyn v chuyn mch cho cc tng i vi nhau.
ni kt cho hai thu bao ca cng mt tng i th mt knh dn c thit lp gia
chng v nu hai thu bao thuc hai tng i khc nhau th knh dn gia chng bao gm
mt chui cc knh dn qua mt hoc nhiu tng i trung gian. Nh trong Hnh 2-3, ni
kt c thit lp gia ng a v ng b qua tng i ni ht. Ni kt cho ng c v
ng d th phc tp hn nhiu. Trong tng i ni ht ca c, mt ni kt c thit lp
gia c v mt knh trn ng trung k TDM n tng i trung gian. y, knh ny
li c ni vi mt knh khc thuc ng trung k ni vi tng i ni ht ca thu
bao d. Tng i ni ht ca thu bao d s ni knh ny vi ng dy.

Hnh 2-3Thitlpknhdn.
K thut chuyn mch knh c xut pht t nhng ng dng thoi. Mt trong
nhng yu cu chnh ca lu lng thoi l phi thc s khng c truyn dn v m
bo khng c s thay i tr (trt). Mt tc truyn dn tn hiu khng i phi
c duy tr v bn thu cng nh bn pht phi c cng mt tc truyn dn. Cc yu
cu ny l cn thit cho php m thoi ca con ngi. Hn na, cht lng tn hiu
thu nhn phi c th hiu c mc ti thiu.
Chuyn mch knh tr nn rng ri, ph bin bi v n thch hp vi vic
truyn dn tn hiu thoi tng t. Trong thi i s hin nay, th chuyn mch knh r
rng khng th p ng v thiu hiu qu. Mc d chuyn mch knh l thiu hiu qu
nhng n vn l s chn la cho cc mng cc b cng nh cc mng din rng. Mt
trong nhng th mnh ca chuyn mch knh chnh l tnh trong sut, l khi mt ni
kt c thit lp th n l mt ng ni trc tip t hai trm u cui hon ton vt
l.

Tng i
ni hat

Tng i
ni hat

Tng i
qu giang

a
b
c

d

Trung k

Trung k

Trang 28
3. NI DUNG CHUYN MCH
Cng ngh chuyn mch knh c tip cn tt nht bng vic xem xt hot ng
ca mt node chuyn mch n. Mng c xy dng xung quanh mt node chuyn
mch n gm mt tp hp cc trm gn vi mt n v chuyn mch trung tm. Chuyn
mch trung tm thit lp ng dn phn b gia hai thit b bt k mun trao i thng
tin. Hnh 2-4 m t cc thnh phn chnh ca mng mt node chuyn mch. Cc ng
gch t bn trong chuyn mch biu th cc ni kt hin hnh.

.

Hnh 2-4Ccthnhphncamtnodechuynmch
Tri tim ca mt h thng hin i chnh l chuyn mch s. Chc nng ca
chuyn mch s l cung cp mt ng dn tn hiu trong sut gia cc cp thit b u
cui. ng dn l trong sut bi v ni kt ni trc tip gia hai thit b. Thng thng,
cc ni kt ny l song cng.
Thnh phn giao tip mng i din cho cc chc nng ca phn cng cn thit
ni cho cc thit b s nh cc thit b x l d liu hoc cc my in thoi s vi mng.
Cc in thoi tng t cth c ni vi mng nu giao tip mng c cha b chuyn
i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s. Cc ng trung k n cc chuyn mch s khc
cung cp cc tuyn ghp knh cu thnh mng.
Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (Space Division Switching)
n v iu khin tin hnh 3 chc nng chnh, u tin, chnh l chc nng thit
lp ni kt, y chnh l chc nng hot ng theo yu cu ca thit b c ni vi tng
i. thit lp c ni kt, n v iu khin phi c kh nng kim sot v pht hin
c nhu cu, xc nh ng dn qua chuyn mch ti ch nu u cui l ri. Chc
nng th hai l n v iu khin phi duy tr ni kt. Bi v chuyn mch s s dng
nguyn l ghp knh phn chia thi gian v iu ny c th yu cu thao tc lin tc ln
chuyn mch nhng cc bits truyn thng phi c chuyn mt cch trong sut. Chc

n v iu khin

Chuynmchs

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nng th ba l gii phng ni kt, ni kt s c gii phng khi n v iu khin xc
nh nhu cu t mt trong hai thit b u cui tham gia vo cuc trao i.

Hnh 2-5 Chuynmchphnchiakhnggian.
c trng quan trng ca thit b chuyn mch knh l nghn hay khng nghn.
Nghn xut hin khi mng l khng th ni kt cho hai trm vi l do l tt c cc ng
dn u ang c s dng. Mng nghn l mng nm trong kh nng ni trn, do ,
mng khng nghn cho php tt c cc trm c th ni tng i n tt c cc trm khc
theo yu cu min l cc trm ang ri. Khi mng ch h tr cho lu lng thoi th
cu hnh nghn l c th chp nhn v cc cuc gi c thi gian chim gi kh ngn nn
ch c th nghn trong mt thi im no . Tuy nhin, vi cc thit b x l d liu th
c th lkhng ph hp. Trong trng hp ny, mng c cu hnh khng nghn hoc
gn khng nghn c th tha mn c cht lng dch v yu cu.
Ta tr li xem xt hot ng chuyn mch knh trn mt node chuyn mch n.
Chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian l dng chuyn mch c pht trin t
nguyn bn cho mi trng tng t c thc hin sang lnh vc s. Nguyn l c bn
l ging nhau, trong , chuyn mch c s dng mang tn hiu tng t hoc s.
Nh tn gi ca n, chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian c nhng ng dn tn hiu
c phn chia mt mt cch vt l (phn chia khng gian). Mi ni kt yu cu thit lp
ng dn vt l qua chuyn mch c n nh ring truyn dn tn hiu gia hai
im cui. Cu trc c s ca chuyn mch l im thng bng kim loi hay cng in t
m c th cho php hoc khng cho php tn hiu i qua c iu khin bi n v iu
khin.
Hnh 2-5 cho ta mt ma trn chuyn mch n gin vi 10 ng I/O song cng.
Ma trn c 10 ng vo v 10 ng ra, mi trm c ni vi ma trn qua mt ng vo v
mt ng ra. Ni kt c thc hin qua im thng thch hp, trong ma trn ny yu cu
100 im thng.
Trang 30

Hnh 2-6Chuynmch3tng.
Chuyn mch thanh cho c mt s gii hn sau:
S im thng nhiu (nhiu nht l bng tch s ng vo v ng ra) th chi
ph chuyn mch ln.
Suy hao ti im thng khin gia hai thit b gn vi hai ng giao nhau
ti im thng c ni kt km.
Cc im thng c hiu qu s dng km, thm ch khi tt c cc thit b
u cui l hot ng th ch mt phn nh cc im thng l m.
khc phc iu ny, cc chuyn mch nhiu tng c p dng. Hnh 2-6 biu
din mt chuyn mch 3 tng. Vic phn chia chuyn mch thnh nhiu tng mang li
nhiu li im hn so vi chuyn mch n tng:
S im thng gim, tng hiu qu s dng thanh cho. Trong trng hp
ny, s im thng ni cho 10 trm t 100 gim xung cn 48.
C nhiu ng dn qua mng ni vi hai im cui hn so vi chuyn
mch n tng, iu ny lm tng tin cy.
Tt nhin l chuyn mch a tng yu cu s iu khin phc tp hn. thit
lp mt ng dn trong chuyn mch n th n ch cn m mt im thng no , cn
trong chuyn mch a tng th ng dn thng qua cc tng phi c xc nh v nhiu
cng tng ng phi c m.
Nghn c th xy ra trong chuyn mch nhiu tng, ta c th thy rng chuyn
mch nh trong Hnh 2-5 l loi chuyn mch khng nghn, ngha l ng dn lun c
th ni gia bt k ng vo no n ng ra no. Cn i vi chuyn mch nhiu tng nh
trong Hnh 2-6 th gi s vi cc ng nt m biu th trng thi ang hot ng ca
cc ng vo v cc ng ra th ng vo 10 khng th ni vi cc ng ra 3, 4, 5 v thm ch
n nhng ng ra khc. Chuyn mch a tng c th lm cho khng nghn bng cch
Trang 31
tng kch thc hoc s lng cc tng chuyn mch trung gian, nhng iu ny ng
gnha vi vic tng chi ph.
Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian (Time Division Switching)
Cng ngh chuyn mch c lch s pht trin kh l lu i, hu ht cc cng
ngh xut pht t k nguyn ca tn hiu tng t. Khi k thut s ha tn hiu thoi v
ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian pht trin th c d liu ln thoi u c truyn
dng tn hiu s, iu ny dn n s thay i nguyn l trong thit k v cng ngh ca
cc h thng chuyn mch. Thay v s dng cc h thng phn chia khng gian th cc h
thng s thay bng cc thnh phn phn chia theo khng gian v thi gian.
Gi s rng mi chuyn mch knh hin i u s dng k thut phn chia thi
gian cho vic thit lp v duy tr cc knh. Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian bao
gm cc dng bit tc thp (trong cc khe) kt hp thnh mt dng bit tc cao c
chuyn i bi b iu khin logic chuyn d liu t ng vo n ng ra. hiu
c chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian, ta xt chuyn mch bus TDM nh sau.
Chuyn mch bus TDM cc chuyn mch s khc da trn k thut ghp knh
phn chia theo thi gian ng b TDM (Time Division Multiplexing). K thut TDM
cho php nhiu dng bit tc thp dng chung mt ng truyn tc cao. Tp hp
cc ng vo c ly mu lun phin. Cc mu c sp xp lin tc vo trong cc khe
thi gian dng khung tun hon ca cc khe vi s khe trn mt khung bng s ng
vo. Mt khe c th l 1 bit, 1 byte hoc mt khi di hn. iu quan trng trong TDM
ng b l ngun v ch d liu phi bit v khe thi gian ca nhau. Do , khng cn
phi xc nh cc bit trong mi khe.

Hnh 2-7ChuynmchbusTDM.
Hnh 2-7 biu din n gin v k thut ny. Mi thit b gn vi chuyn mch
qua ng dy dn song cng. Cc ng dy ny c ni vi cc cng iu khin n

n v iu khin

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Trang 32
bus s tc cao. Mi ng dy c gn mt khe thi gian cho ng vo a n.
Trong thi gian ca mt khe thi gian, cng ca ng dy c m, cho php t d
liu nh a vo bus. Trong khong thi gian ny, cc cng ca ng dy kia cng c
m n ng ra. Nh vy, trong thi gian ca mt khe thi gian, d liu c chuyn t
ng dy ng vo n ng dy ng ra. Trong nhng khe thi gian khc, chuyn mch
cng thc hin cho mt cp ng vo v ng ra khc dng chung bus tc cao.
Xt s thc hin khng nghn nh trong Hnh 2-7. Vi chuyn mch c h
tr, v d 100 thit b phi c 100 khe thi gian tng ng, mi khe thi gian c gn
vi mt ng vo v ng ra. S lp i lp li ca tt c cc khe thi gian gi l khung. Vic
gn ng vo c th c nh, ng ra c th thay i theo ni kt. Khi bt u mt khe thi
gian, ng vo c th chn mt cm d liu vo trn ng dy m n s truyn n cc
ng ra xc nh.
Nh vy, khe thi gian phi bng thi gian truyn d liu ca ng vo + tr
truyn dn qua bus gia ng vo vi ng ra v ng nht cc khe thi gian thchiu
di ca khe thi gian c nh ngha bng thi gian truyn dn + tr truyn dn ca
bus t u cui n u cui.
Tc bus phi ln c th khi phc chnh xc cc khe. V d, xt mt h
thng ni kt cho 100 ng dy song cng c tc 19.2kbps. D liu ng vo c
m ti cc cng. Mi b m phi c xa bng cch m cng nhanh ngn s
chng chp. Nh vy, tc d liu trn bus trong v d ny phi ln hn 1.92Mbps. Tc
d liu tht ca d liu phi ln tnh ton d phng cho tr truyn dn.

Hnh 2-8iukhinchuynmchbusTDM.
Cc xem xt trn xc nh dung lng mang lu lng ca mt chuyn mch
nghn, trong , khng c vic gn c nh cc ng dy ng vo vi cc khe thi gian
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Trang 33
m chng c phn b theo yu cu. Tc d liu trn bus cho bit c cao nhiu ni
kt c th c tin hnh trong cng mt thi im. Vi mt h thng c 200 thit b
tc 19.2kbps v bus c tc l 2Mbps th khong mt na thit b c th c ni
mt thi im bt k.
S chuyn mch bus TDM c th cung cp cho cc ng dy vi cc tc
d liu khc nhau. V d, nu mt ng dy tc 9600bps ly mt khe ttrn khung th
dy 19,2kbps s ly 2 khe trn khung. Tt nhin, ni kt ch c th c thit lp trn cc
dy cng tc .
Hnh 2-8 l v d v iu khin chuyn mch bus TDM. Gi thit thi gian truyn
trn bus l 0.01s. Thi gian ca mt khung l 30.06s gm 6 khe thi gian, mi khe thi
gian 5.01s.B nh iu khin ch th cng c m trong thi gian ca khe thi gian.
Trog v d ny, b nh gm 6 nh. Chu k iu khin ca b nh l thi gian ca
khung (30.06s). Trong khe thi gian th nht, cng vo l 1 v cng ra l 3 c php
m cho d liu i t thit b 1 qua bus n thit b 3. Tng t nh vy, ta c s ni kt
cho cc cp 2-5, 3-6, 3-1, 5-2 v 6-4 trong cc khe thi gian tip theo. Nh vy, chuyn
mch thc hin s trao i thng tin cho cc cng 1-3, 2-5 v 4-6.

4.NH TUYN CHO CC MNG CHUYN MCH KNH
Trong mt mng chuyn mch knh ln, nhiu ni kt s yu cu mt ng dn
bao gm nhiu chuyn mch. Khi cuc gi c khi xng, mng phi xc nh mt
ng ni qua mng t thu bao ch gi n thu bao b gi thng qua vi chuyn mch
v cc ng trung k. C hai yu cu chnh cho cu trc ca mng thc hin chin lc
nh tuyn l hiu qu v co gin. Yu cu u tin m t vic ti thiu ha thit b
(chuyn mch v cc trung k) trong mng kim sot lng ti trong mng. Ti yu
cu thng c biu din bi thut ng ti lu lng gi bn, l lng ti trung bnh
trong gi bn trong ngy. Trn quan im chc nng, l nhng chc nng thit yu
kim sot lng ti, trn quan im gi thnh l vic tithiu ha thit b s dng.Vi
yu cu th hai l tnh co gin, c nhng trng hp mng qu ti mt thi im no
, th mng phi c kh nng cung cp lp dch v hp l cc chuyn mch v cc
trung k c th vn hot ng c trong trnh trng nh vy trong mt khong thi gian
nht nh.
tng chnh ca chin lc nh tuyn l xc nh bn cht ca vic cn bng
gia tnh hiu qu v tnh co gin. Theo truyn thng, chc nng nh tuyn trong cc
mng vin thng cng cng l phi n gin. Mng thng c cu trc cy hoc th bc,
mt ng dn c tin hnh bng cch khi u t thu bao ch gi, theo cy ca node
u tin, sau n cy ca th bao b gi. tng thm tnh n hi ca mng, thng
thm vo cc ng trung k c s dng cao i qua cu trc cy ni cc tng i c
lu lng ln gia chng. Vic thm cc ng trung k c s dng cao cung cp
d phng v dung lng b sung cho mng, tuy nhin, n li lm gim tnh hiu qu v
gii hn c n hi. Bi v s nh tuyn ny khng c kh nng thch hp vi cc
tnh trng thay i, mng phi c thit k tha mn cc yu cu c th. V d l cc
gi bn cho lu lng t ng sang ty v lu lng t bc xung nam l khng trng
nhau, mi lu lng a yu cu khc nhau vo h thng. iu ny lm cho s phn tch
nh hng cacc s thay i ny tr nn kh khn, dn n qu tm, khng gii hn v
khng hiu qu. Trong vn n hi, cu trc th bc c nh vi s b sung cc ng
trung k c th tr nn yu km v d b s c.
Trang 34
xt cc yu cu pht trin trn cc mng vin thng, cc nh cung cp khng
s dng cu trc th bc c nh na m chuyn sang cu trc ng. Phng php nh
tuyn ng l mt phng php quyt nh ng dn theo trnh trng lu lng hin
hnh. V d cc node chuyn mch knh thng c mi quan h ngang cp hn l th
bc, cc node thng c dung lng v thc hin cc chc nng nh nhau. Vi kin trc
nh vy, nh tuyn l phc tp v linh hot hn. Phc tp hn bi v cu trc khng
cung cp mt ng dn bn cht trong tp hp cc ng dn nh da trn cu trc
th bc nhng n linh hot hn v c nhiu ng dn lun phin hn.
Hai thut tan nh tuyn ng c thc hin l nh tuyn lun phin v nh
tuyn thch nghi.
nh tuyn lun phin:

Hnh 2-9nhtuynlunphinvichuynmchngunXvchuynmchchY.
Bn cht ca nh tuyn lun phin l cc ng dn c th c s dng gia hai
tng i l c nh ngha trc. Chuyn mch ngun chu trch nhim chn ng dn
thch hp cho mi cuc gi. Mi chuyn mch c xc nh mt tp cc ng dn
chin lc trc cho mi ch trong trt t u tin ca n. S chn la u tin l mt ni
kt trung k trc tip gia hai chuyn mch. Nu ng trung k ny l khng c kh
nng th la chn th hai c tin hnh th v c nh th. Th t ng dn (th t
Trang 35
ng dn c th) da vo s phn tch trn cc mu lu lng trong qu trnh trc
v c thit k ti u vic s dng ti nguyn mng.
Nu ch c th t ng dn c nh ngha cho mi cp ngun ch th s
c gi l s nh tuyn lun phin c nh. S khc bit ca tp hp cc ng dn
c lp chin lc trc c s dng trong cc khong thi gian khc nhau ly
nhng u im ca cc mu lu lng khc nhau trong nhng khong thi gian khc
nhau v cc thi im khc nhau trong ngy. Nh vy, vic quyt nh ng dn da
trn trng thi lu lng hin hnh (lun phin ng dn nu) v cc mu lu lng c
(xc nh th t ng dn c xt).
V d nh trong Hnh 2-9. Chuyn mch ngun X c 4 ng dn c th ni n
chuyn mch ch Y. ng dn trc tip (a) lun c xt u tin. Nu trung k ny l
khng sn sng (bn hay khng th phc v) th nhng ng khc s c xt trong mt
th t c th ty theo khong thi gian. V d nhng ngy trong tun v bui sng th
ng dn b c xt tip theo.
Mt dng ca k thut nh tuyn lun phin ng c xy dng bi Bell
Operating Companies cung cp dch v in thoi ni ht v vng gi l nh tuyn a
lun phin MAR (multialternative routing). Phng php ny cn c s dng bi
AT&T trong cc mng ng di gi l nh tuyn khng th bc ng DNHR (dynamic
non-hierarchical routing).
nh tuyn thch nghi
S nh tuyn thch nghi c thit k cho php chuyn mch tc ng ti
s thay i cc mu lu lng trong mng. S nh vy yu cu chi ph qun l ln
nh cc chuyn mch trao i thng tin bit cc trng thi ca mng. Tuy nhin, so vi
s lun phin th s thch nghi c tim nng ti u hn trong vic s dng ti
nguyn mng.
Qun l lu lng ng DTM (dynamic traffic management) l kh nng nh
tuyn c pht trin bi Northern Telecom v c s dng trn cc mng ni ht v
quc gia ca Canada.
DTM s dng b iu khin tp trung tm ra ng dn lun phin tt nht
c chn ty theo nghn trong mng. B iu khin trung tm thu thp d liu trng
thi t mi chuyn mch trong mng c khon 10 giy mt ln xc nh cc ng
dn lun phin chn trc. Mi cuc gi c th u tin trn ng dn trc tip nu
c gia cc chuyn mch ngun v ch. Nu cuc gi b kha th n th trn ng dn
lun phin th hai.
Mi chuyn mch i trao i cc thng s o lu lng sau n trung tm iu
khin:
I
ij
: s trung k ri trn tuyn n chuyn mch j cho tt c cc chuyn
mch trong mng.
CPU
i
: s dng VPU ca chuyn mch i.
O
ij
: thng s lu lng trn c gi t i n j trn ng ni trc tip.
Da trn cc thng tin ny, trung tm iu khin s tr v cho mi chuyn mch i
mt cch nh k mt ch c th c c ca chuyn mch j.
r
ij
: nh danh ca chuyn mch qua chuyn mch i xc nh cc cuc gi trc tip
ca n ti j khi tuyn trc tip l y.
Trang 36
Vic chn r
ij
ty vo vic c tuyn trc tip tn ti gia i v j hay khng. Nu
tuyn trc tip tn ti th r
ij
xcnh chuyn mch t t gi tr ti a khi:
Max{A
t
*min[I
it
-PA
it
,T
tj
-PA
tj
]}, ti,j.
Nu khng c tuyn trc tip gia i v j th r
ij
xc nh chuyn mch t gi tr ti
a khi:
Max{A
t
*min[I
it
,T
tj
]}, ti,j.
Trong , A
t
l tham s trong phm vi [0,1] m phn nh sn sng ca chuyn
mch t. N bng 1 khi cc chc nng l bnh thng v nh hn nu chuyn mch t ang
qu ti, iu ny lm cho cc ng dn lun phin qua cc chuyn mch qu ti t li
cun hn v t c chn bi b iu khin mng hn.
PA
xy
: Tham s tha nhn bo v cho lu lng trc tip trn tuyn x-y, iu ny
phn tch lu lng ra khi tuyn khi n gn y.
Phng trnh th hai l ging nh phng trnh th nht nhng khng c mt ca
thanm s tha nhn bo v. L do ca n l: nu khng c tuyn trc tip gia chuyn
mch i v j th lu lng t i n j khng c tha nhn u tin cho lu lng trc
tip trn cc tuyn trn cc ng dn thay th tim tng.
Hnh 2-10 m t qu trnh chn la. Nu tuyn t i n j l bo ha th ng dn
thay th khuyn co l i-y-j. Mc d ng dn i-x-j c dung lng ri nhiu hn nhng
n khng c khuyn khch bi v n ang qu ti.

Hnh 2-10VicchnngthchhptrongTDM.
Vic s dng tp cc tham s da vo trng thi mng cho sc mnh ca dung
lng mng. Hn na, n tr nn d dng thc hin vi nhiu s thay i ca vic xc
nh cc gi tr ca cc tham s v quyt nh hiu qu thc hin ca chng. V d, tham
Trang 37
s PA
xy
c th thit lp l mt gi tr c nh trong mng c n nh tng i hoc
tham s trn O
xy
c th c s dng.

5. BO HIU
Trong mt mng chuyn mch knh, cc tn hiu iu khin l phng tin qun
l, thit lp, duy tr v gii phng cc cuc gi. Chc nng qun l cuc gi v c chc
nng qun l mng yu cu thng tin c trao i ga cc tng i vi thu bao, gia
cc tng i vi tng i v ga cc tng i vi trung tm qun l mng. Vi mt mng
vin thng ln th mt s iu khin bo hiu phc tp tng ng c yu cu. Trong
phn ny, ch gii thiu khi qut cc chc nng bo hiu, sau xem xt k thut da
trn cc mng tch hp hin i, l bo hiu knh chung.
Cc chc nng bo hiu
Cc tn hiu iu khin nh hng n nhiu kha cnh hot ng ca mng, bao
gm cho php cc dch v mng cho cc thu bao ln cc c ch bn trong mng. Lc
ny, cc mng tr nn phc tp hn, s chc nng c thc hin bi tn hiu iu khin
tng trng tng ng. Cc chc nng sau l cc chc nng quan trng nht:
1. Truyn tn hiu c th nghe thy c cho thu bao, bao gm cc m mi
quay s, tn hiu bo bn, hi m chung
2. Truyn cc ch s quay gia cc tng i cathu bao ch gi.
3. Truyn thng tin gia cc chuyn mch ch th rng cuc gi khng th ni
kt.
4. Truyn thng tin gia cc chuyn mch ch th rng cuc gi l kt thc v
ng dn c th c gii phng.
5. Tn hiu chung.
6. Truyn thng tin c s dng vi mc ch tnh cc.
7. Truyn thng tin cho bit trng thi ca cc thit b hoc trung k trong
mng. Thng tin ny c th uc s dng vi mc ch nh tuyn v vn
hnh.
8. Truyn thng tin c s dng kim tra v cch ly cc s c ca h
thng.
9. iu khin thit b c bit, chng hn nh thit b knh v tinh.
v d cho vic s dng tn hiu iu khin ta xt tin trnh gi ca cc thu bao
cng tng i.
1. Trc khi tin hnh cuc gi, c hai my in thoi l khng s dng (t
my). Cuc gi c bt u khi mt thu bao nhc t hp (nhc my),
hot ng ny c bo v tng i mt cch t ng.
2. Chuyn mch tr li bng tn hiu mi quay s, bo hiu rng thu bao c
th quay s.
3. Thu bao ch gi quay s ca thu bao b gi, chuyn a ch n tng i.
4. Nu thu bao b gi l khng bn th chuyn mch bo hiu cho thu bao
ny bng tn hiu chung, lm rung chung ca my thu bao b gi.
Trang 38
5. Tn hiu hi tip c cung cp cho thu bao ch gi.
Nu thu bao b gi khng bn, chuyn mch tr v tn hiu hi m
chung cho thu bao ch gi khi chung thu bao b gi.
Nu thu bao b gi bn th chuyn mch gi tn hiu bo bn cho
thu bao ch gi.
Nu cuc gi khng th tin hnh thng qua chuyn mch th
chuyn mch gi mt thng bo n thu bao ch gi.
6. Thu bao b gi chp nhn cuc gi bng cch nhc t hp, trng thi ny
thng bo v tng i mt cch t ng.
7. Chuyn mch kt thc chung cho thu bao b gi v hi m chung
cho thu bao ch gi, ng thi thit lp ni kt gia hai thu bao.
8. Ni kt c gii phng khi mt trong hai thu bao t my.
Khi hai thu bao trao i vi nhau thuc hai tng i khc nhau th cc chc nng
bo hiu trn ng trung k gia chuyn mch vi chuyn mch c yu cu:
1. Chuyn mch ngun chim gi ng trung k trung gian ri, gi tn hiu
ch th chim dng trn ng trung k, yu cu thanh ghi thu nhn s
quay ca thng i ch thu nhn a ch c truyn.
2. Chuyn mch ch gi tn hiu xc nhn ch thtng thi sn sng ca
thanh ghi.
3. Chuyn mch ngun gi cc ch s a ch ca thu bao bi gi.
Hnh 2-11 biu din vic s dng tn hiu iu khin ca ngun v ch. Bo hiu
c th c phn thnh cc chc nng khc nhau nh gim st, a ch, thng tin cuc gi
v qun l mng.
Thut ng gim st c s dng ph bin ch n chc nng iu khin m c
c trng nh phn (true/false, on/off) nh yu cu phc v, tr li, cnh bochng theo
di trng thi ca thu bao cng nh nhu cu vti nguyn mng. Cc tn hiu iu khin
gim st c s dng xc nh nu ti nguyn yu cu l sn sng v chim gi n,
chng cn c s dng truyn thng cho cc trng thi ca ti nguyn c yu cu.
Bo hiu a ch nhn dng mt thu bao. Ban u, bo hiu a ch c to ra
bi thu bao ch gi khi thc hin quay s cho thu bao b gi. a ch c th c truyn
qua mng h tr cho chc nng nh tuyn v xc nh v chung cho thu bao
b gi.
Thut ng thng tin cuc gi xt cc tn hiu m cung cp thng tin cho thu bao
v trng thi cuc gi. iiu ny lm ni bc tn hiu iu khin bn trong gia cc
chuyn mch s dng thit lp v kt thc cuc gi. Cc tn hiu bn trong nh vy l
cc thng ip tng t hoc s. Ngoi ra, cc tn hiu thng tin cuc gi l cc m hiu
c th nghe thy c bi ngi gi hoc in thoi vin vi mt t hp in thoi thch
hp.
Cc tn hiu gim st, a ch v thng tin cuc gi c bao h trong vic thit
lp v gii phng cuc gi. Ngoi ra, cc tn hiu qun l mng c s dng vn
hnh, x l s c v ton b hot ng ca mng. Cc tn hiu nh vy c th c
chuyn trong cc thng ip nh l mt danh sch cc tuyn c chin lc c di
Trang 39
t trm cp nht cc bng nh tuyn. Cc tn hiu ny bao trm mt phm vi rng v
s phn loi c th phi m rng khi tng phc tp ca mng chuyn mch.
Vng bo hiu
Bo hiu c th c xt trong hai ng cnh: Bo hiu gia thu bao v mng v
bo hiu bn trong mng. Bo hiu hot ng khc nhau gia hai ng cnh ny.
Bo hiu gia thu bao hoc my in thoi v chuyn mch hay tng i ni vi
n c xc nh cc c trng ca thit b ca thu bao v cc nhu cu ca ngi s
dng. Cc tn hiu trong mng hon ton l gia my tnh vi my tnh. Bo hiu bn
trong c xt khng ch l qun l cccuc gi ca thu bao m cn t qun l mng.
Nh vy, vi bo hiu bn trong, cc lnh cc p ng v tp cc tham s phi phc tp
hn rt nhiu.

