CAU TRUC CAU TRUC

LP VO ELECTRON LP VO ELECTRON
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Cau truc v electron Cau truc v electron
Tnh chat cua cac nguyen to phu thuoc vao s
l l t sap xep va nang lng cua cac electron.
Ta can tm hieu ve cau truc ben trong cua am v g
may electron
Vay ta a biet g ve nguyen t? Vay ta a biet g ve nguyen t?
Mo hnh Thompsom
Electron tch ien am di
chuyen trong am may
tch ien dng
Plum-Pudding model
Mo hnhRutherford
Hat nhan co kch thc Hat nhan co kch thc
nho tch ien dng
Electron di chuyen Electron di chuyen
xung quanh
Gia electron va hat Gia electron va hat
nhan la khoang trong
Vay cac electron co trang thai nh the nao
trong nguyen t
Nang lng?
Van toc? Van toc?
Quy ao di chuyen?
Lam the nao e thay c cau truc ben
l l trong cua lp vo electron
Nguyen t co kch thc qua nho ta khong Nguyen t co kch thc qua nho, ta khong
the nhn thay cau truc ben trong lp vo
electron electron.
Ta ch co the quan sat mot cach gian tiep
thong qua viec nghien cu bc xa ien t thong qua viec nghien cu bc xa ien t
hap thu hay phat xa t nguyen t
Ban chat song cua BXT g
Bc xa ien t la mot song ieu hoa gom hai thanh Bc xa ien t la mot song ieu hoa gom hai thanh
phan la ien trng va t trng cung pha va vuong
goc vi nhau.
Bc xa ien t c bieu th ac trng bang phng
trnh song ieu hoa hnh sin:
y Asin t Asin2 t = =
van toc goc
tan so
Nhieu Xa Nhieu Xa
Ban chat song cua BXT Ban chat song cua BXT
Bc xa ien t di chuyen trong chan khong vi van toc anh y g g
sang c 310
8
m/s.
Moi bc xa c ac trng bi tan so va bc song the hien
bi h qua bieu thc:
c
=

trong o: tan so (s
1
Hz)
c van toc anh sang (m/s) g ( )
bc song (m)
QUANG PHO
V du V du
CO
2
hap thu bc xa co bc song 0.018 mm. Hay
xac nh tan so cua bc xa nay? xac nh tan so cua bc xa nay?
3.0010
8
m
s
= = 1 710
13
s
-1

c
=
0.01810
-3
m
= = 1.710 s
1 H t (H ) 1
1

=
n v: 1 Hertz (Hz) 1 s
-1
Hay tnh bc song cua song FM co tan so 90 7 Hay tnh bc song cua song FM co tan so 90.7
MHz.
= = 3 31 m

c
=
3.0010
8
m
s
= = 3.31 m
1
90.710
6
s

=
Nang lng bc xa Nang lng bc xa
Theo quan niem co ien, nang lng cua song
h th bi phu thuoc vao bien o.
Cac ly thuyet co ien gap kho khan trong viec y y g p g
giai thch nang lng cua Bc xa ien t
Thuyet lng t (quantum theory) y g q y
Pl k Planck
Einstein
Thuyet lng t (Plank 1900) Thuyet lng t (Plank 1900)
Khai niem hoan toan mi :nang lng co tnh gian oan. g g g
Vat chat phat xa nang lng bc xa theo tng lng nho goi
la lng t (quantum).
Nang lng cua 1 lng t bc xa c tnh theo bieu thc:
c
E h h = =

h hang so Planck, h = 6,62.10

34
J.s
tan so bc xa (Hz)

bc song cua bc xa (m)

