Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

--B Cng Thng--

Tiu lun
Ph Gia Thc Phm
ti: Processed Eucheuma Seaweed


Thc hin: S Cn Tc 12010621
GVDH: Nguyn Th Hong Yn
Tp HCM, ngy 20 thng 06 nm 2014


1. Cng thc cu to
Processed Eucheuma Seaweed (rong bin Eucheuma qua ch bin)
INS: 407a
Processed Eucheuma Seaweed (PES): L mt polysaccharide t nhin cng nhm
vi carrageenan (E470). N c thu nhn t rong bin Eucheuma Cottonii v
Eucheuma spinosum , ca lp Rhodophyceae (rong bin ) nhng khng qua giai
on tinh ch nh carrageenan. Chnh v vy n cn c gi l carrageenan bn tinh
ch.

Gii thiu v rong bin Eucheuma:
Rong Eucheuma phn b t nhin vng nhit i chu , tp trung nhiu trong
khu vc Ty Thi Bnh Dng, c bit l Philippines v Indonesia.
Eucheuma thch nghi vi mn cao trn 30 ppt; khong nhit t 20 - 30oC;
trong ln, nh sng mnh v mc lun chuyn nc trung bnh (t 20 - 40 m/pht).
Hnh thi:
C th ln, c th t khi lng trn 1kg.
Rong thng c mu xanh n nu , trong v gin d gy, da rong bng p.
Trn thn rong c nhiu nt sn.
Rong c nhiu thay i ty theo mi trng sng. Cc nhnh rong c dng b
hoc thng ty theo khu vc phn b.
y l ging rong a tr, c nhiu t bo gi nhu m.
Sinh sn:
Trong t nhin, Eucheuma ch yu sinh sn theo hnh thc v tnh v hu tnh.
Trong nui trng, ngun ging ch yu c nhn ln theo hnh thc sinh sn sinh
dng.
Vng i:
Cy bo t v cy giao t ca Eucheuma xut hin lun phin trong vng i.
Cy bo t bn thnh thc (2n) sinh sn (gim phn) cho cc bo t bn, chng
pht trin thnh cy giao t c v cy giao t ci. Cy giao t c thnh thc
hnh thnh ti tinh t, cy giao t ci hnh thnh ti trng. Sau khi th tinh,
cystocarp s c hnh thnh trn cy giao t ci. giai on chn mui, bo t
qu (2n) c phng ra t cystocarp v pht trin thnh cy bo t bn.
Gii thiu v Carrageenan:
Carrageenan l cht keo a nc gm cc thnh phn chnh l cc ester ca ng
galactose v 3,6- anhydrogalactose polysaccharide vi (NH4)2SO4, CaSO4, MgSO4,
K2SO4 v Na2SO4. Cc ng hexoza ny c lin kt -1,3 v -1,4 trong copolymer.
T l tng i gia cc cation tn ti trong carrageenan c th thay i trong qu trnh
ch bin khi mt cation chim phn chnh.
Cc polysaccarid ph bin trong carrageenan l kappa-, iota- v lambda-carrageenan.
Kappa-carrageenan thng dng polymer ca D-galactose-4-sulfat v 3,6- anhydro-D-
galactose; iota-carrageenan cng tng t nh vy, ngoi tr 3,6-anhydrogalactose
c sulfat ho v tr cacbon s 2. Gia kappa-carrageenan v iota-carrageen c mt
hp phn trung gian khc nhau v mc sulfat ho v tr cacbon s 2. i vi
lambda-carrageenan, cc n v ng phn ch yu l D-galactoza-2-sulfat (lin kt 1,3)
v D- galactoza-2,6-disulfat (lin kt 1,4).
Carrageenan thu c t qu trnh chit to bin bng nc hoc dung dch kim
long. Thu hi carrageenan trong dch chit bng phng php kt ta cn hoc phng
php kt ta vi dung dch kali clorid v lm lnh ng. Ch s dng methanol, ethanol
v isopropanol thu hi v tinh ch. Ngoi ra, ch phm thng mi c th c th
cha ng ( chun ho), mui ( lm dy v keo ho).
Carrageenan bao gm xen k 3 lin kt--D-galactopyranose v 4 lin kt--D-
galactopyranose n v.
2. Vai tr
Cht n, cht chng ng vn, cht mang, cht nh ha, cht to bt, cht lm bng,
cht n nh, cht lm dy
Cng nghip thc phm: c s dng nh bnh n, dy ln, keo, i l v lng
nh ch, v c th c s dng trong cc sn phm nh ko mm, sa ong cha,
xc xch, tht ng hp, kem, nc gii kht, gia v, sa, thc phm bionic, mt,
ng hp dy sp, bia, bnh m, thc n vt nui v nh vy;
Ngnh cng nghip dc phm: c s dng nh tc nhn nh ch thuc v phn
tn, v c th c s dng sn xut cc sn phm vin nang, vv
Cng nghip ha cht hng ngy: c s dng trong kem nh rng, cht ty ra,
m phm v lm mt khng kh;
Ngnh cng nghip sinh ha: c s dng nh tu sn bay ca vi sinh vt v cc t
bo c nh;
Ngnh cng nghip khc: c s dng nh cht lm c cho sn nc, gm trng
men v mu nc, v cc i l nh ch cho than ch, nguyn liu cho sn phm dt
may v giy kch thc, v cc i l nh ch cho thuc dit c v thuc tr su,
than ch deflocculant, deflocculant cho dt vv.

