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Giáo Trình Truyền Động Điện Tự Động
Giáo Trình Truyền Động Điện Tự Động
Bin tp bi:
Khng Cng Minh
MC LC
1. Chng 1:
1.1. Khi nim chung v h truyn ng in t ng
2. Chng 2:
2.1. Cc tnh c ca ng c in
2.2. c tnh c ca ng c mt chiu kch t ni tip (mnt) V hn hp (mhh)
2.3. c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b (K)
2.4. Cc c tnh c khi hm ng c K
3. Chng 3:
3.1. iu chnh cc thng s u ra ca h thng truyn ng in
3.2. Cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b bng thay i thng
s
4. Chng 4:
4.1. iu chnh tc truyn ng in Cc h thng b bin i ng c
5. Chng 5:
5.1. Qu trnh qu truyn ng in
6. Chng 6:
6.1. Chn cng sut ng c in
7. Chng 7:
7.1. H thng iu khin t ng
8. Ti liu tham kho
8.1. Ti liu tham kho
Tham gia ng gp
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Chng 1:
Khi nim chung v h truyn ng in t ng
Mc ch v yu cu:
+ Nm c cu trc chung ca h thng truyn ng in t ng (HTTT).
+ Nm c c tnh ca tng loi ng c trong cc h thng truyn ng in t ng
c th.
+ Phn tch c cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c v vn iu chnh tc
trong cc h b bin i ng c .
+ Kho st c qu trnh qu ca HTTT vi cc thng s ca h hoc ca ph
ti.
+ Tnh chn cc phng n truyn ng v nm c nguyn tc c bn chn cng
sut ng c in.
+ Nm c cc nguyn tc c bn iu khin t ng HTTT.
+ Phn tch v nh gi c cc mch iu khin t ng in hnh ca cc my hoc
h thng c sn.
+ Nm c nguyn tc lm vic ca phn t iu khin logic.
+ Tng hp c mt s mch iu khin logic.
+ Thit k c cc mch iu khin t ng ca cc my hoc h thng theo yu cu
cng ngh.
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tc trn cc my sn sut, cng nh gia cng truyn tn hiu thng tin iu khin qu
trnh bin i nng lng theo yu cu cng ngh.
* Cu trc chung:
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c tnh c ca my sn xut V ng c
c tnh c ca my sn xut:
+ c tnh c ca my sn xut l quan h gia tc quay v mmen cn ca my sn
xut: Mc = f().
+ c tnh c ca my sn xut rt a dng, tuy nhin phn ln chng c biu din
di dng biu thc tng qut:
Trong :
Mc mmen ng vi tc .
Mco mmen ng vi tc = 0.
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Mm mmen ng vi tc nh mc m
+ Ta c cc trng hp s m q ng vi cc ti:
Khi q = 1, mmen t l nghch vi tc , tng ng cc c cu my tin, doa, my
cun dy, cun giy, ... (ng ? hnh 12).
c im ca loi my ny l tc lm vic cng thp th mmen cn (lc cn) cng
ln.
Khi q = 0, Mc = Mm = const, tng ng cc c cu my nng h, cu trc, thang my,
bng ti, c cu n dao my ct gt, ... (ng ? hnh 12).
Khi q = 1, mmen t l bc nht vi tc , tng ng cc c cu ma st, my bo, my
pht mt chiu ti thun tr, (ng ? hnh 12).
Khi q = 2, mmen t l bc hai vi tc , tng ng cc c cu my bm, quy gi,
my nn, (ng ? hnh 12).
+ Trn hnh 12a biu din cc c tnh c ca my sn xut:
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Tnh i cc i lng c hc
Mmen v lc quy i:
+ Quan nim v s tnh i nh vic di im t t trc ny v trc khc ca mmen
hay lc c xt n tn tht ma st trong b truyn lc. Thng quy i mmen cn
Mc, (hay lc cn Fc) ca b phn lm vic v trc ng c.
+ iu kin quy i: m bo cn bng cng sut trong phn c ca h TT:
Khi nng lng truyn t ng c n my sn xut:
Ptr = Pc + P (15)
Trong : Ptr l cng sut trn trc ng c, Ptr = Mcq.,
(Mcq v mmen cn tnh quy i v tc gc trn trc ng c).
Pc l cng sut ca my sn xut, Pc = Mlv.lv ,
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Hnh 1- 6: S ng hc ca c cu nng h
? ng c in; ? hp tc ;
? tang trng quay; ? ti trng
Phng trnh ng hc ca h t t
+ L quan h gia cc i lng (, n, L, M, ...) vi thi gian:
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iu kin n nh tnh ca h t t
Nh trn nu, khi M = Mc th h TT lm vic xc lp. im lm vic xc lp
l giao im ca c tnh c ca ng c in (M) vi c tnh c ca my sn sut
(Mc). Tuy nhin khng phi bt k giao im no ca hai c tnh c trn cng l im
lm vic xc lp n nh m phi c iu kin n nh, ngi ta gi l n nh tnh hay
s lm vic ph hp gia ng c vi ti.
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Hnh 1- 7: Xt im lm vic n nh
Ti cc im kho st th ta thy ba im A, B, C l cc im lm vic xc lp n nh.
im D l im lm vic khng n nh.
Trng hp: A: < c v < 0 v c = 0 xc lp n nh.
B: > c v > 0 v c1 = 0 khng n nh.
ng hc ca h t t
Trong h T T c c cc thit b in + c, trong cc b phn c c nhim v
chuyn c nng t ng c n b phn lm vic ca my sn xut v ti c nng
c bin thnh cng hu ch.
ng c in c c phn in (stato) v phn c (roto v trc).
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Hnh 1 8: S cu trc h T T
Phn c ph thuc vo kt cu, vt liu v loi my, chng rt a dng v phc tp, bi
vy phi a v dng in hnh c trng cho cc loi, phn c c dng tng qut c
trng gi l mu c hc ca truyn ng in.
Mu c hc (n khi) l mt vt th rn quay xung quanh mt trc vi tc ng c,
n c mmen qun tnh J, chu tc ng ca mmen ng c (M) v mmen cn (Mc),
hnh 9.
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Chng 2:
Cc tnh c ca ng c in
Khi nim chung
Chng 1 cho ta thy, khi t hai ng c tnh c M(() v Mc(() ln cng mt h
trc ta , ta c th xc nh c trng thi lamg vic ca ng c v ca h (xem
hnh 12 v hnh 13): trng thi xc lp khi M = Mc ng vi giao im ca hai ng
c tnh M(() v Mc((); hoc trng thi qu khi M ( Mc ti nhng vng c ( ( (xl ;
trng thi ng c thuc gc phn t th nht v th ba; hoc trng thi hm thuc gc
phn t th hai v th t.
Khi phn tch cc h truyn ng, ta thng coi my sn xut cho trc, ngha l
coi nh bit trc c tnh c Mc(() ca n. Vy mun tm kim mt trng thi lm
vic vi nhng thng s yu cu nh tc , mmen, dng in ng c v... ta phi to
ra nhng c tnh c ca ng c tng ng. Mun vy, ta phi ta phi nm vng cc
phng trnh c tnh c v cc c tnh c ca cc loi ng c in, t hiu c
cc phng php to ra cc c tnh c nhn to ph hp vi my sn xut cho v
iu khin ng c sao cho c c cc trng thi lm vic theo yu cu cng ngh.
Mi ng c c mt c tnh c t nhin xc nh bi cc s liu nh mc ca n.
Trong nhiu trng hp ta coi c tnh ny nh lot s liu cho trc. Mt khc n c
th c v s c tnh c nhn to c c do bin i mt hoc vi thng s ca ngun,
ca mch in ng c, hoc do thay i cch ni dy ca mch, hoc do dng thm
thit b bin i. Do bt k thng s no c nh hng n hnh dng v v tr ca
c tnh c, u c coi l thng s iu khin ng c, v tng ng l mt phng
php to c tnh c nhn to hay c tnh iu chnh.
Phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c in c th vit theo dng thun M = f(() hay dng
ngc ( = f(M).
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Cc thng s c bn ca Ml:
Cc thng s nh mc:
nm(vng/pht); (m(Rad/sec); Mm(N.m hay KG.m); (m(Wb);
fm(Hz); Pm(KW); Um(V); Im(A); ...
Cc thng s tnh theo cc h n v khc:
(* = (/(m ; M* = M/Mm ; I* = I/Im; (* = (/(m; R* = R/Rm;
Rcb = Um/Im,;
%; M%; I%; ...
Phng trnh c tnh c - in v c tnh c ca Ml:
Theo s hnh 21a v hnh 21b, c th vit phng trnh cn bng in p ca mch
phn ng nh sau:
U = E + (R + Rf).I (21)
Trong :
U l in p phn ng ng c, (V)
E l sc in ng phn ng ng c (V).
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p.N
E= 2a = K (22)
l h s kt cu ca ng c.
Hoc: E = Ke(.n (23)
V:
Vy: Ke == 0,105.K
R l in tr mch phn ng, R = r + rctf + rctb + rtx , (().
Trong : r l in tr cun dy phn ng ca ng c (().
Rctf l in tr cun dy cc t ph ca ng c (().
Rctb l in tr cun dy cc t b ca ng c (().
Rctb l in tr tip xc gia chi than vi c gp ca
ng c (().
Rf l in tr ph mch phn ng.
I l dng in phn ng.
T (21) v (22) ta c:
=
U
K
R+Rf
K I
(24)
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U
K
R+Rf
(K)
M=
U
K
R
(K)2
M (27)
Um
Km
Rm
(Km)2
M (211)
U
R + Rf
= Inm (212)
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V: (213)
Trong : Inm gi l dng in (phn ng) ngn mch
Mnm gi l mmen ngn mch
T (27) ta xc nh c cng c tnh c :
=
dM
d
(K)2
R + Rf
(214)
i vi c tnh c t nhin:
tn =
(Kdm)2
R
(215)
V: (216)
Nu cha c gi tr R th ta c th xc nh gn ng da vo gi thit coi tn tht trn
in tr phn ng do dng in nh mc gy ra bng mt na tn tht trong ng c:
Um
R = 0,5.(1 m) I
, (217)
* V d 21:
Xy dng c tnh c t nhin v nhn to ca ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp
c cc s liu sau:
ng c lm vic di hn, cng sut nh mc l 6,6KW; in p nh mc: 220V; tc
nh mc: 2200vng/pht; in tr mch phn ng gm in tr cun dy phn ng
v cc t ph: 0,26(; in tr ph a vo mch phn ng: 1,26(.
* Gii:
a) Xy dng c tnh c t nhin:
c tnh c t nhin c th v qua 2 im: l im nh mc [Mm; (m] v im khng
ti l tng [M = 0; ( = (0]. Hoc im khng ti l tng [M = 0; ( = (0] v im ngn
mch [Mnm; ( = 0]. Hoc im nh mc [Mm; (m] v im ngn mch [Mnm; ( =
0].
Tc gc nh mc:
m =
nm
9,55
2200
9,55
= 230,3rad/s
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Pm.1000
m
6,6.1000
230,3
= 28,6Nm
Um Im.R
m
22035 .0,26
230,3
= 091Wb
Tc khng ti l tng:
0 =
Um
Km
220
0,91
241,7rad/s
Udm
R
= 0,91
220
0,26
= 770Nm
dM
d
0 Mm
0 m
28,6
241,7 230,3
= 2,5Nm.s
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Pm.1000
m
6,6.1000
230,3
= 28,66Nm
Um (R + Rf).Im
Km
220 (0,26+1,26).35
0,91
= 183,3rad/s
R
K I1;NT
R + Rf
K I1;
(220)
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Rt ra: (221)
Qua th ta c:
Rf1 =
hahe
he
R =
ae
he R;
Tng t nh vy:
Rf2 =
hche
he
R =
ce
he R;
in tr tng ng vi mi c tnh c:
R1 = R + Rf (1) = R + (Rf 1 + Rf 2)
R2 = R + Rf (2) = R + (Rf 2)
b) Phng php gii tch:
Um E1
R1
(222)
Um E1
R2
(223)
I1
I2
= = const (224)
Vy: (225)
Rt ra:
Rm = R
Rm 1 = Rm = 2R
...