Theo Planck, nang lng luon c truyen theo tng boi so
nguyen cua h (v du: 1h; 2h; 22h ch khong the la nguyen cua h (v du: 1h; 2h; 22h ch khong the la
1,5h; 4,7h )
Hieu ng quang ien (Einstein
1905)
lb i i d h b kh h Albert Einstein dung nhng bc xa khac nhau
chieu vao 1 tam kim loai va tien hanh khao
l h l h sat so lng cac hat electron phat ra t tam
kim loai o cung vi ong nang cua chung.
Hieu ng quang ien Hieu ng quang ien
Electron ch b bt ra khi tan so cua bc xa Electron ch b bt ra khi tan so cua bc xa
vt qua mot gia tr
0
nao o (goi la gia tr
ngng) Moi kim loai se co mot gia tr ngng). Moi kim loai se co mot gia tr
0
khac nhau.
Vi cac bc xa co tan so ln hn th: Vi cac bc xa co tan so ln hn
0
th:
Cng o dong electron (so hat electron) b
b l h i b h bt ra t le thuan vi cng o bc xa ch
khong t le thuan vi tan so bc xa.
ong nang cua electron b bt ra t le thuan
vi tan so cua bc xa
Hieu ng quang ien Hieu ng quang ien
Ban chat hat cua anh sang Ban chat hat cua anh sang
Theo Einsteins anh sang la mot chum
cac hat photon, moi hat co nang lng: p , g g
E
photon
= h
h = 6.6310
-34
Js
Hien tng quang ien Hien tng quang ien
Dong bc xa gom nhieu hat nho goi la Dong bc xa gom nhieu hat nho goi la
photon. Moi photon co nang lng t le vi
tan so cua no E = h tan so cua no E = h
Electron c gi chat trong nguyen t kim
loai nh vao lc lien ket vi hat nhan (E loai nh vao lc lien ket vi hat nhan (E
lien
ket
)
b l kh i ki l i Muon bt electron ra khoi kim loai can cung
cap cho no nang lng ln hn E
lien ket
. Nh
h h E h vay ta co the thay rang E
lien ket
= h
0
.
Hien tng quang ien Hien tng quang ien
Nhng bc xa co tan so thoa ieu kien h > h
0
=
E
lien ket
co the bt electron khoi tam kim loai. Phan
nang lng d ra cua bc xa se bien thanh ong
l t khi th t kh i b t ki nang cua electron sau khi thoat khoi be mat kim
loai.
E h h E
kin
= h h
0
E
kin
ong nang cua electron sau khi bt khoi
be mat kim loai be mat kim loai
h nang lng cua photon bc xa
h nang lng can thiet e bt 1 electron ra h
0
nang lng can thiet e bt 1 electron ra
khoi kim loai
V du
Nang lng toi thieu e bt mot electron ra khoi
cesium la 3 0510
-19
J Co the dung anh sang cesium la 3.0510
9
J. Co the dung anh sang
mau xanh co = 505 nm e bt electron t
cesium hay khong? cesium hay khong?
E
photon
= h
6.6310
-34
Js
505 10
9
m

hc
=

3.0010
8
m
s
=
photon
50510
-9
m

= 3 9410
-19
J
c!
3.9410 J
c!
Moi electron b bt ra co ong nang la Moi electron b bt ra co ong nang la
0.8910
-19
J.
Qua trnh xay dng mo hnh vo Qua trnh xay dng mo hnh vo
electron da tren cac nghien
cu quang pho cu quang pho
Quang pho anh sang trang
Anh sang trang la to hp cua cac bc xa n sac
trong khoang bc song 400 nm (tm) en 700 nm trong khoang bc song 400 nm (tm) en 700 nm
(o). Chieu anh sang trang qua thau knh ta c
quang pho lien tuc cua cac bc xa n sac nay q g p y
Pho nguyen t g y
Cac chat khi b nung nong phat ra anh sang co Cac chat khi b nung nong phat ra anh sang co
mau sac khac nhau.
Cho chum anh sang nay qua thau knh se c Cho chum anh sang nay qua thau knh se c
mot tap hp cac vach .
Quang pho vach cua Hydrogen Quang pho vach cua Hydrogen
Quang pho vach cua Hydrogen Quang pho vach cua Hydrogen
Quang pho vach cua Hydrogen Quang pho vach cua Hydrogen
1885Balmer:ccvchvngkhkin
19061914:TheodoreLyman:ccvchvngtngoi
d h h h h 1908FriedrichPaschen :Ccvchvnghngngoi
1922FrederickSumnerBrackett
1924AugustHermanPfund. g
Cong thc Balmer (1885) Cong thc Balmer (1885)
15
2 2
1 1
( ) 3,29 10 Hz
2
=
Cho phep tnh toan chnh xac v tr tat ca cac

2 2
( ) ,
2 n
vach vung kha kien cua quang pho Hidro.
Tuy nhien, Balmer van khong cho biet c y g
ban chat cua quang pho vach.
Cong thc Rydberg (1890) Cong thc Rydberg (1890)
)
1 1
(
1
R
1 7
)
) (
(
2 2 '
n n
R =

1 7
10 097373 . 1

= m R
Tng qut cho tt c cc dy
Lyman: n = 1
Balmer : n = 2
P h 3 Paschen : n = 3
Brackett : n = 4
Pfund: n = 5
Mo Mo hnh hnh Bohrs Bohrs
1913: Bohr a ra mo hnh nham giai thch hien
tng quang pho vach tng quang pho vach
Bohr Bohr
Cac giai thch cua Bohr Cac giai thch cua Bohr Cac giai thch cua Bohr Cac giai thch cua Bohr
Cac electron trong nguyen t chuyen ong tren
l h cac quy ao co nang lng xac nh.
2
H
n
n
R
E