3. C ch tc dng
Khi s dng trong cc sn phm thc phm E407 (carrageena) v E407 (carrageena
bn tinh ch) thng c s dng nh cht nh ha. Khi mt lng t carrageenan kt
hp vi natri lactylate Stearoyl (SSL) n to ra mt tc dng hip ng (hiu ng ng
vn), iu kin cho mt s n nh hay nh tng ha m khng t c vi bt k
loi khc ca carrageenan (kappa, lambda) hoc cht chuyn th sa khc
(monodiglyserider, vv.) Sodium Stearoyl m kt hp vi lng t carrageenan c th sn
xut nh tng theo c hai iu kin nng v lnh bng cch s dng thc vt hoc m
ng vt.
C ch to s n nh hoc qu trnh nh ha


4. Ngun gc v phng php thu nhn
Rong bin Eucheuma qua ch bin c thu nhn t cc chng rong bin
Eucheuma Cottonii v Eucheuma spinosum, ca lp Rhodophyceae (rong bin ).
Ban u rong bin Eucheuma c ra sch bng nc loi b tp cht sau
em sy kh hoc phi kh.
Tip theo l qua cng on x l bng dung dch kim (KOH) nhit cao
(gi carrageenan trng thi gel n khng ha tan).
Sau l qu trnh luc, sy kh, v xay.
Ngoi ra ngi ta c th tinh ch thm bng cch ra vi ru (ethanol,
methanol hoc propan-2-ol).
Sau l bo qun v tiu th

Sn phm ch yu cha: kali, natri, magi v canxi sulfat este ca galactose v
polysaccharide 3,6-anhydrogalactose. Sn phm ny cng cha ln n 15% cellulose.
Formaldehyde l mt tp cht trong n phm v lng cho php ti a l 5 mg / kg


Rong bin Eucheuma
(Euchheu ma Cottonii hoc Eucheuma Spinosum)
ra, lm sch
(s ch)
x l kim nhit
cao
luc, sy kh, Xay
thnh phm
S thu nhn PES
5. Lch s pht trin
Ban u, Eucheuma l loi thuc ging Fucus vi tn gi Fucus denticulatus Burman
1768. Nm 1847, Agardh tch t ging Fucus ra mt ging mi vi tn gi Eucheuma,
gm 7 loi.
Nm 1989, da vo thnh phn carrageenan, ngi ta tch t ging Eucheuma thm
mt ging mi l Kappaphycus. Hin nay c 24 loi thuc 2 ging ny trn th gii.
Ln u tin carrageenan c s dng trn quy m cng nghip trong nhng nm
1930, n c s dng Trung Quc 2.600 nm trc (Gigartina ) v Ireland 1.600
nm trc y.
Nh sn xut ln nht ca thi hin i l Philippines, ni trng to famstller khong
80% ti sn trn th gii. Ph bin nht l Cottonii ( Kappaphycusalvarezii, K.striatum )
v spinosum (Eucheuma denticulatum ), cng chim khong ba phn t sn xut. Chng
pht trin trn b mt nc bin xung khong 3 feet. Rong bin thng c trng trn
nhng si dy nylon ko di gia b tre v thu hoch sau ba thng hoc lu hn khi mi
nh my nng khong 1 kg.