Hnh 2-11Bohiuquamngchuynmchknh
Vi hai k thut bo hiu khc nhau c s dng, tng i chuyn mch ni ht
phi cung cp mt nh x gia mi quan h phc tp ca k thut bo hiu c s dng
bn trong mng vi k thut bo hiu t phc tp hn nhiu c s dng vi thu bao.
Bo hiu knh chung
Bo hiu truyn thng trong mng chuyn mch knh trn c s tng tuyn trung
k hay trong knh. Vi bo hiu trong knh, knh c s dng mang bo hiu ln
cuc gi m tn hiu bo hiu iu khin. Bo hiu nh vy bt ngun t thu bao
chh gi theo cng ng dn vi cuc gi n thu bao b gi. u im trong loi bo
hiu ny l khng tng thm thit b truyn dn tn hiu bo hiu, phng tin truyn dn
thoi c dng chung vi bo hiu.
Hai dng ca bo hiu trong knh l trong bng v ngoi bng. Bo hiu trong
bng khng ch dng chung ng dn vt l vi cuc gi m n phc v m cn s dng
Trang 40
cng di tn ca tn hiu thoi. Dng ny ca bo hiu c mt s u im. Cc tn hiu
iu khin c cng c trng in t nh tn hiu thoi, chng c th i n bt c ni
no m tn hiu thoi c th n. Nh vy, chng khng b gii hn trong vic s dng
bo hiu trong bng khp ni trong mng, k c nhng vng chuyn i tn hiu t
tng t sang s hoc ngc li. Ngoi ra, chng khng th thit lp cuc gi trn mt
ng truyn thoi cht lng km.
Bo hiu ngoi bng c nhng u im, l tn hiu thoi khng s dng ht
bng thng 4kHz c phn cho n nn khong trng cn li c s dng truyn bo
hiu. u im chnh ca phng php ny l cc tn hiu bo hiu c th truyn m
cho d c hoc khng truyn tn hiu thoi trn ng dy, iu ny cho php s gim st
v lin tc cho cuc gi. Tuy nhin, s bo hiu ngai bng phi cn thm thit b
kim sot di tn bo hiu v tc bo hiu l chm hn v tn hiu trong mt di tn
hp.
Cc mng chuyn mch vin thng cng cng tr nn phc tp hn v cung
cp nhiu dch v phong ph v a dng hn rt nhiu, cc tr ngi ca bo hiu trong
knh, cc ngc im, tr ngi ca bo hiu trong knh ngy cng l r. Tc truyn
thng tin b gii hnbi bo hiu trong knh. Vi bo hiu trong bng, cc knh thoi
c s dng ch c th truyn tn hiu bo hiu khi khng c tn hiu thoi trn mch.
Bo hiu ngoi bng th bng thng rt hp cho php tn hiu truyn trn gy kh khn
trong vic cung cp, tc ng nhanh cho i tng cho d dng thng ip n gin
nht.
Nhc im th hai ca bo hiu trong knh l tr ln t khi thu bao quay s
n khi ni kt c thit lp. Yu cu gim tr ny l mt vn kh phc tp cho
mng.
C hai nhc im ny c th gii quyt bi bo hiu knh chung vi bo hiu
c mang trn cc ng dn hon ton c lp vi cc knh thoi. ng dn bo hiu
c lp c th mang tn hiu bo hiu cho mt s knh ca thu bao v nh vy c mt
knh iu khin chung cho cc knh thu bao ny.

Bng2-1.Cc k thut bo hiu trong cc mng chuyn mch knh
M t Ghi ch
Trong knh

Trong bng

Ngoi bng

Truyn tn hiu iu khin trang
bng tn thoi

Tn hiu iu khin c truyn
cng phng tin nhng ngoi
bng tn thoi.

L k thut n gin nht. L cn thit cho cc
tn hiu thng tin cuc gi v c th c s
dng cho cc thng tin iu khin khc. Bo
hiu trong bng c th c s dng nhiu
dng ng truyn khc nhau.

Khc vi trong bng, ngoi bng cung cp kh
nng gim st lin tc trong thi gian ni kt

Knh chung
Tn hiu iu khin c truyn
qua cc knh bo hiu m cp
pht tn hiu iu khin dng
chung cho cc knh thoi
Gim thi gian thit lp cuc gi so vi knh
ring. Ngoi ra, cn thch hp vi cc chc
nng b sung.
Nguyn l ca bo hiu knh chung c m t v so snh vi bo hiu trong
knh nh trong Hnh 2-12. Ta c th thy rng, ng dn bo hiu cho bo hiu knh
chung c phn tch ring bit so vi cc ng dn thoi ca cc thu bao. Bo hiu
knh chung c th c cu hnh theo yu cu v bng thng mang cc tn hiu iu
Trang 41
khin cho cc chc nng a dng v phong ph. Nh vy, phng thc bo hiu ln kin
trc mng chuyn mch u phc tp hn bo hiu trong knh. Tuy nhin, vi gi thnh
my tnh ngy cng gim khin bo hiu knh chung cng tr nn li cun hn. Cc tn
hiu iu khin l cc thng ip m c trao i gia cc chuyn mch cng nh gia
cc chuyn mch vi trung tm qun l mng. Vy, phn iu khin bo hiu ca mng l
mt mng my tnh phn tn chuyn ti cho cc thng ip ngn.

Hnh 2-12Bohiutrongknhvbohiuknhchung.
Hai kiu hot ng c s dng trong bo hiu knh chung (Hnh 2-13). Trong
kiu kt hp, knh bo hiu dc theo cc nhm trung k gia hai chuyn mch v phc v
cho cc knh thoi trn cc nhm trung k , cc node chuyn mch l cc im bo
hiu. Trong kiu khng kt hp, mng c b sung cc node gi l cc im chuyn tip
bo hiu. Kiu ny khng gn cc knh bo hiu vi cc knh trong cc nhm trung k
m y tn ti hai mng ring bit vi cc tuyn ni gia chng phn iu khin
mng c th iu khin qua cc node chuyn mch phc v cho cc cuc gi ca cc thu
bao. Qun l mng thng p dng kiu khng kt hp nh l cc knh bo hiu c
th thc hin cc nhim v linh hoat hn. Kiu khng kt hp l kiu c s dng trong
ISDN.
Vi bo hiu trong knh, cc tn hiu iu khin ca hai chuyn mch c to ra
bi b x l v c chuyn n knh ng ra. bn thu, cc tn hiu iu khin phi
c chuyn t cc knh thoi n b x l. i vi bo hiu knh chung, cc tn hiu
iu khin c truyn trc tip t b x l ny n b x l khc m khng kt hp cht
ch vi tn hiu thoi, y chnh l th tc n gin hn v l mt trong nhng ng c
ca bo hiu knh chung l t b nh hng hoc nhiu qua li gia thng tin cu cc thu
bao v thng tin bo hiu. Mt ng c ct yu na ca bo hiu knh chung chnh l
thi gian thit lp cuc gi gim. Xt chui cc s kin cho vic thit lp cuc gi vi
bo hiu trong knh qua nhiu hn mt chuyn mch. Tn hiu iu khin c gi t
chuyn mch ny n chuyn mch khc trn ng dn c sp t. Ti mi chuyn
Trang 42
mch, tn hiu iu khin khng th truyn qua chuyn mch n chuyn mch tip theo
trn ng dn m knh dn phi c thit lp qua chuyn mch ny. Trong bo hiu
knh chung, vic chuyn tip thng tin iu khin c th chng chp qua tin trnh thit
lp knh dn nn thi gian thit lp cuc gi nhanh hn nhiu.

Hnh 2-13Kiukthpvkhngkthp.
Bo hiu khng kt hp c u im sau: Ta c th xy dng mt hoc nhiu trung
tm iu khin, tt c cc thng tin c chuyn qua trung tm iu khin mng, yu cu
c x l v gi n cc chuyn mch kim sot lu lng cho cc thu bao tng ng,
iu ny c th c x l trn quan im tng th v tnh trng mng hn.
Nhc im ca bo hiu knh chung l phc tp hn v k thut. Tuy nhin, khi
phn cng gim gi v s gi tng mt cch t nhin cc thit b s trong mng vin
thng lm cho bo hiu knh chung tr thnh mt k thut ph hp.
Trong mt mng n gin th thu bao khng cn truy cp n phn bo hiu knh
chung ca mng. Tuy nhin, trong mng s phc tp, bao gm ISDN, th phng thc
bo hiu knh chung c trin khai gia thu bao v mng.

Trang 43

[BELL91] Bellamy, J. DigitalTelephony. New York: Wiley, 1991.
[FREE96] Freeman, R. Telecommunication System Engineering. New
York: Wiley, 1996.
[FREE94] Freeman, R. Reference Manual for Telecommunications
Engineering. New York:Wiley, 1994.
[GIRA90] Girard, A. Routing and Dimensioning in Circuit-Switched
Networks. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990.
[MART90] Martin, J. TelecommunicationsandtheComputer. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990.

Trang 44

3. CHUYN MCH GI
Khong nm 1970, cc nh nghin cu chuyn sang mt dng kin trc mi cho
vic truyn thng d liu s ng di, chnh l chuyn mch gi. Mc d k thut
chuyn mch gi c pht trin thc s t trc thi gian ny nhng n c xc
nhn li rng k thut c s ca chuyn mch gi l nn tng cho k thut ngy nay c
pht trin thnh mng u nhng nm 1970 v chuyn mch gi em li mt vi k thut
hiu qu cho vic truyn thng d liu ng di.
Chng ny cung cp mt ci nhn tng quan v k thut chuyn mch gi. Xem
xt nhng u im ca chuyn mch gi (linh hot, dng chung ti nguyn, kin nh,
p ng nhanh). Mng chuyn mch gi l tp hp phn tn ca cc node chuyn mch
gi. Trong l tng th tt c cc node chuyn mch gi u bit c trng thi ca ton
mng nhng thc ra, v cc node l phn tn nn lun c thi gian tr gia s thay i
trng thi ca cc phn trong mng v s xc nhn v thay i ny. Hn na, lun c
thng tin dn ng (overhead) trong thng tin trng thi. Nh vy, mt mng chuyn
mch gi c th khng bao gi hot ng mt cch hon ho v cc thut ton phc tp
c s dng i vi thi gian tr v cc bt li thng tin dn ng ca hot ng
mng.
u chng s gii thiu v nguyn l chuyn mch gi, k tip, ta xem xt hot
ng bn trong mng, gii thiu cc ni dung chuyn mch o v datagram. Sau , cc
k thut chnh ca nh tuyn v iu khin tc nghn c xem xt. Cui chng gii
thiu v X.25 l giao tip chun gia thit b u cui v mng chuyn mch gi.

1. NGUYN L CHUYN MCH GI
Mng vin thng chuyn mch knh ng di thit k ban u kim sot lu
lng thoi v a s lu lng trong mng ny l thoi. Cc c trng chnh ca cc
mng chuyn mch knh l ti nguyn trong mng c n nh cho cc cuc gi. Vi
cc ni kt thoi th cc knh c phn trm s dng cao v hu ht cc thi gian, ngi
ny hoc i phng ni chuyn. Tuy nhin, mng chuyn mch knh bt u tng cc
ni kt d liu th hai thiu st l ra mt cch r rng:
Trong mt ni kt d liu user/host (v d my tnh c nhn ng nhp vo server
c s d liu) th phn ln ng dy l ri. Nh vy, vi cc ni kt d liu th mng
chuyn mch knh l khng hiu qu.
Trong mng chuyn mch knh, ni kt cung cp truyn dn vi mt tc d
liu khng i. Nh vy, mi thit b u cui phi truyn v pht cng tc vi thit b
u cui kia, iu ny hn ch s dng mng trong ni kt vi s a dng ca cc my
tnh ch v cc kt cui.
hiu c chuyn mch gi gii quyt bi ton ny nh th no, ta vn tt tng
qut hot ng chuyn mch gi. D liu c truyn trong cc gi c kch thc ngn.
Chng 3. .. . PACKET SWITCHING
Trang 45
Kch thc gi ti a tiu biu l 1000 octects (bytes). Nu ngun c thng ip di hn
cn gi th thng ip c chia thnh mt chui cc gi (Hnh 3-1). Mi gi cha mt
phn (hoc ton b vi thng ip ngn) l d liu ca user cng vi thng tin iu khin.
Thng tin iu khin ti thiu gm nhng thng tin m mng yu cu c th nh
tuyn gi qua mng v phn phi n hng ti ch. Ti mi node, gi c thu nhn,
lu gi v chuyn n n node tip theo.

Hnh 3-1 Gi.

Hnh 3-2 V d mt mng chuyn mch gi n gin
Trong Hnh 3-2, gi s cc gi c gi tu trm A n trm D. Cc gi s bao
gm thng tin iu khin chth ch n l E. Gi c gi t A vo node1.Node 1 s
lu tr gi, xc nh node k tip (l 3), sp hng gi ng ra tuyn (tuyn 1-3). Khi
tuyn l sn sng th gi c chuyn n node 3, ti y, qu trnh din ra tng t
chuyn gi n node 4 v cui cng n D. Phng thc ny c nhng thun li so vi
chuyn mch knh:
Hiu qu ng dy l ln hn v tuyn t node n node c th dng
chung cho nhiu gi trong mt khong thi gian. Cc gi c sp hng
v c truyn mt cch nhanh chng nu c th. Ngc vi chuyn mch
knh, thi gian trn tuyn c n nh trc s dng ghp knh phn chia
1
2
3
6 5
4
A
G
B
C
D
E
Trm u
cui
Node chuyn
mch
Tuyn
truyn dn
User Data

Thng tin
iu khin
Gi
Trang 46
theo thi gian ng b. Nhiu thi im tuyn l ri v thi gian ny
c n nh cho cc ni kt ri.
Mng chuyn mch gi c th hot ng chuyn i tc d liu. Hai
trm c tc d liu khc nhau c th trao i cc gi cho nhau v cc
ni kt n cc node ca n c tc d liu thch hp.
Khi lu lng tr nn ln trong mng chuyn mch knh th mt vi cuc
gi b kha, ngha l mng tchi cc yu cu ni kt mi cho n khi ti
mng l gim xung. Trong mng chuyn mch gi th cc gi vn c
chp nhn nhng khi phn phi th tr tng.
u tin c th c s dng. Nh vy, nu node c s gi i
truyn i th n c th truyn cc gi c u tin cao trc. Cc gi ny
nh vy s c tr nh hn cc gi c u tin cao.
K thut chuyn mch
Mt trm c mt thng ip gi qua mng chuyn mch gi c chiu di ln
hn kch thc gi ti a th n chia thng ip ra thnh cc gi v gi gi cc gi ny
n mng. C hai phng thc c s dng ng thi: datagram v knh o (virtual
circuit).
Trong phng thc datgram, mi gi c i x mt cch c lp, khng c s
tham kho n cc gi trc. Gi s trm A trong Hnh 3-2 c 3 gi gi ti D, A truyn
cc gi 1, 2, 3 n node 1. Trn mi gi, node 1 phi tin hnh mt quyt nh tuyn
ng. Gi 1 phn phi n D qua node 3 hoc node 5 trn bc tip theo. Gi s node 4
quyt nh chn node 3 l node k tip chuyn cho gi 1 v khong cch t 1-3-4 l
ngn hn 1-4-5 v sp hng gi 1 trn tuyn 1-3. Gi 2 cng nh vy, nhng n gi 3 th
node 1 chn node tip theo l 5 v hng i ca tuyn 1-3 di hn hng i ca tuyn 1-5.
Nh vy, node 3 s i bng ng 1-5-4 n D. Cc gi c th s i nhng con ng
khc nhau trong datagram. Ti D phi tin hnh sp xt cc gi. Nu cc gi b trit tiu
trong mng, v d node 3 b s c th tt c cc gi trong hng i ca n u b mt, th
khi n E phi pht hin gi b mt trong mng v tm cch khi phc n (yu cu pht
li).
Trong phng thc knh o, ng dn c lp kt hoch trc c thit lp
trc khi gi gi. V d, gi s A c mt hoc nhiu thng ip c gi n D. u
tin, n gi mt gi iu khin c bit gi l gi Call-Request ti node 1, yu cu mt
ni kt logic ti D. Node 1 xc nh tuyn yu cu n 3, ti 3 xc nh tuyn yu cu n
4 v cui cng n D. Nu D sn sng tip nhn ni kt th n gi Call-Accepted n 4.
Gi ny c chuyn qua node 3 v n node 1 ri n A. By gi, A v D trao i d
liu qua ng dn c thit lp. Bi v ng dn l c nh trog sut thi gian ca
ni kt logic nn c nhiu im tng ng nh chuyn mch knh nn gi l knh o.
Mi gi cha mt nh danh knh o v d liu. Mi node trn ng dn c thit
lp trc da vo nh danh ny chuyn gi m khng tin hnh nh tuyn na. Vy,
cc gi i t A n D quya 1-3-4 v t D v A theo ng ngc li 4-3-1. Cui cng, th
mt trm gi gi Clear-Request gii phng ni kt. Ti mt thi im, mi trm c th
c nhiu hn mt knh o n trm kia v c th c nhiu knh o n cc trm khc na.
Nu hai trm mun trao i thng tin vt qua khong thi gian nht nh th
knh o c nhiu u im. u tin, mng c th cung cp cc dch v lin quan n knh
o bao gm s sp xp tun t v iu khin li. S sp xp tun t l do cc gi i cng
mt ng nn n ch theo trt t. iu khin li l dch v khi nhn c gi li th
Trang 47
node s yu cu truyn li. u im na l cc gi truyn trn mng nhanh hn vi
knh a v cc node khng mt thi gian nh tuyn.

Hnh 3-3 Hiu qu v kch thc gi trong truyn dn.
u im ca phng thc datagram l giai on thit lp cuc gi c b qua.
Nh vy, nu mt trm mun gi vi gi th datagram phn phi nhanh chng hn. Thun
li na ca datagram l n nguyn s, linh hot hn. V d, nu nghn c pht trin t
mt phn ca mng th cc gi a n c th c nh tuyn vng qua ni nghn. Vi
knh o, cc gi theo ng dn c lp trc nn n kh khn thch nghi vi nghn
trong mng. u im th 3 l datagram cung cp tin cy t nhin hn. i vi mch
o, khi node b s c, tt ccc mch o qua node u b mt. voi phn phi ca
datagram th nu mt node b s c, cc gi sau s tm mt ng khc chuyn ti
ch.Hu htcc mng chuyn mch gi hin nay s dng knh o cho hot ng bn
trong ca n. iu ny c th phn nh ng c mang tnh lch s cung cp mt mng vi
cc dch v tin cy (trong ngha sp xp tun t) nh mng chuyn mch knh. Tuy
nhin, nhiu nh cung cp cc mng chuyn mch gi ring s dng hot ng datagram.
T quan im ngi s dng, c vi s khc bit trong hnh vi bn ngoi da vo vic s
Trang 48
dng datagram hay knh o. Nu mt ngi qun l phi chn la gia chi ph v s thc
thi th h phi quyt nh hot ng bn trong mng l datagram hay l knh o. Cui
cng, ch rng datagram l kiu hot ng chung trong lin mng.
Kch thc gi
Mt iu quan trng trong thit k l ln gi c s dng trong mng. C s
tng quan gia ln ca gi v thi gian truyn. Nh trong Hnh 3-3, ta thy rng:
Nu gi s rng c knh o t trm X n trm Y qua cc node a, b. thng ip cn
chuyn bao gm 30 octets, mi gi cha 3 octets cho thng tin iu khin, thng tin iu
khin ny c t u mi gi gi l header. Nu ton b thng ip ny c gi trong
mt gi th gi ny c di l 33octets (3octets header v 30 octets d liu) th trc
tin, gi c truyn t X n a. khi nhn c ton b gi th a s truyn gi ny n b.
Khi ton b gi c b thu nhn th b s truyn gi ny n Y. Tng thi gian c
truyn qua cc node tng ng thi gian tuyn 99octets.
Gi s by gi ta chia thng ip thnh 2 gi, mi gi cha 15octets v mi gi
cng c 3 octets header. Trong trng hp ny, node a c th bt u chuyn gi th nht
sau khi nhn t X m khng ch gi th hai. Tng thi gian truyn by gi gim xung
cn li tng ng thi gian truyn 72 octets. Khi ta chia thng ip thnh 5 gi th thi
gian gim xung tng ng thi gian truyn cho 63octets. Tuy nhin, nu ta chia thnh
qu nhiu gi th tng thi gian truyn khng phi l nh nht m thm ch c th tng tr
li. iu ny l do mi gi phi cha mt header c di c nh v di phn d liu
phi ln hn phn header th mi em li hiu qu. Hn na, trong v d ny khng ch ra
tr x l cc gi ti cc node v tr sp hng trong mi node. Cc tr ny c th ln
khi nhiu gi c kim sot cho mt thng ip.So snh gia chuyn mch knh v
chuyn mch gi.
So snh chuyn mch knh vi chuyn mch gi
Ta xt hot ng bn trong ca chuyn mch gi, ta c th quay tr li so
snh k thut ny vi chuyn mch knh. Trc tin, ta xt trn tng thc hin, sau
, kim tra cc c trng khc.
Thc hin
So snh n gin ca chuyn mch knh v hai dng chuyn mch gi c m t
trong Hnh 3-4. Hnh v m t s truyn thng ip qua 4 nodes, t trm ngun gn vi
node 1 n trm ch gn vi node 4. trong hnh ny, ta xt 3 dng tr:
Tr lan truyn: Thi gian tn hiu truyn t node ny sang node khc.
Thi gian ny thng khng ng k. Tc cc tn hiu in t qua mi
trng dy dn khong 2x10
8
m/s.
Thi gian truyn: Thi gian bn pht gi mt khi d liu. V d thi
gian truyn mt khi 10000 bits l mt giy trn ng truyn 10kbps.
Tr node: Thi gian node tin hnh xi l cn thit .
Trong chuyn mch knh, c mt tr trc khi thng ip c. u tin, tn
hiu yu cu cuc g c gi qua mng thit lp ni kt n ch. Nu trm ch l
khng bn th tr v tn hiu chp nhn cuc gi. Ch rng tr x l tn ti trong mi
node trong thi gian yu cu cuc gi, thi gian ny thc hin vic thit lp ng dn
ca ni kt. Khi tr li, qu trnh ny l khng cn thit v ni kt c thit lp. Khi
n c thit lp, thng ip c gi nh mt khi d liu v tr cc node chuyn
mch l khng ng k.
Trang 49

Hnh 3-4 nh thi s kin trong chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi.
Chuyn mch gi knh o gn tng t nh chuyn mch knh. Knh o c
yu cu bng vic s dng gi yu cu gi Call Request, gi ny chu mt tr nht
nh ti mi node. Knh o c chp nhn vi gi Call Accept. Khc vi trng hp
chuyn mch knh, cuc gi c chp nhn cn c cc tr node ngay c khi ng dn
ca knh o c thit lp, iu ny l do gi c sp hng ti mi node v phi i
n phin c truyn. Khi knh o c thit lp th thng ip c truyn trong cc
gi. Ta c ththy rng trong giai on ny c th khng truyn nhanh nh chuyn mch
knh v chuyn mch knh l mt tin trnh trong sut, cung cp mt tc d liu c
nh qua mng. Chuyn mch gi c mt vi tr mi node trn ng dn, v km
hn na, cc tr ny l bin i v tng khi ti tng.
Chuyn mch gi datagram khng yu cu thit lp cuc gi. Nh vy, vi cc
thng ip ngn, n truyn nhanh hn chuyn mch gi knh o v c th nhanh hn c
vi chuyn mch knh. Tuy nhin, v mi datagram ring c nh tuyn mt cch c
lp nn vic x l mi datagram ny mi node lu hn chuyn mch gi knh o. Nh
vy, vi thng ip di th knh o l tt hn.
Hnh 3-4 ch cho thy v mi lin h v thc hin ca cc k thut, tuy nhin, tht
ra, vic thc hin ty thuc vo cc d liu gm kch thc mng, hnh ca n, mu
ti v cc c trng ca tng i tiu biu.
Cc c trng khc
Bn cnh vic thc hin, c mt s c trng khc c th c xt trong vic so
snh cc k thut c bn lun. Bng 3-1 tng qut cc c trng quan trng ny.
Hu ht cc c trng ny c cp, mt vi ch gii b sung sau:
Trang 50
Nh ni trc y, chuyn mch knh cung cp dch v trong sut, Khi ni kt
c thit lp th cung cp tc d liu khng i cho cc trm c ni, iu ny
khng tn ti trong chuyn mch gi m tiu biu l tr thay i. Ngoi ra, trong chuyn
mch gi datagram, d liu c th n vi cc trt t khc vi trt t m n c truyn.
Ngoi tnh trong sut, chuyn mch knh khng yu cu thng tin dn ng, khi
ni kt c thit lp th d liu c chuyn qua n t ngun n ch. Vi chuyn
mch gi, mi gi bao gm cc bit thng tin dn ng v d a ch ch.

Bng 3-1. So snh k thut chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi.
Chuyn mch knh
Chuyn mch gi
datagram
Chuyn mch knh o
ng dn c n nh Khng n nh ng dn Khng n nh ng dn
Truyn lin tc d liu Truyn cc gi Truyn cc gi
nhanh cho tng tc nhanh cho tng tc nhanh cho tng tc
Khng lu thng ip Cc gi c lu cho n khi
c phn phi
Cc gi c lu cho n khi
c phn phi
ng dn c thit lp cho
ton b cuc trao i
ng dn c thit lp cho
mi gi
ng dn c thit lp cho
ton b cuc trao i
Tr thit lp cuc gi ln, tr
truyn dn khng ng k.
Tr truyn gi
Tr thit lp cuc gi, tr
truyn gi.
Bo bn nu b gi bn Khng thng bo ch gi nu
gi khng c phn phi
Thng bo cho ch gi v ni
kt c chp nhn
Qu ti c th ngn vic thit
lp cuc gi, khng c tr
trong nhng cuc gi c
thit lp

Qu ti tng tr gi
Qu ti c th ngn thit lp
cuc gi, tr gi tng.
Cc node chuyn mch c
in hoc my tnh
Cc node chuyn mch nh
Cc node chuyn mch nh
p ng user cho vic bo v
mt thng ip
Mng c th p ng cho
tng gi
Mng c th p ng cho
chui gi
Thng khng chuyn i tc
v m
Chuyn i tc v m
Chuyn i tc v m
Truyn bng thng c nh S dng bng thng ng S dng bng thng ng
Khng c cc bit thng tin
dn ng sau thit lp cuc
gi
C cc bit thng tin dn
ng trong mi gi.
C cc bit thng tin dn
ng trong mi gi.
Hot ng bn trong v bn ngoi
c trng quan trng na ca mng chuyn mch gi l vic s dng datagram
u trong mng. Trn giao tip trm v node, mng c th cung cp dch v ni kt c
hng hoc khng ni kt. Vi dch v ni kt c hng,trm tin hnh yu cu cuc gi
thit lp ni kt logic n trm khc. Tt c cc gi a n mng c nhn dng
theo mt ni kt logic no v c nh s tun t. Mng tin hnh phn phi gi theo
trt t gi. Ni kt logic thng c xem l knh o v dch v ni kt c hng c
xem l dch v knh o bn ngoi, tuy nhin, dch v ny l khc vi ni dung hot ng
knh o bn trong m chng ta s xt n. V d dch v knh o bn ngoi l X.25 s
c xt trong phn 4.
Vi dch v khng ni kt, mng ch kim sot gi c lp v c th khng phn
phi chng theo trt t hoc tin cy. Dng phc v ny thng gi l dch v datagram
Trang 51
ngoi, ni dung ny khc vi hot ng datagram bn trong. Nh vy, mng c th cu
trc mt ng dn c nh gia hai im (knh o) hoc l khng c nh (datagram).