=
Hang so Rydberg : R
H
= 2.1810
-18
J
So th t c a q ao
1 2 3
Mot electron co the di chuyen t quy ao nay
n
n
So th t cua quy ao:
n = 1,2,3,...
Mot electron co the di chuyen t quy ao nay
sang quy ao khac bang cach phat xa hay hap
thu cac bc xa co nang lng ung bang hieu g g g g
so nang lng gia hai quy ao.
Cac giai thch cua Bohr Cac giai thch cua Bohr Cac giai thch cua Bohr Cac giai thch cua Bohr
.
.
.
E
S
0
n=
.
E
2
n=2
E
3
n=3
E
4
n=4
S o
nang lng:
Trang thai
Kch thch
E
2
n 2
E
photon
= E
electron
E
1
n=1
E
photon
E
electron
Trang thai
nen
1
Quang pho vach Hydrogen Quang pho vach Hydrogen
Day Lyman : t ngoai
n > 1 ==> n = 1
Day Balmer : kha kien
n > 2 ==> n = 2
Day Paschen : Hong ngoai
n > 3 ==> n = 3 n > 3 > n 3
Cac Cac giai giai thch thch cua cua Bohr Bohr
Tan so bc xa tnh theo Bohr Tan so bc xa tnh theo Bohr

=
2 2
1 1
H
h
R
h
E

Khi n
i
> n
f,
phat xa.
Khi h h

2 2
f i
n n
h h
Khi n
f
> n
i,
hap thu.
Bai tap ap dung Bai tap ap dung
Tnh bc song dai nhat va ngan nhat khi Tnh bc song dai nhat va ngan nhat khi
eletron ca nguyen t Hydro di chuyen t
mc n=6 en cac mc thap hn mc n=6 en cac mc thap hn
Bai tap ap dung Bai tap ap dung
Hay xac nh tan so va bc song cua cac Hay xac nh tan so va bc song cua cac
bc xa thuoc day Balmer (kha kien) cua
quang pho vach Hydro Biet rang cac bc xa quang pho vach Hydro. Biet rang cac bc xa
nay co c do s chuyen electron t cac
mc n=3 4 5 6 ve mc n=2 mc n=3,4,5,6 ve mc n=2
Cho R
H
=2.178x10
-18
J
Quang pho vach hydrogen
V du V du
Xac nh bc song cua bc xa phat ra khi electron di
chuyen t quy ao co n = 4 en n = 2? chuyen t quy ao co n = 4 en n = 2?
E
photon
= E = E
4
E
2
4
R
16
R
H H

=
hc
H
R
16
3
=

4
16
H
R
hc
3
16
=
H
R 3
6.6310
-34
Js 16
3 2 1810
-18
J
=

3.0010
8
m
s
3 2.1810
18
J
= 4.8710
-7
m = 487 nm Xanh
Khiem khuyet cua mo hnh Bohr Khiem khuyet cua mo hnh Bohr
Ch ung cho trng hp cua Hydrogen
Khong giai thch c quang pho cua cac Khong giai thch c quang pho cua cac
nguyen to khac.
Mot mo hnh mi c xay dng
M h h LNG T Mo hnh LNG T
QUANTUM MODEL
Mo hnh LNG T
Da tren ban chat nh nguyen (song hat) cua vat chat
de Broglie
Schrodinger
Heisenberg
g
Heisenberg
Ban Ban chat chat song song cua cua vat vat chat chat
Nam 1925 Louis Debroglie a ra cach nhn mi
ve cac hat vi mo o la va co ban chat hat va co
ban chat song. Theo Debroglie: Neu bc xa co the
c coi la cac dong hat photon th cac hat vi mo nh
elctron proton neutron cung the hien tnh chat song elctron, proton, neutron cung the hien tnh chat song
Debroglie cho rang bc song cua hat vi mo la
ham so cua van toc va khoi lng cua no. ham so cua van toc va khoi lng cua no.
h
=
vi : bc song (m); h: hang so Plank (Js); m:
kh i l h t ( ) V t h t ( / )
V m

khoi lng hat (g) ; V van toc hat (m/s)

( 1J = 1 kg m
2
/s
2
)
V du V du
Tnh bc song chuyen ong cua mot electron
(m=9.11x10
-31
kg) chuyen ong vi van toc 3.00x10
6
m/s,
va mot qua golf (m=0.0453 kg) chuyen ong vi van toc
62 m/s.
h
p
=
e
6.6310
-34
Js
mv
h
=
9.1110
-31
kg
=

3.0010
8
m
s
= 2.4210
-12
m kg
s J
2

= 2.4210
-12
m
m kg
6.6310
-34
Js
= = 2 410
-34
m

0.0453 kg

62
m
s
= = 2.410
-34
m

g
Luyn tp Luyn tp
Tnh bc sng ca cc vt th sau: (a) 1 proton chuyn
ng vi vn tc bng 50%vn tc nh sng; (b) 1 electron ng vi vn tc bng 50% vn tc nh sng; (b) 1 electron
chuyn ng vi vn tc bng 15% vn tc nh sng; (c)
mt qu bng chuyn ng vi vn tc 45,06 m/s q g y g
Lu :
2
2
.m kg
J =
2
s
p s
) ( 10 6 . 2
5
nm
p