R2 = R3 = m 1R (226)
R1 = R2 = mR
}}}}
+ Nu cho trc s cp in tr khi ng m v R1, R th ta tnh c bi s dng in
khi khi ng:
=
m R1
m Um
R.I1
m + 1 Um
R.I2
(227)
lg(R1 / R)
lg
(228)
(229)
Rf1 = R1 R2 = m 1( 1).R
}}}}
* V d 22:
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Um R.Im
m
220 0,146.120
44
= 4,6Wb
m + 1 Um
R.I2
220
2,5
0,146.98
2+1
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Khi hm ti sinh:
Ih =
U E
R
K0 K
R
Mh = KIh < 0
<0
(230)
}
* Mt s trng thi hm ti sinh:
+ Hm ti sinh khi ( > (0: lc ny my sn xut nh l ngun ng lc quay rto ng
c, lm cho ng c tr thnh my pht, pht nng lng tr v ngun.
U E
R
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Hm ngc:
Hm ngc l khi mmen hm ca ng c ngc chiu vi tc quay (M(((). Hm
ngc c hai trng hp:
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U + E
R + Rf
U + Kfw
R + Rf
Mh = KfIh
(231)
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Ih =
U + K
R + Rf <0
Mh = KIh < 0
(232)
}
Phng trnh c tnh c:
=
U
K
R+Rf
(K)2
M (233)
Hm ng nng: (cho U = 0)
a) Hm ng nng kch t c lp:
R+Rh
(K)2
M (234)
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Ehd
R + Rh
Khd
R + Rh <0
(235)
}}
R+Rkt + Rh
(K)2
M (236)
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Um
Kfm
Rm
(Kfm)2
M (237)
Vi M = Mc th ( = (A = (Thun
Mun o chiu ng c, ta c th o chiu in p phn ng hoc o chiu t thng
kch t ng c. Thng o chiu ng c bng cch o chiu in p phn ng. Khi
o chiu in p phn ng th (0 o du, cn (( th khng o du, c tnh c khi
quay ngc chiu:
=
U
K(I)
R + Rf
[K(I)]2
M (238)
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R =
K
I
R =
KA
=I
210,9
70
h.b
= I
EA
h.b
= 3,01
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U
k
U
k
R + Rf
k I
R + Rf
(k)2
(241)
M (242)
U
k.C.I
R
k.C
A1
I
B (245)
A1.k.C
M
R
k.C
A2
B (248)
Trong :
A2 = A1. k.C = const.
Qua phng trnh (245) v (248) ta thy c tnh c in v c tnh c ca Mnt c
dng hypecbol v rt mm nh hnh 211a, b v tc khng ti l tng bng v cng.
Thc t khng c tc khng ti l tng i vi ng c in mt chiu kch t ni
tip.
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NT(b) = TN(f) U
(250)
ac
ea Rf;Rf2
ce
ea Rf;
(251)
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U E
R + Rf
Ih =
U + K
R + Rf <0
Mh = KIh < 0
(252)
}
Phng trnh c tnh c:
=
U
K
R+Rf
(K)2
M (253)
Hm ng nng Mnt:
a) Hm ng nng kch t c lp:
R+Rh
(K)2
M (254)
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b) Hm ng nng t kch t :
R+Rkt + Rh
(K)2
M (255)
o chiu Mnt:
c tnh c ca ng c Mnt khi o chiu bng cch o chiu in p phn ng:
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U
K(I)
R + Rf
[K(I)]2
M (256)
Khi U > 0, ng c quay thun ( > 0 (ti im A trn c tnh c gc phn t th nht
ca to [M, (], vi ph ti l Mc > 0). Nu ta o cc tnh in p phn ng ng c
(vn gi nguyn chiu t thng kch t) U < 0, ph ti ng c theo chiu ngc li
Mc' < 0, ng c s quay ngc ( < 0 (ti im A' trn c tnh c gc phn t th ba
ca to [M, (]. Nu cho in tr ph vo mch phn ng, ta s c cc tc nhn to
ngc, hnh 218.
Nhn xt v Mnt:
V cu to, Mnt c cun kch t chu dng ln, nn tit din to v s vng dy t. Nh
n d ch to v t h hng hn so vi Ml.
ng c Mnt c kh nng qu ti ln v mmomen. Khi c cng mt h s qu ti dng
in nh nhau th mmen ca Mnt ln hn mmen ca Ml.
Thc vy, ly v d khi cho qu ti dng Iqt = 1,5Im th mmen qu ti ca Ml l :
Mqt = K(m.1,5Im = 1,5Mm, ngha l h s qu ti mmen bng h s qu ti dng
in: KqtM = KqtI = 1,5. Trong kho , mmen ca Mnt t l vi bnh phng dng
in, nn M'qt = K.C.I2 = K.C.(1,5Im)2 = 1,52.Mm = 2,25Mm, ngha l h s qu
ti mmen bng bnh phng ln ca h s qu ti dng in: K'qtM = K2qtI.
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S thay th:
Vi cc gi thit trn ta c s thay th 1 pha ca ng c nh hnh 223.
Trong :
1
1
0
0
(258)
Trong :
(1 = (0 l tc ca t trng quay stato ng c, cn gi l tc ng b (rad/s):
1 = 0 =
2f1
p
(259)
( l tc gc ca rto ng c (rad/s).
Trong : f1 l tn s ca in p ngun t vo stato (Hz),
p l s i cc ca ng c,
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I1 = U1f
R2 + X2
1
2
R'
2
R1 +
+ X2
s
nm
( )
(260)
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U1f
(261)
( )
R'
2S
R1 +
s
+ X2
nm
Phng trnh (261) l quan h gia dng rto I2 vi h s trt s hay gia I2 vi tc
(, nn gi l c tnh inc ca ng c K, (hnh 225). Qua (261) ta thy:
Khi ( = (0, s = 0, ta c: I2 = 0.
Khi ( = 0, s = 1, ta c:
Trong : I2nm l dng ngn mch ca rto hay dng khi ng.
3.U2 .R
1f 2S
2
R'
2S
s.w0. R1 +
+ X2
s
nm
[( ) ]
(266)
Phng trnh (266) l phng trnh c tnh c ca K. Nu biu din c tnh c trn
th s l ng cong nh hnh 227b. C th xc nh cc im cc tr ca ng
cong bng cch cho o hm dM/ds = 0, ta s c cc tr s v trt ti hn sth
v mmen ti hn Mth ti im cc tr:
sth =
R'
2S
2
R + X2
1
nm
(267)
V: (268)
Trang 60
Trong cc biu thc trn, du (+) ng vi trng thi ng c, cn du () ng vi trng
thi my pht, (Mth > MthF).
Phng trnh c tnh c ca K c th biu din theo closs:
M=
2Mth(1 + asth)
sth
s
+
+ 2asth
sth
s
(269)
Trong : a = R1/R2(.
Mth v sth ly theo (267) v (268).
i vi ng c K cng sut ln, thng R1 rt nh so vi Xnm nn c th b qua R1
v asth ( 0, khi ta c dng closs n gin:
M=
2Mth
sth
s
+
sth
s
(270)
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Lc ny: (271)
+ Trong nhiu trng hp cho php ta s dng nhng c tnh gn ng bng cch
truyn tnh ho c tnh c trong on lm vic.
V d vng trt nh s < 0,4sth th ta xem s/sth ( 0 v ta c:
M=
2Mth
sth
s (272)
Mm
sm s
(273)
dM
d
1
0
dM
ds
Mm
0sm
(275)
V: (276)
+ i vi on c tnh c s >> sth th coi sth/s ( 0 v ta c:
M=
2Mth.sth
s
(277)
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V: (278)
Trong on ny cng ? > 0 v gi tr ca n thay i, y thng l on ng c
khi ng.
Trang 62
nh hng ca cc thng s n c tnh c ca K:
Qua chng trnh c tnh c bn ca hot ng c K, ta thy cc thng s c nh
hng n c tnh c K nh: Rs, Rr, Xs, Xr, UL, fL, Sau y, ta xt nh hnh ca
mt s thng s:
nh hng ca in p li (Ul):
Khi in p li suy gim, theo biu thc (268) th mmen ti hn Mth s gim bnh
phng ln suy gim ca UL. Trong khi tc ng b ?o, h s trt ti hn Sth
khng thay i, ta c dng c tnh c khi UL gim nh hnh 228.
Qua th ta thy: vi mt mmen cn xc nh (MC), in p li cng gim th tc
xc lp cng nh. Mt khc, v mmen khi ng Mk = Mnm v mmen ti hn Mth
u gim theo in p, nn kh nng qu ti v khi ng b gim dn. Do , nu in
p qu nh (ng U2, ) th h truyn ng trn c th khng khi ng c hoc
khng lm vic c.
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* V d 2 5:
Cho mt ng c khng ng b rto dy qun (Kdq) c:
Pm = 850KW ; Um = 6000V ; nm = 588vg/ph ; ? = 2,15 ;
E2m = 1150V ; I2m = 450A.
Tnh v v c tnh c t nhin v c tnh c nhn to ca ng c khng ng b rto
dy qun vi in tr ph mi pha rto l: R2f = 0,75?.
Trang 65
* Gii :
Vi ng c c cng sut ln, ta c th s dng phng trnh gn ng (270) coi R1
rt nh hn R2 tc a = 0.
trt nh mc:
sm =
no nm
no
600588
600
= 0,02
Mmen nh mc:
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, hoc
Mmen ti hn:
Mth = ?Mm = 2,15.13085 = 29681 N.m, hoc
in tr nh mc:
in tr dy qun rto:
R2 = R2Rm = smRm = 0,02.1,476 = 0,0295
59362
1
+ 0,08
0,08
= 4777Nm = 0,35Mm
Trang 66
Theo ta v c ng c tnh t nhin nh trn hnh 232 i qua 4 im: im
khng ti [M = 0; s = 0]; im nh mc =1; sm = 0,02]; im ti hn TH =2,15; sm
= 0,08]; im ngn mch NM =0,35; sm = 1].
i vi c tnh nhn to c Rf = 0,175? ta c trt ti hn nhn to:
sth.nt = sth
R2 + Rf
R2
= 0,08
0,0295+0,175
0,0295
= 0,55
2
s
0,55
+
0,55
s
61/201
62/201
R2 R2f
R2 ;
(279)
Rt ra:
R2f =
SNT STN
R2;
STN
(280)
T th ta c in tr ph cc cp:
R2f1 =
hahc
he
R2 =
ac
he R2;
(281)
R2f2 =
hche
he
R2 =
ce
he R2;
(282)
63/201
Cc c tnh c khi hm ng c K
Cc c tnh c khi hm ng c K:
ng c in K cng c ba trng thi hm: hm ti sinh, hm ngc v hm ng
nng.
Hm ti sinh:
ng c K khi hm ti sinh: ? > ?o, v c tr nng lng v li.