A

Mng chuyn
mch gi
B
C
B.3 B.2 B.1
B.3 B.2 B.1
C.3 C.2 C.1
C.3 C.2 C.1
A, Chuyn mch o bn ngoi: Ni kt c thit lp gia hai
trm. Cc gi c dn nhn vi s knh o v s th t gi. Cc
gi n ch theo th t.
A

Mng chuyn
mch gi
B
C
B.3 B.2 B.1
B.3 B.1 B.2
C.3 C.2 C.1
C.1 C.3 C.2
B, Datagram bn ngoi: Mi gi c truyn mt cch c lp.
Cc gi c dn nhn vi mt a ch ch v c th n ch
khng theo th t.
1
2 3
4 5
6 A
B
C
1
2
1 2
3
3
C, Datagram bn trong: Mi gi c i x mt cch
c lp bi mng. Cc gi c dn nhn vi cc a ch
ch v c th n ch khng theo th t
Trang 52

Hnh 3-5 Hot ng knh o v datagram bn trong v bn ngoi.
Cc loi thit k bn trong v bn ngoi:
Knh o ngoi, knh o trong: Khi user yu cu mt knh o th mt
ng dn n nh qua mng c cu trc. Tt c cc gi theo ng
dn ny n ch.
Knh o ngoi, datagram trong: Mng kim sot cc gi ring bit. Nh
vy, cc gi khc nhau vi cng knh o c th c cc ng dn khc
nhau. Tuynhin, mng m cc gi node ch nu cn thit n phn
phi n ch theo trt t thch hp.
Datagram ngoi v datagram trong: Mi gi c i x c lp t trn
quan im user ln quan im mng.
Datagram ngoi v knh o trong: User ngoi khng nhn thy c cc
ni kt, n ch n gin gi cc gi mt thi im. Mng thit lp ni
kt logic gia hai trm phn phi gi v cng c th gii phng cc ni
kt ny tha mn cc nhu cu trong d tnh trong tng lai.
Cu hi c t ra l chn knh o hay datagram trong hay ngoi. iu ny s
ph thuc vo mc ch thit k ca mng truyn thng hay cc yu t v gi thnh.
i vi hot ng bn trong, u im ni bc ca datagram l tnh bn b v linh
hot. Nu cc node v tuyn trong mng l khng n nh th datagram c th i vng qua
nhng ni . Khi node hoc tuyn b s c th datagram c th tm ra mt ng dn
thay th khc mt cch nhanh chng. Thi gian chn li ng dn ca knh o l ln
hn v thm ch c th b mt kim sot. Tuy nhin, knh o c th ti thiu c thng
tin dn ng, ng dn c thit lp ch cn qua mt gi ban u v cc gi sau c
chuyn i theo th t.
Vi hot ng bn ngoi, ta thy rng: dch v datagram ghp vi hot ng
datagram bn trong cho php hiu qu s dng mng, khng thit lp cuc gi v cng
khng cn gi gi, nu gi li th n c truyn li. Vic gi khng cn gi gi c th
cung cp c cho cc dch v thi gian thc sau ny. Dch v knh o c th cung cp
iu khin tun t v iu khin li, iu ny hp dn cho vic h tr cc ng dng ni
kt c hng nh truyn file v truy cp u cui t xa.
D, Mch o bn trong: ng dn cho gi gia hai trm c
nh ngha xc nh. Tt c cc gi theo ng dn n ch
theo th t.
1
2 3
4 5
6
A
B
C
VC1
VC2
Trang 53
Trong thc t, dch v knh o thng c sdng nhiu hn dch v bn trong.
Tnh tin cy v thun tin ca dch v ni kt c hng dng nh hp dn hn dch
v datagram.

2. NH TUYN
Mt trong nhng kha cnh ch yu v phc tp trong thit k mng chuyn mch
gi l nh tuyn. Trc tin, ta s xt n cc c trng chnh m c th c s dng
phn lp cc chin lc nh tuyn, sau s xt n cc chin lc ny.
Cc c trng:
Chc nng u tin ca mng chuyn mch gi l tip nhn cc gi t trm ngun
v phn phi n n trm ch. hon thnh iu ny, mt ng dn hoc mt l trnh
qua mng phi c xc nh, thng thng, nhiu c dn c th c cho php. Nh
vy, chc nng nh tuyn phi c thc hin. Cc yu cu cho chc nng ny bao gm:
chnh xc, n gin, n nh, kin nh, cng bng, hiu qu v ti u.
Hai yu cu u tin l yu cu c bn, m bo ng i n ch l chnh xc,
n gin thut ton nh tuyn c tin hnh nhanh chng. Tnh kin nh l kh
nng mng phn phi cc gi qua nhng ng dn ng trc cc s s cc b ca
mng. Mt cch l tng th mng c th phn ng vi cc s kin nh vy m khng b
mt gi hoc ph v cc knh o. ngi thit k xc nh tnh kin nh phi xt n yu
cu cnh tranh vi tnh n nh. K thut m tc ng n s thay i tnh trng phi cn
bng gia p ng qu chm vi nhng s kin hoc dao ng khng n nh do tc ng
qu nhanh. V d, mng c th tc ng ln nghn t mt vng bng cch dch chuyn ti
sang vng th hai. By gi, n vng th hai li qu ti v vng th nht li dimc s
dng (do dch ti sang vng th hai). Khi dch chuyn nh vy, cc gi c th i qua
cc vng lp qua mng gy nn ti o trong mng.

Bng 3-2. Cc thnh phn ca k thut nh tuyn cho cc mng chuyn mch gi
Tiu ch thc hin Ngun thng tin mng
S chng
Gi thnh
Tr
Thng lng
Thi im quyt nh
Khng
Cc b
Node ln cn
Tuyn dc theo cc node
Tt c cc node
Thi gian cp nht thng tin mng Gi (datagram)
Phin (knh o)
Ni quyt nh
Mi node (phn tn)
Node trung tm (tp trung)
Node ngun (ngun)
Lin tc
Chu k
Ch yu khi ti thay i
Topo thay i
S cn bng gia tnh cng bng v tnh ti u. Nhiu tiu ch thc hin c th
a ra u tin cao hn cho s trao i cc gi gia cc trm gn nhau so vi cc trm
Trang 54
cch xa nhau. Chnh sch ny c th ti a thng lng trung bnh nhng s xut hin s
bt cong n trm cn trao i vi nhng trm xa.
Cui cng, k thut nh tuyn bao gm vic x l thng tin dn ng mi
node v truyn thng tin dn ng v c hai nhim v ny lm cho mng khng hiu
qu. im bt li ca thng tin dn ng cn phi nh hn li nhun sinh ra do cc
thng s nh tng tnh kin nh hoc cng bng.
Vi cc yu cu ny, ta phi n nh cc thnh phn thit k a dng gp phn
hnh thnh chin lc nh tuyn. Bng 2 lit k cc thnh phn ny. Cc loi chng lp
hoc ph thuc ln nhau.
Tiu ch thc hin
Vic chn ng thng da trn mt s tiu ch thc hin. Tiu ch thc hin
n gin nht l chn la ng dn t chng nht (ng dn t node nht) thng qua
mng, y l tham s o d dng v c th ti thiu ha s tiu th ti nguyn mng. Tiu
chun chung ca tiu ch s chng ti thiu l nh tuyn chi ph ti thiu. Trong trng
hp ny, chi ph c kt hp vi mi tuyn,trm, ng qua mng m tng cng c chi
ph ti thiu c xc nh. V d, Hnh 3-6 m t mt mng vi cp ng dn c mi
tn gia cc node biu din mt tuyn gia hai node v con s tng ng l chi ph
ca tuyn mi hng. ng dn ngn nht t node 1 n node 6 l 1-3-6
(cost=5+5=10), nhng ng dn c chi ph ti thiu l 1-4-5-6 (cost = 1+1+2=4). Chi
ph (cost) c gn vi cc tuyn h tr mt hoc nhiu i tng thit k. V d, chi ph
c th lin quan n tc d liu hoc tr hng i trn tuyn. trong trng hp u,
l trnh chi ph ti thiu cung cp ng dn c thng lng cao v trng hp th hai s
cung cp ng dn c tr b.

Hnh 3-6 V d mng chuyn mch gi.
Trong phng php chng ti thiu hoc chi ph ti thiu th thut ton xc nh
ng dn ti u cho cc cp trm lin h r rngvi nhau v thi gian x l gn nh
nhau. Bi v phng php chi ph ti thiu t linh hot nn thng dng tiu ch s chng
ti thiu.
Thi im v ni quyt nh
Cc quyt nh nh tuyn c tin hnh da trn mt s tiu ch thc hin. Hai
c trng quyt nh l thi im v ni quyt ng c tin hnh.
Thiim quyt nh c xc nh c quyt nh nh tuyn c tin hnh trn
mt knh o hay datagram. Khi hot ng ben trong l datagram th quyt nh nh
Trang 55
tuyn c tin hnh ring cho mi gi. Vi hot ng bn trong mng l knh o th
quyt nh nh tuyn c tin hnh thi im knh o c thit lp. n gin, tt c
cc gi sau s dng knh o theo cng mt ng. Trong cc thit k mng phc tp,
mng c th thay i ng l trnh c gn vi mt knh o trong p ng vi cc tnh
trng thay i (v d qu ti hoc s c ca mt phn ca mng).
Thut ng ni quyt nh ng n node hoc cc node trong mng l chutch
nhim quyt nh nh tuyn. Hu ht l nh tuyn phn tn, trong kiu nh tuyn ny,
mi node chu trch nhim chn tuyn ng ra cho cc gi a n. Vi nh tuyn tp
trung, quyt nh c tin hnh bi mt s node c thit k trc nh mt mng
iu khin tp trung. S nguy him ca phng php ny l mt iu khin trung tm c
th lm ngng tr hot ng mng. Phng php phn tn phc tp nhng mnh hn.
Phng php th ba s dng trong mt s mng l nh tuyn ngun. trong trng hp
ny, quyt nh nh tuyn c quyt nh bi trm ngun hn l node mng v sau
truyn vo trong mng, phng php ny cho php user xc nh tuyn qua mng tha
mn tiu ch cc b ca user .
Thi im v ni quyt nh c thit k hon ton c lp nhau. V d trong
Hnh 3-6, gi s rng ni quyt nh l mi node v gi tr c s dng l cc chi ph
c cho thi im nht nh (chi ph l tham s c th thay i theo thi gian). Nu
gi c ph phi gia node 1 n node 6 th c th qua cc node 1-4-5-6 vi mi nhnh
c kt thc bi mt node. By gi, gi s gi tr thanh i nn 1-4-5-6 l di hn l
trnh ti u. Trong mng datagram, gi k tip c th theo mt con ng khc bi node
nhn c s quyt nh ng tip theo ny. Trong mng knh o, mi node s ghi nh
quyt nh chn ng c tin hnh khi knh o c thit lp v s chuyn tip gi
m khng thc hin quyt nh nh tuyn mi.
Ngun thng tin mng v thi gian cp nht
Hu ht cc chin lc yu cu cc quyt nh nh tuyn da trn kin thc v
topo mng, ti lu lng v chi ph tuyn. Tuy nhin, mtvi chin lc khng s dng
dng thng tin nh vy m ch qun l qua vic chuyn cc gi, nh tuyn ngu nhin v
lan trn l cc kiu nh tuyn thuc loi ny. Hai kiu nh tuyn ny sc xt sau.
Trong nh tuyn phn tn, quyt nh nh tuyn c tin hnh ti mi node,
cc node c th s dng thng tin cc b nh chi ph ca mi tuyn ng ra. Mi node c
th thu thpthng tin t cc node ln cn (c ni trc tip). Trong mi node, cc thut
ton nh tuyn s dng thng tin t cc node trn l trnh c xt. Trong trng hp
nh tuyn tp trung, node trung tm s dng thng tin nhn c t tt c cc node.
Mt ni dung kin h l thi gian cp nht thng tin, y l chc nng ca ngun
thng tin ln chin lc nh tuyn. R rng, nu khng c thng tin c s dng (nh
kiu lan trn) th khng c thng tin c cp nht. Nu thng tin cc b c s dng
th s cp nht lin tc li l thit yu. Vi cc loi ngun thng tin (cc node ln cn hay
tt c cc node) th thi gian cp nht ty thuc vo chin lc nh tuyn. Vi chin lc
nh tuyn c nh, thng tin khng cao gi c cp nht. Vi nh tuyn thch nghi,
thng tin c cp nht tng thi im cho php quyt nh nh tuyn thch hp vi
s thay i trng thi.
Cng nhiu thng tin v s cp nht cng thng xuyn th mng s cho mt
quyt nh nh tuyn cng tt nhng mt khc, s trao i thng tin ny li tiu th ti
nguyn ca mng.
Trang 56
Cc chin lc nh tuyn
Phn ln cc chin lc nh tuyn bao gm vic gii quyt cc yu cu ca cc
mng chuyn mch gi, nhiu chin lc nh tuyn cn c ng dng trong nh tuyn
lin mng. Trong phn ny, ta xt 4 chin thut nh tuyn chnh, l c nh, lan trn,
ngu nhin v thch nghi.
nh tuyn c nh (fixed)
Vi nh tuyn c nh, ng dn c chn trc cho mi cp ngun ch ca
cc node trong mng. Cc gii thut nh tuyn chi ph ti thiu c th c s dng. Cc
tuyn l c nh tr khi thay i trong topo mng. Nh vy, cc chi ph tuyn c s
dng trong thit k cc l trnh khng th da vo cc bin ng nh lu lng.

Hnh 3-7 nh tuyn c nh
Hnh 3-7 m t hot ng tiu biu ca nh tuyn c nh. Mt ma trn nh
tuyn c to v c th lu tr trung tm iu khin mng. Ma trn cho thy vi mi
cp ngun ch ca cc node th xc nhn node k tip trn l trnh.
Ch rng khng cn phi lu ton b l trnh c th trn mi cp node. Vi mi
cp node, trc tin, xc nh node u, gi s, nh tuyn chi ph ti thiu t X n Y,
bt u vi tuyn X-A. Gi phn cn li t A n Y l R1. Gi R2 l ng chi ph ti
thiu t A n Y. By gi, nu chi ph R1 ln hn R2 th ung X-Y s dng R2. Nu
R1<R2 th R2 khng phi l chi ph ti thiu t A n Y, do , R1=R2. nh vy, mi
im trn ng ch cn bit n node tip theo m khng cn bit ton b cc node trn
l trnh. V d, node 1 n node 6, bt u qua node 4. S dng ma trn, node 4 n node
6 i qua node 5 v cui cng, node 5 n node 6 trc tip. Ta c mt l trnh hon
chnh l 1-4-5-6.
Trang 57
T ma trn ny, cc bng nh tuyn c th c pht trin v lu gi cho mi
node. T trn th, mi node cn lu tr mt ct trong th mc nh tuyn. Th mc
ca node ch ra node k tip cho mi ch.
Vi nh tuyn c nh, khng c s khc bit gia datagram v knh o. Mi gi
i t mt ngun n ch theo cng mt hng.
u im ca nh tuyn c nh l n gin, hot ng tt trong mng tin cy vi
ti n nh. Nhc im ca n l khng linh ng, khng phn x tt i vi trnh trng
nghn mng hoc s c.
S ci tin cho nh tuyn c nh l c th iu chnh tuyn v node ng ra h
tr cho cc node vi mt node k thay th cho mi ch. V d, cc node k thay th trong
th mc node 1 c th l 4, 3, 2, 3, 3.
nh tuyn lan trn (flooding)
K thut nh tuyn n gin khc l nh tuyn lan trn. Kthut ny khng yu
cu bt c thng tin noca mng v n lm vic nh sau: Gi c gi t node ngun
n tt c cc node ln cn. Ti cc node khc, khi gi n th n c chuyn ra tt c
cc ng ra tr ng ra tng ng ng vo a gi n. V d, node 1 trong Hnh 3-6 gi
mt gi n node 6 th node 1 s sao li gi ny v gi bn sao n node 2, 3 v 4. Tng
t, node 2 s gi bn sao n node 3 v node 4. Node 4 s gi bn sao n node 2, 3 v 5.
Qu trnh c tip din. Cui cng, cc bn sao n node 6. Gi phi c cng mt nh
danh (node ngun, s th t hay s knh o v s th t) node 6 bit v hy tt c cc
gi tr gi nhn c u tin.
R rng, khng c im dng trong vic truyn li cc gi lin tc, s gi c th
tng v hn. ngn nga iu ny, mi node s ghi nh nh danh cc gi truyn i.
Khi cc bn sao l trng lp th chng s c loi b. Mt b m c th c p dng
m s chng cho mi gi. Ban u, gi tr c lp cho b m vi mt tham s cc
i no chng hn l ng knh (chiu di ln nht ca ng dn s chng ti
thiu qua mng) ca mng. Mi khi i qua mt node th gi tr gim i mt n v. Khi
gi tr ny gim xung bng 0 th gi s b hy.
V d c m t nh Hnh 3-8. Mt gi c gi t node 1 n node 6 v c
gn s chng bng 3. chng u tin, 3 bn sao c to ra.Vi chng th hai ca
nhng bn sao ny c ttc 9 bn sao tip theo c to ra. Mt trong nhng bn sao ny
c gi n node 6 v nhn thy rng y chnh l ch v khng truyn tip na. tuy
nhin, cc node khc to ra 22 bn sao mi v cng l chng cui cng v gi tr s chng
l 3. Khi n cc node tip theo, tt c nhng bn sao ny b loi b. Node 6 nhn tng
cng 4 bn sao ca gi.
K thut lan trn c 3 c trng lu sau:
Cc l trnh c th gia ngun v ch u c tin hnh. Nh vy,
khng b st bt c kh nng no v gi s i qua ti thiu mt ng dn
tn ti gia ngun v ch.
V tt c cc ng u c th nghim nn c ti thiu mt bn sao ca
gi n ch s dng ng dn s chng ti thiu.
Tt c cc node m ni trc tip hoc khng trc tip vi node ngun u
c thm d.
Trang 58

Hnh 3-8 V d v nh tuyn lan trn (s chng bng 3).
Vi c trng u, k thut lan trn c tnh kin nh cao v c th c s dng
gi cc thng ip khn. v d ng dng mng qun s m i tng l cc mi him
ha ngoi xm. Vi c trng th hai, k thut lan trn c th c s dng thit lp
ng dn cho knh o. c trng th ba cho thy rng lan trn c th hiu qu vi vic
ph bin thng tin n tt c cc node.
Nhc im chnh ca nh tuyn lan trn l ti lu lng cao do n to ra.
nh tuyn ngu nhin (random)
nh tuyn ngu nhin mang tnh n gin v kin nh ca lan trn vi cc ti
lu lng xa, Trong nh tuyn ngu nhin, node chn mt trong cc ng dn ng ra
Trang 59
truyn cho gi a n. tuyn ng ra c chn ngu nhin tr tuyn n. Nu ttc cc
tuyn nh nhau th node c th ng dng n gin cho cc tuyn ng ra thep phng
php xoay vng (roud-robin).
Ci tin ca k thut ny l gn mt xc sut ti mi tuyn ng ra v chn tuyn
d trn xc sut ny. Xc sut c th da trn tc d liu, trong trng hp ny, ta c:
=
j
j
i
i
R
R
P
Trong ,
P
i
: xc sut chn tuyn i.
R
i
: tc d liu trn tuyn i.
Tng c tin hnh trn tt c cc tuuyn ng ra ng c. S ny cung cp s
phn b lu lng rt tt. Ch rng xc sut cn c th c da trn chi ph tuyn c
nh.
Cng nh lan trn, k thut nh tuyn ngu nhin khng yu cu s dng thng
tin mng. Bi v l trnh c tin hnh hon ton ngu nhin v khng c s chng ti
thiu hay ch ph ti thiu nn mng phi mang mt lu lng ln hn lu lng ti u
mc d khng cao nh lan trn.
nh tuyn thch nghi
nh tuyn thch nghi l loi nh tuynm quyt nh nh tuyn ph hp vi s
thay i trnh trng mng. Cc tnh trng c bn nh hng n quyt nh nh tuyn l:
S c: Khi mt node hay trung k b s c th n khng th s dng lm mt phn
ca l trnh.
Nghn: Khi mt phn ca mng nghn cao th n mun cc gi i vng qua vng
nghn.
nh tuyn thch nghi c th hot ng, thng tin v trng thi mng phi c
trao i gia cc node. iu ny phi dung ha gia cht lng thng tin v s lng
thng tin dn ng. Nhiu thng tin c trao i v s trao i cng thng xuyn th
quyt nh nh tuyn cng tt. Mc khc, thng tin ny bn thn n chnh l ti trn
mng nn n li l nguyn nhn gay gim hiu sut.
Mt vi hn ch trong nh tuyn thch nghi:
Quyt nh nh tuyn l phc tp, do , trch nhim x l trn cc node
tng.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, chin lc nh tuyn thch nghi ty thuc
thng tin trng thi m c thu thp t mt ni v c s dng ni
khc, do , trch nhim lu lng trn mng tng.
Chin lc thch nghi phn ng qu nhanh gy nn s dao ng nghn nu
n phn ng qu chm th chin lc s khng thch hp.
Mc d c nhng nguy him tht s nhng chin lc nh tuyn thch nghi li
ph bin vi hai l do sau:
Chin lc nh tuyn thch nghi c th ci thin hiu sut.
Chin lc nh tuyn thch nghi c th h tr iu khin nghn.
Trang 60
Nhng u im ny c th hoc khng th nhn ra, ty thuc vo ln thit k
v bn cht ca ti. Vi mt mng rng th n l mt nhim c cc k phc tp c th
thc hin. Hu ht cc mng chuyn mch gi nh ARPANET v cc mng tip theo ca
n nh TYMNET c pht trin bi IBM v DEC phi chu ng chin lc nh tuyn
ny.
Cch thc thng thng l phn lp cc chin lc nh tuyn thch nghi da trn
c s ngun thng tin: cc b, cc node ln cn v mi node.
V d nh tuyn thch nghi ch c thng tin cc b (thch nghi n c) v cc
tuyn ca node th cc gi chuyn n ng ra vi chiu di hng i Q ngn nht. iu
ny s c hiu ng cn bng ti trn cc tuyn ng ra. Tuy nhin, mt vi tuyn ng ra c
th khng c dn dng ng. Ta c th ci tin bng cch tnh ton hng u tin
kiu nh nh tuyn ngu nhin. Trong trng hp ny, mi tuyn t node s c mt xu
th Bi cho mi ch i. Vi mi gi a n node i th node s chn tuyn ng ra m ti
thiu ha Q+Bi. Nh vy, node s gi cc gi theo hng ng vi mt iu kin tin
hnh trn cc tr lu lng hin hnh.

Hnh 3-9 V d nh tuyn thch nghi.
Hnh 3-9 cho thy trng thi ca node 4 ca Hnh 3-6 mt thi im nht nh.
Node 4 c cc tuyn ni n 4 node khc. S gi a n v mt s tn ng c dng
ln vi mt hng i ca cc gi i trn mi tuyn ng ra. Gi a n node 1 c d
nh cho node 6. Ng ra no s chuyn gi ra? Da vo di hng i hin hnh v xu
th B6 cho mi tuyn ng ra. Gi tr Q+B6=4 trn ng ni n node 3. Vy, gi s i
qua 3.
Phng n thch nghi n c t c s dng rng ri v ch s dng mt phn
thng tin c nh. Hai loi thng tin khc l cc node ln cn (cn gi l thch hp phn
b) v tt c cc node (thch nghi tp trung) c u im l thng tin t cc node nhng li
mang nhc im l tr ln. Trong trng hp thng tin t cc node ln cn th s trao
i thng tin lm chm cc node khc. Trn c s thng tin nhn c, node lit k v d
tr tnh trng tr qua mng. Trng hp thng tin t tt c cc node th cc node gi
thng tin n node trung tm v node trung tm thit k tuyn da trn thng tin ny ri
gi thng tin ny li cho node .
n
node 2

Node 4
n
node 1
n
node 3
n
node 5
Bng gi tr xu hng
cho ch 6 ca node 4

Node k Xu hng
1 9
2 6
3 3
5 0

Trang 61
Cc thut ton chi ph ti thiu
Cc mng chuyn mch gi v internet da trn quyt nh nh tuyn ca n t
cc tiu ch chi ph ti thiu. Nu tiu ch l ti thiu s chng th mi tuyn c gi tr
bng 1. Tiu biu hn, gi tr ca tuyn l phn trm ca dung lng tuyn, phn trm ti
hin hnh trn tuyn v cc s kt hp khc. Trong mi trng hp, cc chi ph ca tuyn
hay chng c s dng nh cc tham s ng vo ca thut ton nh tuyn chi ph ti
thiu m c th c pht biu n gin nh sau:
Cho mt mng gm cc node c ni bi cc tuyn song cng, trong , mi
tuyn c mt chi ph c gn cho mi hng, nh ngha chi ph ca ng dn gia hai
node l tng ca cc tuyn hp thnh ng dn. Vi mi cp node, tm ng dn vi
chi ph ti thiu.
Hu ht cc thut ton chi ph ti thiu ang c s dng trong cc mng chuyn
mch gi v internet l Dijkstra hoc Bellman-Ford. Trc tin, ta s xt thut ton
Dijkstra v sau l Bellman-Ford.
Thut ton Dijkstra
Thut ton Dijkstra c th c pht biu nh sau: Tm cc ng dn ngn nht
t mt node ngun cho n cc node khc bng vic pht trin cc ng dn tng
di ng dn. Thut ton thc hin trong cc tng: Vi tng th k, cc ng dn
ngn nht n k nodes gn nht (chi ph thp nht) t node ngun c xc nh, cc
node ny trong mt tp T. tng th k+1, node khng thuc T m c ng dn ngn
nht t node ngun c b sung voT. Khi mi node a vo T th ng dn ca n t
node ngun c nh ngha. Thut ton c th m t nh sau. nh ngha
N = tp cc node trong mng
s = node ngun
T = tp cc node c kt hp bi thut ton
w(i,j) = chi ph tuyn t node i n node j; w(i,j) = 0; w(i,j) =
nu hai node
khng c ni tc tip vi nhau. w(i,j) 0 nu hai node ni trc tip.
L(n) = ng dn chi ph ti thiu t node s n node n, lc xc lp bi gii thut
v khi kt thc l ng dn chi ph ti thiu trong th t s n n.
Thut ton c 3 bc: bc 2 v bc 3 lp li cho n khi T=N. Ngha l cho n
khi cc ng dn cui cng c xc nh cho tt c cc node trong mng.
1. [Khi u]
T = {s} ngha l tp cc node ch gm node ngun
L(n) = w(i,j) for n
s ngha l cc chi ph ng dn khi u n nhng node ln

cn l chi ph n ca tuyn.
2. [Tm node tip theo] Tm node ln cn khng thuc trong T m c ng dn
chi ph ti thiu t node s v b sung node vo trong T. Ngoi ra, ta cn b sung cnh
ca node vi nhng node trong T kt hp thnh ng dn. iu ny c th biu din
nh sau:
Tm x T vi L(x) =
T j
min
L(j)
Trang 62
B sung x vo T, b sung vo T cnh ca x m kt hp vi thnh phn chi ph ti
thiu vi L(x)(ngha l chng cui trong ng dn).
3. [Cp nht cc ng dn chi ph ti thiu]
L(n) = min [L(n), L(x) + w(x,n)] vi mi n
N
Thut ton kt thc khi tt c cc node u c a vo T. Khi kt thc, gi tr
L(x) c kt hp vi mi node x l chi ph ca ng dn chi ph ti thiu t node s ti
x. Ngoi ra, T nh ngha ng dn chi ph ti thiu t s n cc node khc.
Gii thut Bellman-Ford
Gii thut Bellman-Ford c th pht biu: Tm cc ng dn ngn nht t node
ngun cho trc vi rng buc ch cha mt tuyn, sau tm cc ng dn ngn nht
vi rng buc ch cha ti a hai tuyn v c th tip tc. Nu ng dn trc l
ngn nht th li cn khng th cp nht ng dn mi. Thut ton c tin hnh qua
cc tng c biu din nh sau:
nh ngha:
s:node ngun,
d
ij
: gi tr tuyn ni t node i ti node j. d
ii
=0, d
ij
= nu i khng ni trc tip vi j
v d
ij
>0 nu hai node i v j ni trc tip nhau.
Dn
(h)
: Gi tr ng ngn nht t node s ti node n vi rng buc ng dn
khng nhiu hn h tuyn.
h: s tuyn ti a ti thi im tc thi ca thut ton.
Thut c gm 3 bc, bc 2 lp li cho n khi khng c s thay i v gi tr:
1. [Khi u]
Dn
(0)
= vi mi n khc s.
Ds
(h)
=0 vi mi h
2. [Thc hin vi h 0 v cp nht gi tr]
Dn
(h+1)
=min
j
{ Dj
(h)
+d
jn
}.
ng dn t s n i kt thc tuyn t i n j.
Trong bc 2, vi h=K v vi mi ch ca node n th thut ton so snh cc
ng dn vn c t s n n c chiu di K+1 vi ng dn tn ti im cui cng
ca bc trc > Nu ng dn trc l ngn hn th ng dn c chi ph b
nht v gi nguyn ng dn ny. Nu ng dn ca bc trc l b hn ng
dn mi c di K t s n node j th cng vi chng trc tip t j n n. Trong trng
hp ny, ng dn t s n j s dng ng dn gm K chng vi j c nh ngha t
bc trc .
V d cho c hai thut ton Dijkstra v Bellman-Ford
Trn Hnh 3-10 m t mt mng gm 6 node v cc ga tng ng. Cc bng cng
vi Hnh 3-11Hnh 3-11 trnh by p dng ln lt hai gii thut cho mng ny: (a) gii
thut Dijkstra; (b) gii thut Bellman-Ford. Trong hai gii thut ny u chon node ngun
s l node s 1.