=
) ( 10 6 . 1
2
nm
e

=
) ( 10 8 9
26
nm

) ( 10 8 . 9 nm
b
=
Sng Debroglie ca mt s vt th Sng Debroglie ca mt s vt th
Electron chm 9 x 10
-28
1 0 7 x 10
-4
Vt th M (g) V (m/s) (m)
Electron chm
Electron nhanh
9 x 10
-28
9 x 10
-28
1.0
5.9 x 10
6
7 x 10
-4
1 x 10
-10
Ht alpha
Qu cn 1g
6.6 x 10
-24
1.0
1.5 x 10
7
0.01
7 x 10
-15
7 x 10
-29
Qu bng chy
Tri t
142
6 0 x 10
27
25.0
3 0 x 10
4
2 x 10
-34
4 x 10
-63
Tri t 6.0 x 10 3.0 x 10 4 x 10
Tnh chat song hat cua vat chat Tnh chat song hat cua vat chat
Song & hat la hai mat cua vat chat Song & hat la hai mat cua vat chat
Vi vat the v mo: song lien i co bc
song qua nho tnh chat hat chiem u the song qua nho, tnh chat hat chiem u the
Vi vat the vi mo: tnh chat song tr nen
quan trong
Nguyen Nguyen ly ly bat bat nh nh Heisenherg Heisenherg
Ban chat song hat cua hat vi mo a en he qua quan
trong :
Khong the xac nh chnh xac ca v tr va van toc
cua hat vi mo cua hat vi mo
Nguyen ly nay c the hien di dang toan hoc :
h

m
h
V X

4
(X: o bat nh ve v tr; V: o bat nh ve van
toc; h: hang so Plank; m: khoi lng cua hat)
V d V d
Nguyn t Hydro c bn knh 0 05 nm Gi s ta Nguyn t Hydro c bn knh 0.05 nm. Gi s ta
c th xc nh v tr ca electron trong nguyn
t ny vi chnh xc l 1%so vi bn knh t ny vi chnh xc l 1% so vi bn knh
nguyn t. Hy xc nh bt nh v vn
tc ca electron tc ca electron.
So snh bt nh ny vi bt nh vn tc
ca mt qu bng c khi lng 0 2 kg bn ca mt qu bng c khi lng 0.2 kg , bn
knh 0.05m khi bit v tr ca n vi chnh
xc bng khong 1%bn knh xc bng khong 1% bn knh.
Electron
bt nh v tr
m
nm
m
nm x
13 9
10 5 10 05 . 0 01 . 0

= =
bt nh Vn tc bt nh Vn tc
m
k
s
m kg
h
V
8
13 31
2
34
10 15 . 1
) 10 5 )( 10 11 9 )( 14 3 ( 4
.
10 626 . 6
4
=

=



s m kg x m
13 31
) 10 5 )( 10 11 . 9 )( 14 . 3 ( 4 4

Qu bong Qu bong
bt nh v tr m m x
4
10 5 05 . 0 01 . 0

= =
bt nh Vn tc
m
s
m kg
h
31
2
34
.
10 626 . 6

s
m
m kg
s
x m
h
V
31
4
10 5
) 10 5 )( 2 . 0 )( 14 . 3 ( 4 4

=


Tong Quat Tong Quat
Khi noi ve trang thai chuyen ong cua Khi noi ve trang thai chuyen ong cua
electron ta khong the noi ti quy ao
h h h th i chnh xac cua no ma ch co the noi en
xac suat co mat cua no trong
vung khong gian quanh hat nhan.
Phng Phng trnh trnh song song Schrdinger Schrdinger
1. c xem la la nh luat c hoc lng t ve s chuyen g y
ong cua cac hat vi mo.
2. Tng t nh cac nh luat Newton trong c hoc co
ien cho chuyen ong cua cac hat v mo .
3. Trang thai chuyen ong cua electron trong nguyen t
c mo ta bang phng trnh song ng ien t ket c mo ta bang phng trnh song ng ien t ket
hp vi phng trnh De Broglie.
Phng Phng trnh trnh song song Schrdinger Schrdinger Phng Phng trnh trnh song song Schrdinger Schrdinger
= +

E U
h
) (
8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Vi la ham song ac trng cho trang thai cua electron
z y x m 8
2 2 2 2

E: nang lng toan phan cua electron

U: The nang
h: Hang so Plank h: Hang so Plank
x, y, z: cac thanh phan toa o.
m: khoi lng electron
Giai phng trnh Schrodinger ta se tm c cac ham so va gia
tr nang lng E tng ng. ac trng cho trang thai chuyen ong

cua electron trong nguyen t

Phng trnh trong toa o cau Phng trnh trong toa o cau
Phan tch thanh cac ham thanh phan Phan tch thanh cac ham thanh phan
Ham song phu thuoc 3 bien so r va co Ham song phu thuoc 3 bien so r, , va co
the viet di dang:
(r ) R(r) () () (r, , ) = R(r). ().()
Ap dung vao phng trnh song Schrodinger ta
bien oi pt song t phng trnh vi phan 3
bien so thanh 3 phng trnh vi phan mot
bien so.
Phan tch thanh cac ham thanh phan Phan tch thanh cac ham thanh phan
0 ) (
8
) (
1
2 2
2
=