Hm ti sinh ng c K thng xy ra trong cc trng hp nh: c ngun ng lc
quay rto ng c vi tc ? > ?o (nh hnh 234a,b), hay khi gim tc ng c
bng cch tng s i cc (nh hnh 235a,b), hoc khi ng c truyn ng cho ti c
dng th nng lc h ti vi |?| > |?o| bng cch o 2 trong 3 pha stato ca ng c
(nh hnh 26a,b).
a) Hm ti sinh khi MSX tr thnh ngun ng lc:
Trong qu trnh lm vic, khi my sn xut (MSX) tr thnh ngun ng lc lm quay
rto ng c vi tc ? > ?0, ng c tr thnh my pht pht nng lng tr li
ngun, hay gi l hm ti sinh, hnh 234.
2Mth
sth
s
+
sth
s
(283)
64/201
Vi: (284)
V: ? > ?0 ; I2 = Ihts < 0 ; M = Mhts < 0 (ti im B)
b) Hm ti sinh khi gim tc bng cch tng s i cc:
ng c ang lm vic im A, vi p1, nu ta tng s i cc ln p2 > p1 th ng c
s chuyn sang c tnh c ?2 v lm vic vi tc ? > ?2, tr thnh my pht, hay l
HTS, hnh 235.
R'
Xnm2 ;
Mth
3U2
1f
202Xnm2 ;
v0 =
2f1
p2 ;
(285)
65/201
sth
R'
Xnm ;
Mth
3U2
1f
2( 0)Xnm ;
(286)
Hm ngc ng c K:
Hm ngc l khi mmen hm ca ng c K ngc chiu vi tc quay (M ngc
chiu vi ?). Hm ngc c hai trng hp:
a) Hm ngc bng cch a in tr ph ln vo mch rto:
ng c ang lm vic im A, ta ng thm in tr hm ln (Rhn> = R2f>) vo
mch rto, lc ny mmen ng c gim (M < Mc) nn ng c b gim tc do sc
cn ca ti. ng c s chuyn sang im B, ri C v nu ti l th nng th ng c s
lm vic n nh im D (?D = ? ngc chiu vi tc ti im A) trn c tnh
c c thm in tr hm Rhn>, v on CD l on hm ngc, ng c lm vic nh
mt my pht ni tip vi li in (hnh 237). ng c va tiu th in t li va
s dng nng lng tha t ti to ra mmen hm.
Vi: (287)
66/201
0
0
> l (289)
67/201
Hm ng nng ng c K:
C hai trng hp hm ng nng ng c K:
a) Hm ng nng kch t c lp (HN KTL):
F1 = 2 2.w1.I1 (291)
a.w1
Imc
3
2.w1
2
= A.Imc (293)
V: a =;
i vi cc s u dy khc nhau ca mch stato, ta c th xc nh h s A theo
bng 22.
Bng 22
69/201
(295)
70/201
E'
2
2
( )
R'
2
Hay: I'2 =
=
+ X'2
E' .
2
(296)
I.X.
'2
R + (X' .)2
2
2
(297)
Trong :
Theo th vect ta c:
I21 = (I + I'2sin2)2 + (I'2sin2)2;
sin2 =
(299)
I2
I2 X2 *2
R'2 + (X' )2
2
2
2I2 XX' *2
2
'2
R + (X' )2
2
2
(2100)
T rt ra:
R'2
I1 2
()
I
1
I1 2
()
(X' + X)2
X'2
I
2
2
(2101)
I.X.
'2
R + (X' + X)2.2
2
2
(2102)
Tng t nh xt ng c K, ta xc nh c mmen:
71/201
M=
R'
'2 2
3I
2 2
(2103)
Hay: M =
3I'2XR'
2
2
2
'2
'
o[R + (X + X)2 ]
2
2
(2104)
R'
X + X'
(2105)
Mth.th =
3I2X2
2o(X + X' )
(2106)
V: (2107)
Biu thc (2107) l phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c K khi hm ng nng kch
t c lp.
Ta thy rng, khi thay i R2f th thay i, nn thay i, cn Mth = const, cn khi
thay i dng in xoay chiu ng tr I1, ngha l thay i dng in mt chiu Imc,
th mmen Mth thay i, cn = const.
Cc ng c tnh hm ng nng c biu din nh trn hnh 242. Trn : ng
(1) v (2) c cng in tr nhng c Mth2 > Mth1 nn dng mt chiu tng ng
Imc2 > Imc1.
Nh vy khi thay i ngun mt chiu a vo stato ng c khi hm ng nng th s
thay i c mmen ti hn.
Hnh 2-42: c tnh c ca ng c K khi HN-KTL* 0Mth2 Mth1 0
MMc()A (/c)(3)HN(2)(1)*th2*th1
Cn ng (2) v (3) th c cng dng in mt chiu nhng in tr.
Nh vy khi thay i in tr ph trong mch rto hoc dng in mt chiu trong stato
ng c khi hm ng nng th s thay i c v tr ca c tnh tnh c.
72/201
b) Hm ng nng t kch t:
ng c ang hot ng ch ng c (tip K kn, tip im H h), khi cho K h,
H kn li, ng c s chuyn sang ch hm ng nng t kch t. Khi , dng in
Imc khng phi t ngun in mt chiu bn ngoi, m s dng ngay nng lng ca
ng c thng qua b chnh lu mch rto (hnh 243a) hoc b t in mch stato.
Hnh 2-43: a)S ni dy K khi HN TKTb) S nguyn l to mmen hm HN
TKT++++FFe2i2RMhb)K~KMSXHRchHa)CL
* V d 26:
Hy la chn c tnh c hm ng nng v xc nh cc thng s mch hm, gm dng
in mt chiu Imc cp vo cun dy stato v in tr ph Rh ni vo mch rto ca
ng c khng ng b rto dy qun sao cho mmen hm cc i t c Mh.max =
2,5Mm v hiu qu hm cao. S liu cho trc: ng c 11KW; 220V; 953vg/ph, ? =
Mth/Mm = 3,1; cos?m = 0,71; cos?o (khng ti) = 0,24; I1m = 28,4A; I1.0 (khng
ti) = 19,2A; R1 = 0,415?; X1 = 0,465?; E2nm(in p dy) = 200V; I2m = 35,4A; r2
= 0,132?; X2 = 0,27?; v Ke = 1,84.
* Gii:
Trc ht, xc nh thm cc thng s ca ng c:
Tc nh mc:
m =
nm
9,55
953
9,55
= 99,8rad/s
Trang 82
Tc t trng quay: ?o = 1000/9,55 = 104,7 rad/s
Mmen nh mc:
trt nh mc:
in khng mch ha X? c xc nh theo s... v dng in khng ti ca stato (coi
dng khng ti bng dng t ha):
E
X =
1.0
I1.0
212
19,2
= 11,05
(vi:)
73/201
00,05
b =m
*th.t
Mh.max = Mth.n Mm 3,1Mm M
Hnh 244: c tnh c TN v c tnh c hm N
T biu thc ca mmen ti hn hm ng nng (biu thc 2106) ta rt ra biu thc
tnh dng in xoay chiu ng tr I1:
I1 =
.2o(X + X' )
2
th.n
3X2
2,5.110,2.2.104,7.(11,05+0,92)
3.11,052
= 43,4A
74/201
Vy in tr ph cn ni vo mch rto l:
Rh = R2t r2 = 1,44 0,132 = 1,308
o chiu ng c K:
Gi s ng c ang lm vic im A theo chiu quay thun trn c tnh c t nhin
thun vi ti Mc:
M=
2Mth(1 + asth)
sth
s
+
+ 2asth
sth
s
(2108)
75/201
C TNH C CA ng c ng b (B)
c tnh c ca ng c B:
Khi ng stato ca ng c ng b vo li in xoay chiu c tn s f1 khng i,
ng c s lm vic vi tc ng b khng ph thuc vo ti:
0 =
2f1
p
(2109)
CB
CA
Ulsin
Ixs
(2111)
Ulsin
Ixs
Hay: U1Icos =
(2112)
EUl
xs sin
(2113)
EUl
xs sin
(2114)
Mmen ca ng c:
M=
P
0
3EUl
0xs sin
(2115)
3EUl
0xs
(2116)
77/201
Mm
Mm
= 2 2,5
78/201
79/201
Chng 3:
iu chnh cc thng s u ra ca h thng truyn ng
in
iu chnh cc thng s u ra ca h thng truyn ng in
80/201
c) Cc phn t iu khin:
L cc thit b hoc dng c lm thay i cc thng s u vo.
Ch , ngi ta thng gi vic iu chnh cc thng s u ra l iu khin ng c
in.
Mc ch iu chnh cc thng s u ra ca ng c:
Ty theo yu cu cng ngh ca my sn xut, vic iu chnh M, ? nhm thc hin cc
mc ch sau:
+ t gi tr lm vic v duy tr mc t , v d duy tr tc lm vic khi ph ti
thay i ngu nhin.
+ Thay i thng s theo quy lut yu cu, v d trong thi gian khi ng v tng tc
ng c thang my t 0 ln n tc n nh, mmen lc u phi tng tuyn tuyn
tnh theo thi gian, sau gi khng i, v cui cng gim tuyn tnh cho n khi M =
Mc.
+ Hn ch thng s mt mc cho php, v d hn ch dng in khi ng Ik ?
Icp.
+ To ra mt quy lut chuyn ng cho c cu cng tc (tc cho trc ng c) theo quy
lut cho trc u vo vi mt chnh xc no .
iu chnh khng t ng v iu chnh t ng:
a) iu chnh khng t ng:
L vic thay i thng s u ra bng cch tc ng ln thng s u vo mt cch ri
rc. Mi ln tc ng ta c mt gi tr khng i ca thng s u vo v tng ng ta
c mt ng c tnh c (nhn to). Khi ng c lm vic, cc nhiu lon (nh ph
ti thay i, in p ngun dao ng, ) s tc ng vo h, nhng thng s u vo
vn gi khng i nn im lm vic ca ng c ch di chuyn trn mt ng c tnh
c.
Ngi ta gi dng iu chnh ny l iu chnh bng tay hay iu chnh khng t
ng hoc iu chnh vng h. Phng php iu chnh ny n gin nn vn c
dng trong cc h truyn ng in hin i, tuy nhin n khng m bo c cc yu
cu cao v ch cng ngh.
81/201
b) iu chnh t ng:
c thc hin nh s thay i lin tc ca thng s u vo theo mc sai lch ca
thng s u ra so vi gi tr nh trc, nhm khc phc sai lch . Nh vy khi c
tc ng ca nhiu lm nh hng n thng s u ra, th thng s u vo s thay i
v ng c s c mt ng c tnh c khc, im lm vic ca ng c s dch chuyn
t ng c tnh nhn to ny sang c tnh nhn o khc v vch ra mt ng c
tnh c ca h iu chnh t ng.
V vy c th nh ngha: c tnh c ca h iu chnh t ng l qu tch ca cc
im lm vic ca ng c trn v s cc c tnh c ca h iu chnh vng h. Hay
cn gi l qu o pha trn ta c tnh c.
Vic thay i t ng thng s u vo c thc hin nh mch phn hi, mch ny
ly tn hiu t thng s u ra hoc mt thng s no lin quan n u ra, a tr
li gy tc ng ln thng s u vo, to thnh mt h c lin h kn gia u ra v u
vo. V vy ngi ta gi h ny l h iu chnh vng kn. H iu chnh t ng tuy
phc tp nhng m bo cc ch tiu cht lng cao.
c) Nhiu ca cc thng s u ra:
i vi cc h truyn ng v ng c in, c hai thng s u ra ch yu l mmen
v tc . C nhiu loi nhiu gy tc ng ln cc thng s ny nh in p ngun, tn
s li in, nhit mI trng, h s t cm ca cun dy, nhng ta quan tm n
cc tc ng nhiu lon ch yu.