Trang 63

Hnh 3-10 V d mng vi cc chi ph tuyn tng ng
So snh
Bng 3-3 cho ta kt qu ng dng thut ton xt trn vi Hnh 3-10. Thut ton
Dijkstra tng i tt hn vi nh tuyn tp trung cn Bellman-Dord th li tt hn i
vi nh tuyn phn tn. Trc tin, ta xt thut ton Bellman-Ford, nu thc hin bc 2
ca thut ton th vic tnh n bao gm kin thc v cc chi ph tuyn ni t node n n
cc node ln cn (d
jn
) cng vi chi ph t node ngun s n cc node ln cn (Dj
(h)
). Mi
node c th bao gm mt tp cc chi ph ca cc ng dn n cc node khc trong
mng v c th trao i thng tin ny vi cc node ln cn mi thi im. Nh vy, mi
node c th s dng thng tin ny trong bc th hai ca thut ton cp nht cc
ng dn cng vi chi ph.

Bng 3-3. V d cc thut ton chi ph ti thiu
(a) Dijkstras Algorith (s = 1)
Bc M D
2
Path D
3
Path D
4
Path D
5
Path D
6
Path
1 {1}
1 {1,4}
1 {1,2,4}
1 {1,2,4,5}
1 {1,2,3,4,5}
1 {1,2,3,4,5,6}
2 1-2
2 1-2
2 1-2
2 1-2
2 1-2
2 1-2
5 1-3
4 1-4-3
4 1-4-3
3 1-4-5-3
3 1-4-5-3
3 1-4-5-3
1 1-4
1 1-4
1 1-4
1 1-4
1 1-4
1 1-4

2 1-4-5
2 1-4-5
2 1-4-5
2 1-4-5
2 1-4-5

4 1-4-5-6
4 1-4-5-6
4 1-4-5-6

(b) Bellman-Ford Algorthm (s=1)
H
D
) (
2
h
Path D
h
3
Path D
h
4
Path D
h
5
Path D
h
6
Path
0
1
2
3
4
0
2 1-2
2 1-2
2 1-2
2 1-2

5 1-3
4 1-4-3
3 1-4-5-3
3 1-4-5-3

1 1-4
1 1-4
1 1-4
1 1-4

2 1-4-5
2 1-4-5
2 1-4-5

10 1-3-6
10 1-4-5-6
10 1-4-5-6
Xt thut ton Dijkstra, bc th 3 ca thut ton yu cu mi node phi y
thng tin v topo mng. Nh vy, mi node phi hiu v chi ph cc tuyn v tt c cc
5
1
4
2
6
5
3
3
5
4
2
1 1
3
3
1
1
2
2
7
1
3
8
2
Trang 64
tuyn trong mng nn trong thut ton ny, thng tin phi c trao i gia tt c cc
node vi nhau, phc tp hn i vi nh tuyn phn tn.

Hnh 3-11 Tin trnh p dng ca hai gii thut vo v d.
Ch rng c hai thut ton ny hot ng di iu kin tnh ca topo v chi ph
tuyn th c hai hi t v mt nghim, khi mng c qu nhiu s thay i th thut ton s
c gng bn theo s thay i, tuy nhin, nu chi ph tuyn ph thuc vo lu lng, tc l
n li ph thuc vo ng dn c chn th vi p ng lm cho mng khng n nh.

3. IU KHIN LU LNG
Cng nh nh tuyn, vic kim sot lung lu lng trong mng chuyn mch
gi l mt vn phc tp v thc t cng phc tp hn nhng vn c nu y.
iu khin lu lng lin quan n vic kim tra s gi a vo v s dng trong
mng. Thng thng, iu khin lu lng chi xt phm vi mng m khng dia cc
u cui v cc u cui thng s dng iu khin theo phng thc end-to-end.
Trang 65
iu khin lu lng c 3 loi, mi loi ng vi cc mc ch khc nhau, l
iu khin lung, iu khin nghn v ngn nga kha cht (deadlock).

Bng 3-4. Cc phn t iu khin lu lng
Kiu Phm vi Mc
iu khin lung
iu khin tc nghn
iu khin kha cht
Gi (datagram)
Dng (knh o)
Chng
Thm nhp mng
Ng vo n ng ra
Phm vi v mc iu khin lu lng
K thut iu khin lu lng c th phn loi qua phm vi ng dng ca n. K
thut gi c lin quan n s kim tra vic sdng cc gi hin hnh. K thut iu khin
lung kim tra vic s dng gi qua mng knh o. Mc iu khin lu lng nh m t
trong Hnh 3-12.

Hnh 3-12 Mc iu khin lu lng.
iu khin lung
iu khin lung lin quan n iu khin lu lng d liu gia hai im. C s
ca iu khin lung l m bo truyn d liu n trm thu m khng b trn. m bo
trm thu thu d liu vi di cc i. Khi d liu nhn c phi c tham s ca qu
trnh trc xa b m nhn thng tin tip theo. Khng c qu trnh iu khin
lung th trn c th xy ra v cn d liu c.
Gi s ta kim sot lung khi khng c li truyn dn, cch thc hin c m t
nh Hnh 3-13. Mi mi tn biu din khung c truyn. D liu c gi theo th t
khung v khung gm hai phn, mt phn l d liu v phn kia l nhng thng tin iu
khin.
Gi s rng cc khung nhn v ng, th cc khung nhn c l theo trt t,
tuy nhin, mi khung truyn c mt tr trc khi nhn.
Mng chuyn mch gi
Mc thm
nhp mng
host - node
Mc t ng vo n ng ra
Phm vi dng
Mc chng Node-node
Mc thm
nhp mng
host - node
host node
Trang 66

Hnh 3-13 Cch truyn khung.
iu khin lung dng v ch
Dng n gin cho iu khin lung l phng thc dng v ch (stop and wait).
Ton b ngun c truyn nh mt khung. Sau khi nhn, ch gi tn hiu thng bo
chp nhn cc khung khc vi mt khung xc nhn tr li cho khung trc. Ngun phi
ch cho n khi nhn c khung xc nhn ri mi truyn khung mi. ch dng nhn
d liu kim sot xc nhn. Qu trnh lm vic nh vy c th gp kh khn i vi
mt bn tin di, bn tin ny s c gi trong nhiu khung. Vic chia bn tin thnh nhiu
khung nh vi nhng l do sau:
di cng ln th s cng d c li truyn dn, khi li tin hnh truyn
li c khi kch thc ln s mt nhiu thi gian hn so vi vic chia
thnh nhng khi nh.
Trn truyn dn ng di, qua nhiu node, nu bn tin qu di s chim
nhiu thi gian x l v nh hng nng n vi nhng s trao i thng
tin khc.
Kch thc b m ca cc node l c hn.
Khi s dng nhiu khung cho mt bn tin, th tc dng v ch c th khng thch
ng. Ct li ca vn l ch c mt khung c truyn mt thi im. Khi di bit
trn tuyn l ln hn di khung th nh hng l khng nghim trng nh trong Hnh
3-14. Trong hnh, thi gian truyn (thi gian trm truyn mt khung) c chun ha
bng 1 v tr lan truyn (thi gian cho mt bit truyn t bn pht n bn thu) c biu
din l a. Khi a nh hn 1 th thi gian tr lan truyn l nh hn thi gian truyn. Trong
trng hp ny, khung di bit u tin ca mt khung n ch trc khi ngun kt
thc truyn khung. Khi a ln hn 1 th tr lan truyn ln hn thi gian truyn, lc ny,
Trang 67
bn pht hon tt truyn ht mt khung trc khi cc bit n bn thu. Nh vy, gi tr a
l t l gia tc d liu v khong cch gia hai trm. Nh trong Hnh 3-14, a>1 th
ng dy lun di mc s dng, thm ch ngay c khi a<1 th ng dy vn khng
nh hng n s dng. Vi tc d liu cao hoc khong cch hai trm qu di th
phng thc iu khin lung dng v ch cung cp tn dng ng dy khng hiu
qu.

Hnh 3-14 tn dng tuyn ca phng thc dng v ch (thi gian truyn 1 v tr
lan truyn =a).
iu khin lung ca s trt
Ct li ca vn ch l ti mt thi im ch c mt khung c truyn. Khi
chiu di bit ca tuyn l ln hn chiu di khung (a>1) th khng nh hng g. Hiu
qu c th cao nu ta truyn nhiu khung mt thi im.
Kho st 2 trm A v B ni vi nhau bng tuyn song cng. Trm B c khng
gian b hm cho n khung. Nh vy, B c th tip nhn n khung v A c th truyn n
khung m khng ch cc xc nhn. theo di nhng khung c xc nhn, cc
khung c dn nhn vi s th t khung. Trm B xc nhn mt khung bng vic gi
mt xc nhn vi s th t ca khung mun nhn tip theo. iu ny thng bo rng B
chun b nhn n khung tip theo bt u t khung c ch nh. V d B c th nhn cc
khung 2, 3 v 4 nhng n s khng xc nhn cho n khi khung 4 n, sau , B tr v
khung xc nhn vi s th t khung l 5, ngha l B nhn tt cc khung 2, 3 v 4. Vy
A duy tr mt danh sch cc s th t ca cc khung s gi v B duy tr danh sch cc
khung chun b nhn. Cc danh sch ny c th xem l mt ca s ca cc khung. Hot
ng ny gi l iu khin lung bng ca s trt.
C mt vi hn ch y, l s th t chim mt trng trong khung v c
di gii hn. V d mt trng c 3 bits th s th t c th nh t 0 n 7. Vy cc
khung c dnh s theo modulo l 8, ngha l sau s th t 7 l s th t 0. Tng quan,
vi mt trng k bit, ta c th biu din t 0 n 2
k
-1. Tng ng vi s th t theo
modulo 2
k
v sau gi tr 2
k
-1 l 0.
Trang 68
Hnh 3-15 biu din tin trnh ca s trt. Gi s s dng s th t trong trng
3 bits, nh vy, cc khung c nh s t 0 n 7. Hnh ch nht ch th rng bn pht
c th truyn 7 khung bt u t khung 6. Mi khi khung c gi th ca s co li mt
n v v bn tri v khi thu nhn c mt xc nhn th ca s li rng ra vi kch thc
xc nh v bn phi.
Kch thc ca s thc phi khng l gi tr ln nht vi chiu di th t cho.
V d, s dng trng s th t 3 bits, kch thc ca s bng 4 c th c cu hnh cho
cc trm s dng phng thc iu khin lung ca s trt.

Hnh 3-15 M t ca s trt
Trong Hnh 3-16, gi s trng s th t gm 3 bits v kch thc ca s ti a
bng 7. ban u, A v B c cc ca s cho bit rng A c th truyn 7 khung, bt u t
khung 0 (F0). Sau khi truyn 3 khung (F0, F1, F2) khng c xc nhn, A co ca s ca n
cn li 4 khung. Ca s ny cho bit rng A c th truyn c 4 khung na, bt u t
khung 3. Sau , B truyn mt khung RR3 (receive ready sn sng thu), ng ti
nhn tt c cc khung n khung th 2 v ti sn sng nhn khung th 3, thc ra, ti
chun b nhn 7 khung, bt u t khung th 3. Vi xc nhn ny, Ali cho php truyn
7 khung, bt u t khung 3. A tin hnh truyn cc khung 3, 4, 5 v 6, B tr v RR4 sau
khi nhn F3, cho php A gi 7 khung, bao gm khung F4 n khung F2 sau . Nhng ti
thi im RR4 n A th F4, F5 v F6 c truyn i. Kt qu l A ch c th m ca
s cho php truyn 4 khung t khung F7.
C ch ny cn cho ta mt cch kim sot lung: Bn thu ch c th nhn n khung
t khung c chp nhn, b sung iu ny, hu ht cc giao thc cn cho php mt
trm ct lung ca cc khung bng cch gi thng ip khng sn sng thu RNR
(Receive Not Ready), thng bo nhn cc khung nhng cm truyn cc khung tip
theo v cha sn sng. Nh vy, RNR5 ngha l: Ti nhn cc khung n khung th
Trang 69
t, nhng ti khng chp nhn truyn thm na. Ti thi im sau , trm phi gi mt
xc nhn bnh thng m li ca s.
Nh vy, ta bn v vn truyn dn theo mt hng. Nu hai trm trao i d
liu vi nhau th mi trm phi duy tr hai ca s, mt ca s truyn v ca s kia phc
v cho vic thu nhn. Mi bn cn phi gi d liu v cc xc nhn cho nhau. h tr
mt cch hiu qu cho yu cu ny, c trng ny gi l mang theo (piggybacking). Mi
khung dliu bao gm mt trng cha s th t khung v mt trng cha s th t s
dng cho vic xc nhn. Nh vy, nu mt trm c d liu gi v mt xc nhn gi
th n s gi c hai trn cng mt khung v do , tit kim dung lng truyn thng. Tt
nhin, mt trm nu c xc nhn nhng khng c d liu gi th n s gi mt khung
xc nhn ring. Nu trm c d liu gi nhng li khng c xc nhn gi th n s
sao li xc nhn trc gi bi v khung d liu c c hai trngv phi c gi tr
xc nh trong mi trng. Khi trm thu nhn mt xc nhn trng lp th n s b qua.

Hnh 3-16 V d v phng thc ca s trt.
Nh vy, phng thc ca s trt l hiu qu hn nhiu so vi phng thc iu
khin lung dng v ch. Trong phng thc ca s trt, tuyn truyn dn nh mt
knh dn m c th in y cc khung truyn, cn phng th dng v ch th cc
khung truyn mt thi im nht nh.
iu khin tc nghn
iu khin tt nghn l mt trong nhng loi iu khin lu lng trong chuyn
mch gi. Mc ch y l duy tr s gi trong mng di mc nguy him hoc s c.
hiu r vn trong iu khin tc nghn, ta cn hiu cc kt qu t l thuyt
hng i. Vn chnh l mng chuyn mch gi l mng ca cc hng i. Ti mi
node, c cc hng i gi cho mi ng ra. Nu tc ca cc gi a n v sp hng
Trang 70
nhiu hn tc cc gi c th tryn th kch thc hng s tng vt gii hn v tr
s tin n khng gii hn. Ngay c khi gi a n l nh hn tc gi c th truyn
th chiu di hng i s tng n mc nguye him khi tc a n tin gn tc
truyn. Khi ng truyn cho gi sp hng nhiu hn 80% kh nng s dng th chiu di
hng i tng n mc cnh bo.

Hnh 3-17 Hng i ng vo v ng ra node 4.
Xt tnh trng sp hng ti node chuyn mch gi nh trong Hnh 3-17. Mi node
c cc tuyn ni vi n n mt hoc nhiu node chuyn mch gi khc v khng c
hoc ni vi nhiu host. Trn mi tuyn, c cc gi n v i. Ta c th gi s rng c hai
b m mi tuyn, mt b m tip nhn gi v mt b m cha gi ch truyn i.
Trong thc t, c th c hai b m c nh nh vy cho mt tuyn hoc so cc nh cho
php m cc gi. Trong trc hp sau, ta c th thy rng mi tuyn c hai b m kch
thc thay i kt hp vi n sao cho tng cc kch thc ca cc b m l mt hng s.
Trong mi trng hp, khi gi a n, chng c lu trong b m ng vo
ca tuyn tng ng. Node xem xt mi gi a n tin hnh quyt nh nh tuyn
v sau chuyn cc gi n b m ng ra tng ng. Cc gi sp hng ng ra s
c truyn khi c th, ngha l ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian thng k. By gi,
nu cc gi a n qu nhanh node c th x l chng hoc nhanh hn gi c th
c xo khi b m ng ra th cc gi s c lu trong b nh v gy nghn.
Khi xy ra hin tng bo ha nh vy th c hai phng php c th c chp
nhn, l hy gi ng vo gii phng khng gian b m. Phng php th hai l
vi node gp vn ny tin hnh iu khin lung qua cc node ln cn ca n lung
lu lng cn li l c th qun l c. Nhng trong Hnh 3-18 m t rng cc node ln
cn cng phi qun l mt s hng i. Nu node 6 ngn cn lung gi t node 5 th b
m ng ra ca node 5 n node 6 l y. Nh vy, nghn ti mt im ca mng th c
thnhanh chng lan rng ra thnh vng hoc qua mi ni trong mng. Trong khi iu
Trang 71
khin lung l mt cng c mnh th ta cn phi s dng n theo cch thc nh vy
quan l lu lng trn ton b mng.

Hnh 3-18 Tng tc ca cc hng i trong mng chuyn mch gi.
Hnh 3-19 m t nh hng nghn trong , Hnh 3-19a trnh by mi quan h
thng lng ca mng (s gi c phn phi n ch) vi ti cung cp (s gi c
truyn bi node ngun). C hai trc c chun ha thnh dung lng ti a ca mng
m c th biu din nh tc gi tr c th kim sot gi. Trong trng hp l tng,
thng lng v s dng mng tng khin ti cung cp tng n dung lng ti a ca
mng. s dng duy tr mc 100%. Trong trng hp l tng th vic yu cu tt c
cc trm bng cch ny hoc cch khc bit c thi im v tc ca cc gi c th
xut hin trong mng l khng th. Nu khng thc hin iu khin nghn th ta c ng
cong vi nhn uncontrolled. Khi ti tng, s dng tng theo. Lc ny, chiu di hng
i ca cc node cng tng theo, thng lng tht s gim v cc b m mi node c
kch thc v hn. Khi cc b m ca node y th n phi hy gi. Nh vy, cc trm
ngun phi truyn li cc gi b hy v iu ny lm trm trng thm. Vy, cng nhiu
gi truyn li th ti trong mng cng tng v cng c nhiu b m bo ha. Trong khi h
thng c gng mt cch liu lnh gii phng s n tc th cc trm li cc gi mi
ln cc gi c vo mng. Thm ch cc gi c phn phi cng c th phi truyn li
v n khng nhn c xc nhn qua khong thi gian di. Bn gi cho rng gi khng
n c ch nn n truyn li. Trong hon cnh ny, hiu qu ca h thng bng 0.
R rng cc s kin thm khc ny cn phi c ngn nga, y chnh l nhim
v ca iu khin tc nghn. i tng ca tt c cc k thut iu khin tc nghn l
gii hn chiu di hng i mi node ngn nga s suy sp ca thng lng. iu
ny bao gm mt s thng tin dn ng khng th trnh c. Nh vy, k thut iu
khin tc nghn khng th tin hnh nh l thuyt. Tuy nhin, phng n iu khin tc
nghn tt s ngn c s suy sp thng lng v duy tr thng lng (lm chm hn
trng hp l tng) nh thng tin dn ng iu khin.
Hnh 3-19b cho thy tr trung bnh ca gi tng khng giihn khi ti t n
dung lng ti a ca h thng. Ch rng chnh sch khng iu khin cho tr t hn
chnh sch iu khin, bi v n t thng tin dn ng. Tuy nhin, chnh sch khng iu
khin s bo ha ti thp hn.

Trang 72

Hnh 3-19 nh hng ca nghn.
Mt s c ch iu khin tc nghn trong cc mng chuyn mch gi c
xut v tin hnh nh sau:
1. Gi mt gi t node nghn n cc node ngun. Gi chn (choke) ny c
nh hng n vic dng hoc lm chm tc truyn ca cc node
ngun v nh vy gii hn tng s gi trong mng. Phng php ny yu
cu gim lu lng b sung trong mng trong khi nghn.
2. Da trn thng tin nh tuyn. Cc gii thut nh tuyn cung cp thng tin
tr tuyn n cc node khc m nh hng n cc quyt nh nh tuyn.
Thng tin ny cn c s dng cung cp tc cho cc gi mi. V
tr nh hng n quyt nh nh tuyn nn c th c hiu qu nhanh
trong iu khin tc nghn.
3. S dng gi thm d t u cui n u cui. Gi ny c th c nh
du o tr gia hai u cui no . Phng php ny c nhc
im l thm thng tin dn ng vo mng.
4. Cho php cc node chuyn mch gi b sung thng tin nghn vo cc gi
khi gi i qua. C hai trng hp xy ra. Node c th b sung thng tin
nh vy khi gi i qua ngc vi hng nghn. thng tin ny nhanh chng
n c node ngun v node ngun ny gim lung gi vo mng.
Trng hp th hai, node thm thng tin cng hng vi nghn th ch
yu cu ngun iu chnh ti bng tn hiu tr ngc v ngun (gi xc
nhn) theo hng ngc li.
Kim sot kha cht (deadlock)
Mt vn th v khng km nghn, chnh l vn kha cht. Kha cht l
hin tng mt tin trnh hay mt tp hp cc tin trnh b kha v ang ch mt s kin
m n khng bao gi xy ra. Khi xy ra deadlock, cn phi c s can thip ca mt tin
trnh ngoi cc tin trnh tham gia vo deadlock ha gii tnh hung. S hnh thnh v
tn ti ca deadlock trong h thng lm gim hiu qu ca h thng (ti nguyn, dch
v). Do , trnh tc hi do deadlock gy ra th yu cu h thng khng bao gi xy ra
hin tng deadlock hoc nu c th deadlock phi c nhanh chng pht hin loi
tr.
Trang 73

A, Hai b x l ch nhau B, Su b x l ch nhau

C, Hai b x l ch 1 b x l.
Hnh 3-20 V d hin tng kha cht
Trng thi nghn nghim trng nht trn mng gi l kha cht hay cn gi l
treo. Trong trng thi ny, mt b x l thng ip giao tip khng th thc hin c
nhim v cho n khi mt b x l thng ip giao tip khc tin hnh mt vic g v
ngc li. C hai b b x l thng ip giao tip ny ch nhau v gi nguyn trng thi
mi mi, trng thi ny xy ra mt cch ngu nhin trong mng.
Trng thi kha cht trc tip do lu tr v chuyn tip khi hai b x l c cng
s b m ch truyn cho nhau nh trong Hnh 3-20b trnh by hin tng tng t,
nhng s b x l b kha cht by gi l 6. Hin tng ny gi l kha cht gin tip do
lu tr v chuyn tip. Khi b x l b kha cht th tt c cc tuyn u b nh hng, k
c nhng tuyn khng lin quan n nghn.
Loi cui cng l kha cht hn hp (Hnh 3-20c). Node C c 3 trong 4 gi ca
mt thng ip 1 v 1 gi ca thng ip 3. B m ca n y v n khng th nhn
thm c na. Tuy nhin, n vn cha nhn c thng ip hon chnh nn khng th
cung cp thng ip cho host v cc node A v B b kha cht.
Nguyn nhn kha cht
Cc iu kin sau y c th gy kha cht
Truy xut c quyn: cc tin trnh yu cu tuy xut c quyn cc ti
nguyn.
i trong khi gi: cc tin trnh gi cc ti nguyn yu cu trc trong
khi i thm ti nguyn.
Khng u tin: Ti nguyn khng th gii phng khi tin trnh .
Vng i: Tp hp tin trnh b kha to thnh vng kn.
A
B
A
D
C
F E
B
A
3 3 2 1
B
2 3 2 2
C
1 1 3 1 Host
Trang 74
Phng n kim sot kha cht:
Cc phng n kim sat kha cht thng dng l ngn nga kha cht (deadlock
prevention), pht hin v khc phc kha cht (deadlock detection) v trnh kha cht
(deadlock avoidance).
Trong phng n ngn nga kha cht, ti nguyn c gn cho cc tin trnh yu
cu sao cho khng bao gi xy ra kha cht. Phng n ny m bo t nht mt trong 4
nguyn nhn trn khng bao gi xy ra.
Phng n pht hin ri khc phc th ti nguyn c n cho cc tin trnh yu
cu m khng kim tra. Trng thi ti nguyn phn phi v xu hng yu cu c kim
tra nh k hoc bt thng xc nh tp tin trnh c th b kha cht hay khng. Nu
kha cht c pht hin th h thng s khc phc bng cch dng mt hoc nhiu tin
trnh tham gia deadlock.
Phng n trnh kha cht th ti nguyn c gn cho tin trnh yu cu nu kt
qu trng thi ca h thng l an ton. Mt trng thi l an ton nu tn ti t nht mt th
t thc hin ca tt c cc tin trnh m chng c th thc hin n khi hon thnh.
c tnh ha kha cht, trng thi h thng thng yc m hnh ha bi mt
th ch WFG (wait for graph). Cc node ca th ch l cc tin trnh cah thng v
cc cnh ni trc tip, i din cho quan h kha gia cc tin trnh. Mt cnh ni t Pi
sang Pj nu Pi cn ti nguyn ang c gi bi Pj. Trong WFG, pht hin kha cht da
vo s pht hin vng trng trong th, t , xc nh chnh xc kha cht trong tuc
tnh th da trn m hnh kha cht. V d c hai tin trnh, mi tin trnh gi mt ti
nguyn khc nhau trong ch c quyn v mi tin trnh u yu cu truy xut n ti
nguyn ang c gi bi tin trnh kia. Khi kha cht xy ra th mi tin trnh lin quan
tnh trng kha tr khi kha cht c ph hy. Mt trng thi kha cht yu cu mt
s tin trnh t bn ngoi pht hin v gii quyt.

4. X.25
X.25 l giao thc dc s dng rng ri c pht trin t nm 1976 v c hiu
chnh lin tc trong nhng nm 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992 v 1993. Chun ny xc nh
giao tip gia my khch v mng. X.25 c s dng rng ph bin trong giao tip gia
cc mng chuyn mch gi v trin khai cho chuyn mch gi trong ISDN. Trong phn
ny, ta s m t vn tt tiu chun X.25.

Hnh 3-21 Giao tip X.25.
Vt l
Tuyn
Gi
Tin trnh
ngi s dng
Vt l
Tuyn
Gi
Giao tip logic a knh
Giao tip logic lp
tuyn LAPB
Giao tip logic vt l
X21
n tin trnh ngi
s dng t xa
Trang 75
Chun X.25 chia cuc gi thnh 3 lp chc nng:
Lp vt l.
Lp tuyn.
Lp gi.
Ba lp ny tng ng vi 3 lp thp nht trong m hnh OSI. Lp vt l gii
quyt giao tip gia trm (my tnh, thit b kt cui) vi tuyn ni trm vi node
chuyn mch gi. X.25 xem cc thit b ca user l thit b kt cui d liu DTE (data
terminal equipment) v node chuyn mch gi l thit b kt cui mch d liu DCE
(data-circuit termination equipment). X.25 s dng X.21 trong lp vt l v trong nhiu
trng hp, s dng EIA-232. Lp tuyn cung cp kh nng truyn dn tin cy co d liu
qua lp vt l bng cch truyn d liu theo mt chui cc khung. Tiu chun lp tuyn
c s dng v giao thc thm nhp tuyn cn bng LAPB (Link Access Protocol-
Balanced) (LAPB l mt tp con ca HDLC). Lp gi cung cp dch v knh o bn
ngoi.

Hnh 3-22 D liu ngi s dng v thng tin iu khin giao thc X.25.
Hnh 3-22 m t mi quan h gia cc lp ca X,25. D liu ngi s dng c
chuyn xung X.25 lp 3, , thng tin iu khin c ni thm vo v gi l header
to thnh mt gi. Thng tin iu khin ny c s dng trong hot ng ca giao thc
s c trnh by sau. Ton b gi X.25 c chuyn xung thc th LAPB v c gn
thm thng tin iu khin vo trc v sau gi to thnh khung LAPB. Thng tin iu
khin trong khung cn thit trong hot ng ca giao thc LAPB.
Dch v knh o
Vi lp gi ca X.25, d liu c truyn trong gi qua knh o bn ngoi. Dch
v knh o ca X.25 cung cp hai loi knh o, l cuc gi o v knh o vnh vin.
Mt cuc gi o l knh o c thit lp ng s dng th tc thit ljp cuc gi v gii
phng cuc gi. Knh o vnh vin l knh o c nh, c mng n nh trc. D liu
truyn qua knh o vnh vin ny ging nh cc cuc gi o nhng khng thin hnh gii
phng hay thit lp cuc gi.
Hnh 3-23 cho thy mt chui s kin tiu biu trong cuc gi o. Phn bn tri
ca hnh l s trao i gi gia thit b ngi s dng A v node chuyn mch gi c
gn vi n. Vic nh tuyn cho cc gi bn trong mng l khng th thy c i vi
ngi s dng.