+ R
c Ze
E
m dR
r
d
e
0 ) ( ) (
2 2 2
=

+ + R
r r
E
h dr
r
dr r
2 2
sin d d

2 2
sin sin
sin
m c
d
d
d
d
= +

2
=

2
2
2
m
d
d

Giai cac phng trnh nay thu c: nang lng

electron, ham ban knh R(r), cac ham goc (), () t
o biet c ham song o biet c ham song
Nghiem so cua pt song Nghiem so cua pt song
E : nang lng toan phan cua electron
4 2 2
1 2 e m Z
E
n
: nang lng toan phan cua electron
R(r) : phan ban knh
phu thuoc vao 2 tham so n va l
2 2
1 2
n h
e m Z
E
e
n

=
) (
1
6 13
phu thuoc vao 2 tham so n va l
n= 1, 2,
l 0 1 2 ( l)
) (
1
6 . 13
2
,
ev
n
E
hydro n
=
l = 0, 1, 2.. (n- l);
(): phu thuoc vao 2 tham so l va m
l
0 m
l
=- l, ..0.., + l
(): phu thuoc tham so m
l
Y(,) = ()() : phan goc
Nghiem so cua pt song Nghiem so cua pt song
( ) R ( ) Y ( )
n, ,m n, ,m
(r, , ) R (r) Y ( , ) =
l
l
l l l
phan ban knh
phan goc
phan ban knh
n l m : Cac so lng t n,l, m
l
: Cac so lng t
Y ngha cua ham song Y ngha cua ham song
Ham song ac trng cho trang thai cua electron trong
nguyen t nguyen t.
Ta ch co the biet c xac suat co mat cua electron
cho nao trong nguyen t. cho nao trong nguyen t.
ai lng bieu dien mat o xac suat co mat cua
electron trong nguyen t.
2

Khi bieu dien gia tr theo khoang cach t hat nhan

en electron trong khong gian, ta c cac vung khong
i h hi hi di l C
2

gian the hien xac suat hien dien cua electron. Cac vung
nay co hnh dang, kch thc va nh hng khac nhau tuy
theo ban chat cua ham song va c goi la cac orbital theo ban chat cua ham song va c goi la cac orbital
(hay van ao) electron.
Orbitals Orbitals :: am am may may electron electron
Bieu dien Orbital Bieu dien Orbital
Dang o th bieu dien s bien thien cua mat o electron (Xac
suat hien dien cua electron) theo khoang cach en nhan.
Orbital S Orbital S
s orbital co
dang hnh
k h cau kch
thc tang
dan theo o dan theo o
ln cua n
Orbital p Orbital p
orbital p (l = 1) co dang hnh qua ta oi nh
hng theo 3 truc x, y, va z. hng theo 3 truc x, y, va z.
Ky hieu la p
x
, p
y
, va p
z
.
Orbital d va f Orbital d va f
Co cac hnh dang phc tap.
So lng t So lng t
La cac so nguyen xuat hien khi giai phng La cac so nguyen xuat hien khi giai phng
trnh song
Co 3 loai so lng t Co 3 loai so lng t
So lng t chnh: n
S l Ph l So lng t Phu : l
So lng t T ; m
l
Mot bo 3 so lng t bieu dien mot orbital
So lng t chnh So lng t chnh
Co cac gia tr n = 1,2,3,....
the hien nang lng va kch thc cua orbital:
2 4 2
n
2 2 2 2
0
1 mZ e Z
E 13,6 (eV)
n 8 h n
= =