Khi iu chnh tc , thng s c iu chnh l ?, thng s iu chnh l mt trong
cc thng s to ra c tnh nhn to, cn ch yu l ph ti biu th bng mmen cn
Mc, hoc dng ti Ic.
Ngc li, khi iu chnh mmen hoc dng in, thng s c iu chnh l M hoc
I, th nhiu lon ch yu li l tc ?. S nh hng qua li gia hai i lng M v ?
c th hin bng ng c tnh c v phng trnh ca n.
82/201
0
0 .100
= c =
(31)
( tc lm vic thc ca ng c.
(0 tc khng ti ca ng c.
??c st tc khi mmen ti thay i Mc = 0 ? Mm.
Sai s ny cng nh, iu chnh cng chnh xc, v l tng ta c h iu chnh tuyt i
chnh xc khi S% = 0. Thc t ngi ta phi thit k cc h truyn ng diu chnh c
chnh xc p ng yu cu cng ngh ca my sn xut, nh truyn ng chnh ca
my ct gt kim loi yu cu S% ? 10%, tryun ng n dao : S% ? 5%,
Phm vi iu chnh tc D:
D=
wmax
wmin
(32)
83/201
m
min
max
m
= DU.D (33)
Mc
01.1 .100;s2
Mc
02.2 .100
(34)
1
Knm2 .100;
hays2 = 1
wmin = (1 s2).
Mc.Knm2
2
min
02
).100 (35)
(36)
max
min
(tn 1)
(min 1)
min
tn
(37)
84/201
trn iu chnh tc ( :
L s chnh lch gia 2 cp tc lin nhau:
j=
wi + 1
wi
(38)
Trong : (i l tc n nh t c cp i.
(i+1 l tc n nh t c cp k tip (i+1).
H s ( cng nh cng tt, l tng l ( ( 1: l h iu chnh v cp. Cn h iu
chnh c cp nu: ( ( 1.
S ph hp gia c tnh iu chnh v c tnh ti:
Vi cc ng c th ch lm vic ti u thng l ch nh mc ca ng c.
s dng tt ng c khi iu chnh tc cn lu n cc ch tiu nh: dng in ng
c khng vt qu dng nh mc ca n, m bo kh nng qu ti v mmen (trong
khong thi gian ngn), m bo yu cu v n nh tnh khi c nhiu v.v... trong ton
gii iu chnh.
V vy khi thit k h truyn ng c iu chnh tc , ngi ta thng chn h truyn
ng cng nh phng php iu chnh, sao cho c tnh iu chnh ca h bm st yu
cu c tnh ca ti. Nu m bo c iu kin ny th tn tht trong qu trnh iu
chnh s nh nht.
Ch tiu kinh t:
Nhiu trng hp, ch tiu kinh t l ch tiu quyt nh s la chn phng n truyn
ng. H truyn ng in iu chnh tc cn t c vn u t thp, gi thnh h,
chi ph vn hnh, bo qun, sa cha t, c bit l tn tht nng lng khi iu chnh
v vn hnh nh. Nng sut ca my sn xut do h iu chnh mang li.
Tn tht nng lng bao gm tn tht nhit v tn tht c:
W=Wj + Wc.t
2
t2
(39)
t1
Vic tnh ton c th cc ch tiu lin quan nu trn s cho thy hiu qu kinh t, thi
gian hon vn v li ch nh vic s dng h iu chnh chn. Thng ngi ta cn
c cc ch tiu k thut xut vi phng n iu chnh, sau tnh ton kinh t
85/201
so snh hiu qu v quyt nh chn h thng hoc phng php iu chnh thng s
u ra ca ng c.
U
K
R+Rf
(K)2
M (310)
Nh vy: 0 < Rf1 < Rf2 < ... th (m > (1 > (2 > ... , nhng nu ta tng Rf n mt
gi tr no th s lm cho M ( Mc v nh th ng c s khng quay c v ng c
lm vic ch ngn mch, ( = 0. T lc ny, ta c thay i Rf th tc vn bng
khng, ngha l khng iu chnh tc ng c c na, do phng php iu
chnh ny l phng php iu chnh khng trit .
Phng php iu chnh tc Ml bng cch thay i t thng kch t ca
ng c:
T phng trnh c tnh c tng qut:
86/201
w=
U
Kf
RS
(Kf)2
(311)
w = w0 Dw
Ta thy rng khi thay i ( th (0 v (( u thay i, v vy ta s c cc ng c tnh
iu chnh dc dn ( cng ( cng gim) v cao hn c tnh c t nhin khi ( cng
nh, vi ti nh nhau th tc cng cao khi gim t thng ( (hnh 34):
Nh vy: (m > (1 > (2 > ... th (m < (1 < (2 <... , nhng nu gim ( qu nh th c
th lm cho tc ng c ln qu gii hn cho php, hoc lm cho iu kin chuyn
mch b xu i do dng phn ng tng cao, hoc m bo chuyn mch bnh thng
th cn phi gim dng phn ng v nh vy s lm cho mmen cho php trn trc ng
c gim nhanh, dn n ng c b qu ti.
Phng php iu chnh tc Ml bng cch thay i in p phn ng ca
ng c:
T phng trnh c tnh c tng qut:
w=
U
Kf
R
(Kf)2
(312)
w = w0 Dw
Ta thy rng khi thay i U th (0 thay i cn (( = const, v vy ta s c cc ng
c tnh iu chnh song song vi nhau. Nhng mun thay i U th phi c b ngun
mt chiu thay i c in p ra, thng dng cc b bin i (hnh 35):
87/201
Gi tr tng i ca tc cc i (tc tc nh mc ca ng c) s l:
= 1 R*
= 1 0,048 = 0,0952
Tc khng ti l tng:
n0 =
nm
nm
1000vg/ph
0,0952
= 1050 vg/ph
Gi tr tng i ca tc cc tiu:
nmin = min = 1
1
min
=1
1
2
= 0,5
Vy tc quay cc tiu ca ng c l:
nmin = nmin.n0 = 0,5.1050 vg/ph = 525 vg/ph
nmax
nmin
1000
525
= 1,9
T biu thc (37) thay ?*min = Kqt = 2; ?*tn = 20,8; ta cng c kt qu D = 1,9.
90/201
2Mth(I + asth)
sth
s
+
+ 2asth
sth
s
(313)
Trong : (314)
V: (315)
sth =
R'
R2 + X2
(316)
nm
Qua biu thc (313), (314), (315), (316) ta thy rng khi thay i cc thng s in
tr, in khng, in p, tn s, s i cc th s thay i c sth, Mth v s iu chnh
c tc ca ng c K.
91/201
92/201
93/201
( ) = M .u
Mth.u = Mth.gh
th
2
b
(317)
}
ci thin dng c tnh iu chnh v gim bt mc pht nng ca ng c, ngi ta
mc thm in tr R2f (hnh 37). Khi , nu in p t vo stato l nh mc (ub =
u1) th ta c c tnh mm hn c tnh t nhin, gi l c tnh gii hn.
R rng l:; Mth.gh = Mth (318)
Trong : Mth.gh, sth.gh l mmen v h s trt ti hn ca c tnh gii hn (/tGH).
Mth, sth l mmen v h s trt ti hn ca c tnh t nhin.
Da vo c tnh gii hn Mgh(s), v nu ? = const, ta suy ra c tnh iu chnh ng
vi gi tr ub cho trc nh quan h:
Mu = u2b;Mu =
Mu
Mgh
(319)
94/201
2pf1(1 s)
p
(320)
95/201
R'
R2 + (X1 + X' )2
Mth. =
r'
r2 + x 2
3(3.U1)2
2o R1 R2 + X2
1
nm
(322)
nm
9U2
1
4o r1 + r2 + x2
1
nm
(323)
Nu i thnh th:
1
96/201
sth. =
R'
R2 + (X1 + X' )2
Mth. =
r'
r2 + x 2
3(3.U1)2
2o R1 R2 + X2
1
nm
(325)
nm
9U2
1
4o r1 + r2 + x2
1
nm
(326)
So snh (362) vi (359) ta thy:
Mth
Mth.
2
3
(327)
r'2
r21 + x2nm
3U21
4o r1 r21 + x2nm
(328)
}
So snh (328) vi cc biu thc tng ng ca s sao kp l (325) v (326) ta
c:
97/201
Khi ni :
Pc.cp = 33U1I1mcos (331)
Do : (332)
Thc t cho php coi Pc.cp? ? Pc.cp , v h s cng sut v hiu sut khi ni ? cao hn
khi ni . l do khi ni , in p t ln tng on dy qun ln hn khi ni ?, nn
dng t ha tng mt cch v ch:
T (332) ta suy ra quan h ca mmen ti cho php:
Mc.cp
Mc.cp
Pc.cp / o
Pc.cp / o
o
o
1
2
ng c gim i hai ln, cn cng sut cho php th c gi khng i (Pcp = const).
iu chng t phng php i ni ny ph hp vi nhng my c mmen ti t l
nghch vi tc .
Nu t: ? = Mth/Mc.cp th t (327) v (332) ta thy:
Mth / Mc.cp
Mth / Mc.cp
4
3
(334)
2cos
3cosYY
2 (336)
98/201
V: (337)
Nh vy, khi i ni , mmen ti cho php ca ng c c gi khng i, cn cng
sut cho php th tng 2 ln. iu c ngha l phng php i ni ny ph hp vi
nhng my c mmen ti khng i (Mc = const).
T (337) v (329) ta tm c quan h ca h s qu ti ?:
Mth / Mc.cp
MthY / Mc.cpY
= 2 (338)
99/201
Ngha l:
=
Mth
M
= const (341)
100/201
Mth =
2o.Xnm
U2
1
=
2.
2f1
p
K.
.Lnm
U2
1
2
f
1
(342)
f1 q
f1m
( ) A.( ) (343)
Trong : q = 1,0,1,2
Theo (341), (342), (343) ta c:
U1
f1
U1.m
f1.m
( ) (344)
f1
f1.m
Suy ra:
; vi q = 1, 0, 1, 2; (345)
Hay dng tng i:
(1 + q2 )
u1 = f1
; (q = 1,0,1,2) (346)
101/201
= const (347)
= const (348)
= const (349)
U1
f2
= const (350)
103/201
Mm
S= .w
0min
M
m
(352)
Mm
m.w0min
Scp (353)
M
=w0
M
m
Eb=Eb0+k'dI (354)
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Trong : ; (355)
Nguyn l iu chnh (354) c th c thc hin bng mch phn hi dng dng
in phn ng nh trn hnh 316a.
Theo s 316, ta c:
Eb = kb(U + RdI) (256)
w=
kbU R+(1kb)Rd
kfm kfm I
(257)
Trong : U in p t tc ,
Ui = RdI in p phn hi dng in,
Rd in tr sun trong mch phn ng.
So snh (356) vi (354) ta c:
Eb0 = kb.U ; Kd = kb.Rd (258)
Nu chn: kb.Rd = (R + Rd) th (m = (, ta c c tnh c cng tuyt i. Nu kb.Rd
> (R + Rd) th c tnh c mong mun s c cng dng, v ng c lm vic s
khng n nh. Trong trng hp bit trc (, (m cn phi tnh Rd, kb cho ph hp,
(hnh 216b).
iu chnh t ng tc theo in p phn ng:
Qua hnh 316, nng cng ln (m ta c th iu chnh Eb bng cch dng mch
phn hi m in p phn ng. Da vo phng trnh c tnh ti ca b bin i:
Eb = U + RbI, v Rb = R R nn:
105/201
I=
1
1
(kfm)2(
U) (359)
1 (Eb
)
tn
b=(
1
1
m )(
1
=Eb0 1 b ;
'
b0
1
tn )
b
1 b;
k =
(360)
w=
kbU
(1+kbka).kfm
kbka
R
1+kbka b
(kfm)2
M (363)
U
ka.kfm
R
(kfm)2
w = w0(U,ka)
M
tn
(364)
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Khi thay i h s phn hi in p ka (bng con trt trn chit p r1, r2) th c tc
khng ti l tng ln cng c tnh c u thay i theo. Trng hp h c h
s khuch i rt ln th cng mong mun c th t gi tr ti a bng (tn, (hnh
317b).
iu chnh t ng dng phn hi m tc ng c:
Qua hnh 316, nng cng ln (m ta c th iu chnh Eb bng cch dng mch
phn hi m tc ng c.