D liu ngi s dng
D liu ngi s dng
D liu ngi s dng
Header
Lp 3
LAPB
header
LAPB
trailer
Header
Lp 3
D liu ca
user

Gi X.25

Khung LAPB
Trang 76

Hnh 3-23Chui s kin trong giao thc X.25.
Cc th t ca cc s kin nh sau:
1. A yu cu gi o ti B bng cch gi gi Call-Request ti DCE ca A. Gi
bao gm cc a ch ngun v a ch ch cng nh s hiu knh o c
s dng cho cuc gi o mi ny. Sau ny, d liu truyn s c xc
nhn da trn s hiu knh o.
2. Mng s chn ng cho cuc gi n DCE ca B.
3. DCE ca B nhn c Call-Request v gi gi Incoming-Call n B. Gi
ny c dng nh Call-Request nhng s dng s hiu knh o, knh o
c chn t DCE ca B t tp s hiu knh o cc b.
4. B chp nhn cuc gi bng cch gi gi Call-Accepted vi s knh o xc
nh nh trong gi Incoming-Call.
5. Thit b DCE ca A nhn gi Call-Accepted v gi gi Call-Connected ti
A. Gi ny c dng nh Call-Accepted nhng knh o cng s hiu nh
trong gi Call-Request.
Trang 77
6. A v B gi d liu v cc gi iu khin cho nhau s dng cc knh o
tng ng ca chng.
7. A hoc B gi gi Clear-Request kt thc knh o v nhn gi Clear-
Confirmation.
8. B hoc A nhn gi Clear-Indication v gi gi Clear-Confirmation.
By gi, ta quay li cc chi tit ca tiu chun.
Dng gi
Hnh 3-24 lit k cc dng gi c bn ca X.25. D liu ca ngi s c chia
thnh cc khi (trong c mt s khi c kch thc ti a) cng vi mt header 24 bits
hoc 32 bits c gn thm vo mi khi to thnh gi d liu. Header bao gm 12 bits
cho s th t knh o (gm s hiu nhm 4 bits v s hiu knh 8bits). Cc trng P(S)
v P(R) h tr chc nng iu khin lung v iu khin li trn c s knh o. Cc bit M
v D c trnh by phn sau. Bit Q khng c tiu chun nh ngha cho php ngi
s dng phnbit hai dng d liu.

Hnh 3-24 Cc dng gi X.25.
0 0 0/1 1/0 Group #
Channel #
Packet type 1

Additional Information

C, Gi iu khin cho knh o
vi trng s th t 3 / 7 bits.
0 0 0 1 Group #
Channel #
P(R) Packet type 1

0 0 1 0 Group #
Channel #
Packet type 1
P(R) 0

D, RR, RNR, REJ vi trng s
th t cha 3 v 7 bits.
Q D 0 1 Group #
Channel #
R(R) M P(S) 0

User Data

A, Gi d liu vi trng s th
t 3 bits.
Q D 1 0 Group #
Channel #
R(R) 0
P(S) M

User Data

B, Gi d liu vi trng s th
t 7 bits.
0 0 0 1 Group #
Channel #
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Interrupt User Data

0 0 1 0 Group #
Channel #
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Interrupt User Data

E, Gi Interrupt vi trng s th t 3 bits v 7 bits.
Trang 78
Ngoi ra, truyn d liu ngi s dng, X.25 phi truyn thng tin iu khin
thit lp, duy tr v gii phng knh o. Thng tin iu khin c truyn trong gi
iu khin. mi gi iu khin bao gm s hiu knh o, kiu gi xc nh chc nng
iu khin no cng nh cc thng tin iu khin b sung lin quan n cc chc nng
ny. V d. gi Call-Request gm cc trng sau:
a ch DTE ch gi (4bits): chiu di trng a ch tng ng trong cc
n v 4 bits.
a ch DTE b gi (4bits): chiu di ca trng a ch tng ng trong
n v 4 bits.
a ch DTE (c th thay i): Cc a ch ca DTE ch gi v b gi.
Cc phng tin: Chui phng tin xc nh. Mi c trng gm 8 bits m
phng tin vi cc m tham s hoc khng. V d phng tin tnh cc theo hng
ngc li.

Bng 3-5. Cc kiu v tham s gi
Kiu gi Dch v Tham s
T DCE n DTE T DTE n DCE VC PVC
Thit lp v gii phng cuc gi
Incoming call Call request
a ch DTE ch gi, b gi, phng
tin, d liu user
Call connected Call accepted
tin, d liu user

Clear information

Clear request

Nguyn nhn gii phng, m chun
on, a ch DTE ch gi, b gi,
phng tin, gii phng d liu user
DCE clear
confirmation
DTE clear confirmation
tin
D liu v ngt
DCE data DTE data
DCE interrupt DTE interrupt D liu user ngt
DCE interrup
confirmation
DTE interrupt
confirmation

iu khin lung v ti lp
DCE RR DTE RR P(R)
DCE RNR DTE RNR P(R)
DTE REJ P(R)
Reset indication Reset request Nguyn nhn ti lp, m chun on
DCE reset
confirmation
DTE reset confirmation

Ti khi ng
Restart indication Restart request

Nguyn nhn ti khi ng, m
chun on
DCE restart
confirmation
DTE restart
confirmation

Chun on
Diagnostic M chun on, gii thch chun
on
ng k
Registration request Registration
confirmation

a ch DTE, a ch DCE, ng k
Bng 3.5 lit k tt c cc gi ca X.25. Hu ht cc gi c tho lun, ta s
m t vn tt nhng gi cn li sau y.
Trang 79
Mt DTE c th gi gi ngt Interrupt m b qua cc th tc iu khin lung cho
cc gi d liu. Gi ngt c dng phn phi n cc ch DTE bi mng vi u
tin cao hn cc gi d liu trong khi truyn dn.
Cc gi Reset cung cp phng tin cho vic khi phc mt li bng vic thit lp
li mt knh o, ngha l s th t ca hai kt cui c lp v 0. Mi gi d liu hay
ngt c truyn s b mt. Ti lp c th c kch khi bi s iu kin li, bao gm
vic mt gi. Li s th t, nghn hoc mt ni kt logic bn trong mng. Trong trng
hp cui cng, hai DTE phi xy dng li ni kt logic bn trong h tr knh o DTE-
DTE X.25 ang tn ti.
Li nguy him hn c gii quyt vi gi ti khi ng, lc ny s kt thc mi
cuc gi o. V d trong tnh trng cnh bo th khi ng li s mt mi truy cp mng.
Gi chun on Diagnostic cung cp phng tin xc nh cc tnh trng li
m khng m bo khi to li. Cc gi ng k Registration c s dng yu cu v
xc nhn cc phng tin X.25.
Ghp knh
C l dch v quan trng c cung cp bi X.25 l ghp knh. Mt DTE cho
php thit lp n 4095 knh o ng thi n cc DTE khc qua tuyn DTE-DCE n.
DTE c th phn phi cc knh theo mi cch. Cc knh o ring c th ph hp vi
cc ng dng, cc tin trnh hoc thit b u cui khc nhau. Tuyn DTE-DCE cung cp
s ghp knh song cng, ngha l mi thi im, gi c kt hp vi knh o cho
c th c truyn theo hng khc.
sp xp cc gi cng knh o, mi gi c 12 bit mang s hiu knh o (4 bit
cho s hiu nhm v 8 bit mang s hiu knh). Vic n nh knh o nh m t trong
Hnh 3-25.

Hnh 3-25 n nh knh o.
Trang 80
S th t 0 d tr cho gi chun on hoc gi ti lp. Cc knh o vnh vin
c n nh vi s th t bt u t 1. Loi knh o tip theo l cc cuc gi o ni b
mt chiu, ngha l ch c cc cuc gi t mng c th c gn cc gi tr ny, tuy
nhin, n l l hai chiu trao i thng tin.
Cc cuc gi ra mt chiu c khi u bi DTE. Trong trng hp ny, DTE
chn mt s th t t tp s th t dnh cho cc cuc gi ny. iu ny phn bit cc loi
theo d nh ngn vic chn ng thi cng s hiu t hai knh o khc nhau bi DTE
v DCE.
Loi knh o 2 chiu cung cp gii hn cho vic dng chung bi DTE v DCE,
cho php vi s khc bit nh trong lung lu lng.
iu khin lung v iu khin li
iu khin lung v iu khin li lp gi ca X.25 c xc nh trong dng
thc v th tc iu khin lung c s dng cho HDLC. Phng thc ca s trt
c s dng. Mi gi d liu gm s th t gi P(S) v s th t tip nhn P(R). Mc
nh ca cc trng ny l 3 bits, tuy nhin, trong Hnh 3-24 cn cho thy ca s m rng
vi 7 bits hoc c th m rng n 15 bits nu c yu cu v DTE s thng bo cho tt c
knh o ca n.
P(S) uc n nh bi DTE trn ng ra ca cc gi trn knh o, ngha l P(S) ca
mi gi d liu ng ra mi trn knh o c cng thm 1 so vi gi trc theo
modulo 8 hoc 128. P(R) cha s th t gi tip theo mun nhn t pha bn kia ca knh
o. Khi khng c d liu c truyn th c th cc gi xc nhn sn sng nhn RR hoc
cha sn sng nhn RNR c truyn. Kch thc ca s mc nh l 2 nhng c th thit
lp l 7 vi trng s th t 3 bits v 127 vi trng s th t 7 bits.
Xc nhn (RR, RNR) v iu khin lung c th thc hin theo cch end-toedn
bng cch thit lp bit D. Kho D = 0 (thng s dng) th xc nhn c trao i gia
DTE v mng. S trao i ny c s dng bi DCE cc b hoc mng thu xc nhn
cc gi v iu khin lung t DTE vo mng. Khi D = 1 th xc nhn t DTE t xa.
Dng iu khin li c bn l ARQ go-back-N. Xc nhn ph nh trong gi iu
khin t chi REJ. Nu node nhn mt xc nhn ph nh th n s truyn li gi xc nh
v nhng gi tip theo.
Chui gi
X.25 cung cp kh nng gi l chui gi hon chnh nh ngha s chui lin
tc ca cc gi d liu. iu ny l quan trng khi hot ng trn cc giao thc lin
mng, cho php cc khi d liu di hn c th c truyn qua mng vi nhng gi c
kch thc nh hn m khng b lc mt.
c trng iu ny, X.25 nh ngha hai loi gi: Cc gi A v cc gi B. Gi
A l gi m M c lp bng1, D=0 v gi y (bng vi chiu di cho php ti a). Gi
B l cc gi khng phi l A. C th c nhiu hoc khng c gi A c theo sau gi B.
Mng c th kt hp chui gi ny nh mt gi ln v mng c th chia gi B thnh cc
gi nh hn to thnh s th t gi hon chnh.
Gi B c kim sot bng s thit lp bit M v D. Nu D=1 th xc nhn end-to-
end c gi bi DTE thu n DTE pht. Ngha l xc nhn s chui gi hon chnh. Nu
M=1 th c chui gi han chnh theo sau. iu ny cho php nh dng cc chui con l
mt phn ca mt chui ln xc nhn end-to-end c th xut hin cui chui ln.
Trang 81

Hnh 3-26 Chui gi X.25.


[BERT92] Bertsekas, D. and Gallager, R. Data Networks. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992.
[KLEI76] Kleinrock, L. Queuing Systems, Volume II: Computer
Applications. New York:Wiley, 1976.
[SCHW77] Schwartz, M. Computer-Communication Network Design and
Analysis. Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977.
[SPOH93] Spohn, D. Data Network Design. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1994.
[SPRA91] Spragins, J., Hammond, J., and Pawlikowski, K.
Telecommunications Protocols and Design. Reading, MA.: Addison-
Wesley, 1991.
[STUC85] Stuck, B. and Arthurs, E. A Computer Communications
Network Performance Analysis Primer. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
Hall, 1985.

Trang 82

4. INTEGRATED SERVICE DIGITAL NETWORK
S pht trin nhanh chng ca cc cng ngh my tnh v truyn thng lm gia
tng s ha hp gia hai lnh vc ny. Ranh gii khng r rng gia my tnh, chuyn
mch, thit b truyn dn s v cc k thut s u c s dng truyn d liu, thoi,
hnh nh Vic hp nht v tin ha ca cc k thut, kt hp vi cc nhu cu v tnh
hiu qu, a dng, x l v ph bin ca thng tin ngy mt tng dn n s pht trin
ca cc h thng tch hp m c kh nng truyn v x l tt c cc kiu d liu. Mc
ch cui cng ca s pht trin ny chnh l mt mng s tch hp dch v (ISDN).
ISDN hng n mt mng vin thng cng cng ton cu thay th cho cc mng
vin thng cng cng ang tn ti v phn phi nhiu loi hnh dch v phong ph. ISDN
c nh ngha bi s chun ha cc giao tip ngi s dng v c thc hin nh mt
tp hp cc chuyn mch s v cc ng dn h tr phm vi rng ca cc kiu lu
lng v cung cp cc dch v x l gi tr gia tng. Trong thc t, nhiu mng hot ng
trong phm vi quc gia, nhng trn quan im ngi s dng th chng l n l, kh
nng truy cp n iu.
Tc ng ca ISDN i vi ngi s dng v nh cung cp rt l su sc. iu
khin s pht trin ca ISDN v tc ng ca n, l n lc rt ln trong qu trnh chun
ha.
Th h u tin ca ISDN c gi l ISDN bng hp N-ISDN (Narrowband-
ISDN), da trn c s s dng knh 64kbps nh mt n v c bn ca chuyn mch v
c mt chuyn mch knh c hng. K thut ch yu ca ISDN bng hp l frame relay.
Th h th hai c gi l ISDN bng rng B-ISDN (Broadband-ISDN), h tr cc tc
d liu rt cao (hng trm Mbps) v chuyn mch gi c hng. K thut ch yu ca
ISDN bng rng l kiu truyn bt ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), cn
gi l cell relay.
Chng ny gii thiu tng quan v tng quan, cc chun, cc knh, cc kiu truy
cp v cc giao thc trong ISDN.

1. TNG QUAN V ISDN
Ni dung ca ISDN c xt trn mt vi quan im khc nhau, trong phn ny,
ta s xem xt nguyn l c bn ca ISDN, giao tip ngi s dng, cc mc tiu v cc
dch v ca ISDN.
Nguyn l c s ca ISDN
Cc tiu chun cho ISDN c ITU-T nh ngha nm 1998 trong khuyn ngh
I.120 nh trong bng 4.1. By gi, ta s xt ln lt cc im ny:

Chng 4. .. . INTEGRATED SERVICE DIGITAL NETWORK
Trang 83
Bng 4-1. Khuyn ngh I.120 (1998)
Chc nng chnh trong ni dung ISDN l h tr mt phm vi rng cc ng dng thoi ln phi thoi.
Thnh phn chnh ca tch hp dch v cho ISDN l cung cp mt phm vi dch v s dng tp hp
cc kiu ni kt v phm vi giao tip ngi s dng mng a mc ch.
ISDN h tr cc ng dng a dng bao gm cc ni kt chuyn mch ln phi chuyn mch. Ni kt
chuyn mch trong ISDN bao gm cc ni kt chuyn mch knh ln chuyn mch gi v cc s
ghp ni ca chng
Cho n lc kh thi th cc dch v mi c a vo trong ISDN nn c sp xp tng hp
vicc ni kt s chuyn mch 64kbps.
ISDN bao hm cc chc nng cung cp dch v, vn hnh v qun l mng thng minh. Tnh thng
minh c th khng c tha mn cho mt s dch v mi v c th c b sung bi cc tnh
thng minh khc trong mng hoc c th kt hptnh thng minh trong cc kt cui ngi s dng.
Cu trc giao thc phn lp nn c s dng xc nh s truy cp n mt ISDN. Truy cp t
ngi s dng n cc ti nguyn ISDN c th thay i ty thuc yu cu dch v v trng thi
thc hin ca cc ISDN quc gia.
N
g
u
y
n

l

I
S
D
N

ISDN c th c thc hin trong nhiu cu hnh khc nhau theo cc c trng ca mi quc gia.
ISDN da trn cc ni dung ca cc mng s tch hp in thoi v c th bao gm s pht trin
kt hp cht ch cc chc nng b sung v cc tnh nng mng ca cc mng chuyn mch knh v
chuyn mch gi cho d liu cung cp cho cc dch v mi.
S chuyn dch t mng hin ti sang ISDN ton din c th yu cu mt khong thi gian ko di
trong mt hoc nhiu thp k. Trong thi gian ny phi pht trin mng cho cc dch v trn ISDN
v cc dch v trn cc mng khc.
Trong s pht trin theo hng ISDN th ni kt s end-to-end s t c qua s pht trin thit b
c s dng trong cc mng tn ti nh truyn dn s, chuyn mch ghp knh phn chia thi
gian hoc chuyn mch ghp knh phn chia khng gian. Cc khuyn ngh lin quan hin nay cho
chng hp thnh cc thnh phn ca ISDN nhn c trong cc khuyn ngh thch hp ca CCITT
v CCIR.
Trong giai on pht trin u ca ISDN c mt s khong thoi gian qu chun b ngi s
dng mng c th c chp nhn mt s quc gia no d dng vt qua kh nng cho
cc dch v s. Cc k hoch tng ng vi cc nc khc nhau c th tun theo mt phn hoc
ton b lot khuyn ngh I (I-Series).
T
i
n

t
r
i
n

c
a

I
S
D
N

Tin trin ca ISDN c th bao gm cc tng cui cc ni kt chuyn mch c tc bit cao v
thp hn 64kbps.
1. H tr cho cc ng dng thoi ln phi thoi s dng tp hp cc
phng tin c chun ha: Nguyn l ny nh ngha c hai mc ch
ca ISDN v cc phng tin hon tt n. Cc mc ch ca ISDN l a
dng dch v truyn ting ni (v d gi in thoi) v phi thoi (trao i
d liu s). Cc dch v ny c cung cp trong vic hnh thnh cc tiu
chun (cc khuyn ngh ITU-T) m xc nh mt s t giao tip v phng
tin truyn d liu.
2. H tr cho cc ng dng chuyn mch ln khng chuyn mch: ISDN
h tr c chuyn mch knh ln chuyn mch gi. Ngoi ra, ISDN cn h
tr cc dch v khng chuyn mch dng cc ng dy thu ring.
3. S tn nhim trn cc ni kt 64kbps: ISDN cung cp cc ni kt chuyn
mch knh ln chuyn mch gi tc 64kbps, y l vin gch nn
tng ca ISDN. Tc ny c chn bi v lc ny, tc ny l tiu
chun trong s ha thoi v do c a vo trong cc mng s tch
hp IDN (Integrated Digital Network). Mc d tc d liu ny l hu
hiu nhng n hn ch s tn nhim trn . Csac pht trin sau trong
ISDN s cho php linh hot ln hn.
4. Thng minh trong mng: ISDN c k vng c th cung cp cc
dch v phc tp vt qua s thit lp cuc gi n ginca chuyn mch
knh.
Trang 84
5. Kin trc mng phn lp: Cc giao thc s dng truy cp ISDN trn
cu trc phn lp v c th nh x vo m hnh tham chiu OSI. iu ny
c mt s thun li:
Cc tiu chun c pht trin cho cc ng dng OSI lin quan c
th c s dng trong ISDN. V d l X.25 lp 3 cho truy cp dch v
chuyn mch gi trong ISDN.
Cc chun mi lin quan n ISDN c th da trn cc chun ang tn
ti, gim chi ph thc hin mi. V d LAPD da trn LAPB.
Cc chun c th c pht trin v thc hin c lp cho tng lp v
tng chc nng trong mt lp, iu ny cho php thc hin tng bc
ca cc dch v ISDN bcthch hp da trn nh cung cp hoc
khch hng cho trc.
6. a dng trong cu hnh: Nhiu cu hnh vt l c th thc hin cho
ISDN, iu ny cho php s khc bit ca cc chnh sch ca cc quc gia
trong tnh trng k thut khc hhau v cc nhu cu cng nh thit b hin
c ca khch hng.
Giao tip ngi s dng

Hnh 4-1 Khi nim cc c trng ni kt ISDN.
Hnh 4-1 cho thy khi qut c trng ni kt ISDN trn quan im ngi s
dng. Ngi s dng truy cp vo ISDN bng cc phng tin giao tip cc b ca cc
ng dy s vi mt tc bit no . Cc ng dy c kch thc khc nhau cho
php tha mn cc nhu cu khc nhau. V d, khch hng gia nh c th ch yu cu
dung lng va s dng in thoi v videotex. Khch hng vn phng s chc
chn mun ni n ISDN qua mt tng i nhnh c nhn PBX s v yu cu ng dy
c dung lng cao hn.
Ti thi im nht nh, ng dy ti ngi s dng gi s c dung lng c
inh nhng lu lng trn ng dy c th bin i trong phm vi dung lng gii hn.
Nh vy, ngi s dng c th truy cpcc dch v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch
gi cng nh cc dch v khc vi tc bit thay i v dng tn hiu khng ng nht.
cung cp cc dch v ny, ISDN yu cu cc tn hiu iu khin phc tp hn trong
Tng i
trung tm
ISDN
Cc dch v
khc
Cc c s
d liu
Cc mng
khc
Mng chuyn
mch gi
in thoi

Kt cui
d liu

PBX

Alarm
Mng chuyn
mch knh

LAN
Giao tip
khch
hng
ISDN
ng dy s
Trang 85
cu trc cung cp cho cc dch v yu cu. Cc tn hiu iu khin ny cn c ghp
vo trong cng ng dy s.
Kha cnh quan trng trn giao tip l ngi s dng c th s dng t hn dung
lng ti a ca ng dy v s tr theo dung lng s dng hn l theo thi gian ni
kt. c trng ny gim nhiu gi tr lu hnh ca ngi s dng c c s dng
knh ti u bng vic s dng cc b tp trung, ghp knh, chuyn mch v cc ng
dy dng chung khc.
Mc tiu
Cc hot ng hin ny dn n s pht trin ph bin ca ISDN. Kt qu ny bao
gm t cc chnh ph, cc cng ty x l d liu v truyn thng, cc t chc tiu chun
v cc tc t khc. Mc tiu chnh l:
S chun ha: Cn thit c mt tp hp tiu chun ISDN c cung cp
cho php truy cp ph bin v pht trin hiu qu chi ph thit b.
Trong sut: Quan trng nht l dch v c cung cp l trong sut, cho
php cc ngi s dng pht trin cc ng dng v giao thc vi nim tin
rng khng b nh hng trn ISDN.
Phn tch cc chc nng cnh tranh: Phi c kh nng phn tch cc
chc nng m c th c cung cp cnh tranh vi nhau mchng l c s
ca ISDN. Trong nhiu quc gia th chnh ph c th cung cp ton b cc
dch v nhng li c nhiu quc gia khc c nhiu nh cung cp cnh cc
dch v tranh nhau (v d videotex, th in t).
Dch v thu knh ring v chuyn mch: ISDN cung cp cc dch v
thu ring t im ti im cnh nh cc dch v chuyn mch, do ,
chng phi cho php ngi s dng thc hin ti u cc k thut chuyn
mch v nh tuyn.
Gi lin quan chi ph: Gi thnh dch v ISDN nn lin quan n chi ph
v nn c lp dng d liu c mang. Dng dch v ny khng th tr
cp cho dch v khc.
Chuyn i mn: Chuyn i ISDN s l tng bc v mng pht trin
phi ng thi vi thit b v dch v. Nh vy, cc giao tip ISDN nn
pht trin t cc giao tip hin hnh v cung cp ng dn nng cp n
cc ngi s dng.
H tr ghp knh: Ngoi ra, cung cp h tr dung lng thp n tng
ngi s dng, h tr ghp knh phi c cung cp cung cp cho cc
PBX ca cc nh s dng v cc thit b mng cc b.
Kin trc
Hnh 4-2 l s khi chc nng ca ISDN. ISDN h tr ni kt vt l mi cho
ngi s dng, mt mch vng thu bao s (tuyn t ngi s dng n tng i) v cc
s thay i thit b tng i trung tm.
Vng c cc t chc chun ha quan tm nhiu nht l truye cp ca ngi s
dng. Giao tip vt l chung c nh ngha cung cp mt ni kt DTE-DCE. Trn
cng ni kt c th s dng my in thoi, kt cui my tnh v kt cui videotex. Cc
giao thc cn thit trao i thng tin iu khin gia ngi s dng v mng. S cung
cp phi c tin hnh trn cc giao tip tc cao.
Trang 86

Hnh 4-2 S khi chc nng ISDN.
Phn mch vng thu bao ca mng in thoi ngy nay bao gm cc day cp
xon gia thu bao v tng i, mang cc tn hiu tng t 4kHz. Trong ISDN, mt hay
hai cp dy xon c s dng cung cp ni kt truyn s song cng c bn.
Tng i s ni vi nhiu tn hiu mch vng thu bao ISDN ti IDN. Ngoi vic
cung cp truy cp n mng chuyn mch knh th tng i cung cp truy cp thu bao
knh ring, cc mng chuyn mch gi, cc dch v my tnh giao dch c hng. Truy
cp ghp knh qua PBX s v LAN phi c cung cp.
Cc tiu chun
S pht trin ca ISDN c cai tr bi mt tp cc khuyn nghi c pht hnh
bi ISDN gi l lot khuyn ngh I-series. Cc khuyn ngh hay tiu chun ny c pht
hnh u tin vo nm 1984, sau , hon thin hn vo nm 1988 vi hu ht cc
khuyn ngh c cp nht,hiu chnh. Khi lng m t ISDN trong lot khuyn ngh
ny c mt s vn lin quan n cc khuyn ngh khc. c trng ISDN trong cc
khuyn ngh ny xoay quanh cc phm vi sau:
1. Tiu chun ha dch v cung cp cho ngi s dng cho php cc dch
v c th tng thch gia cc quc gia.
2. Tiu chun ha cc giao tip ngi s dng v mng cho php cc thit
b kt cui c th lu ng v hot ng trong iu 1.
3. Tiu chun ha cc kh nng ISDN n mc cn thit cho php kt hp
ngi s dng vi mng v mng vi mng t c iu 1 v 2.
Lot khuyn nghi I-series c chia thnh 6 nhm chnh, nh du t I.100 n
I.600.
Series I.100 Cc ni dung tng quan
Series I.100 gii thiu v ISDN. Cu trc chung ca cc khuyn ngh ISDN c
trnh by nh mt thut ng. I.120 cung cp ton b m t v ISDN v tin trin ca
ISDN. I.130 gii thiu thut ng v ni dung c s dng trong series I.200 xc nh
cc dch v.
IDN
Giao tip
vt l
chung
Tng i
trung tm
ISDN
Dch v x
l c s
mng
Cc cu trc knh ISDN mch vng thu bao:
S cp: 64kbps+64kbps+16kbps.
Th cp: bi s cc knh 64kbps.

Chuyn mch knh s
Chuyn mch gi
Trang 87
Series I.200 Kh nng phc v
Series I.200 m t cc phn quan trng trong ISDN. Cc dch v c cung cp
c xc nh. Ta c th tm thy c cc yu cu dch v m ISDN phi tha mn.
Series I.300 Cc kha cnh mng
Trong khi Series I.200 tp trung vo ngi s dng vi cc thutng v dch v
c cung cp th Series I.300 tp trung vo mng, vi cc thut ng v cch thc mng
cung cp cc dch v ny. M hnh tham chiu c trnh by da trn m hnh OSI, tnh
tan s phc tp ca cc ni kt bao gm hai hay nhiu hn hai ngi s dng (hi ngh)
cng vi trao i bo hiu knh chung.
Series I.400 Cc giao tip ngi s dng mng.
Series I.400 gii quyt giao tip gia ngi s dng v mng. C 3 ch chnh
c xc nh:
Cc cu hnh vt l: Vn cu hnh cc chc nng ISDN cho cc thist
b nh th no. Cc tiu chun xc nhcc nhm chc nng v nh ngha
cc im tham chiu gia cc nhm ny.
Tc truyn dn: Cc tc d liu v cc s kt hp tc d liu
cung cp cho ngi s dng.
Cc c trng giao thc: Cc giao thc lp 1 n 3 trong m hnh OSI
xc nh tng tc cho ngi s dng v mng.
Series I.500 Cc giao tip lin mng
ISDN khng ch h tr cc dch v m cn cung cp trn cc mng chuyn mch
knh v chuyn mch gi. Nh vy, n ch cn cung cp lin mng gia mt ISDN v cc
mng khc cho php truyn thng ga cc kt cui thuc cc dch v lin quan c
cung cp qua cc mng khc. Series I.500 gii quyt cc vn mng khc nhau bng
cch nh ngha cc giao tip gia ISDN v cc kiu mng khc.
Series I.600 Nguyn l vn hnh
Cc dch v ny cung cp s hng dn vn hnh ca vic thit lp thu bao
ISDN, l mt phn mng ca truycp s cp, th cp ISDN v cc dch v tc cao
hn. Cc nguyn l v cc chc nng vn hnh lin h vi cu hnh tham chiu v kin
trc tng quan ISDN. Chc nng chnh m c xc nh trong series l vng phn hi.
Tng quan, kim tra vng phn hi c s dng xc nh s c v kim tra.