n cang ln, E
n
cang cao, khoang cach gia
cac mc nang lng lien tiep cang nho
0
cac mc nang lng lien tiep cang nho.
n cang ln van ao cang ln, electron cang
co nhieu thi gian xa hat nhan co nhieu thi gian xa hat nhan
So lng t Phu So lng t Phu
Co cac gia tr
l = 0,1,2,..., n-1
l xac nh hnh dang cua cac orbital l xac nh hnh dang cua cac orbital.
Gia tr cua l thng c bieu dien bang cac ch
cai:
l = 0 1 2 3 4 l = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,...
s p d f g
So lng t T So lng t T
Co cac gia tr Co cac gia tr
m
l
= -l, -l+1, ... , l-1, l
m
l
xac nh s nh hng cua orbital.
Bo cac so lng t va cac orbital tng ng Bo cac so lng t va cac orbital tng ng
n l m
l
So orbital
trong lp
So van ao
trong lp
Ky hieu
lp
Ky hieu van ao
1 0 0 1 1 K 1s
2 0 0 1 4 M 2s
1 -1, 0, +1 3 2p
x
2p
y
2p
z
3 0 0 1
9 L
3s
1 1 0 +1 3 3 3 3 1 -1, 0, +1 3 3p
x
3p
y
3p
z
2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5 (3d)
4 0 0 1 4s
16 N
1 -1, 0, +1 3 4p
x
4p
y
4p
z
2 2 1 0 +1 +2 5 (4d) 2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5 (4d)
3 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1,
+2, +3
7 (4f)
So lng t Spin So lng t Spin
c a ra vao nam 1925 bi Samuel
G d i G hl b k Gondsmit va George Uhlenbeck
Co 2 gia tr +1/2 va 1/2 Co 2 gia tr +1/2 va 1/2.
T Trng ngoi
N
S lng t spin
Moment t
S
m
s
=
Moment t
S
So lng t Spin So lng t Spin
T trng ngoi
S
S lng t spin
Moment t
N
m
s
= -
Moment t
N
Cau truc vo electron theo quan
iem lng t
Vo Electron Vo Electron
Vo electron gom cac lp va phan lp g p p p
LP gom cac orbital co cung n LP gom cac orbital co cung n
PHAN LP gom cac orbital co cung n va l PHAN LP gom cac orbital co cung n va l
Nguyen t 1 electron Nguyen t 1 electron
2
n
2
Z
E 13,6 (eV) =
n
2
( )
n
Nguyen t nhieu electron Nguyen t nhieu electron
Co s tng tac gia cac electron Co s tng tac gia cac electron
Cac electron khong con chuyen ong trong
trng lc oi xng cau trng lc oi xng cau
Phng trnh song Schrodinger tr nen qua
h phc tap
Phai dung phng phap giai gan ung
Mo hnh he n electron oc lap Mo hnh he n electron oc lap
Chuyen he n electron thanh n he 1 electron Chuyen he n electron thanh n he 1 electron
Coi moi electron chuyen ong oc lap trong mot
trng trung bnh oi xng cau tao bi hat nhan va t g t u g o g cau tao at a va
cac electron khac.
Trang thai cua moi electron c ac trng bi mot g g
ham song
Giai n phng trnh song cho n electron
+phng phap nhieu loan
+phng phap trng t hp p g p p g p
Ket qua giai phng trnh song Ket qua giai phng trnh song
Cac orbital thu c cung co dang giong nh orbital Cac orbital thu c cung co dang giong nh orbital
trong he 1 electron (Hydro).
Nang lng cua orbital phu thuoc vao ca hai so Na g g cua o ta p u t uoc vao ca a o
lng t n va l
Trong cung mot lp (cung n) th nang lng cang g g p ( g ) g g g
ln khi l cang ln.
Khi so electron cang nhieu th s phu thuoc vao l
cang ro ret.
Lu y: hieu ng chan va hieu ng xam nhap
Hieu ng chan Hieu ng chan
Cac electron ben trong bien thanh man chan Cac electron ben trong bien thanh man chan
lam yeu lc hut cua hat nhan vi cac
electron ben ngoai cac electron ben ngoai electron ben ngoai cac electron ben ngoai
b hat nhan hut bi ien tch Z
*
nho hn ien
tch Z cua hat nhan (Z
*
: goi la ien tch hieu tch Z cua hat nhan (Z : goi la ien tch hieu
dung).
Hieu ng chan (hang so chan) cua cac lp Hieu ng chan (hang so chan) cua cac lp
electron ben trong oi vi electron khao sat
ben ngoai c xac nh nh sau: Z Z
*
ben ngoai c xac nh nh sau: = Z Z
Hieu ng chan Hieu ng chan
Cac electron lp ben trong co tac dung chan manh Cac electron lp ben trong co tac dung chan manh
oi vi electron lp ben ngoai.
Cac electron trong cung mot lp co tac dung chan Cac e ect o t o g cu g ot p co tac du g c a
nhau yeu hn so vi khac lp. Trong cung mot phan
lp cac electron chan nhau cang yeu hn.
Trong cung mot lp, tac dung chan cua phan lp
giam khi l tang: ns > np > nd > nf.
Phan lp electron bao hoa hoac ban bao hoa co tac
dung chan manh oi vi electron lp ben ngoai.
Qui tac Slater Qui tac Slater
2
(Z )
2
2
(Z )
E 13,6
(n )