Eb =
1
1kdR (Eb0
m
Eb0
kd.kfm
w)
R
1).kfmw (365)
Eb=E''b0k't.w
Trong : Eb0 = (m.Eb0/( , kt = ((m/(1).k(m .
Lut iu chnh (365) c thc hin bng phn hi m tc (hnh 318a), trong
tn hiu tc c ly trn my pht tc FT l my pht c in p ra t l vi tc
ng c: U( = kt..
w=
m =
(kfm)2(1+kbkt/kfm)
R
(366)
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Eb = Eb0
1
ng
).(kf
Eb = Eb0 k
m)
.(IIng)
(367)
'ng.d
.(I Ing)
thc hin quy lut iu chnh ny, ta dng mt khu phn hi m dng in c ngt
tc ng trn mc ngng Ing, s nguyn l nh hnh 319b. in p so snh: Us =
Ing.Ro, vy:
Eb = kb[Ut I.Ro + Us] = kb.Ut kb.Ro.(I Ing); (368)
So snh vi (367) ta thy:
Eb0 = kb.Ut ; kng.d = kb.Ro = kb.kng.d;
on BC:
( = CkbUt C(kbkng.d + R)(I Ing); (369)
Cu hi n tp
1. C nhng ch tiu cht lng no dng nh gi cc phng php iu khin ng
c ? Nu nh ngha v trnh by ngha ca tng ch tiu.
2. Phn tch ngha ca vic iu chnh tc v iu chnh dng in (hoc mmen),
nu yu cu thc t ca vic iu chnh tng thng s ? Nhng ch tiu cn t c ca
vic iu chnh mi thng s l g ?
3. T biu thc no ta rt ra nhn xt chung v cc phng php iu khin ng c
in mt chiu v ng c in khng ng b ? Mi loi ng c c my phng php
iu khin ? Nhng phng php no c xem l c hiu qu ?
4. Nhng phng php iu khin no ca ng c in mt chiu c th dng iu
chnh tc ? Nhng phng php no dng iu chnh mmen v dng in ?
5. Hy nh gi cc ch tiu cht lng ca phng php iu chnh tc ng c mt
chiu bng cch thay i in p phn ng.
6. Nu ng dng ca phng php iu chnh tc ng c mt chiu kch t c lp
bng cch thay i in tr ph phn ng.
7. Nu u, nhc im ca phng php iu chnh tc ng c in mt chiu bng
cch thay i t thng kch thch.
109/201
110/201
Chng 4:
iu chnh tc truyn ng in Cc h thng b bin
i - ng c
H b bin i - ng c mt chiu:
H My pht - ng c mt chiu (F-):
Trc y, h thng My pht ng c mt chiu l mt h truyn ng in iu
chnh tt nht. iu chnh tc ng ng c rt linh hot v thun tin. Tuy nhin h
thng dng nhiu my in quay nn cng knh, khi lm vic gy n, rung, nn i hi
phi c nn mng vng chc. S nguyn l nh hnh 41.
w=
w=
EF
Kf
KF.UKF
Kf
R
(Kf)2
R
(Kf)2
(42)
M
112/201
Xt h CL - M khng o chiu:
+ Ch dng lin tc: Ed = Ed0.cos(
w=
w=
Ed0.cos
Kfm
Ed0.cos
Kfm
R + Rcl
Kfm .I
R + Rcl
(Kfm)2
.M (43)
w = w'0 Dw
Trong :
l tc khng ti gi tng, v lc vng dng in gin on, h s c thm mt
lng st p nn ng c tnh iu chnh dc hn, tc khng ti l tng thc (0
s ln hn tc khng ti l tng gi tng (0 (hnh 44).
113/201
Ed0.sin
XBA+2pflLuS
(1 mp cotg mp ) (45)
E2m.cos( p / m) DUv
Kfm
p
m
>
p
m
(46)
w0 = {
Trong : E2m bin sc in ng th cp my bin p CL.
114/201
ng gii hn tc cc i:
wgh.max =
Ed0.cos
Kf
RuS
Kf Id.blt
(47)
Xt h CL - M c o chiu:
Mun o chiu tc ng c th phi dng hai b chnh lu u song song ngc
chnh lu kp (hnh 43), nguyn tc iu khin hai b chnh lu l:
+ Khi cho b CL1 lm vic ch chnh lu th CL2 chun b lm vic ch
nghch lu, dng chnh lu chy theo chiu dng, tc ng c quay thun.
+ Ngc li, khi cho b CL2 lm vic ch chnh lu th CL1 chun b lm vic
ch nghch lu, dng chnh lu chy theo chiu m, tc ng c quay ngc.
khi truyn nng lng t b CL ny qua b CL kia v li th cn tho mn iu
kin:
|Ed.NL| |Ed.CL| (48)
iu khin hai b chnh lu lm vic theo ng cc ch yu cu th c th dng
phng php iu khin chung hoc iu khin ring.
* Phng php iu khin chung: tn hiu iu khin c a vo c 2 nhm van sao
cho tho mn (48). i vi phng php ny, c th xut hin dng in cn bng chy
qua 2 b chnh lu, khng qua ti, gy qu ti cho cc van v my bin p, cho nn cn
hn ch dng cn bng, thng dng cc cun khng cn bng CK hn ch dng cn
bng.
Trong phng php iu khin chung, khi phi hp iu khin kiu tuyn tnh:
1 + 2 = (49)
Khi , cc c tnh c ca h T M s gn ging h F (hnh 45a).
Khi phi hp iu khin kiu phi tuyn (phi hp khng hon ton) th s c thm h s
phi tuyn (:
1 + 2 = + ? (410)
Gc ( ph thuc vo cc gi tr ca (1 v (2 mt cch phi tuyn.
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116/201
EKT DUv
Kf
RKT Ru
M
Kf
(411)
117/201
t
Tck
Ud = Ud (412)
Ud
K
Ru
K Iu
(414)
V: (415)
c tnh c theo phng trnh (415) vng dng in lin tc l nhng ng thng
song song nhau nh hnh 48, trong tc khng ti l tng ph thuc vo t s chu
k : ?0 = Ud/K.
118/201
H b bin i - ng c khng ng b:
Cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c K:
ng c K, c s dng rng ri trong thc t. u im ni bt ca n l: cu to
n gin, lm vic tin cy, vn u t t, gi thnh h, trng lng, kch thc nh hn
khi dng cng sut nh mc so vi ng c mt chiu.
S dng trc tip li in xoay chiu 3 pha
Tuy nhin, vic iu chnh tc v khng ch cc qu trnh qu kh khn hn, cc
ng c K lng sc c cc ch tiu khi ng xu, (dng khi ng ln, mmen khi
ng nh).
Trong thi gian gn y, do pht trin cng nghip ch to bn dn cng sut v k thut
in tin hc, ng c K mi c khai thc cc u im ca chng. N tr thnh h
truyn ng cnh tranh c hiu qu so vi h Thyristor ng c in mt chiu.
Qua phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c K:
M=
2Mth(I + asth)
sth
s
+
+ 2asth
sth
s
(416)
Trong :
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sth =
R'
R2 + X2
(417)
nm
V: (418)
sth =
R'
R2 + X2
(419)
nm
Qua biu thc (416), (417), (418), (419) ta thy rng khi dng cc b bin i: xung
in tr mch rto, iu p xoay chiu stato, bin tn mch stato, th s thay i c
sth, Mth v s iu chnh c tc ca ng c K.
Phng php xung in tr mch rto:
120/201
Trn hnh 49 trnh by nguyn l iu chnh trn in tr mch rto bng phng php
xung. in p ur c iu chnh bi cu chnh lu it CL, qua in khng lc L, cp
vo mch iu chnh gm in tr Ro ni song song vi kha bn dn T1.
Kha T1 c iu khin ng ngt mt cch chu k. Hot ng ca kha T1 tng t
nh mch iu chnh xung p mt chiu. Khi kha T1 ng in tr Ro b ngn mch
(b loi ra khi mch), dng rto tng ln, khi T1 ngt, in tr Ro c a vo mch,
dng rto gim xung. Vi chu k ngngt nht nh (T = const), ta s c mt gi tr
in tr tng ng (Rt) trong mch rto. Hnh 49b: thi gian ng t = T tn , nu
iu chnh trn t s chu k ? = (t/T), th ta s iu chnh trn c gi tr gi tr in
tr trong mch rto:
Rt = (1?).Ro (420)
in tr Rt trong mch mt chiu c tnh i v mch xoay chiu 3 pha rto theo
qui tc bo ton cng sut. Tn hao trong mch rto ni theo s hnh 39a l:
P = I2d(2R2 + Rt) (421)
Rt
2
(1 ).Ro
2
(424)
121/201
( ) = M .u
Mth.u = Mth.gh
th
2
b
(425)
}
ci thin dng c tnh iu chnh v gim bt mc pht nng ca ng c, ngi ta
mc thm in tr R2f (hnh 410). Khi , nu in p t vo stato l nh mc (ub =
u1) th ta c c tnh mm hn c tnh t nhin, gi l c tnh gii hn.
R rng l:; Mth.gh = Mth (426)
Trong : Mth.gh, sth.gh l mmen v h s trt ti hn ca c tnh gii hn (/tGH).
Mth, sth l mmen v h s trt ti hn ca c tnh t nhin.
122/201
Mu
Mgh
(427)
123/201
* Cc c im ca vic iu chnh tn s:
iu chnh tc ng c K bng cch bin i in p v tn s trn u ni stato l
mt trong nhng phng php c ch v c nhiu trin vng.
Bng phng php iu chnh ny, ta nhn c nhng c tnh c ng. Khi tn tht
cng sut khng ln. Thc vy, t biu thc:
?P2in = M?os (430)
Ta thy, nu coi ng c lm vic trn on ng thng ca c tnh c khi iu chnh
tn s th s c tr s nh, nn ?P2in cng nh. Khi s dng cc b bin tn thch hp, ta
c th iu chnh c tc vi trn ty .
Quan trng hn na l cc u im trn u c th hin c vi khi iu chnh ng c
khng ng b lng sc l loi ng c n gin, chc chn v r tin.
Nhc im ch yu ca cc h thng truyn ng in ny l hin nay b bin tn cn
tng i phc tp v t tin. V vy hn ch phm vi ng dng ca truyn ng
in c iu khin tn s. Nhng nhng u im ca chng vn l c bn. Nu to ra
c nhng b bin tn vi mc phc tp v gi thnh va phi, th truyn ng in
iu khin tn s dng ng c K lng sc s c ng dng rng ri trong sn xut
v sinh hot.
iu chnh tc ng c K bng cc s ni tng:
S ni tng in c:
S nguyn l :
124/201
Ed2 Eb
R
(433)
125/201
Hnh 413 gii thiu mt s nguyn l h iu chnh ni tng in. Trong ny, nng
lng trt trong mch rto ca ng c K (c biu th bi cc thng s s... xoay
chiu E2, dng xoay chiu I2 v tn s mch rto f2 = f1.s) cng c chnh lu thnh
dng mt chiu (vi cc thng s E2d , Id) nh cu diot CL ri c truyn vo b
nghch lu NL (vi chc nng l thit b bin i trong hnh 412). Vi b nghch lu
ny, vic chuyn mch cc thyristor c thc hin nh in p li (ul), do nng
lng trt dng mt chiu s c bin i thnh xoay chiu c tn s ca in p li,
cui cng qua my bin p BA, nng lng trt c tr v li in.