2. CC KNH ISDN
ng dy s gia tng i v ngi s dng ISDN uc s dng mang cc
knh truyn thngtin. Dung lng ca ng dy l s knh c mang c th t nhiu
ngi s dng ny n ngi s dng khc. Cu trc truyn dn ca mi tuyn truy cp
c cu thnh t cc dng knh sau:
Knh B: 64kbps.
Knh D: 16 hoc 64kbps.
Knh H: 384 (H0), 1536 (H11) v 1920 (H12)kbps.
Trang 88
Knh B l knh s cp ca ngi s dng. N c th c s dng mang d
liu s, tn hiu thoi s ha sang PCM hoc mt s kt hp ca lu lng tc thp,
bao gm d liu s v thoi s ha c m ha mt phn tc 64kbps. Trong trng
hp kt hp lu lng, tt c cc lu lng phi n cng mt im cui. Bn dng ni
kt c th c thit lp cho knh b l:
Chuyn mch knh: Tng ng vi chuyn mch s s dng hin nay.
Ngi s dng yu cu cuc gi v mt ni kt chuyn mch knh c
thit lp vi mt ngi s dng khc. Vic thit lp cuc gi khng c
tin hnh trn knh B m thc hin qua knh D.
Chuyn mch gi: Ngi s dng c ni vi mt node chuyn mch
gi v d liu trao i vi ngi s dng khc qua X.25.
Kiu khung: Ngi s dng c ni vi node frame relay v d liu
c trao i vi ngi s dng khc qua giao thc LAPF.
Kiu bn vnh vin: y l ni kt n ngi s dng khc c thit lp
trc v khng yu cu giao thc thit lp cuc gi, dng ny tng ng
vi ng dy tu ring.
Vic thit k tc 6kbps nh tc knh ngi s dng chun c mu thun
nh vi cc chun hin nay. Tc ny c chn cho tc tn hiu thoi c s ha,
nhng hin nay, tn hiu thoi c th s ha vi tc 32kbps hoc thp hn. t
c hiu qu, chun phi n nh cng ngh mt thi im nht nh. Vn ci tin
cng ngh din ra lin tc khng b lc hu v nhc im ca tc 64kbps lm c
s gy mt cht kh khn trong s pht trin cng ngh v k thut.

Bng 4-2. Cc chc nng knh B v knh D ca ISDN
Knh B (64kbps) Knh D(16kbps)
Thoi s ha:
PCM tc 64kbps
Tc bit thp (32kbps)
Bo hiu
C bn
Nng cao
D liu tc cao
Chuyn mch knh
Chuyn mch gi
D liu tc thp
Videotex
Teletex
Thit b u cui
Cc loi khc:
Facimile
Video qut tc thp
o lng xa
Cc dch v khn
Qun l nng lng
Knh D phc v cho hai mc ch. Mc ch u l mang thng tin bo hiu
iu khin cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh trn cc knh B c kt hp trn cng giao
tip. Mc ch th hai l knh D c th c s dng mang d liu ca chuyn mch
gi hay o lng t xa tc thp (100bps) thi im khi khng c thng tin bo hiu
c truyn. Bng 4.2 tng quan cc dng lu lng d liu c h tr trn knh B v
knh D.
Knh H c cung cp cho thng tin ngi s dng cc tc bit cao hn.
Ngi s dng c th s dng nh mt knh hoc mt trung k tc cao hoc mt knh
c th c chia nh cho cc ngi s dng ca mnh trong s TDM ca h. Cc v d
Trang 89
v ng dng c th bao gm fascimile nhanh, video, d liu tc cao, m thanh cht
lng cao v nhiu dng thng tin cc tc khc.
Cc dng knh c nhm vo trong cc cu trc truyn dn m c cung cp
nh mt gi cho ngi s dng. Cc cu trc nh ngha tt nht thi im l cu trc
knh c bn (truy cp s cp) v cu trc knh chnh (truy cp th cp) nh m t trong
Hnh 4-3.
Truy cp s cp bao gm hai knh B song cng, tc 64kbps v mt knh D
song cng, tc 16kbps. Tng tc l 144kbps. Tuy nhin, thng tin ng b, nh
khung v cc bit thng tin dn ng khc thnh tc bit tng trn truy cp s cp l
192kbps. Mi khung truy cp s cp c 48bits, gm 16bit cho mi knh B v 4 bit cho
knh D v cc bit thng tin dn ng xen k.
Dch v s cp c hng n tha mn cc nhu cu ca tng ngi s dng,
bao gm ngi s dng gia nh hoc vn phng rt nh. N cho php s dng ng thi
thoi v mt s ng dng d liu khc nh truy cp chuyn mch gi, ni n trung tm
cnh bo, facsimile, videotex Cc dch v ny c th c truy cp qua kt cui a
chc nng hoc cc thit b u cui ring bit. Trong c hai trng hp, giao tip vt l
n gin c cung cp. Hu ht cc mch vng cp xon c th h tr cho giao tip ny.
Trong mt s trng hp, mt trong hai knh B cn li l khng s dng, iu ny
thch hp vi giao tip B+D hoc ch ring knh D l hiu qu hn 2B+D. Tuy nhin,
mng thc hin mt cch n gin, tc d liu giao tip l 192kbps. Vy, vi cc
thu bao mun yu cu trao i t hn th c th tit kim chi ph s dng vi mt giao
tip suy gim.

S cp: Tc 192kbps gm B(64) +B(64)+D(16)+ng b v khung

Th cp: Tc 2.048Mbps hoc 1.544 Mbps
2.048Mbps: 30 knh B(64kbps) + 1 knh D(64kbps) + ng b v nh
khung
1.544Mbps: 23 knh B(64kbps) + 1 knh D(64kbps)+ ng b v nh
khung
Hnh 4-3 Cu trc knh ISDN.

S cp
B Thng tin (thoi,
B d liu )
D Bo hiu
Thng tin dn ng

Th cp
B
B

B
D Bo hiu
Thng tin dn ng

Trang 90
Truy cp th cp c d tr cho ngi s dng c nhu cu ln hn nh vn
phng, cng s vi tng i nhnh c nhn PBX hoc mng cc b LAN. Do c s khc
bit trong cu trc truyn dn ca cc quc gia khc nhau, nn c hai cu hnh ph hp:
M, Canada v Nht s dng cu trc truyn dn 1.544Mbps, tng ng
vi phng tin truyn dn T1 s dng dng thc truyn dn DS-1. Tc
d liu l 1.536Mbps v tc bit tng cng l 1.544Mbps.
Chu u v nhiu quc gia cn li s dng tc tiu chun l
2.048Mbps, tng ng vi phng tin truyn dn E1 (30 knh B v 1
knh D). Tc d liu l 1.984Mbps v tc bit tng cng l
2.048Mbps.
Hn na, truy cp th cp c kh nng cung cp cho khch hng cc yu cu thp
hn s dng mt vi knh B vi cu trc knh nB+D, trong , n t 1 n 23 hoc tui
1 n 30 ty theo dch v th cp. Nu khch hng c nhu cu cao hn th c th c
cung cp nhiu hn mt giao tip. Trong trng hp ny, knh D trn mt giao tip s
m nhn bo hiu cho ton b cc knh cn li.
Giao tip th cp cn c th h tr cho cc knh H. Mt s cu trc bao gm knh
D cho bo hiu. Khi khng c knh D th c gi s rng c mt knh D ca mt giao
tip th cp khc cng khu vc ca thu bao s cung cp yu cu bo hiu. Cc cu trc
sau c tha nhn:
Giao tip tc th cp cu trc knh H0: Giao tip ny h tr cc
knh H0, tc 384kbps. Cc cu trc l 3K0+D v 4H0 cho giao tip
1.544Mbps v 5H0+D cho giao tip 2.048Mbps.
Giao tip tc th cp cu trc knh H1: Cu trc knh H11 bao gm
mt knh H11 1536kbps. Cu trc knh H12 gm 1 knh H12 tc
1920kbps v mt knh D.
Giao tip tc th cp cu trc hn hp knh B v knh H0: Giao
tip ny gm 0 hoc 1 knh D cng vi bt k s kt hp ca cc knh B
v cc knh H0 c dung lng tng tng ng trn giao tip vt l. V
d 3H0+5B+D hoc 3H0+6B.

3. TRUY CP NGI S DNG
nh ngha cc yu cu truy cp ca ngi s dng ISDN, mt s tha thun
v cu hnh d nh ca thit b trong nh ca ngi s dng v cc giao din tiu chun
cn thit l quyt nh. Bc u tin l nhm cc chc nng m tn ti trong khu vc
ngi s dng. Hnh 4-4 cho thy phng thc ca CCITT cho nhim v ny, s dng:
Nhm chc nng: Sp xp thit b vt l hoc s kt hp ca thit b
trong mt chng mc no .
Cc im tham chiu: S dng phn bit cc nhm chc nng.
Kin trc ca cc thit b thu bao c chia thnh cc nhm chc nng khc
nhau bi cc im tham chiu. S phn bit ny cho php cc chun giao tip pht trin
trn cc im tham chiu, tng hiu qu t chc cc tiu chun v cung cp s hng
dn cho cc nh cung cp thit b. Khi cc chun giao tip n nh th ci tin k thut
trn giao tip c th c thc hin m khng tranh chp vi cc nhm chc nng ln
cn. Cui cng, giao tip n nh th thu bao thun li trong vic chn cc nh cung cp
Trang 91
khc nhau cho nhiu nhm thit b khc nhau, min l thit b thch hp vi cc chun
giao tip.

Hnh 4-4 Cc im tham chiu v nhm chc nng ISDN.
Kt cui mng 1 NT1 (Network Termination 1) bao gm cc chc nng c kt
hp vi kt cui vt l v in t trong phm vi ngi s dng ISDN, cc chc nng ny
tng ng vi m hnh OSI lp 1. NT1 c th c iu khin bi nh cung cp ISDN v
hnh thnh bin mng. Bin ny cch ly ngi s dng t cng ngh truyn dn ca mch
vng thu bao v cc kiu giao tio ca b ni kt vt l cho thit b ngi s dng.
Ngoi ra, NT1 tin hnh cc chc nng cn hnh nh kim tra mch vng v thc hin
gim st. NT1 h tr ghp knh (v d ghp cc knh b v D to thnh 2B+D), lp
vt l, dng bit ca cc knh ny c ghp vi nhau, s dng ghp knh phn chia thi
gian. Cui cng, giao tip NT1 c th h tr nhiu thit b trn ng truyn hn hp
(my in thoi, my tnh c nhn, h thng cnh bo).
Kt cui mng 2 NT2 (Network Termination 2) l mt thit b thng minh m c
th thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch v tp trung. N c th bao hm cc chc nng
ln n lp 3 ca m hnh OSI. Cc v d v NT2 nh PBX, b iu khin thit b kt
cui hoc mng cc b LAN. V d chc nng chuyn mch l mt thnh phn ca PBX
m tc ng nh mt chuyn mch knh hoc mt my tnh ch m hot ng nh mt
chuyn mch gi. Chc nng tp trung n gin l cc phng tin, thit b ghp knh
c ni vi PBX hoc LAN hoc b iu khin kt cui d liu c th c truyn
qua ISDN.
Kt cui mng 12 NT12 (Network Termination 12) l thit b kt hp NT1 v
NT2. Trn nhiu quc gia, nh cung cp ISDN s trang b cho h cc NT12 v cung cp
y cc dch v cho ngi s dng.
Thit b kt cui l thit b ca thu bao m s dng ISDN; c hai loi c nh
ngha. Thit b kt cui loi 1 TE1 (Terminal Equipment 1) l thit b m h tr giao tip
ISDN chun. V d cc my in thoi s, cc thit b thoi/d liu tch hp v cc thit
b facsimile s. Thit b kt cui loi 2 TE2 (Terminal Equipment 2) l thit b phi ISDN.
V d cc thit b vi giao tip vt l nh EIA-232-E, cc my tnh c nhn vi giao tip
X.25. Cc thit b ny yu cu b tng hp u cui TA (Terminal Adapter) ni vi
giao tip ISDN.
im tham chiu T (terminal) tng ng vi kt cui mng ISDN trong phm vi
ngi s dng, n phn chia thit b ca nh cung cp mng vi thit b ngi s dng.
im tham chiu S (system) tng ng vi giao tip ca tng thit b ISDN v phn chia
thit b kt cui ngi s dng (TE) vi cc chc nng truyn thng mng lin quan.
TE1 NT2
TE2 TA NT2
NT1
NT1
NT12
R S T
Trang 92
im tham chiu R (rate) cung cp giao tip phi ISDN gia thit b ngi s dng m
khng ph hp vi ISDN vi thit b tng hp.

4. CC GIAO THC ISDN
Kin trc giao thc ISDN
Hnh 4-5 m t cc giao thc nh ngha ti giao tip ngi s dng v mng tham
chiu vi m hnh OSI. ISDN khng tp trung vo cc lp ngi s dng t lp 4 n lp
7. l cc lp end-to-end c dng bi ngi s dng trao ithng tin. Truy cp
mng tp trung vo cc lp t 1 n 3. Lp 1 nh ngha trong I.430 v I.431, xc nh
giao tip vt l cho truy cp s cp v th cp. Cc knh D v B yc ghp qua cng
giao tip vt l nn cc chun ny p dng cho c hai dng knh. Hnh v cho thy cu
trc giao thc khc nhau cho hai knh.
Vi knh D, chun lp tuyn d liu mi, giao thc truy cp tuyn knh D LAPD
(Link Acces Protocol D channel) c nh ngha. Chun ny da trn HDLC v hiu
chnh tha mn cc nhcu ISDN. Tt c truyn dn trn knh D da trn dng khung
LAPD m c trao i gia thit b thu bao v thnh phn chuyn mch ISDN. C 3
ng dng c h tr: iu khin - bo hiu, chuyn mch gi v o lng. Vi iu
khin - bo hiu, giao thc iu khin cuc gi c nh ngha (I.451/Q.931). Giao thc
ny c s dng thit lp. duy tr v gii phng ni kt trn cc knh B, nh vy, n
l mt giao thc gia ngi s dng v mng. iu khin - bo hiu ny s h tr cho cc
gao thc cc lp cao hn. Knh D cn c th c s dng vi mc ch cung cp cc
dch v chuyn mch gi cho thu bao. Trong trng hp ny, giao thc X.25 lp 3 c
s dng v cc gi X.25 c truyn nh ngha trong cc khung LAPD. Giao thc X.25
lp 3 c s dng thit lp cc knh o trn knh D ti cc ngi s dng khc v
trao i d liu c ng gi. ng dng cui cng ca knh D l o lng t xa, y l
ng dng s dng tc d liu thp v truyn ngha cc thng s o lng n mt ni
khc theo di, gim st thit b.
Bo hiu
ngi s
dng (end-
to-end)
Q.931 iu
khin gi
X.25 lp gi
ng dng
Trnh din
Phin
Mng
Tuyn d
liu
Vt l
D phng
tng lai
LAP D Q.921
Frame
Relay
X.25 lp gi
LAP B
Vt l
iu
khin,
bo hiu
Gi o lng Bn vnh
vin
Chuyn
mch gi
Chuyn
mch
knh
Knh D Knh B
v knh
H

Hnh 4-5 Cc giao thc ISDN ti giao tip ngi s dng v mng.
Knh B c s dng cho chuyn mch knh, cc knh o bn vnh vin v
chuyn mch gi. Vi chuyn mch knh, knh dn c thit lp trn knh B theo yu
cu. Giao thc iu khin cuc gi knh D c s dng cho mc ch ny. Khi knh dn
c thit lp th n c th c s dng truyn d liu gia ngi s dng. Knh o
Trang 93
bn vnh vin l mt knh B m c thit lp trc ni gia hai ngi s dng qua
mng. Nh vi ni kt chuyn mch knh th n cung cp ng dn d liu trong sut
gia cc h thng.
Ni kt chuyn mch knh hoc knh o bn vnh vin l ni kt c hng, song
cng. Chng c s dng t do v dng thc, giao thc v ng b khung. Nh vy, t
quan im ISDN, cc lp 2 n lp 7 l khng c xc nh r rng.
Trong trng hp chuyn mch gi, ni kt chuyn mch knh c thit lp trn
knh B gia ngi s dng v node chuyn mch gi s dng giao thc iu khin knh
D. Khi knh dn c thit lp trn knh B th ngi s dng c th s dng X.25 lp 2
v lp 3 thit lp knh o n ngi s dng khc qua nn ny v trao i cc gi
d liu. Ngoi ra, dch v Frame relay cng c s dng. Frame relay c th c s
dng qua cc knh H cng vi mt knh D.
Mt s giao thc c ch ra trong hnh c xt tng quan trong phn ny. Trc
tin, ta xt vic thit lp cc ni kt chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Sau l
giao thc iu khin-bo hiu v k tip v LAPD. Cui cng l s xem xt cho cc c
trng vt l.
Cc ni kt ISDN
ISDN cung cp 4 kiu dch v truyn thng end-to-end
Cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh qua knh B.
Cc ni kt bn vnh vin qua knh B.
Cc cuc gi chuyn mch gi qua knh B.
Cc cuc gi chuyn mch gi qua knh D.
Cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh
Cu hnh v cc giao thc mng cho chuyn mch knh bao gm cc knh B v
D. Knh B c s dng trao i d liu ngi s dng mt cch trong sut. Vic
truyn thng gia cc ngi s dng c th s dng bt k giao thc no m thu bao
mun truyn end-to-end. Knh D c s dng trao i thng tin iu khin gia
ngi s dng v mng thit lp v gii phng cuc gi cng nh truy cp n cc
phng tin, thit b mng khc.
Knh B c phc v bi NT1 v NT2 ch s dng cc chc nng lp 1. trn
knh D, giao thc truy cp mng c 3 lp c s dng. Cui cng, qu trnh thit lp v
gii phng cuc gi quan ISDN bao gm s kt hp cc chuyn mch bn trong ISDn
thit lp ni kt. cc chuyn mch ny s dng giao thc bo hiu bn trong l H thng
bo hiu s 7.
Cc ni kt bn vnh vin
Ni kt bn vnh vin gia cc im tha thun trc c th c cung cp trong
mt thi gian v thi hn sau khi k kt hoc mt khong thi gian nht nh hoc trong
ngy, hoc nhng ngy trong tunCng nh ni kt chuyn mch knh, ch c cc chc
nng lp 1 c cung cp bi giao tip mng. Giao thc iu khin cuc gi khng cn
thit bi v ni kt lun c thit lp.
Cc cuc gi chuyn mch gi qua knh B
ISDN cn cho php ngi s dng truy cp n cc dch v chuyn mch gi cho
lu lng d liu m c phc v tt nht bi chuyn mch gi. C hai kh nng thc
Trang 94
hin cho dch v ny: Kh nng chuyn mch gi c cung cp bi mt mng tn ti
c lp nh mt mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch gi PSPDN (Packet-Switching
Public Data Network) hay kh nng chuyn mch gi c tch hp trong ISDN. Trong
trng hp u, dch v c cung cp qua knh B v trong trng hp sau th dch v c
th c cung cp bi knh B hoc knh D.
Khi dch v chuyn mch gi c cung cp bi mt mng PSPDN tn ti ring
th truy cp phc v qua knh B. Lc ny, ngi s dng v c PSSPDN phi c ni
kt nh mt thu bao ca ISDN. Trong trng hp PSPDN th mt hoc nhiu node
chuyn mch gi, cn gi l cc b kim sot gi, c ni vi ISDN. Ta c th xem cc
node nh mt DCE X.25 truyn thng b sung thch hp cho truy cp ISDN. Ngha l
thu bao ISDN tha nhn quy tc ca mt DTE X.25 v node trong PSPDN c ni vi
cc chc nng nh mt DCE X.25, th ISDN n gin l cung cp ni kt t DTE n
DCE. Bt k ngi s dng ISDN u c th trao i thng tin n PSPDN, bao gm:
Cc ngi s dng ni trc tip ni kt vnh vin n PSPDN
Cc ngi s dng ca ISDN m c mt ni kt qua ISDN n PSPDN.
Ni kt gia ngi s dng (qua knh B) v b kim sot gi m n trao i c
th l bn vnh vin hay chuyn mch knh. Trong trng hp u, ni kt lun sn sng
v ngi s dng c th gi n X.25 mt cch ty thit lp mt knh o n mt
ngi s dng khc. Trong trng hp sau, knh D c bao hm v cc bc lin tip
sau c thc hin (Hnh 4-6):

Hnh 4-6 Thit lp cuc gi o.
1. Ngi s dng yu cu, giao thc iu khin cuc gi (I,451/Q.931) qua
knh D, mt ni kt chuyn mch knh trn knh B n b kim sot gi.
2. Ni kt c thit lp bi ISDN v ngi s dng c thng bo qua
giao thc iu khin cuc gi qua knh D.
3. Ngi s dng thit lp knh o n ngi s dng khc qua th tc thit
lp cuc gi X.25 trn knh B. Bc ny yu cu ni kt tuyn d liu
trc tin, s dng LAPB, phi c thit lp gia ngi s dng v b
kim sot gi.
DTE trn ISDN ISDN PSPDN DTE trn PSPDN
Thit lp ni
kt knh B
(I.451/Q.931)

Thit lp lp
tuyn (LAPB)

Thit lp knh
o (X.25 PLP)
Setup

Connect
Setup

Connect
SABM

UA

Call Request

Call Connected
Incom Call

Call Accepted
ET ET

UA DCE
Trang 95
4. Ngi s dng kt thc knh o s dng X.25 trn knh B.
5. Sau khi tin hnh mt hoc nhiu cuc gi o trn knh B, ngi s dng
gi cc tn hiu qua knh D kt thc ni kt chuyn mch knh n
node chuyn mch gi.
6. Ni kt c gii phng bi ISDN.
Hnh 4-7 cho thy cu hnh cho vic cung cp dch v ny. Trong hnh, ngi s
dng s dng thit b DTE m mun c giao tip vi mt DCE X.25. Nh vy, mt b
tng hp u cui TA c yu cu. X.25 c kh nng c tch hp chc nng nh
mt TE1 ca ISDN m khng cn mt TA ring.
Khi dch v chuyn mch gi c cung cp bi ISDN, chc nng kim sot gi
c cung cp trong ISDN hoc bi mt thit b khc hoc nh mt thanh phn trong
thit b chuyn mch. Ngi s dng c th ni vi b kim sot gi bi knh B hoc
knh D. trn knh B, ni kt n b kim sot gi c th l chuyn mch hoc bn vnh
vin. Trong trng hp ny, thng thit lp ni kt knh B n mt thu bao ISDN khc
(l b kim sot gi PSPDN) thn l thit lp ni kt n mt thnh phn ca ISDN lm
chc nng kim sot gi.

Hnh 4-7 Truy cp PSPDN cho dch v kiu gi.
Cc cuc gi chuyn mch gi qua knh D
Khi dch v chuyn mch gi c cung cp bn trong ISDN th n c th c
truy cp trn knh D. Vi truy cp ny, ISDN cung cp ni kt bn vnh vin n node
chuyn mch gi bn trong ISDN. Ngi s dng s dng giao thc lp 3 ca X.25 nh
trong trng hp cuc gi o knh B. y, giao thc lp 3 c mang bi cc khung
LAPD. Bi v knh D cn c s dng cho bo hiu iu khin, mt s phng tin cn
thit phn bit lu lng gi X.25 v lu lng iu khin ISDN, iu ny hon thnh
nh cc phng tin ca s nh a ch tuyn-lp nh sau.
X.25
DTE
TA NT ET ET AU
X.25
DCE
X.25
DTE
TA NT ET AU
X.25
DCE
Knh B theo
yu cu
Knh B theo
yu cu
LAPD+I.451/
Q.931
LAPB+X.25 PLP
LAPD+I.451/Q.931
Knh B bn
vnh vin
Knh B bn
vnh vin
LAPB+X.25 PLP
Ch thch:
AU (ISDN access unit): n v truy cp ISDN. ET (Exchange termination): Kt cui tng i.
TA (Terminal adapter): Tng hp u cui NT (Network termination): Kt cui mng 2 (hoc 1)
PLP (Packet level procedure): Th tc mc gi PSPDN (Packet switching public data network): Mng d
liu cng cng chuyn mch gi.
Trang 96
Hnh 4-8 cho thy cu hnh cung cp chuyn mch gi trong ISDN. Dch v
chuyn mch gi c cung cp bn trong ISDN qua cc knh B v knh D c cung
cp bi mt mng chuyn mch gi. Nh vy, cc cuc gi o c th c thit lp gia
hai ngi s dng knh D, hai ngi s dng knh B v gia ngi s dng knh B v
ngi s dng knh D. Ngoi ra, cn c th truy cp ti cc ngi s dng X.25 trn cc
ISDN v PSPDN bi c th tc lin mng thch hp.
Bo hiu knh chung giao tip ngi s dng v mng ISDN
ITU-T pht trin tiu chun I.451 cho bo hiu knh chung. ng dng chnh ca
chun ny l cho mng s tch hp dch v ISDN. Trong m hnh OSI, giao thc I.451
lp 3. Trong Hnh 4-9, I.451 nm trong giao thc lp tuyn truyn thng ip qua
knh D. I.451 xc dnh cc th tc thit lp trn cc knh B m dng chung giao tip
vt l vi ISDN nh knh D. N cn cung cp bo hiu iu khin ngi s dng n
ngi s dng qua knh D.

Hnh 4-8 Truy cp ISDN cho dch v kiu gi.

Ch thch:
AU (ISDN access unit): n v truy cp ISDN. PH (Packet Handing function): Chc nng kim sot gi.
TA (Terminal adapter): Tng hp u cui NT (Network termination): Kt cui mng 2 (hoc 1)
PLP (Packet level procedure): Th tc mc gi PSPDN (Packet switching public data network): Mng d
liu cng cng chuyn mch gi.
LAPB
X.25 PLP
X.25
DTE
TA NT ET
X.25
DTE
TA NT ET
Knh B theo
yu cu
LAPB+X.25 PLP
LAPD+I.451/Q.931
Knh B bn
vnh vin
X.25
DTE
TA NT ET
Knh D

PH
LAPB+X.25 PLP

PSPDN

ISDN
I.451

LAPD
(I.441)
Giao tip
s cp
(I.430)
Giao tip
th cp
(I.431)

Thng ip iu khin cuc gi
I.451
Header
LAPD
Thng ip iu khin cuc gi
I.451
Trailer
LAPD
Trang 97

Hnh 4-9 Kin trc thng tin iu khin cuc gi.
Th tc thit lp, iu khin v gii phng mt cuc gi nh s trao i thng
ip iu khin-bo hiu gia cc ngi s dng v mng qua knh D. Dng chung c
s dng cho tt c cc thng ip c nh ngha trong I.451 nh trong Hnh 4-10A. Ba
trng ny dng chung cho tt c cc thng ip:

Hnh 4-10 Cc dng I.451.
Phn bit giao thc: c s dng phn bit cc thng ip cho iu
khin cuc gi ngi s dng v mng trong cc kiu thng ip khc
nhau. Nhiu giao thc khc nhau c th dng chung bo hiu knh chung.
Tham chiu cuc gi: nh danh cuc gi knh ngi s dng cho thng
ip ang xt. Ging nh s hiu knh o trong X.25, n ch c gi tr cc
b. Trng cuc gi tham chiu bao gm cc trng con. Trng con
chiu di xc nh chiu di cn li ca trng theo n v octets. Chiu
di ny l mt octet cho giao tip s cp v hai octets cho giao tip th
cp. Trng con c ch th im cui ca mt ni kt LAPD khi to cuc
gi.
Dng thng ip: nh danh thng ip I.451 c truyn. Ni dung ca
phn cn li ca thng ip ty theo dng thng ip.