6. c tnh (c th hp th vo o thi)
Thc phm ca Lin Hp Quc v T chc Nng nghip v T chc Y t Th gii b
nhim mt y ban cc chuyn gia kim tra ph gia thc phm. N thy rng da trn
thng tin c sn, khng nn s dng carrageenan hoc rong bin Eucheuma qua ch
bin trong sn phm cho tr s sinh.
C bng chng t cc nghin cu chut, chut lang v kh vissar rng carrageenan
suy thoi (poligenan) c th gy lot trong ng tiu ha v ung th ng tiu
ha. Poligenan pht sinh t carrageenan chu nhit cao v axit.
Mt nghin cu gn y ch ra rng carrageenan gy ra tnh trng vim trong cc t bo
ng rut ca con ngi trong nui cy m ca mt con ng BCL qua trung gian
dn n kch hot ca NFkappaB v IL-8. Carrageenan c th min dch bi alpha-1 ,3-
galaktosidiska lin kt bt thng ca h l mt phn ca disackaridenhetsstruktur ca
n.
Carrageenan cng c bo co l gy tr ngi cho hot ng ca i thc bo
Carrageenan l mt trng lng phn t cao c xem l an ton, trong khi carrageenan
vi trng lng phn t thp (so snh poligenan) c coi l nguy him. Enzym trong
d dy v rut c th chuyn i carrageenan vi trng lng phn t cao thnh
carrageenan c trng lng phn t thp v poligenan. N c lin quan n ung th
ngi v cc vn tiu ha khc nhau

7. Liu lng v loi thc phm
M nhm
thc phm
Nhm thc phm
ML
(mg/kg)
Ghi ch
01.4.1 Cream thanh trng (nguyn cht) GMP 236
01.4.2 Cream tit trng, x l nhit cao (UHT) kem trng
v kem nh trng, kem tch bo (nguyn cht)
GMP
04.2.2.7 Rau, c ln men (bao gm nm, r, thc vt thn c
v thn r, u, , l hi) v sn phm rong bin ln
men khng bao gm sn phm u tng ln men ca
m thc phm 06.8.6, 06.8.7, 12.9.1, 19.9.2.1,
12.9.2.3
GMP
01.2.1 Sa ln men (nguyn cht) GMP CS243
01.3.2 Cc sn phm to mu trng cho ung GMP CS250,
CS252
01.4.3 Kem ng t GMP CS288
01.6.1 Pho mt ti GMP CS262,
CS273,
CS275
02.2.2 M pht, m pht dng sa v pht hn hp GMP CS253
06.4.3

M ng, m dt c lm chn v cc sn phm
tng t
GMP CS249
09.2.1

C, c phi l v sn phm thy sn ng lnh, k c
nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai
GMP CS165
09.2.2

C bao bt, c phi l bao bt v sn phm thy sn
bao bt ng lnh, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai
GMP CS166
09.4

C, sn phm thy sn ln men hoc ng hp, k c
nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai ng hp c bo qun
hon ton
GMP CS119,
CS094&
CS070
Cc nhm thc phm theo ghi ch 500 GMP
Ph lc 2 gii hn ti a i vi ph gia trong thc phm (Ban hnh km theo Thng t
s 272012TT-BYT nm 2014, Trang 174)
8. Lut quy nh s dng ( Vit Nam, M, EU..)
Qui nh trong nc : Quy nh hm lng i vi rong eucheuma qua ch
bin l 173 ml. C th hn v liu lng i vi cc loi thc phm xem ph lc
2, Thngt s 272012TT-BYT nm 2014, Trang 174
Trong Lin minh chu u, carrageenan v PES c ph duyt l ph gia thc
phm v giao s E407 v E407a, tng ng trong danh sch cc cht nh ho
c php, n nh, dy v i l keo cho satis s dng lng t, mc cn
thit t c mt cho li ch cng ngh.
Rong bin Eucheuma qua ch bin (PES) (INS 407a) l ph gia thc phm
c lit k trong Tiu chun chung cho Ph gia thc phm (GSFA). N c
php s dng trong cc danh mc c lit k di iu kin tt thc hnh sn
xut thuc (GMP).
nh gi gn y nht: PES c thc hin vo nm 2001 ti 57 th p ng
ca phn FAO / WHO U ban chuyn gia v Ph gia Thc phm (JECFA). Ti
cuc hp , JECFA xem xt cc tc ng ca carrageenan bn tinh ch trn
ng tiu ha cng nh nghin cu v thc y khi u trong rut kt chut v
pht trin t bo. y ban kt lun rng "Cc ca ht ca rong Eucheuma qua
ch bin t vic s dng chng nh ph gia thc phm l khng quan tm. Do
n c phn b vo nhm ADI 'khng xc nh'
M5 Quy nh (EC) s 1882/2003 ca Ngh vin v Hi ng Chu u ngy
31.10.2003, s L 284, trang 1.
M6 Ch th s 2003/114/EC ca Ngh vin v Hi ng Chu u ngy
29.1.2004, s L 24, trang 58.
Ti M, C quan Qun l Thc phm v Dc phm Hoa K khng c s phn
bit gia xerageenan v PES v c hai u c quy nh nh carrageenan bn
tinh ch.
s dng lm ph gia thc phm c php, carrageenan v PES c nhng
hn ch nghim ngt v o nht phn bit r rng chng t poligeenan
(IARC, 1983; Cohen v Ito, 2002; JECFA, 2002; SCF, 2003).