Trong s ni tng in hnh 413, dng in rto I2 ca ng c K hoc dng in
trong mch mt chiu Id cng c xc nh theo biu thc (433), trong Eb l
s... ca b nghch lu c dng:
Trong : ? l gc m ca cc thyristor (? > ?/2)
126/201
127/201
Chng 5:
Qu trnh qu truyn ng in
Khi nim chung
+ Qu trnh qu truyn ng in (QTQ T) l qu trnh lm vic ca h thng
T khi chuyn t trng thi xc lp ny sang trng thi xc lp khc, khi cc i
lng c trng cho h thng T (I, M, (, ...) u thay i theo thi gian.
+ Da vo cc c tnh I(t), M(t), ((t), n(t) ... ta s xc nh c thi gian v tnh cht
din bin ca QTQ tng ng vi ch cng ngh ca my; t nh gi c
mmen cho php, gia tc dng in trong QTQ, cng nh bit c mc qu ti
ca ng c, v t m chn cng sut ng c v cc kh c, thit b iu khin cho
ph hp.
+ Nguyn nhn c QTQ c th l:
Nguyn nhn khch quan: do tc ng ngu nhin (nhiu lon) nh: ma, bo, st nh,
nhit thay i, in p, tn s li thay i, ph ti thay i bt thng ...
Nguyn nhn ch quan: do con ngi iu khin hoc tc ng iu khin cc ch
lm vic khc nhau ca h thng T theo yu cu cng ngh nh: thay i tc ,
khi ng, hm, o chiu ..., v cc phn t, cc thit b c qun tnh c v qun tnh
in t nn c QTQ.
+ H thng T c cc phn t in + c nn lun lun tn ti cc phn t tch lu
nng lng, do m c qun tnh.
Qun tnh in t: c trng bi hng s thi gian in tTt =, do cc phn t tch
lu nng lng in t nh in cm L, t in C.
Qun tnh c: c trng bi hng s thi gian c Tc , do cc khu tch lu ng nng
nh mmen qun tnh J v khi lng qun tnh m (( l cng c tnh c).
Qun tnh nhit: c c trng bi hng s thi gian nhitTn =, do cc phn t tch
lu nhit nng nh nhit dung ... (C l nhit dung, A l h s to nhit).
Thng Tn rt ln nn ta b qua khi xt QTQ, v QTQ c th kt thc ri m qu
trnh thay i nhit vn cn, cho nn coi nh khng nh hng n QTQ ang xt.
128/201
129/201
(51)
Rt ra:
(M n - ) -(M co - c ) = J
Mn Mco
+ c
J
+ c
dw
dt
dw
dt
+w
Ta c:
Tc
dw
dt
+ w = wxl (52)
Trong :
130/201
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V d nu Mc(() = const th (c = 0, do :
J
Tc =
Dw
= J DM
Mn Mco
wxl =
= wo
Mc
(58)
}
Cc phng trnh (56), (57) cho thy: ((t) v M(t) c dng hm m. c im ca hm
m l o hm ca n theo thi gian s gim n iu, ngha l dM/dt v d(/dt c sau
mt khong thi gian t = Tc th chng gim i e (2,718 ln:
M(t + Tc)
w(t + Tc)
M(t)
=e
t + Tc
Tc
t
Tc
w(t)
1
e
(59)
Ti thi im ban u, cc o hm c gi tr cc i:
M(0) =
Mxl Mbd
Tc
eo = w(0) =
wxl Mbd
Tc
(510)
}
V (oTc = ((xl (b) nn ng tip tuyn vi ((t) ti thi im ban u s ct ng
thng ( = (xl = const im cch trc tung mt khong ng bng Tc (hnh 53).
Khi (b = 0 th:
132/201
= xl(1 et/Tc)
Tc l khong thi gian cn thit tc tng t:
(b = 0 ln n ( = 0,632(xl
( = 0,632(xl ln n ( = 0,85(xl
( = 0,85(xl ln n ( = 0,95(xl
V M(t) cng din bin tng t ((t).
V l thuyt th tq = (, nhng thc t th tq ( 3Tc (xem nh kt thc QTQ, v sai s
5% c th chp nhn).
Khi gii phng trnh (56) hoc (57) c th c nghim lm cho QTQ l n nh hoc
khng n nh, khng dao ng hoc dao ng:
Cc phng trnh trn ch ng khi M((), Mc(() l lin tc, nu M((), Mc(() khng lin
tc th QTQ phi tnh ring cho tng on lin tc mt. Sau imt t bin ca mmen,
ta phi thay cc gi tr mi ca (b, (xl, Mb, Mxl v Tc vo cc biu thc (56), (57).
*C th ng dng: Mng(() l tuyn tnh i vi:
+ ng c Ml, Kdq khi thay i ph ti vi Mc ( (.
+ ng c Ml, Mnt, K khi hm: Mc = const, Mc ( (.
+ ng c Kls khi khi ng trc tip vi ph ti kiu qut gi Mc ( (2.
133/201
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J
1
J
R1
= J (R
(KF)2
(sec);
+
R
u
uf1 + Ruf2)
(511a)
(KF)2
Tc2 =
J
2
R2
= J (R
(KF)2
(sec);
u + Ruf2)
(511b)
(KF)2
J
TN
J
Ru
=J
(KF)2
Ru (sec);
(511c)
(KF)2
ti = Tci.ln M
(514)
Vy: (515)
* Xy dng I(t):
+ i vi Ml: ; (516) ( tng t M(t).
+ i vi Kdq: t M(t), c tnh M((), I((), tnh c ti tng ng Mi, suy ra Ii(Mi),
v cui cng ta c Ii(ti) v v I(t).
137/201
138/201
U Icp.Ru
wtn1
(520)
U
Ru + Ruf
(522)
M
I
= KF (523)
Ta xc nh c:
M
R2 + R2f
R2
(525)
2 sc
stn1
1 .R2 (526)
2Mt
st.btr +
1
st.btr
(527)
R2 + R2f
R2
(528)
(xl = (b (529)
M 1 + M2
1 M2
Mc+M2
w = wbd M
e t / Tc wbd
M=-(M1 + Mc)
e t / Tc + Mc (531)
M1 M2
(530)
ttn = Tcln M
(532)
Trn hnh 58b trnh by th tc , mmen v thi gian khi hm. Cui qu trnh hm
(( ( 0) gia tc vn khc khng. Do mun dng ng c th lc ta phi ct ng c
ra khi li.
Xt QTQ c hc khi hm ng nng:
C th coi qu trnh hm ng nng l trng hp ring ca qu trnh hm ngc khi
M2 = 0 (I2 =0) lc ( = 0. V vy c th kho st tng t khi hm ngc ta s c kt
qu tng t khi hm ngc nhng vi iu kin cui l: M2 = 0 (I2 = 0) v ( = 0.
Qu trnh qu c hc khi Mc(t) bin i nhy cp:
Cc trng hp trn ta xt vi Mc(t) l lin tc. Nhng thc t c Mc(t) thay i, tn
hiung gp l Mc(t) thay i kiu nhy cp (t bin) chu k nh: my bo, my t
dp ...
Mc2(1 e
t 2 / Tc
+Mc1(1 e t1 / Tc)
(540)
t /T
(1 e ck c)
).e
t 1 / Tc
Mc1.t1 + Mc2.t2
tck
(541)
i vi on th i bt k:
Mcci = Mbd1.e
tj
i
1 Tc
+ Mc1(1 e
+Mc2(1 e t2 / Tc).e
t 1 / Tc
tj
i
3 Tc
).e
tj
2 Tc
(544)
Mbd1 = Mccm =
t /T
m Mci(1 e 1 c).e
i=1
1 e tck / Tc
tck i tj
1
(545)
Cc biu thc (544), (545) cho php dng phng php gii tch xc nh cc tr s
mmen ban u v cui cng ca tt c cc giai on trong chu k, ngha l cho php v
c th bin thin ca mmen ng c.
Hng s thi giai c hc Tc cng nh th mmen bin i cng ln, khi th ph ti
bin i mnh lit, mmen ng tr s vt qu gi tr trung bnh mt cch ng k, v
lm tng pht nng ng c, nh cao nht ca mmen (Mmax) c th l khng cho
php i vi kh nng chu qu ti ca ng c (Mmax > Mcp).
Mun san bng th mmen, ta c th tng hng s thi gian c hc Tc, iu c th
thc hin bng cch thm bnh ph hoc lm mm c tnh c ca ng c.
144/201
M=
s=
2Mt
;
s st
+
st s
(546)
wo w
wo ;
s
+
st s
dw
ds
+ Mc = J dt =Jwo dt (547)
Jwo
Mc
s2 + s2
sbd s 2
Mt
Mc
st s + s2
ds (548)
Tch phn trn c xc nh bng cch khai trin biu thc di du tch phn thnh
cc phn thc c bn. Sau khi ly tch phn v thay cn ta c:
t
Tt
Mt
Mc (s
s1
s s1
s1 s2 ln sbd s1
Mt 2
Mc .st
( )
sbd) + 2
s2
s s2
s1 s2 ln sbd s2
(549)
Trong : (550)
Tt =
Jwo
Mt
(551)
Jwo
2Mtst
( )
sbd
s+
s
s2
t
ds (552)
1
4st
(s
2
bd
s2 + 2s2t ln
sbd
s
) (553)
Cc biu thc (549) v (553) cho php xc nh c quan h gia mmen v trt
theo thi gian. Cho trc mt lot gi tr ca s, dng biu thc (547) ta xc nh c
tr s tng ng ca M; theo (549) ta xc nh c cc gi tr ca t.
145/201
Hnh 512 gii thiu cc quan h gia mmen v tc vi thi gian trong QTQ khi
khi ng ng c K.
C M(() v ((t) s tm c M(t) nh trn hnh 512. V d c t1 s tm c (1, v tm
c M1 v cui cng ta c M1(t1).
Nu Mc(() ( 0 th: (xl ( 0 v sxl ( 2.
+ Trong qu trnh hm ngc th: sb = 2; scc ( 1, v (cc ( 0.
+ Trong qu trnh o chiu : sb = 2; scc ( 0, v (cc ( (o.
Trng hp bit sb v scc s tnh c:
tqd =
Tt
4st
Thng kt thc QTQ khi scc ( 5%sxl. Thi gian qu tq ph thuc vo st v Tt,
nn mun c tq.min thng l thay i st.
Phng php th gii tch:
y l phng php gn ng, nhng n gin v tin li hn phng php gii tch.
Phng trnh chuyn ng:
Mng(() = Mg(() = M Mc (555)
Coi J = const, rt ra: (556)
Ly tch phn gn ng: (557)
146/201
DtiJ M
dg.tbi
(558)
147/201
Tc dt + w = wxl (560)
Trong :
wxl(t) = wo(t)
Mc
wo(t) =
= wo(t) wxl(t)
uBD(t)
kf
(561)
148/201
in p b bin i:
uB(t) = ku.t khi 0 ( t ( t1 = UB.m/ku (562)
v in p nh mc: UB.m = const khi t1 ( t
+ Khi t < t1: (o(t) = ( B.t (563)
(xl(t) = ( B.t ((c (564)
Trong : gia tc (B thng cho trc.