=
Z
*
ien tch hieu dung
( )
g
n
*
So lng t chnh hieu dung
Qui tac Slater Qui tac Slater
So lng t chnh hieu dung n
*
n 1 2 3 4 5 6
n
*
1 2 3 3,7 4,0 4,2
g g
Cac van ao c sap thanh cac hang
Hang 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Van ao 1s 2s ,2p 3s, 3p 3d 4s, 4p 4d 4f 5s, 5p
Z
*
= Z
Qui tac Slater Qui tac Slater
Cac ien t co hang ln hn hang cua ien t x co hang so g g g
chan = 0 v nam ben ngoai ien t x nen khong co tac
dung chan.
M i i h i i Moi ien t tren cac van ao cung hang vi ien t x co
hang so chan = 0,35. Rieng trng hp ien t x thuoc
hang 1 (1s) th = 0,30.
Moi ien t tren cac van ao co hang nho hn hang cua
ien t x co hang so chan = 1.
Ri i i i h h Rieng oi vi ien t x thuoc cac van ao ns va np th cac
ien t tren tang nang lng chnh n = n 1 co hang so
chan = 0,85.
Qui tac Slater Qui tac Slater
Tnh hang so chan cua cac ien t 1s, 2s, 3p, 3d va 5s.
Hang 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Van ao 1s 2s ,2p 3s, 3p 3d 4s, 4p 4d 4f 5s, 5p
Th du 1 0,30 0
Th du 2 0,85 0,35 0
Th du 3 1 0,85 0,35 0
Th du 4 1 1 1 0,35 0
Th du 5 1 1 1 1 0,85 0,85 0,85 0,35
V du V du
Tnh (1) tong hang so chan (2) ien tch Tnh (1) tong hang so chan , (2) ien tch
hieu dung Z
*
cho cac ien t 1s va 2s2p, (3)
tnh nang lng ion hoa th 1 I va (4) nang tnh nang lng ion hoa th 1 I
1
va (4) nang
lng anion hoa th 1 A
1
(ai lc ien t) cua
nguyen t fluor co cau hnh ien t 1s
2
2s
2
nguyen t fluor co cau hnh ien t 1s 2s
2p
5
.
Giai Giai
Tnh tong hang so chan va ien tch hieu dung Z
*
g g g
oi vi ien t 1s: = 0,3
Z
*
= 9 0,3 = 8,7
oi vi ien t 2s2p: = (6 0,35) + (2 0,85) = 3,8
Z
*
= 9 3,8 = 5,2
Giai (tt) Giai (tt)
Tnh nang lng ion hoa th 1 I
1
g g
1
Do nguyen t F lan ion F
+
eu co hai ien t 1s co nang
lng bang nhau nen ta ch can tnh nang lng cua cac
i 2 2 ien t 2s va 2p.
oi vi nguyen t F:
= (6 0,35) + (2 0,85) = 3,8 Z
*
= 9 3,8 = 5,2 (6 0,35) + (2 0,85) 3,8 Z 9 3,8 5,2
oi vi ion F
+
:
= (5 0,35) + (2 0,85) = 3,45 Z
*
= 9 3,45 = 5,55
Giai (tt) Giai (tt)
2 2
F
2s,2p
2 2
(Z ) 5,2
E 7 13,6 7 13,6 643,55eV
(n ) 2