9. Cng trnh nghin cu
Nghin cu ngn hn c tnh
Ch bin rong bin Eucheuma xut pht t hai ngun, E. Cottonii hoc E.
spinosum, c lm thc n cho nhm 20 chut c v 20 chut ci Sprague-Dawley
nng 0,5, 1,5, hoc 5% trong ch n ung t nht 90 ngy.
Nhm 30 chut c v 30 chut ci n vi ch n ung bnh thng trong mt
khong thi gian v c kim sot c th.
Nhm 10 chut c v 10 chut ci Sprague-Dawley c cho n ch n
c cha 5% carrageenans thng thng.
Nhm b sung ca 10 chut c v 10 chut ci c cho n 5% bin Eucheuma qua
ch bin rong v thc n carrageenan ch bin thng thng trong 90 ngy v sau l
ch n ung c bn trong 28 ngy.
Chut c kim tra v dng cc qu trnh kim sot vi chut c cho n 5% ch
n th nghim trc khi bt u nghin cu v mt ln na cch mt tun trc khi n
b git (b git bi exsanguination). Tt c c kim tra hng ngy v: trng lng
c th, lng thc n c o hai ln mt tun. mu nc tiu c thu thp vo ngy
trc khi khm t, huyt hc v cc thng s ha hc lm sng trong mu, huyt tng
v huyt thanh c o. Trng lng ca 10 c quan chnh hay m t mi con vt c
ghi nhn, v mt b m c c nh.
Chut c cho n 5% PES c ngun gc t E. cotonii hoc E. spinosum, v tt c ng
vt cht hoc b git trong cuc nghin cu c kim tra bi knh hin vi nh
sng. Phi ca tt c cc loi ng vt c kim tra.
Khng c bt thng c tm thy, v cc thay i trong tnh trng chung trong nghin
cu. Gim ngha thng k v trng lng c th ca chut c n PES 5% c ngun
gc E.cottonii .Nhng thay i ny khng tn ti trong cc nhm tng ng. chut c
n PES 5% c ngun gc t E. spinosum c thng k gim ng k trng lng c th
trong sut nghin cu. Thp hn 10% so vi chut c kim sot cui ca nghin
cu. cc thay i tip tc xut hin trong giai on pht trin. Ca cut ci, ch c
nhng con n 5% PES c ngun gc t E. spinosum gim ng k v mt thng k
trng lng c th ti hn mt na s ln o trong iu tr v giai on phc hi. Cc
t thay i thc phm ca chut cho thy khng c thay lin quan n vic thay i
th trng.
Thay i chc nng khng lin quan n liu, c ghi nhn trong tun 12 trong mt
tp hp ca 10 c th t mi nhm. Tng t nh vy, phn tch nc tiu khng cung
cp bng chng v bt k tc dng sinh hc ng k.
Thay i ng k v mt thng k thng xuyn trong huyt hc cc thng s c bo
co, gim trong hng cu, bch cu, v s lng t bo lympho, nng hemoglobin,
hematocrit lin quan duy nht ph n cho n 1,5 hoc 5% PES c ngun gc t E.
cotonii.. Phn tch huyt thanh cho thy khng c lin quan n liu.
p li, ngoi tr tng khong 7% trong albumin: t l globulin chut c n 5% PES
c ngun gc t E. spinosum.
Kt qu m bnh hc b c lp nam gii n 5% c x l Eucheuma t mt trong hai
ngun r rng l khng c c tnh. Tng ng k t l mc cc quanh mch cuffing,
xut huyt, vim phi k, v trng tm ca bt i thc bo c nhn thy trong
phi trong mt s kim tra v nhm iu tr, khng c du hiu ca mt mi quan h
liu p ng. Tn thng l do cc nhim trng nh. Hydrometria ca c t cung v t
cung c nhn thy thng chut ci v c coi l khng c lin quan. Quan st
ca tng sn nangca bch huyt m l do nhim khun (Robbins, 1997a, b).
10. Ti liu tham kho
PH GIA THC PHM, nh xut bn i hc quc gia tp HCM nm 2012
CH TH S 95/2/EC CA NGH V HI NG CHU U Ngy 20 thng 2 nm
1995
FAO / WHO.1999 World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999 IPCS - International
Programme on Chemical Safety, PROCESSED EUCHEUMA SEAWEED
(addendum)
FOOD ADDITIVE DETAILS, Processed eucheuma seaweed (PES) (407a)