+ Qu trnh qu khi khi ng s qua 3 giai on:
* Giai on 1: 0 < t < to ; M < Mc ; ( = 0 ; uB(t) = ku.t
M = KI = KIn = K
(K)2
= R
uBD(t)
K
(K)2
R
ku
K
uBD(t)
R
(565)
t = .BD.t
(567)
149/201
Khi t = 0 th ( = 0 nn C = Tc. (B v ta c:
w = eBD.t' Tc.eBD(1 e t'/Tc) (571)
(573)
(574)
151/201
Qu trnh qu in - c trong h t:
i vi h m ng c c in cm ln th hng s thi gian in t s ln, nh vy ta
phi xt QTQ c c Tc v Tt, gi l QTQ in c trong h thng T.
V d, khi khi ng trc tip ng c Ml, Nu khng c in cm L trong mch
phn ng th xy ra hin tng thot u dng in phn ng tng vt ln tr s bng
dng ngn mch ri sau gim dn theo quy lut hm m.
Nhng thc t, do c L nn dng in khng tng t bin nh vy c. V QTQ
s din ra khc i.
V d xt QTQ mch phn ng Ml:
di-
Mt khc: Mg = M Mc (582)
Nn: M = Mc + (583)
Suy ra: i = I.c + (584)
o hm (484) ta c: (585)
Thay (584), (585) vo (581) ta c:
u = I.c.R +
J.R
K
d
dt
J.L
K
d2
dt2
+ K (586)
152/201
Bin i, ta c:
T.Tc
d2
dt2
+ Tc
d
dt
+ = xl (587)
Trong :
T = L/R hng s thi gian in t mch phn ng.
Tc = J/( = (J.R)/(K()2 hng s thi gian c hc.
(xl = (o ((c = (o (I.R)/K( tc xc lp.
Phng trnh c tnh ca (487):
T.Tc.p2 + Tcp + 1 = 0 (588)
Gii (588) ra ta c nghim:
p1,2 =
1
2T
1 (4T / Tc)
2T
(589)
1 1 (4T / Tc)
2T
(590)
153/201
Chng 6:
Chn cng sut ng c in
Khi nim chung
Mun h thng truyn ng in t ng (HT TT) lm vic ng cc ch tiu k
thut, kinh t v an ton, cn chn ng ng c in.
Nu chn ng c khng ph hp, cng sut ng c qu ln, s lm tng gi thnh,
gim hiu sut truyn ng v gim h s cng sut cos(.
Ngc li, nu chn ng c c cng sut qu nh so vi yu cu th c th ng c
khng lm vic c hoc b qu ti dn n pht nng qu nhit cho php gy chy
hoc gim tui th ng c.
Khi chn ng c phi cn c vo tr s v ch lm vic ca ph ti; phi xt n s
pht nng ca ng c lc bnh thng cng nh lc qu ti.
Khi my in lm vic s pht sinh cc tn tht cng sut (P v tn tht nng lng:
W = P.dt (61)
1
154/201
Trong :
( = Q/ A l nhit sai n nh ca my in khi t = ( .
Q l nhit lng ca my in (Jul/ s).
(b l nhit sai ban u khi t = 0.
( = C/A l hng s thi gian t nng.
Khi t = 0 v (b = 0 (tc ban u tom = tomt) th:
( = (.(1 et/ () (64)
+ Qu trnh ngui lnh khi my in ngng lm vic (nhit sai gim):
( = (b.et/ (o (65)
155/201
156/201
157/201
iu kin chn:
Mc ( Mc + Mco + Mg (67)
Cc bc tin hnh chn cng sut ng c:
Bc 1
Cn c Mc(t) hoc Pc(t), Ic(t), ... hnh 64a , tnh m men trung bnh:
Mtb =
n Mc.i.ti
1
n ti
; (68)
158/201
160/201
n Mc.i.ti
1
n ti
(615a)
Ptb =
n Pc.i.ti
1
n ti
(615b)
ng c chn phi c:
Mm = (1 ( 1,3 )Mtb ; (616a)
Pm = (1 ( 1,3)Ptb ; (616b)
iu kin kim nghim: theo iu kin pht nng, qu ti v m men v khi ng.
Chn ng c in lm vic ngn hn
Chn ng c di hn lm vic cho ph ti ngn hn
Nu chn Pdh.m ( Pc.nh th ( < (cp , nh vy s khng s dng ht kh nng chu nhit
ca ng c. Vy c th chn cng sut Pdh.m < Pc.nh !
Gi s ng c di hn c Pdh.m v Mdh.m. Khi n lm vic trong ch ngn hn
vi thi gian tlv th c th tng ph ti n:
Pc.nh = (.Pdh.m ; (617a)
161/201
Khi phi tnh ton thi gian lm vic sao cho pht nng ca ng c t gi tr cho
php ( tn dng ht kh nng chu nhit ca ng c).
Vi ng c di hn (ng 1):
(1 = ((Pdh.m / A) = (cp (618)
Khi chn ng c di hn c cng sut nh hn ph ti ngn hn th:
(2 = ((Pc.nh / A) > (1 = (cp (619)
Mun ( tin ti (1 = (cp trong thi gian lm vic tlv th da vo phng trnh ng
cong pht nng vi iu kin ban u l (b = 0, ta c:
(1 = (2.(1 e tlv/ () = ((Pc.nh / A).(1 e tlv/ () = (cp ; (620)
H s qu ti v nhit khi chn Pdh.m < Pc.nh l:
qn = (Pc.nh / (Pdh.m = (2 / (2 = 1 / (1 e tlv/ () (621)
Mt khc ta c:
(Pdh.m = (Pc.nh.(1 e tlv/ () (622)
Rt ra:
tlv = (.ln[ (Pc.nh / ((Pc.nh (Pdh.m)] (623)
H s qu dng khi chn Pdh.m < Pc.nh l:
162/201
tlv /
tlv /
1 + .e
1+e
(627)
163/201
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Bin i s m:
tlv
tn
o
tlv +
tn
o
tlv
1+
tn
tlv
tlv
. ;
(640)
1e
tlv / .
1e
tlv /
(641)
165/201
166/201
167/201
Mt khc vic tnh chn cng sut ng c cn ph thuc vo phng php iu chnh
tc , v d cng mt loi ng c nh ng c khng ng b, mi phng php iu
chnh khc nhau c c tnh truyn ng khc nhau, phng php iu chnh in p
dng tiristor c hiu sut thp so vi phng php iu chnh tn s dng b bin i
tiristor. V vy khi tnh chn cng sut ng c bt buc phi xem xt ti tn tht cng
sut (P v tiu th cng sut phn khng Q trong sut di iu chnh.
Do vy vic tnh chn cng sut ng c cho truyn ng c iu chnh tc cn phi
gn vi mt h truyn ng chn trc c y yu cu c bn cho vic tnh chn.
168/201
Xut pht t phng php nhit sai cc i (xem ti liu tham kho) vi iu kin xt
chu k xa im gc to , lc th nhit sai ca ng c bin thin theo quy lut xc
nh,
v ta c: (b = (cc = (x .
T phng trnh (max(t) ta c:
x(1 e tck / ) =
+
P2
A (1
P1
Pn
A (1
(650)
e tn / )
Xem nhit sai n nh (x do lng tn tht cng sut trung bnh (Ptb gy ra, ta c:
169/201
x =
Ptb
A
(651)
Thay vo ta c:
Ptb
A (1
P1
e tck / ) =
P2
A (1
(652)
Pn
A (1
e t n / )
tck
P1
A
t1
P2
A
t2
+ ...+
Pn
A
tn
(653)
n Piti
1
n ti
1
n Piti
1
tck
(654)
1 m
m
(656)
n Pi.ti
1
tk + t0 + tlv
(657)
170/201
Trong :
( l h s gim truyn nhit khi khi ng v hm,
( = 0,75 i vi ng c in mt chiu,
( = 0,5 i vi ng c in xoay chiu.
tk l thi gian khi ng v hm.
( l h s gim truyn nhit khi ng c dng.
( = 0,5 i vi ng c in mt chiu.
( = 0,25 i vi ng c in xoay chiu.
t0 l thi gian ngh ca ng c.
Kim nghim ng c theo i lng dng in ng tr
Xut pht t biu thc:
P = K + V = K + bI2 (658)
Trong :
K l tn tht cng sut khng i.
V l tn tht cng sut bin i, thng: V = bI2 .
171/201
I l dng in ng c.
b l h s t l.
n I2
1 i
tk + t0 + tlv
(659)
172/201
Trong trng hp ng cong dng in c dng tng trng ln nh trn hnh 615b,
th ta dng cng thc gn ng:
Ii = Idi.Ici +
I2
3
(661)
1 n 2
tck 1 Mi .ti
(663)
Kim nghim ng c:
Mm.chn ( Mt (664)
173/201
1 n 2
tck 1 Pi .ti
(665)
Chn ng c c:
Pm.chn ( Pt (666)
Trong thc t gin ph ti, tc truyn ng thng thay i ln trong qu trnh
khi ng v hm. Cho nn cn phi tnh ton hiu chnh P(t) nh hnh 616.
Cu hi n tp
1. Cc quan h nhit sai ca ng c theo thi gian ? = f(t) c s dng vi mc ch
g ? nhp tng/gim nhit sai khi n ti hoc tho ti ca ng c in ph thuc vo
thng s no ? Nu ngha ca hng s thi gian pht nng Tn ?
2. th ph ti l g ? nh ngha th ph ti tnh v th ph ti ton phn. S
khc nhau gia hai loi th ph ti l g ? Cng dng ca tng loi trong vic gii
quyt bi ton tnh chn cng sut ng c ?
3. i vi ng c in c my ch lm vic ? c im lm vic ca ng c
tng ch ? th ph ti ca tng loi ch c c trng bi nhng thng s
no ?
174/201
4. Vit cng thc tnh ton hoc kim nghim pht nng ng c bng phng php
nhit sai, tn tht cng sut trung bnh, cc i lng ng tr ? Cng dng ca tng
phng php i vi bi ton chn cng sut ng c ?
5. Cc bc tnh chn cng sut ng c ch di hn v ch ngn hn, ngn hn
lp li ?
175/201
Chng 7:
H thng iu khin t ng
Cc nguyn tc iu khin t ng
Xut pht t yu cu cng ngh: cn thay i tc , thay i hnh trnh lm vic ca
c cu sn xut ...
Xut pht t ch lm vic ca HT KT: khi ng, chuyn i tc , hm, o
chiu, dng my ...
Xut pht t yu cu k thut, kinh t: iu chnh tc , n nh, chnh xc cao, an
ton... v kinh t.
T cn c nhng nguyn tc KT thc hin c cc yu cu trn, ng thi t
ng hn ch cc i lng cn hn ch: dng in cho php, m men cho php, tc
cho php, cng sut cho php, ...
iu khin t ng theo nguyn tc thi gian
. Ni dung
C th khi ng Ml vi 2 cp in tr ph:
Trn hnh 71, trnh by c tnh khi ng: ((I), ((t), I(t) ca ng c in mt chiu
kch t c lp, c 2 cp khi ng (dng in tr ph hn ch dng khi ng).