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Phn bit giao thc

0

0

0

0
Chiu di gi
tr tham chiu
cuc gi
C

Gi tr tham chiu cuc gi

0 Dng thng ip

Cc thnh phn thng tin bt
buc v b sung

A, Dng thng ip chung
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1
Thnh phn
thng tin D
Ni dung thnh
phn thng tin
B, Dng thnh phn thng tin 1 octets
(dng 1).
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 nh danh thnh phn thng tin
C, Dng thnh phn thng tin 1 octets
(dng 2).
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 nh danh thnh phn thng tin
Chiu di thnh phn thng tin

Ni dung thnh phn thng tin

D, Dng thnh phn thng tin chiu di
thay i.
Trang 98
Bng 4-3. Cc thng ip I.451/Q.931 cho iu khin ni kt kiu knh.
Thng ip ngha Hng Chc nng
Cc thng ip giai on thit lp cuc gi
ALERTING Ton cc C hai Ch th cnh bo ngi s dng bt u
CALL
PROCEEDING
Cc b C hai Ch th thit lp cuc gi c khi to
CONNECT Ton cc C hai Ch th cuc gi c chp nhn bi TE b gi
CONNECT
ACKNOWLEDGE
Cc b C hai
Ch th ngi s dng bit v cuc gi
PROGRESS Tan cc C hai Bo co tin trnh cuc gi
SETUP Ton cc C hai Ch th thit lp cuc gi
SETUP
ACKNOWLEDGE
Cc b C hai
Ch th thit lp cuc g c khi to nhng yu
cu nhiu thng tin hn na.
Cc thng ip giai on thng tin cuc gi
RESUME Cc b un p ng tip tc ca cuc gi b hon trc
RESUME
ACKNOWLEDGE
Cc b nu
Ch th cuc gi c yu cu c ti lp
RESUME REJECT Cc b nu Ch th s c tip tc cuc gi b hon
SUSPEND Cc b un Yu cu hon cuc gi
SUSPEND
ACKNOWLEDGE
Cc b nu
Cuc gi b hon.
SUSPEND REJECT Cc b nu Ch th s c ca vic hon cuc gi c yu cu
USER
INFORMATION
Truy cp C hai
Truyn thng tin t mt ngi s dng n ngi s
dng khc.
Cc thng ip gii phng cuc gi
DISCONNECT Cc b C hai
c gi bi ngi s dng yu cu gii phng
ni kt, c gi bi mng ch th gii phng ni
kt
RELEASE Cc b C hai Ch th hng gii phng knh v cuc gi
Cc thng ip hn hp
CONGESTION
CONTROL
Cc b C hai
Thit lp hoc gii phng iu khin lung trn
thng ip USER INFORMATION
FACILITY Cc b C hai Yu cu hoc xc nhn mt dch v b sung
INFORMATION Cc b C hai Cung cp thng tin b sung
NOTIFY Truy cp C hai Ch th thng tin i cng cuc gi
STATUS Cc b C hai
Gi p ng n mt STATUS ENQUIRY hoc
nhng khi bo co li
STATUS ENQUIRY Cc b C hai Yu cu thng ip STATUS
Sau ba trng chung ny l phn cn li ca thng ip, bao gm khng hoc
nhiu thnh phn thng tin hoc cc tham s lin tc. Phn ny cha thng tin b sung
mang cng thng ip. Nh vy, dng thng ip xc nh mt knh hoc p ng v cc
chi tit c cung cp bi phn thng tin. Mt s thnh phn thng tin phi lun bao gm
thng ip cho (bt but) mt s khc l ty chn (b sung). Ba dng thng tin ny
c s dng nh m t trong Hnh 4-10 t B n D.
Bng 4.3 lit k cc thng ip I.451. Cc thng ip c th c nhm theo hai
hng. Cc thng ip p dng mt cho bn ng dng: iu khin kiu knh, iu khin
ni kt truy cp kiu gi, bo hiu ngi s dng n ngi s dng khng kt hp vi
cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh v thng ip c s dng tham chiu tan cc. Ngoi,
cc thng ip tin hnh cc chc nng trong 4 loi sau: thit lp cuc gi, thg tin cuc
gi, gii phng cuc gi v hn hp.
Trang 99
iu khin kiu knh xt cc chc nng cn thit thit lp, duy tr v gii
phng ni kt chuyn mch knh trn knh ca ngi s dng. Chc nng ny tng ng
vi iu khin cuc gi trong cc mng chuyn mch knh hin nay. iu khin ni kt
truy cp kiu gi xt cc chc nng cn thit thit lp ni kt chuyn mch knh (c
gi l ni kt truy cp trong ng cnh ny) n mt node chuyn mch gi ISDN, ni kt
ny ni gia ngi s dng n mng chuyn mch gi c cung cp bi nh cung cp
ISDN. Cc thng ip bo hiu ngi s dng n ngi s dng cho php hai thu bao
truyn thng vi nhau m khng thit lp ni kt chuyn mch knh. Ni kt bo hiu
tm thi c thit lp v gii phng theo cch tng t nh iu khin ni kt chuyn
mch knh. Bo hiu chim mt knh bo hiu v khng s dng knh ti nguyn ca
ngi s dng. Cui cng, tham chiu cuc gi ton cc ch n cc chc nng m cho
php ngi s dng hoc mng tr v mt hoc nhiu knh ri.
Cc thng ip thit lp cuc gi c s dng thit lp mt cuc gi. Nhm
ny bao gm cc thng ip gia u cui ch gi v mng v gia mng vi u cuib
gi. Cc thng ip ny h tr cc dch v sau:
Thit lp mt cuc gi trn knh ca ngi s dng p ng nhu cu
ca ngi s dng.
Cung cp cc phng tin mng no cho cuc gi ny.
Bo vi ngi s dng ch gi v tin trin ca qu trnh thit lp cuc
gi.
Khi cuc gi c thit lp nhng cha kt thc l giai on thng tin cuc
gi, cc thng ip thng tin cuc gi c gi gia ngi s dng v mng. Mt trong
cc thng ip trong nhm ny cho php mng chuyn i, khng hiu chnh, thng tin
gia hai ngi s dng ca cuc gi. Khi thng tin bo hiu khng th hoc khng c
gi trc tip qua knh ca ngi s dng th c cc thng ip cho php ngi s dng
yu cu hon hoc tip tc cuc gi. Khi cuc gi b hon th mng ghi nh nh danh cc
i tc ca cuc gi v cc phng tin mng h tr cho cuc gi nhng khi n khng
hot ng na th cuc gi khng phi tnh cc thm v knh ca ngi s dng tng
ng c gii phng hon ton. C th vic tip tc ca cuc gi l nhanh hn v r hn
vic bt u mt cuc gi mi.
Cc thng ip gii phng cuc gi c gi gia ngi s dng v mng kt
thc cuc gi. Cui cng, c mt s thng ip hn hp m c truyn gia ngi s
dng v mng cc giai on khc nhau ca cuc gi. Mt s trong chng c th c
truyn trong qu trnh thit lp, cn s khc c th c truyn c khi cc cuc gi khng
tn ti. Chc nng chnh ca cc thng ip l tha thun cc c trng mng (v d cc
dch v b sung).
LAPD
Tt c cc lu lng qua knh D s dng giao thc tuyn d liu gi l giao thc
truy cp tuyn knh D LAPD (link Access Protocol-D Channel).
Cc dch v LAPD
Chun LAPD cung cp hai dng dch v cho cc ngi s dng LAPD: dch v
truyn thng tin khng xc nhn v dch v truyn thng tin xc nhn. Dch v truyn
thng tin khng xc nhn n gin cung cp cho vic truyn cc khung cha d liu
ngi s dng m khng c xc nhn. Dch v khng m bo rng d liu truyn bi
mt ngi s dng s c phn phi n ngi s dng kia hoc khng bo cho bn gi
Trang 100
bit nu phn phi d liu gp li. Dch v khng cung cp bt k c ch iu khin
lung v iu khin li no. Dch v ny h tr phng thc truyn im ti im hoc
qung b, n cho php truyn d liu nhanh v hu hiu cho cc th tc qun l nh cc
thng ip cnh bo v cc thng ip m cn thit qung b cho nhiu ngi s dng.
Truyn thng tin xc nhn l mt dch v ph bin hn v tng t nh c
cung cp bi LAPB v HDLC. Vi dch v ny, mt ni kt logic c thit lp gia hai
ngi s dng LAPD trc khi trao i d liu.
Giao thc LAPD
Giao thc LAPD da trn HDLC. Thng tin ngi s dng v thng tin giao thc
iu khin cng nh cc tham s c truyn trong cc khung. Tng ng vi hai dng
dch v c cung cp bi LAPD, c hai dng hot ng sau:
Hot ng khng xc nhn: Thng tin lp 3 c truyn trong cc khung
khng nh s. Vic pht hin li c s dng hy cc khung nguy
him nhng khng thc hin iu khen lung v iu khin li.
Hot ng xc nhn: Thng tin lp 3 c truyn trong cc khung bao
gm s th t c xc nhn. Cc th tc iu khin lung v iu khin
li c bao gm trong giao thc. Dng ny cn c xem l tiu chun
ca hot ng a khung.

Hnh 4-11 Dng khung LAPD.
Hai dng hot ng ny c th bao gm trong mt khung D, chng s dng dng
khung nh m t trong Hnh 4-11. Dng ny gn nh HDLC tr mt vi khc bit.
C
Trng ny gm 8 bit l 01111110, anh du u khung v cui khung. S dng
ng b khung nhn c. bn pht, khi d liu hoc thng tin qan l trong trng
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Octet
C 1
nh danh im truy cp dch v
(SAPI)
C/R 0 1
nh danh im kt cui thit b (TEI) I
1
iu khin 1-2

Thng tin

0-128
hoc
0-260

Kim tra khung

2
C 1

C a ch iu khin Thng tin FCS C
8 16 8 hoc 16 Thay i 16 8

Trang 101
thng tin c 5 bits 1 lin nhau th nhi thm 1 bit 0 v qu trnh ngc li s thc hin
bn thu.
a ch
Nhn dng thit b ngi s dng (v dch v). Trng a ch gm 16 bits vi hai
mc ghp knh. Th nht, ti pha thu bao, c th c nhiu thit b ngi s dng dng
chung cng giao tip vt l. Th hai, trong mi thit b ngi s dng, c nhiu dng lu
lng nh d liu chuyn mch gi v bo hiu. ph hp vi cc lp ghp knh ny,
LAPD s dng a ch gm hai phn, l nh danh im kt cui thit b TEI
(Terminal Endpoint Identifier) v nh danh im truy cp dch v SAPI (Service Access
Point Identifier).
C th l mi thit b ngi s dng c mt TEI duy nht. C th cho php mt
thit b n c gn nhiu hn mt TEI, y c th l trng hp b tp trung thit b.
Vic gn TEI c th t ng khi ln u tin thit b gn vo giao tip hoc do ngi s
dng nh ngha. Trong trng hp sau, phi cn thn v khng cho php hai thit b c
cng TEI. u im ca phng php t ng l cho php ngi s dng thay i, b
sung hay bt i thit b m khng cn thng bo cho qun l mng. Nu khng c c
trng ny th mng bt but phi qun l c s d liu cho mi thu bao, m c s d liu
ny phi c thay i bng nhn cng. Bng 4.4a cho thy cc gi tr ca TEI.
nh danh im truy cp dch v SAPI nh danh ngi s dng lp 3 ca LAPD
v nh vy tng ng vi thc th giao thc lp 3 trong thit b ngi s dng. Bn gi
tr xc nh c th c gn nh trong bng 4.4b. Mt SAPI bng 0 c s dng cho cc
th tc iu khin cuc gi cho vic qun l cc knh dn knh B, gi tr 16 d tr cho
truyn thng kiu gi trn knh D s dng X.25 lp 3 v gi tr 63 c s dng trao
i thng tin qun l lp 2. Cui cng, gi tr t 32 n 62 c d tr h tr cc ni
kt frame relay.

Bng 4-4. Cc gi tr TEI v SAPI
A, Gn TEI
Gi tr TEI Loi ngi s dng
0-63 Thit b ngi s dng khng t ng gn TEI
64-126 Thit b ngi s dng gn TEI
127 c s dng trong qu trnh gn TEI t ng
B, Gn SAPI
Gi tr SAPI Giao thc hoc thc th qun l tng ng
0 Cc th tc iu khin cuc gi
16 Truyn thng gi ph hp vi X.25 lp 3
32-61 Truyn thng frame relay
63 Th tc qun l lp 2
Cn li D tr chun ha tng lai
Vi hot ng xc nhn, LAPD cho php cc th tc nh trong HDLC. Vi hot
ng khng xc nhn th khung thng tin ngi s dng UI (user information) c s
dng truyn d liu ca ngi s dng. Khi mt ngi s dng LAPD mun gi d
Trang 102
liu th n chuyn d liu n thc th LAPD ca n m chuyn d liu trong
trng thng tin ca khung UI. Khi khung c nhn th trng thng tin c chuyn
ln ngi s dng ch. Khng c xc nhn tr v t pha bn kia. Tuy nhin, pht hin
li c tin hnh v cc khung b li s c hy.
iu khin
Dng xc nh loi khung c truyn. LAPD s dng 3 loi khung:
Cc khung thng tin ngi s dng UI (user information): mang thng tin
qun l hoc d liu t cc lp cao hn. Trng iu khin cha s th t
khung UI l N(S) l s th t khung UI ch nhn tip theo N(R). Giao
thc ARQ go-back-N c s dng iu khin lung v iu khin li.
Cc khung khng nh s U (unnumber): iu khin trng thi tuyn logic
v cho php truyn d liu khng nh s. Cc khung ny c s dng
thit lp v gii phng ni kt logic, chuyn thng tin khng nh s
(khng phi sp xp th t), t chc cc tham s lp tuyn d liu v biu
th cc iu kin li c th.
Cc khung gim st S (suppervision): c s dng cung cp cho giao
thc ARQ.
Trong trng iu khin c cha bit P/F (Poll/Final) biu th l khung lnh
(P=1) hay khung p ng (F=1).
Thng tin
Cha thng tin qun l hay d liu ngi s dng. Trng ny ch c trong cc
khung UI v mt s khung U. di trng ny thay i v ty thuc h thng.
I.441/Q.921 nh ngha chiu di ti a l 260octets.
Dy kim tra khung
Dy kim tra khung truyn FCS (Frame Check Sequence) l b m pht hin li
theo tiu chun xut bi CRC-CCITT.
Lp vt l
Lp vt l ISDN c trnh by ti im tham chiu S hoc T. Xc nh cc c
tnh in ty thuc vo giao tip c th. Vi giao tip s cp, m gi tam phn
(pseudoternary) c s dng. Tn hiu ng dy ng truyn theo ba mc, iu ny
khng hiu qu nh m nh phn hai mc nhng n oan gin v t tn km hn m nh
phn. Ti tc d liu thp nh giao tip s cp th m ny l thch hp.
Vi tc cao hn trong giao tip th cp, mt s m ha hiu qu hn l cn
thit. Ti tc d liu l 1.544Mbps th m B8ZS c s dng, trong khi , vi tc
2.048Mbps th m HDB3 c s dng. Khng c u nhc im ca vic chn la hai
m vi hai tc m iu ny phn nh lch s s dng.
Cc chc nng lp vt l bao gm:
Truyn song cng d liu knh B.
Truyn song cng d liu knh B.
Truyn song cng tn hiu ng b.
Tc dng v khng tc dng lnh knh vt l.
Trang 103
Cung cp cng sut t kt cui mng n thit b u cui.
nh danh thit b u cui.
Truy cp tranh chp knh D.
Chc nng cui cng c yu cu khi nhiu kt cui TE1 dng chung mt giao
tip vt l (ng dy a im). Trong trng hp ny, khng cn b sung chc nng
iu khin truy cp cc knh B m mi knh c n nh mt knh c th mi thi
im. Tuy nhin, knh D c sn sng s dng bi mi thit b iu khin bo hiu
v truyn gi. Vi d liu a n, LAPD xc nh s xc nh ch thch hp
cho mi n v d liu. Vi d liu ng ra, mt s giao thc gii quyt tranh chp l cn
thit m bo rng ch c mt thit b truyn ch mt thi im.

K thut chi tit ca ISDN c th tm c trong [STAL95a], ngoi ra, c th tham
kho thm mt s ti liu sau [KESS93] v [HELG91].
[HELG91] Helgert, H. Integrated Services Digital Networks:
Architectures, Protocols, and Standards. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,
1991.
[KESS93] Kessler, G. ISDN: Concepts, Facilities, and Services. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.
[STAL95a] Stallings, W. ISDN and Broadband ISDN, with Frame Relay
and ATM. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995.
Gii thiu cc trang web:
http://alumni.caltech.edu/~dank/isdn

Trang 104

5. FRAME RELAY
Mt trong k thut quan trng cch tn c thc hin trn ISDN l frame relay.
Mc d c thit k cho ISDN nhng frame relay c sdng mt cch ph bin trong
cc mng cng cng cng nh mng ring m khng c cc chun ca ISDN.
Frame relay i din cho mt u im ln so vi chuyn mch gi truyn thng
v X.25. u chng, ta s tng quan v s khc bit gia cc phng thc, sau , cc
chi tit ca frame relay c xem xt. iu khin tc nghn trong frame relay l vn
c trnh by cui cng.

1. NN TNG
Phng thc chuyn mch gi thng thng s dng X.25 v X.25 khng ch xc
nh giao tip ngi s dng v mng m cn nh hng n thit k bn trong ca
mng. Cc c tnh chnh ca X.25 l:
Cc gi iu khin cuc gi c s dng thit lp v gii phng cc
knh o ng mang trn cng knh v cng ng dn nh cc gi d
liu. Nh vy, c th ni X.25 s dng phng thc bo hiu trong bng.
Ghp knh ca cc knh o tin hnh lp 2 v 3.
C lp 2 v 3 u thc hin cc c ch iu khin lung v iu khin li.

Hnh 5-1 Mng chuyn mch gi v frame relay, ngun gi, ch p ng.
Cc kt qu ca phng thc X.25 c th c xt trong thng tin dn ng.
Hnh 5-1a cho thy lung khung ca lp tuyn d liu truyn mt gi t ngun n
ch v tr li ca gi p ng. Ti mi chng ca mng th phng thc iu khin
tuyn d liu bao gm vic trao i khung d liu v khung xc nhn. Hn na, mi node
16 1 2 15 9 8 7 10
Ngun ch
14
3
4
13
5
6
11
12
Node trung gian
1 8 5 4
Ngun ch
2
7
3
6
Node trung gian
A, Mng chuyn mch gi B. Mng Frame relay
Chng 5. .. . FRAME RELAY
Trang 105
trung gian duy tr cc bng trng thi cho mi knh o gii quyt vic qun l cuc gi
v iu khin lung/li trong X.25.
Tt c cc thng tin dn ng ny c th c bin minh khi xc xut li l ln
trn mi tuyn ca mng. Phng thc ny c th khng thch hp cho cc phng tin
truyn thng s hin i. Cc mng ngy nay ng dng k thut truyn dn s tin cy vi
cht lng cao, cc tuyn truyn dn tin cy, s dng a s l cp quang. Ngoi ra, vi
vic s dng cp quang v cc phng tin truyn dn s th tc dliu c th vn
n gi tr rt cao. Trong mi trng nh vy, thng tin dn ng ca X.25 khng ch l
khng cn thit m cn lm gim hiu qu s dng v gii hn tc d liu.
Frame relay c thit k hn ch lng thng tin dn ng ca X.25. S
khc bit c bn ca frame relay v dch v chuyn mch gi X.25 truyn thng l:
Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi c mang trn ni kt logic ring bit vi
d liu ngi s dng. Nh vy, node trung gian khng cn lu cc bng
trng thi hoc cc thng ip x l lin quan n iu khin cuc gi trn
tng ni k ring.
Ghp knh v chuyn mch ca cc ni kt logic hot ng lp 2 thay v
lp 3, gim i mt lp x l.
Khngtin hnh iu khin lung v iu khin li tng chng. Frame
relay tin hnh iu khin lung v iu khin li trn end-to-end. Cc p
ng c hot ng lp cao hn.
Hnh 5-1b trnh by hotng ca frame relay, trong , khung d liu ca ngi
s dng c gi t ngun n ch v mt xc nhn c to lp cao hn c mang
trongmt khung theo hng ngc li.
Xt cc u v nhc im ca phng php ny. Nhc im c bn ca frame
relay so vi X.25 l trong X.25, ta thc hin iu khin lung v li tng chng (frame
relay khng cung cp kh nng iu khin lung v li end-to-end m iu ny c thc
hin lp cao hn). Trong X.25, ghp cc knh o c thc hin trn tuyn logic v
LAPB c cho php lp tuyn cung cp vic truyn dn tin cy t ngun n mng
chuyn mch gi v t mng chuyn mch gi n ch. Ngoi ra, ti mi chng qua
mng th giao thc iu khin c th c s dng tng tin cy. Vi frame relay
khng c iu khin tng chng, tuy nhin, vi cc phng tin truyn dn v chuyn
mch c tin cy cao th iu ny khng cn l nhc im na.
u im ca frame relay tin trnh truyn thng hp l. Chc nng c yu cu
giao tip ngi s dng v mng c gim thiu v cng nh tin trnh bn trong
mng. Nh vy, frame relay c tr b v thng lng cao. Khuyn ngh ITU-T I.233
cho thy rng frame relay c th s dng c tc 2Mbps.
Chun ANSI T1.606 lit k 4 v d ng dng thun li t dch v frame relay s
dng knh H tc cao:
1. ng dng d liu khi tng tc: V d ng dng khi tng tc c ha
phn gii cao (videotex phn gii cao, CAD,CAM). Cc c trng thch
hp ca dng ng dng ny l c tr thp, thng lng cao.
2. Truyn file: ng dng truyn file c nhm n phc v cho cc nhu cu
truyn file ln. Tr truyn khng l tiu ch cho ng dng ny nh ng
dng 1 bn trn m thng lng cao l cn thit cho thi gian truyn
cho cc file ln l hp l.
Trang 106

3. Ghp knh tc bit thp: ng dng ghp knh tc bit thp khm ph
kh nng ghp knh ca dch v frame relay cung cp mt truy cp kinh
t cho mt s ln nhm ng dng tc bit thp. V d cc ng dng bit
thp nh cc ng dng 4 bn di. Cc ngun tc bit thp ny c th
c ghp knh thnh mt knh bi chc nng kt cui mng NT.
4. Lu lng c trng tng tc: V d ca lu lng c trng tng tc l
san tho vn bn. Cc c trng chnh ca dng ng dng ny l cc
khung ngn, cc tr thp v thg lng thp.

2. KIN TRC GIAO THC FRAME RELAY
Hnh 5-2 m t kin trc giao thc h tr dch v vt mang kiu khung. Ta xt
hai mt phng hot ng, l mt phng iu khin C (control) v mt phng ngi s
dng U (user). Mt phng C bao gm vic thit lp v gii phng cc ni kt logic v mt
phng U p ng cho vic truyn d liu ngi s dng gia cc thu bao. Vy, cc giao
thc mt phng C l gia thu bao v mng cn cc giao thc gia mt phng U cung cp
cc chc nng t u cui n u cui.

Cc chc nng iu khin lung v iu khin li c th c cung cp. iu khin LAPF l giao
thc c th c s dng.
Hnh 5-2 Kin trc giao thc ngi s dng-mng.
Mt phng iu khin
Mt phng iu khin cho dch v vt mang kiu khung tng t nh bo hiu
knh chung trong cc dch v chuyn mch knh, l mt knh logic c sdng .
trong trng hp ISDN, tn hiu iu khin c mang trn knh D iu khin vic
thit lp v gii phng cc cuc gi o kiu khung trn cc knh D, B v H.
lp tuyn d liu, LAPD c s dng cung cp dch v iu khin tuyn d
liu linh hot vi iu khin lung v iu khin li gia ngi s dng (TE) v mng
(NT) qua knh D. Dch v tuyn d liu c s dng trao i gia ccthng ip bo
hiu.
Trang 107
Mt phng ngi s dng
truyn thng tin gia cc user, giao thc mt phng ngi s dng l th tc
truy nhp tuyn cho cc vt mang dch v kiu khung LAPF (Link Access Procedure for
Frame-Mode Bearer Service) c nh nghatong Q.922. Q.922 l phin bn ci thin
ca LAPD (Q.921). Ch c cc chc nng li ca LAPF c s dng trong frame relay :
Gii hn khung, ng chnh khung v khung trong sut.
Ghp tch knh khung s dng trng a ch.
Kim tra khung m bo rng n gm mt s octets trc vic chn bit
0 hoc theo sau vic tch bit 0.
Kim tra khung m bo rng n khng qu di cng khng qu ngn.
Pht hin li truyn dn,.
Cc chc nng iu khin tc nghn.

Hnh 5-3 So snh cc tng X.25 v frame relay .
Chc nng cui cng c lit k trn l chc nng mi cho LAPF v c
trnh by trong phn sau. Cc chc nng cn li l cc chc nng ca LAPD.
Chc nng li ca LAPF trong mt phng ngi s dng tp thnh mt phn lp
trong lp tuyn d liu, iu ny cung cp dch v va ca vic truyn cc khung lp
tuyn d liu t thu bao ny n thu bao khc m khng iu khin lung hoc iu
khin li. Ngi sdng c th chn la b sung cc chc nng lp tuyn d liu hoc
cc chc nng end-to-end ca lp mng. y khng phi l phn dch v frame relay.
Da trn cc chc nng li, mng cung cp s chuyn khung nh mt dch v lp tuyn
ni kt c hng vi cc c trng nh sau:
Duy tr trt t khung truyn t bin ny ca mng n bin kia.
Xc sut mt khung nh.

Lp gi X.25

LAPB

Lp vt l

A, X.25
Thc hin
bi h
thng cui
v mng
Thc hin
bi cc h
thng cui
Thc hin
bi cc h
thng cui v

LAPF iu khin
LAPF li

Lp vt l

B, FRAME RELAY
Trang 108

So snh vi X.25
Ta thy rng, kin trc ny gim ti thiu lng cng vic c thc hin bi
mng. D liu ngi s dng c truyn trong khung khng tht s x l bi cc node
mng trung gian ngoi tr vic kim tra li v chuyn trn s hiu ni kt. Mt khung b
li s c x l mt cch n gin l hy khung i, chuyn chc nng khi phc li
cho cc lp cao hn.

Bng 5-1. So snh chuyn mch gi X.25 v Frame relay
Chc nng X.25 trong ISDN (X.31) Frame Relay
To v pht hin c
Trong sut
To v pht hin FCS
Pht hin khung khng hp l
Hy khung khng ng
Phin dch a ch
Lm y thi gian gia cc khung
Ghp cc knh logic
Qun l bin trng thi V(S)
Qun l bin trng thi V(R)
Cc gi m ch xc nhn
Qun l truyn li nh thi T1
Nhn xc nhn cc khung I
Kim tra nhn N(S) vi V(R)
To thng ip t chi REJ
p ng bit P/F (poll/final)
Theo di s truyn li
Tc ng vi REJ
p ng vi RNR
p ng vi RR
Qun l bit D
Qun l bit M
Qun l bit Q
Qun l P(S)
Qun l P(R)
Pht hin cc gi ngoi s th t
Qun l RR lp mng
Qun l RNR lp mng
Trang 109

Hnh 5-4 M hnh x l n gin ca X.25 v frame relay .
Hnh 5-3 so snh kin trc ca dch v vt mang kiu khung vi kin trc ca
X.25. Cc chc nng kim sot gi ca X.25 hot ng lp 3 ca m hnh OSI. Ti lp
2, LAPB c s dng. Bng 5.1 cung cp s so snh v chc nng ca X.25 v Frame
relay v Hnh 5-4 m t s so snh ny. Ta c th thy rng gnh nng x l trong mng
X.25 l cc hn nhiu so vi frame relay.

Yes
Yes
X l khung khng
phi khung tin
Khung
hp l
Khung
tin?
Nhn ACK
hp l?
Quay ca s
Hy
Khi phc li
Mi khung
u ACK?
Khi ng li
nh thi
Dng nh
S th t
tip theo?
Gi ACK L2
B cc trng L2
Trong ca
s?
Khi phc
li
Hy, yu cu
truyn li
Gi d
liu?
Khi phc
li
S th t
tip
Khi phc
li
Gi ACK L3
B header L3
No Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No Yes
No Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Ni kt
hot ng?
Thu ACK
hp l?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Khi phc
li
Khi phc
li
No
No
Khung
hp l
DLCI
bit?
Hy
No
No
Hy
X.25 FRAME
Trang 110

3. IU KHIN CUC GI FRAME RELAY
Giao thc iu khin cuc gi cho frame relay phi gii quyt mt s kh nng.
u tin, xt hai trng hp cung cp cc dch v kim sot khung. Trong hot ng ca
frame relay, user khng c ni trc tip n user khc m n ni n b kim sot
khung trong mng (cng nh trong X.25, user ni n b kim sot gi). C hai trng
hp xy ra:

TE (Terminal equipment): Thit b kt cui.
NT (Network Termination): Kt cui mng.
ET (Exchange Termination): Kt cui tng i.
FH (Frame Handler): Kim sot khung.
Hnh 5-5 Cc kin truy cp frame relay.
Chuyn mch truy cp: User c ni vi mt mng chuyn mch nh
ISDN v tng i ni ht khng c kh nng kim sot khung. Trong
trng hp ny, chuyn mch truy cp phi c cung cp t thit b kt
cui ngi s dng (TE) n b kim sot khung mt ni khc trong
mng, c th l mt ni kt theo yu cu (thit lp thi im cuc gi)
hay mt ni kt bn vnh vin (lun sn sng). Mt trng hp na l dch
v Frame relay c cung cp qua knh B hoc knh H.
Tch hp truy cp: User c ni vi mt mng frame relay thun ty hoc
n mt mng chuyn mch m trong tng i ni ht c kh nng x
l khung. Trong trng hp ny, user truy cp trc tip n b kim sot
khung.
Tt c cc trng hp xt trn u c ni kt gi user v b kim sot khung m
ta gi l ni kt truy cp. Khi ni kt ny tn ti th c th ghp knh cc ni kt logic gi
Ni kt truy cp theo yu
cu (chuyn mch)

Ni kt truy cp bn vnh vin
TE NT ET ET FH

TE NT ET FH

Tng i ni ht
A, Chuyn mch truy cp
B, Tch hp truy cp
Trang 111
l cc ni kt frame relay qua ni kt ny. Cc ni kt logic nh vy c th l theo yu
cu hoc bn vnh vin.
Ni kt FRAME RELAY
Gi s rng thu bao thit lp mt ni kt truy cp n b kim sot khung trong
mng frame relay. Tng t nh mng chuyn mch gi, user lc ny c th trao i cc
khung d liu vi user khc ni vi mng. Vi mc ch ny, ni kt frame relay tng
t nh knh o chuyn mch gi phi c thit lp trc gia hai user.