= = =


2 2
F
2s,2p
2 2
(Z ) 5,55
E 6 13,6 6 13,6 628,37eV
(n ) 2
+

= = =


F F
1 2s 2p 2s 2p
I E E 628,37 ( 643,55) 15,18eV
+
= = =
1 2s,2p 2s,2p
( )
Gia tr thc nghiem la 17,42eV.
Hieu ng xam nhap Hieu ng xam nhap
ac trng cho kha nang cac electron ben ac trng cho kha nang cac electron ben
ngoai co the xuyen qua cac lp electron ben
trong e xam nhap vao gan hat nhan trong e xam nhap vao gan hat nhan.
Electron xam nhap cang manh se b hat nhan
hut cang manh va co nang lng cang thap hut cang manh va co nang lng cang thap.
Trong cung mot lp, kha nang xam nhap cua
h l i khi l d cac phan lp giam khi l tang: ns > np > nd >
nf.
Nang lng cua cac orbital Nang lng cua cac orbital
Do co s tng tac gia cac electron, cac phan lp
trong cung mot lp se co nang lng khac nhau: g g p g g
s < p < d < f
3p
4s
3d
4p
5s
4d
5p
4f
0
E
2s
2p
3s
3p
2p
1s
Nang lng cua cac orbital Nang lng cua cac orbital
Mc nng lng
ca cc orbital ca cc orbital
trong nguyn t
nhiu electron bin
i theo in tch
ht nhn
S sap xep electron trong vo nguyen t S sap xep electron trong vo nguyen t
Tuan theo 3 nguyen tac: Tuan theo 3 nguyen tac:
Nguyen ly ben vng
Nguyen ly loai tr Pauli
Qui tac Hund
Nguyen ly ben vng Nguyen ly ben vng
Electron se chiem cac orbital co nang lng
h thap trc.
V du: V du:
1s 2s
Li: hay [He]
2s
Cau hnh electron thng c viet di dang.
Li: 1s
2
2s
1
hay [He] 2s
1
Qui tac Klechkowski: Qui tac Klechkowski:
Trong mot nguyen t nhieu electron trat t Trong mot nguyen t nhieu electron, trat t
ien electron vao cac orbital (ac trng bi n
va l) sao cho tong (n + l) tang dan va l) sao cho tong (n + l) tang dan
Khi hai orbital khac nhau co cung gia tr (n +
l) th orbital b chiem trc ng vi n nho hn l) th orbital b chiem trc ng vi n nho hn
Nh vay th t ien electron c sap xep
h ( 2 )f ( 1)d theo trat t sau: ns (n2 )f (n1)d np
Qui tac Klechkowski Qui tac Klechkowski
Nguyen ly loai tr Pauli
Trong cung mot nguyen t , khong the co 2
electron co 4 so lng t giong nhau electron co 4 so lng t giong nhau.
Trong mot orbital ch co toi a 2 electron va 2
electron nay phai co spin ngc nhau.
V du: 2 electron trong nguyen t Heli co cac so V du: 2 electron trong nguyen t Heli co cac so
lng t
n l m
l
m
s
electron 1 1 0 0 +
electron 2 1 0 0 -
Qui tac Hund Qui tac Hund
Cau hnh electron ben la cau hnh co nhieu
l h h h electron cha ghep cap nhat.
Carbon:
nang lng cao
1s 2s 2p
N l h
1s 2s 2p
Nang lng thap
Cau Cau hnh hnh Electron Electron
Cau hnh electron
Viet cau hnh electron cua:
13
Al:
[Ne] 3s
2
3p
1
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
[Ne] 3s 3p
26
Fe: [Ar] 4s
2
3d
6
[Ar]
50
Sn: [Kr] 5s
2
4d
10
5p
2
4s 3d
82
Pb
+2
:
[Xe] 6s
2
4f
14
5d
10
92
U: [Rn] 7s
2
6d
1
5f
3
S o o lng t g
Viet cau hnh electron cua Phospho Viet cau hnh electron cua Phospho
Lu y Phospho co 15 electron
7p
6d
6s
7s
6p
5d
7p
6d
4f
5f
5s
6s
4p
5p
3d
4d
4f
2 electron au c ien
bi l 1
n
g
3s
4s
3p
p
3d
vao orbital 1s
Lu y 2 spin ngc nhau
n
g

l

2s
3s
2p
con 13 electron na
N
a

n
1
2s
1s
7p
6d
5f
6s
7s
5p
6p
4d
5d
4f
5f
4s
5s
4p
5p
3d
4d
2 electron tiep theo ien
bi l 2

n
g
3s
4s
3p
3d
vao orbital 2s
con 11 electron na
n
g

l

2s
3s
2p
N
a

n
11s
7p
6d
6s
7s
5p
6p
5d
p
6d
4f
5f
4
5s
4p
5p
3d
4d

n
g
3s
4s
3p
3d
n
g

l

2s
3s
2p
N
a

n
1
s
1s
7p
6d
6s
7s
5p
6p
5d
p
6d
4f
5f
4
5s
4p
5p
3d
4d

n
g
3s
4s
3p
3d
n
g

l

2s
3s
2p
N
a

n
1
s
1s
7p
6d
6s
7s
5p
6p
5d
p
6d
4f
5f
4
5s
4p
5p
3d
4d

n
g
3s
4s
3p
3d
Cau hnh electron
n
g

l

2s
3s
2p
Cau hnh electron
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
N
a

n
1
s
1s
Qui tac Kleskovski
7 7 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
1
2
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
1s
2
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
1s
2s 2p
2 electrons
7 7 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
1
2
2
2
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
1s
2
2s
2
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
1s
2s 2p
4 electrons
7 7 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
1
2
2
2
2
6
3
2
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
1s
2s 2p
12 electrons
7 7 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
1
2
2
2
2
6
3
2
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
1s
2s 2p
20 electrons
7 7 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
1
2
2
2
2
6
3
2
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
2
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s
2
1s
2s 2p
38 electrons
7 7 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
1
2
2
2
2
6
3
2
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
2 10 6 2
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s
2
4d
10
5p
6
6s
2
1s
2s 2p
56 electrons
7 7 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
1
2
2
2
2
6
3
2
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
2 10 6 2
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s
2
4d
10
5p
6
6s
2
4f
14
5d
10
6p
6
7s
2
1s
2s 2p
p
88 electrons
7 7 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
1
2
2
2
2
6
3
2
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
2 10 6 2
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s
2
4d
10
5p
6
6s
2
4f
14
5d
10
6p
6
7s
2
1s
2s 2p
p
5f
14
6d
10
7p
6
108 electrons 108 electrons
V du V du
Viet cau hnh electron cua: Viet cau hnh electron cua:
Fe
Fe
2+
Fe
Cl
-
S
2-
Ti
Bi sau Bi sau
H thng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc Hthngtunhonccnguynthahc