176/201
t = Tciln M
gi+1
Mgi
= ln M
gi+1
M
J M i +1M i ln M gi
gi
gi+1
gi+1
(71)
177/201
2) Nguyn l lm vic:
* Khi ng ng c:
ng cc cu dao 1CD, 2CD, dn n cun dy r le thi gian 1RTh(1110) c
in, tip im 1RTh(1315) m ra, m bo cho cc cun dy cng tc t 1G(1510),
2G(1710) khng c in, v nh vy cc in tr ph Rf1 , Rf2 , s u tham gia
trong mch phn ng.
n nt M th cun dy K(910) c in, cc tip im K(13), K(68) ng li, dn n
ng c c khi ng vi ton b in tr ph trong mch phn ng: Rf( = Rf1
+ Rf2 , theo c tnh 1. Tip im K(79) ng li duy tr cho cng tc t K khi thi
n M. Cc tip im K(13), K(68) ng li, lm cho cun dy 2RTh(46) c in, tip
im 2RTh(1517) m ra, m bo cho cun dy 2G(1710) khng c in.
K(511) m, K(513) ng, lm 1RTh(1110) mt in, sau thi gian chnh nh ca
1RTh (( t1) th 1RTh(1315) ng, lm cho 1G(46) ng, ngn mch Rf1 , ng c
khi ng sang c tnh 2, tng ng vi Rf2 .
178/201
Tip im 1G(46) ng li, lm 2RTh(46) mt in, sau thi gian chnh nh ca 2RTh
(( t2 t1), th 2RTh(1517) kn li, lm 2G(1710) c in, v 2G(24) ng li, ngn
mch Rf2 , ng c chuyn sang c tnh c t nhin v s ti lm vic im xc
lp XL .
* Dng ng c:
n nt D lm cun dy K(910) mt in, v K(13) m, K(68) m, lm phn ng
mt in, v 2RTh(46) mt in; K(79) m ra, K(513) m, K(511) kn li, lm
1RTh(1110) c in li, chun b khi ng ln sau.
* Phng trnh c tnh c:
=
U
K
R + Rf
(K)2
M (63)
179/201
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181/201
Thit b n gin, lm vic tin cy, an ton, nn phng php KT theo nguyn tc
thi gian ny c s dng rng ri.
Nhc im: M men (dng in) ng c thay i theo Mc, J, to, UL, ..., nn c th
vt qu tr s cho php, cn phi c bin php bo v.
iu khin t ng theo nguyn tc tc
Ni dung
C th khi ng Ml vi 2 cp in tr ph:
iu khin theo tc l da trn c s kim tra trc tip hoc gin tip s thay i
ca tc .
Kim tra trc tip c th dng r le kim tra tc kiu ly tm. Cch ny t dng v
dng r le kim tra tc phc tp, t tin v lm vic km chc chn.
C th kim tra tc gin tip qua my pht tc.
My pht tc (FT) l mt my in mt chiu c: ( = const v EFT ( (, loi ny hay dng
i vi ng c in mt chiu.
i vi ng c khng ng b, thng kim tra tc gin tip theo sc in ng
rto v tn s rto.
Ti nhng tc cn iu khin ((1, (2, ...), cc r le kim tra tc hoc kim tra in
p FT, Erto, frto, s tc ng to ra tn hiu iu khin.
Cc mch in hnh:
* M my 2 cp tc ng c in mt chiu:
182/201
183/201
2) Nhc im: Thi gian qu v thi gian hm ph thuc Mc, J, UL, toca R, dy
qun, lm thay i qu trnh qu (nh khi UL gim hay Mc tng, ... lm thi gian qu
tng, qu trnh qu chm, t nng in tr khi ng, in tr hm, ... lm kh
khn cho vic chnh nh in p ht ca cc cng tc t hoc r le tc ).
Khi in p li dao ng s lm thay i tc chuyn cp in tr ((1, (2, ...) v
dng in s nhy vt c th qu dng cho php.
Khi in p li gim qu thp c kh nng xy ra khng in p cng tc t
tc ng v do ng c c th dng li lm vic lu di tc trung gian, lm t
nng in tr khi ng (hay in tr hm, ...) v nh vy lm thay i tc chuyn
cp.
iu khin t ng theo nguyn tc dng in
Ni dung
C th khi ng Ml vi 2 cp in tr ph:
Qua th hnh 78 ta thy rng: khi khi ng, dng khi ng thay i trong khong
(I1 ( I2). Nht l mi ln chuyn cp th cc im chuyn cp thng cng mt gi tr
dng in (I2), nn ta c th dng rle dng in hoc cng tc t c cun dy dng
in to tn hiu iu khin.
Ti im chuyn cp b, rle dng in tc ng theo dng chuyn cp I2 ngn mch
cp in tr th nht, ng c chuyn t c tnh 1 sang c tnh 2. n im d, rle
dng in s tc ng theo dng I2 ngn mch cp in tr th hai, ng c chuyn
t c tnh 2 sang c tnh t nhin TN.
C nh vy, ng c s c khi ng n tc xc lp.
184/201
Cc mch in hnh:
* Hm ngc v o chiu Kdq theo nguyn tc dng in:
Cng tc xoay KC c 5 v tr: 0 gia; 1, 2 bn thun v 1, 2 bn ngc; KC c tip
im: KC1, KC2, KC3, KC4, KC5, ...
Cc cng tc t c cc tip im duy tr thi gian H, 1G.
Rle dng in RHn c:
Ihm > Ih.RHn > I1 (716)
Inh.RHn = Irto = I2 (717)
185/201
2) Nhc im: Khi UL, Mc thay i, nht l khi Mc qu ln s lm cho Ic > I2, nh
vy ng c c th lm vic c tnh trung gian, lm pht nng in tr, nh hng
n qu trnh lm vic ca ng c.
iu khin t ng theo cc nguyn tc khc
iu khin t ng theo nguyn tc hnh trnh
1) Ni dung:
Trn hnh trnh (ng i) ca cc b phn lm vic trong cc my mc, thit b (nh
bn my, u my, mm cp, ...) c t cc cm bin, cc cng tc hnh trnh, cng
tc cc hn, cng tc im cui, ..., to ra cc tn hiu iu khin: khi ng, hm,
o chiu, thay i tc ...
2) Mch in hnh:
Phn tch truyn ng bn my bo dng:
Trong s dng cng tc hnh trnh KH c 2 tip im KH1, KH2 loi khng t phc
hi. Ti v tr xut pht ban u ca bn my th cc tip im KH1 kn, KH2 h.
187/201
Cng sut cng ln th trng lng v gi thnh cng cao. Dng thit b, kh c cng b,
cng hin i th gi thnh cng cao.
Cng cng sut th trng lng v gi thnh ln nht l nguyn tc KT theo thi
gian, sau l nguyn tc KT theo dng in v cui cng l nguyn tc KT theo
tc .
Ni chung nguyn tc KT theo tc thng dng iu khin hm ng c.
Nguyn tc KT theo dng in ch yu dng iu khin khi ng ng c,
Nguyn tc KT theo thi gian th ng dng rng ri v n gin.
Cc phn t bo v v tn hiu ho
ngha ca bo v v tn hiu ho
* Cc phn t bo v v tn hiu ho c vai tr rt to ln:
m bo qu trnh lm vic an ton cho ngi v my mc, thit b. Qu trnh lm vic
c th xy ra s c hoc ch lm vic xu cho ngi v my mc, thit b, ng thi
c th bo hiu cho ngi vn hnh bit tnh trng lm vic ca h thng KT x
l.
* Chc nng ca cc thit b bo v v tn hiu ho:
Ngng h thng (my mc) khi s c nguy him trc tip n ngi, thit b, my mc:
U < Uquy nh , U > Ucp , I > Icp , ....
Khi qu ti hoc s c cha nguy him n thit b, my mc th thit b bo v v tn
hiu ho phi bo cho ngi vn hnh bit s l kp thi.
Bo m khi ng, hm, o chiu ..., mt cch bnh thng, ngha l phi m bo
sao cho: I < Icp, to < tocp ,...
Cc dng bo v:
Bo v ngn mch:
Bo v ngn mch l bo v cc s c c th gy nn h hng cch in, hoc h hng
cc c cu ca thit b, my mc (khi ngn mch s gy nn nhit tng nhanh gy
chy hoc sc t ng tng mnh gy va p, ...).
189/201
190/201
Bo v nhit:
Nhm trnh qu ti lu di, nu khng th kh c, thit b, ng c s pht nng qu
nhit cho php.
Thng dng rle nhit, aptmt c bo v nhit, phn t bo v qu ti bng bn dn,
bo v qu ti cho ph ti di hn.
Cc tip im rle nhit (RN) l loi khng t phc hi, sau khi rle nhit tc ng
th phi n reset bng tay. Phi chn rle nhit c c tnh pht nng gn vi c tnh
pht nng ca thit b, ng c cn c bo v (hnh 713).
+ Dng chnh nh ca rle nhit, aptmat:
Ic = (1,2 ( 1,3)Im (720)
Trong : Im l dng nh mc ca ng c, ph ti.
+ V d dng rle nhit v aptmat bo v qu ti di hn:
191/201
192/201
193/201
Bo v thiu v mt t trng:
Nhm bo v thiu v mt kch t ng c. Khi in p hay dng kch t ng c b
gim, gy ra tc ng c cao hn tc cho php, hoc dng in ng c ln hn
dng cho php, dn n h hng cc phn ng hc ca my, lm xu iu kin chuyn
mch, ...
Dng rle dng in, rle in p, ... bo v thiu v mt t trng.
+ V d dng rle dng in, rle in p bo v thiu v mt t trng (hnh 716)
Nguyn l bo v: khi in p th rle thiu t trng RTT s ng kn tip im ca
n, KC t v tr gia nn tip im KC1 kn, RA tc ng. Quay KC sang v tr 1 (T)
th cho ng c lm vic bnh thng.
Khi in p st qu gi tr cho php, hoc dng kch t gim thp n gi tr: Ikt. =
Inh.RTT , Inh.RTT ( Ikt.min.cp , nn RTT nh lm K mt in, loi ng c ra khi li
in bo v ng c.
194/201
Bo v lin ng:
Nhm bo m s lm vic an ton cho mch (bo m nghim ngt mt trnh t lm
vic hp l gia cc thit b, trnh thao tc nhm).
Cc thit b bo v lin ng bng c kh nh: cc nt n kp, cc cng tc hnh trnh
kp, ... V cc phn t bo v lin ng in nh:
Cc tip im kho cho ca cc cng tc t, rle, lm vic cc ch khc nhau. V
d:
195/201
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Cu hi n tp
1. Da vo nhng c s no ngi ta a ra cc nguyn tc iu khin t ng theo
cc thng s thi gian, tc , dng in, v hnh trnh, v.v ?
2. Phn tch ni dung ca nguyn tc iu khin t ng theo thi gian, tc , dng
in, hnh trnh ? Gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca s minh ha cho mi nguyn tc
trn?
3. Ti sao c th xy ra cc s c trong h thng truyn ng in t ng ? cch khc
phc s c nh th no ?
4. Phn tch bo v ngn mch, bo v qu ti, bo b im khng v cc tiu, bo v
thiu hoc mt t trng, bo v lin ng ? Gii thch nguyn l bo v ca cc mch
in hnh tng ng vi mi bo v trn ?
5. Tn hiu ha l g ? Cc mch tnh hiu ha c tc dng g trong h thng truyn ng
in t ng ?
197/201
198/201
Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: Gio trnh Truyn ng in T ng
Bin tp bi: Khng Cng Minh
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/0ead17e2
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Khi nim chung v h truyn ng in t ng
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/5d6a2615
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc tnh c ca ng c in
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/89f4acf3
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: c tnh c ca ng c mt chiu kch t ni tip (mnt) V hn hp (mhh)
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/5761db8e
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b (K)
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/994bb6cd
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc c tnh c khi hm ng c K
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/5a303959
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: iu chnh cc thng s u ra ca h thng truyn ng in
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/8eb452c0
199/201
200/201
201/201