Bng 5-2. Cc thng ip iu khin ni kt frame relay.

Nh vi X.25, frame relay h tr nhiu ni kt qua tuyn n. Trong trng hp
ca frame relay, cc ni kt ny l cc ni kt lp tuyn d liu v mi ni lt ny c nh
danh ni kt d liu DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) khc nhau. D liu truyn
bao gm cc bc sau:
Thit lp ni kt gia hai im cui v gn mt DLCI duy nht n ni
kt.
Trao i thng tin trong cc khung d liu. Mi khung bao gm mt
trng DLCI nhn dng ni kt.
Gii phng ni kt cc n.
Trang 112

S thit lp v gii phng ca ni kt logic c hon tt bi s trao i thng
ip qua ni kt logic c n nh iu khin cuc gi vi DLCI=0. Mt khung c
DLCI=0 cha thng ip iu khin cuc gi trong trng thng tin. Bn thng ip tiu
biu thit lp v gii phng ni kt l: SETUP, CONNECT, RELEASE v RELEASE
COMPLETE.
Mi bn yu cu thit lp ni kt logic bng cch gi thng ip SETUP. Bn kia
khi nhn thng ip SETUP phi p li bng thng ip CONNECT nu n chp nhn,
cn khng th n p ng bng thng ip RELEASE COMPLETE. Bn gi thng ip
SETUP c th gn DLCI bng cch chn mt gi tr khng c s dng v a gi tr
ny vo trong thng ip SETUP, cn khng, gi tr DLCI s c gn bi bn chp nhn
cuc gi trong thng p CONNECT.
Mi bn yu cu gii phng ni kt bng cch gi thng ip RELEASE. Bn kia,
khi nhn thng ip ny phi tr v thng ip RELEASE COMPLETE. Bng 5.2 cho
thy tp cc thng ip x l cuc gi cho frame relay.cc thng ip ny c nh
ngha trong Q.931 c s dng bo hiu knh chung gia user v ISDN.
Ni kt truy cp

Hnh 5-6 V d bo hiu knh chung kiu khung.
Trang 113
Xt s thit lp ca mt ni kt truy cp.Nu ni kt l bn vnh vin th khng
yu cu giao thc iu khin cuc gi.Nu ni kt l theo yu cu th user yu cu noi
kt nh vy qua phng tin ca giao thc bo hiu knh chung gia user v mng.
Trong trng hp ISDN hoc cc mng s khc th giao thc c s dng l Q.931.
Hnh 5-6 cho mt v d cc dng trao i c thc hin cho chuyn mch truy
cp ti b kim sot khung, trng hp ny qua ISDN. Trc tin, user ch gi phi thit
lp ni kt chuyn mch knh n b kim sot khung (l mt trong cc node trong mng
chuyn mch khung). iu ny c thc hin bi cc thng ip SETUP, CONNECT
v CONNECT ACK c trao i giao tip ngi sdng v mng v giao tip gia
mng v b kim sot khung. Cc th tc v cc tham s cho s trao i ny c thc
hin trn knh D v c nh ngha trong Q.931. Trong hnh v, gi s rng ni kt c
to bi knh B.
Khi ni kt truy cp c thit lp, tng i ni trc tip user vi b kim sot
khung cho mi ni kt kiu khung c thit lp. Cc thng ip SETUP, CONNECT v
CONNECT ACK ln na c s dng. Trong trng hp ny, cc th tc v cc tham
s trong s trao i ny c nh ngha trong Q.933 v s trao i c thc hin trn
knh B m sau s c s dng cho ni kt kiu khung.

4. TRUYN D LIU NGI S DNG
Hot ng ca frame relay truyn d liu ca ngi s dng c gii thch tt
nht qua dng thc khung nh m t trong Hnh 5-7a. y l dng khung c nh
ngha cho giao thc LAPF chc nng rt gn (cn gi l LAPF li). Dng ny tng t
nh LAPD v LAPB vi s b qua trng iu khin.
y ch l dng khung dng chuyn ti d liu ngi s dng, khng
c cc khung iu khin.
Khng c kh nng s dng bo hiu trong knh, mt ni kt logic ch c
th mang d liu ngi s dng.
Khng c kh nng iu khin lung v iu khin li, khng c s th t.
Cc trng c v kim tra khung truyn FCS tng t nh LAPB v LAPD.
Trng thng tin mang d liu lp cao hn. Nu ngi s dng chn cc chc nng iu
khin tuyn d liu b sung end-to-end th mt khung tuyn d liu c th c th c
mang trong trng ny. c bit, s chn la chung sc s dng giao thc LAPF y
(gi l giao thc iu khin LAPF) tin hnh cc chc nng trn cc chc nng
LAPF li. Ch rng giao thc thc hin trong kiu ny l cht ch gia cc thu bao
cui v trong sut vi ISDN.
Trng a ch mc nh c di bng 2 octets v c th m rng ra 3 hoc 4
octets. Trng ny mang nh danh noois kt tuyn d liu DLCI vi 10, 17 hay 24 bits.
DLCI phc v chc nng tng t nh s hiu knh o trong X.25. N cho php nhiu
ni kt logic frame relay c ghp thnh mt knh. Nh trong X.25, nh danh ni kt
ch c ngha cc b, mi u cui ca ni kt logic gn DLCI ca n t cc s cc b
cn trng v mng phi nh x n mt gi tr khc. Vic s dng cng DLCI c hai
u cui s yu cu mt s dng qun l ton cc cho cc gi tr DLCI.
Chiu di ca trng a ch m ch yu l DLCI c xc nh bi bit m rng
trng a ch EA (Extended Address). Bt C/R l ng dng c bit v khng c s
Trang 114

dng trong giao thc frame relay chun, bit ny xc nh khung knh hay p ng. Cc
bit cn li trong trng a ch c nhim v iu khin nghn v c xt trong phn sau.

Hnh 5-7 Dng thc LAPF li.
Hnh 5-8 xt trn mt quan im khc v cc giao thc ca frame relay, y da
trn cc ni kt frame relay ring l. Lp vt l v mt phn lp frame relay dng chung.
Giao thc iu khin tuyn d liu lp 2 ty chn c th c bao gm trn phn lp
frame relay. S chn la ny ty thuc ng dng v c th c cc ni kt frame relay
khc nhau (DLCI-i). Ni cc thng ip iu khin cuc gi frame relay c mang trong
cc khung frame relay th chng c DLCI=0 cung cp ni kt gia user v b kim sot
khung.DLCI 8191 c n h cho cc th tc iu khin.

Hnh 5-8 Ghp knh phn lp frame relay.

I.451

Cc lp
cao hn

Cc lp
cao hn

Cc lp
cao hn Mgt
procs
Q.922 DLC-k DLC-m DLC-n Q.922
Phn lp Frame relay
Lp vt l

DLCI 0 DLCI k DLCI m DLCI n DLCI 8191

Lp 2
Trang 115
5. CHC NNG MNG
Chc nng frame relay c tin hnh bi ISDN hoc bt k nhng mng no h
tr frame relay, bao gm vic nh tuyn khung vi dng thc trong hnh Hnh 5-7a da
trn cc gi tr DLCI.
Hnh 5-9 trnh by hot ng kim sot khung trong tnh trng s user c ni
trc tip vi mt b kim sot khung qua cc knh vt l khc nhau. Hot ng cn bao
hm vic chuyn khung qua hai hoc nhiu b kim sot khung. Trong hnh ny, vic tin
hnh quyt nh logic nh mt module ring l im iu khin frame relay. Module ny
ph hp vi cc quyt nh nh tuyn.
nh tuyn c iu khin boi ch mc trong bng ni kt d trn ccgi tr
DLCI m nh x n cc khung ng vo t knh ny n knh khc. Kim sot khung
chuynmch khung t knh ng vo n knh ng ra d trn ch mc thch hp trong
bng ni kt v phin dch DLCI trong bng trc khi truyn. V d, cc khung ng vo
t TE B trn ni kt logic 306 c truyn n TE D trn ni kt logic 342. hnh v cn
cho thy chc nng ghp knh: Nhiu ni kt logic t TE D c ghp qua cng knh vt
l.
Ch rng cc TE c kt ni logic n im iu khin frame relay vi gi tr
DLCI=0. Cc ni kt ny c d tr trong iu khin cuc gi trong knh c s dng
khi I.451/Q.931 trn knh D l khng c s dng cho iu khin cuc gi frame relay.
Nh mt phn chc nng ca frame relay, FCSS ca mi khung a n c
kim tra. Khi li c pht hin th khung s b hy. Lc ny, cc kt cui tin hnh khi
phc li bng giao thc lp trn ca frame relay.

Hnh 5-9 Hot ng kim sot khung.
Trang 116

6. IU KHIN TC NGHN
Ta tho lun v cc hiu ng nghn trong mng nh hng n thng lng.
tng qut iu ny, Hnh 5-10 m t nh hng nghn n cc tham s tng quan. Khi
ti trn mng tng n vng nghn trung bnh th tr hng i cc node tng lm
tng tr u cui n u cui v gim thng lng. Khi t ti im nghn nghim trng
th p ng hng i tng n mc nguy him lm tr tng nhanh v gim mnh thng
lng.
R rng cc s kin thm khc phi c ngn nga, chnh l nhim v ca
iu khin tc nghn. i tng ca tt c cc k thut iu khin tc nghn l gii hn
cc kch thc hng i cc b kim sot khung trnh thng lng suy sp. Ni
dung phn ny l tng quan cc k thut iu khin tc nghn c xy dng h tr
chun ha frame relay.

Hnh 5-10 Cc nh hng ca nghn.
Cc phng php iu khin tc nghn cho frame relay
Khuyn ngh ITU-T I.370 nh ngha cc mc tiu iu khin tc nghn nh sau:
Ti thiu ha vic hy khung.
Duy tr cht lng dch v vi xc sut cao vo phng sai b.
Ti thiu ha xc sut m mt user c th c quyn ti nguyn mng.
n gin ha thc hin, thng tin dn ng t trn cc user hoc mng.
To lu lng b sung mng ti thiu.
Phn b ti nguyn mng cng bng gia cc user.
Gii hn lan trn nghn n mt ni hay thnh phn khc trong mng.
Hot ng t lin quan n lung lu lng theo cc hng khc nhau ca
user.
Khng nghn Nghn trung bnh Nghn nghim trng
Ti yu cu
T
h
n
g

l
n
g

/
T
r

Tr
Thng lng
B
A
A
B
Qun l nghn
Trnh nghn
Gii phng nghn
Trang 117
Tng tc ti thiu hoc nh gn trn cc h thng khc trong mng frame
relay.
Ti thiu ha phng sai chtlng dch v phn phi n cc ni kt
ring trong thi gian nghn.
iu khin tc nghn l mt c tnh nhy cm cho mt mng frame relay bi v
cc cng c gii hn sn sng trong cc b kim sot khung. Phng thc frame relay
c lin tc ti a ha thng lng v hiu qu, ngha l, b kim sot khung khng
iu khin lung cho cc khung a n t thu bao hoc b kim sot khung ln cn s
dng phng thc ca s trt nh trong LAPD.
iu khin tc nghn l s kt hp ph hp ca mng v cc user. Mng (tp hp
cc b kim sot khung) ng vai tr tt nht qun l nghn trong khi , user ng
vai tr tt nht gii hn lung lu lng.
Bng 5.3 lit k cc k thut iu khin tc nghn trong cc ti liu ca ITU-T v
ANSI. Phng n hy gii quyt hu ht cc p ng nghn c bn. Khi nghn d ln th
mng but phi hy khung v cch ny cng tin hnh mt cch cng bng cho ttc cc
user.
Cc th tc trnh tc nghn c s dng khi nghn bt u ti thiu ha nh
hng ca nghn.Nh vy, cc th tc ny c bt u ngay trc im A trong Hnh
5-10 ngn nga nghn tin ti im B. Gn im A, hin nhin cho php cc user m
hot ng khi ti tng. Nh vy, phi c mt vi c ch bo hiu tng minh t mng m
s kch khi hnh ng trnh nghn.
Cc th tc gii phng nghn c s dng ngn mng sp khi nghn
nghim trng. Cc th tc ny khi to khi mng bt u nh ri cc khung do nghn.
Vic nh ri cc khung nh vy s c bo co li vi phn mm lp cao hn (v d
giao thc iu khin LAPF) v hot ng nh mt c ch bo hiu ngm nh. Cc th
tc gii phng nghn hot ng xung quanh im B trong vng nghn nghim trng nh
trong Hnh 5-10.

Bng 5-3. Cc phng n iu khin tc nghn trong frame relay.

Trang 118

ITU-T v ANSI xem vic trnh nghn vi bo hiu tng minh v gii phng
nghn vi bo hiu ngm nh b sung cc dng iu khin tc nghn trong dch v
vt mang kiu khung.
Qun l tc lu lng
Mng frame relay phi hy cc khung hn ch tc nghn. Bi v, mi b kim
sot khung trong mng c b nh gii hn dng lm hng i cho cc khung v hng i
ny c th trn, vy, vic hy khung a n gn nht hay cc khung khc na l iu cn
thit.
Cch n gin hn ch tc nghn l mng frame relay hy khung bt k m
khng xt n ngun ca khung. Trong trng hp ny, do khng c phn hi truyn
li nn phng n tt nht cho h thng u cui l truyn cc khung ngay khi c th v
iu ny tt nhin li lm tng thm nghn.
cung cp vic n nh ti nguyn cn bng, dch v vt mang frame relay bao
gm ni dung ca tc thng tin cam kt CIR (Committed Information Rate). y l
mt tc , n v bit/s, m mng ng h tr cho ni kt kiu khung no . Mi d
liu c truyn vt qua tc thng tin cam kt c th nguy him v gy nghn. Mc
d s dng thut ng cam kt, nhng y khng m bo rng CIR l tha mn.
Trong trng hp nghn nng th mng c th h tr cho dch v tc nh hn CIR
vi ni kt cho. Tuy nhin, khi n thi im hy khung th mng s chn hy cc
khung trn cc ni kt vt CIR trc khi hy cc khung di CIR.

Hnh 5-11 Hot ng ca CIR.
Theo l thuyt, mi node frame relay s qun l user ca n tha thun cc
CIR ca tt c cc ni kt ca tt c cc h thng kt cui gn vi n khng vt qu kh
anng ca node. Ngoi ra, s tha thun ca cc CIR khng vt qua tc d liu vt l
trn giao tip ngi s dng v mng gi l tc truy cp. Gii hn ny c th c
pht biu nh sau:

Truyn nu
c th
Hy mi
khung vt
Truyn dn
c m
bo
Tc ti a CIR
Tc hin ti
Trang 119
j
i
j i
AccessRate CIR
,

Trong , CIR
i,j
l tc thng tin cam kt cho ni kt i trn knh j v
AccessRate
j
l tc d liu ca user truy cp knh j (D, B hay knh H).
Vic xem xt dung lng node s chn uc cc gi tr CIR.
Vi cc ni kt frame relay vnh vin, CIR cho mi ni kt phi c thit lp
thi im ni kt c thc hin gia ngi s dng v mng. Vi cc ni kt chuyn
mch th tham s CIR c tha thun, iu ny hon tt khi kt thc giai an thit lp
giao thc iu khin cuc gi.
CIR cung cp cch thc ng n trong xc nh cc khung b hy khi nghn.
iu ny c thc hin bi bit c th hy DE (Discard elibility) trong khung LAPF
(Hnh 5-7). B kim sot khung tin hnh o tc cc trm ni n n (Hnh 5-11). Nu
ngi s dng gi d liu nh hn CIR th cc khung a n khng bin i DE. Nu
tc vt qua CIR th b kim sot khung s thit lp bit DE trn nhng khung vt v
chuyn chng i, cc khung ny c th c thng qua hoc c th b hy nu nghn
c pht hinn. Cui cng, tc ti a c nh ngha nhng khung vt qua tc
ny th s b hy trong b kim sot khung.
CIR t n khng cung cp vic gii quyt linh hot vi cc tc lu lng.
Trong thc t, b kim sot khung o lu lng qua mi ni kt logic trong khong thi
gian nht nh ca ni kt v sau tin hnh quyt nh da trn lng d liu nhn
c trong khong thi gian ny. Hai tham s b sung c gn trong ni kt vnh vin
v tha thun trn cc ni kt chuyn mch l cn thit. l:
B
c
(Committed Burst Size): L lng d liu ti a m mng chp nhn truyn
trong iu kin thng thng qua khong thi gian o c T. D liu ny c th hoc
khng lin tc (ngha l xut hin trong mt hoc nhiu khung lin tc nhau).
B
e
(Exess Burst Size): L lng d liu ti a vt qua B
c
m mng vn c gng
th tuyn di iu kin thng thng qua khongthi gian o c T. D liu ny l
khng c cam kt v mng khng m bo phn b trong iu kin thng thng. Ni
cch khc, d liu c i din bi B
e
s c xc sut truyn tt thp hn d liu c
i din bi B
c
.
B
c
v CIR c mi quan h vi nhau.Bi v B
c
l lng d liu cam kt m c th
c truyn bi user trong thi gian T v CIR l tc ca d liu cam kt ny nn ta c:
CIR
B
T
c
=
Hnh 5-12 da trn ITU-T I.370 m t mi quan h gia cc tham s ny. Trn
mi th, ng m nt m t s bit thng tin c truyn qua ni kt cho. ng
nt mnh vi nhn Access rate biu din tc d liu trn knh truyn ca ni kt v
ng c nhn CIR i din tc thng tin cam kt c o qua khong thi gian T.
Ch rng khi khung c truyn th ng nt m song song vi ng Access rate,
khi khung truyn trn mt knh th knh ny c n nh truyn cho khung . Khi
khng c khung c truyn th ng nt m nm ngang.
Phn a ca hnh v v d 3 khung c truyn trong mt khong thi gian T v
tng s bit trong 3 khung ny nh hn B
c
. Ch rng trong thi gian truyn khung u, ta
vt CIR nhng cc b kim sot khung ch xt tng bit truyn trong khong thi gian
nn khung ny vn khng nh du DE=1. Phn b v d tng t nhng trong khong
Trang 120

thi gian ny, ta truyn 4 khung. V tng bit truyn trong khong thi gian T vt B
c

nn bit DE ca khung th 4 c lp bng 1. Tng t, vi phn c va hnh v, 4 khung
ny truyn vi tng bit vt qua B
c
+B
e
nn khung th t b hy, khung th 3 vt qua B
c
nn khung ny c DE=1.

Hnh 5-12 M t mi quan h gia cc tham s tc nghn.
S ny l v d ca thut tan go r v c ch thc hin c m t trong
Hnh 5-13. B kim sot gi tnh tng d liu c truyn qua ni kt bi b m C. B
m gim khi t tc B
c
bits trong n v thi gian T. Tt nhin, b m l khng
c php m nn gi tr thc gim cho C l Min{C, B
c
}cho mi khong T. Khi gi tr b
m vt B
c
nhng nh hn B
c
+B
e
th d liu n vt kch thc burst cam kt v c
chuyn i vi bit DE c lp. Nu b m t gi tr B
c
+B
e
th tt c d liu n u b
hy cho n khi b m gim xung.
t
CIR
Access
rate
Vng DE=0
Vng DE=1
Vng DE=1
v hy khung
B
c
B
c
+ B
e

S

b
i
t

c

t
r
u
y
n

t
Frame1 Frame2 Frame3
DE=0 DE=0 DE=0
0
CIR
B
c
B
c
+ B
e

S

b
i
t

c

t
r
u
y
n

Frame1 Frame2 Frame3 Frame4
DE=0 DE=0 DE=0 DE=1
0
A, Tt c cc khung truyn di CIR B, Mt khung nh du DE=1
CIR
Access
rate
Vng DE=0
Vng DE=1
Vng DE=1
v hy khung
B
c
B
c
+ B
e

S

b
i
t

c

t
r
u
y
n

t
Frame1 Frame2 Frame3 Frame4
DE=0 DE=0 DE=1 Hy
0
C, Mt khung nh du DE=1 v mt khung hy
T

T

T

Access
rate
Vng DE=1
v hy khung
Vng DE=0
Vng DE=1
Trang 121
Trnh nghn vi bo hiu tng minh
Trnh nghn mun s dng dung lng trong mng frame relay nhng trong
vng nghn nh di s iu khin cng bng ngn chn mc lan truyn ca
nghn. Trong hot ng trnh nghn tng minh th mng cnh bo cho cc h thng u
cui v s pht trin ca nghn trong mng v cc h thng cui tin hnh tng bc
gim ti cung cp cho mng.

Hnh 5-13 Thut ton go r.
Hai phng n xut cho vic trnh nghn tng minh: Mt nhm cho rng
nghn lun xut hin chm v hu ht lun trong cc node bin ca mng. Nhm khc
li cho rng nghn pht trin rt nhanh v trong cc node trung tm v yu cu nhanh, i
hi tc ng dt khot nga nghn mng. Ta s thy rng hai phng n ny c
phn nh trong trnh nghn tng minh hng i v hng v.
Vi bo hiu tng minh, hai bit trong trng a ch mi khung c cung cp.
Mi bit c th c lp bi bt k b kim sot khung no pht hin nghn. Nu kim
sot khung nhn mt khung vi c hai bit u lp th n khng c xa cc bit trc khi
chuyn i. Nhvy, cc bits vn tip tc bo hiu t mng n cc user. Hai bit l:
Thng bo nghn tng minh hng v BECN (Backward explicit
congestion notication). Thng bo cho user rng cc th tc trnh nghn
nn c khi to cho lu lng hng ngc vi chiu nhn khung.
Thng bo ch th rng cc khung c truyn bi user ny trn ni kt
logic c th gp nghn.
Thng bo nghn tng minh hng i FECN (Forward explicit
congestion notication). Thng bo cho user rng cc th tc trnh nghn
nn c khi to cho lu lng cng hng nhn khung. Thng bo ch
th rng cc khung c truyn bi user ny trn ni kt logic gp
nghn.
Bay gi, ta s xem cc bit ny c s dng trong mng v user nh th no.
Trc tin, vi p ng mng th n l cn thit cho mi b kim sot khung gim st
hnh vi hng i. Nu chiu di hng i bt u tng nmc nguy him th FECN hoc
BECN hoc c hai s c lp gim lung khung qua b kim sot ny. Vic chn
FECN hay BECN c th c xc nh bi c user trn ni kt logic l sn sng p ng
B
e
kch thc
vt burst
(Lp DE v
chuyn tip)
B
c
kch thc
burst cam kt
(Chuyn tip)
Gii hn C ngng
B
c
+B
e
, hu mi d
liu a n khi C t
ngng ny
C m, C tng
theo d liu a
n
Gim C mt lng min{C,
B
c
} sau thi gian T
Trang 122

n bit ny hoc bit kia hay khng, iu ny c th xcnh thi im cu hnh.trong
nhiu trng hp, b kim sot khug c mt vi s chn la cc ni kt logic cn cnh
bo nghn. Nu nghn tr nn rt nghim trng th tt c cc ni kt qua b kim sot
khung u c th c cnh bo. Trong nhng tng gn nghn th b kim sot khung
phi thng bo cho cc user cho cc ni kt sinh ra lu lng nhiu nht.
B kim sot khung gim st chiu di mi hng i ca n. Chu k bt u khi
ng ra l ri (hng i rng) n khi bn (kch thc hng i khc 0, bao gm khung
hin hnh). Kch thc hng i trung bnh trong chu k trc v chu k hin hnh c
tnh. Nu kch thc trung bnh vt gi tr ngng th ng ny ang trng thi chm
nghn v cc bit trnh nghn nn c lp cho mt s nio kt logic s dng ng ny.
Bng vic tnh trung bnh qua hai chu k thay v gim st chu k hin hnh, h thng
phn ng n nh hn vi cc gn nht thi m khng cn thit phi thc hin cc th tc
trnh nghn.
Chiu di hng trung bnh c th c tnh bng vic xc nh mt vng (tch
ca kch thc hng i vi thi gian) qua hai chu k chi cho thi gian ca hai chu k.
Thut tan ny c m t nh sau:
t: thi gian hin hnh
t
i
thi im s kin th i n hoc i.
q
i
: s khung trong h thng sau s kin i.
T
0
: thi im bt u chu k trc.
T
I
thi im bt u chu k hin hnh.
Thut ton bao gm 3 thnh phn:
1. Cp nht chiu di hng i: Bt u vi q
0
:=0
Nu s kin th i l s kin n th q
i
:=q
i-1
+1.
Nu s kin th i l s kin n th q
i
:=q
i-1
-1.
2. Cp nht vng i:
Vng i ca chu k trc =
[ )
) (
1
,
1
0

i i
T T t
i
t t q
I i

Vng i chu k hin hnh =
[ )
) (
1
,
1
1

i i
t T t
i
t t q
i

3. Cp nht chiu di hng i trung bnh:
Chiu di hng i trung bnh qua hai chu k:=
vng i hai chu k
thi gian ca hai chu k
=
vng i ca hai chu k
t-T
0
.
p ng ca thu bao c xc nh bi vic nhn cc tn hiu BECN v FECN.
Th tc n gin nht l p ng vi tn hiu BECN: Ngi s dng gim tc so vi
tc ca khung truyn cho n khi khng nhn c tn hiu ny na. p ng vi
FECN th phc tp hn, n yu cu user phi thng bo vi user u bn kia cu ni kt
ca n user ny gim lung lu lng a vo. Cc chc nng li trong giao thc
frame relay l khng h tr thng bo ny, do , iu ny phait c thc hin lp cao
hn, v d nh trong lp vn chuyn. iu khin lung cn c hon thnh bi giao
Trang 123
thc iu khin LAPF hoc cc giao thc iu khin tuyn d liu khc thc hin trn
phn lp frame relay (Hnh 5-8). Giao thc iu khin LAPF l hu ch bi v n bao
gm vic ci thin cho LAPD m cho php user iu chnh kch thc ca s.
Gii phng nghn vi bo hiu ngm nh.
Bo hiutng minh xut hin khi mng hy khung v iu ny c pht hin
bi user lp cao hn, lp t u cui n u cui nh giao thc iu khin LAPF.
Lc ny, phn mm ca user c th suy lun s tn ti nghn ny.
V d, trong giao thc iu khin tuyn d liu nh giao thc iu khin LAPF s
dng k thut iu khin lung v li ca s trt th giao thc pht hin s mt khung I
theo hai cch sau:
1. Khi mt khung b mng nh ri th khung sau s to mt khung REJ t
ni nhn.
2. Khi mt khung b mng nh ri th khng c xc nhn c tr v t mt
h thng cui khc. Thm ch h thng ngun s b qu thi gian ngm
nh v truyn lnh vi bit P lp 1. p ng sau vi bit F lp 1 s ch th
rng s th t nhn t bn kia nh hn s th t va gi.
Khi nghn c pht hin, th giao thc s dng iu khin lung gii phng
nghn. LAPF xut rng user m c th thay i kch thc ca s iu khin lung
nn s dng c ch ny trong p ng bo hiu ngm nh. Gi s kch thc ca s
lp 2 l W, ta c th thay i gia tham s Wmin v Wmax v ban u thit lp l Wmax.
Tng quan, ta mun gim W khi nghn tng m bo truyn khung thng sut. Ba lp
s thch hp da trn p ng ca mt trong hai iu kin lit k trn c xut l:
1.1. t W=max[W-1,Wmin]
1.2. t W=Wmin
1.3. t W=max[W,Wmin], trong , 0<<1
Khi tryn dn tt (o c bi vic nhn cc xc nhn) c th cho thy rng nghn
khng cn v kch thc ca s nn tng tr li. Hai gii php a ra l:
2.1. t W=min[W-1,Wmax] sau khi truyn tt N khung lin tc
2.2. t W=min[W-1,Wmax] sau khi truyn tt W khung lin tc
Cc kt qu nghin cu cho rng phng n 1.3 vi =0.5 cng vi phng n
2.2 thc thi tt qua phm vi rng ca cc tham s v cc mu lu lng ca mng,
phng n ny c khuyn dng trong LAPF.

[SMIT93] tng quan v frame relay trong , nhn mnh cc quy lut ca n
trong ni dung cc dch v mng, ngoi ra, c trng frame relay c trnh by trong
BLAC94 vi cc khia cnh k thut v giao thc ca frame relay. V vn k thut
c trnh by rt tt trong [SPOH93].
[BLAC94] Black, U. Frame Relay Networks: Specifications and
Implementations. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[SMIT93] Smith, P. Frame Relay: Principles and Applications. Reading,
MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993.
Trang 124

[SPOH93] Spohn, D. Data Network Design. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1994.
Cc trang web:
http://www.frforum.com
http://www.mot.com/MIMS/ISG/tech/frame-relay/resources.html

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