-

. Negri Hardt

. NEGRI
HARDT

[1]
. M. Hardt.
,
.
.
.

1.

1.1
,
[2].
, , ,

. ,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 64).

.
, ,
.

(Hardt/Negri 2005: 90). ,
,
[3]
.

1.2
:
;
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 93).
:
) (, , ).
:
.

(Hardt/Negri 2005: 65).
1 / 22

. Negri Hardt

) ,
. , , ,
, ,
. ,
.
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 94).

1.3 , ,

, .
, (
), (Hardt/Negri
2005: 99)
. ,
[4]
.
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 103),
. , ,
, ,
.

.
,
. ,
, (Hardt/Negri 2005:
113). ,
, - (immeasurable) (Hardt/Negri 2005: 146).

1.4
[5] , ,
(common)
.
,
.

(Hardt/Negri 2005: 140-153).
(perfomativity [6]) .

,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 201-202).

, ,
. [7]


2 / 22

. Negri Hardt

.
(Hardt/Negri 2004: 170)
,
, , ,
. , ,
() (, , , )
[8].

[9]
.

1.5

:
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 213),
1990. ,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 220).
,
,
.
:

[]
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 226).

.
, 18 .
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 237). ,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 249),

,
, . , ,

.
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 255).
,
[10]
.

1.6
,
:
(Cahiers de doleances), .
.
3 / 22

. Negri Hardt

,

, , .
.
,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 275).

: )
. ) ad hoc . )
.
,

(Hardt/Negri 2005: 277).

, .

. , , :

(Hardt/Negri 2005: 281)
,
.
, (Hardt/Negri 2005: 282): )
, ) ,
, ) , ,
.
,
[11]. , ,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 289),
,
.
.
,
, ,
, .
():
( )
,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 294).
,
,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 295).
Tobin,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 300-301)
. , ,
, , ,
.
4 / 22

. Negri Hardt

,
copyright .
,
Creative Commons [12],
, , Open Source [13].

. H
[14]
:
,
,
, Indymedia.

(Hardt/Negri 2005: 305-306).

1.7
.

.
18 ,
,
.
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 307).

, , , .
, ,

, .
[15] .
18 .
,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 310),
.

. ,
.
(.. )
,
,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 323).
,
. , ,
,

(Hardt/Negri 2005: 328).
(sovereignty) , .

5 / 22

. Negri Hardt

, ,
, ,
, (Hardt/Negri 2005: 333).
, ,
.

, ,
, , (Hardt/Negri 2005: 334).
.
,
, , ,
.
: (Hardt/Negri 2005:
335), , ,
, ,
. :
? ( )
[16]
.
, ,
, . ,

:
,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 338-339).

Open Source,
Open Source, ,

(Hardt/Negri 2005: 340).
,
, .
,
. ,
, . , ,
.
, , ,
,
,
[17].
, , ,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 353), .
, ,
,
. , ,
Madison .

6 / 22

. Negri Hardt

:
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 355).
,

, .
, :

, ,
,
, ,
, .

. ,
.
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 358).

2.
2.1
,

. , ,

.
, ,
, ,
,
(Negri 1988, / /
..). , 1970,
( 1983).
: Grundrisse
,
,
(Negri 1991).
Grundrisse (Marx 1973: 690-712),
.
, , :
,
. ,
,
(general Intellect)
, ,
7 / 22

. Negri Hardt

[18]

, .
(
1986, Negri 1991),
.
,
1980, :
,
, (Negri [1981] 2003).
, , ,
,
, .

. ,
, , ,

.

,
.
, 1980,
, , ,

(Negri 1989), ,
[19]. ,

(Hardt/Negri 1994).
, : ,
, ,
,

(Hardt/Negri 2000).
, ,
. ,
[20]: ,
, , , ,
.
, ,
, , ,
. ,
, :
, , ,
(Macherey
8 / 22

. Negri Hardt

2004). , ,

,
( 1983). ,
/ :
,
,
D. Bensaid (2004).
,
: Hardt, .. Lazzarato (2000)
, .
1970 ,
, ,
, , , , ,
[21]
,
19 . ,
. , ,

, [22]
.

.
(

).
. , ,
.
,

, (Bidet 2000:
73), , (

,
). : ,

. , ,
( ),
[23] (
),
,
, ( / /
2000: 529-557). , ,
,

.
, ,
, Hardt
: ,
9 / 22

. Negri Hardt

. , , :
, ,
, , , , ,
. ,
, ,
.

,
1844 (Marx 1844a).
Hardt
:


, Hardt
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
. -,
.

( ),
(Balibar 1997: 299).
,
, ,
( ).
,
,
, ,

.
Hardt (

). , ,
.

2.2 (1)

.

.
(Negri 1991a, 1992a)
.
10 / 22

. Negri Hardt

, .
,

, .

, .
,
, ( 1996).
.
/ [24]
(Negri 1999).
, ,
18 .

,
. /
,
.

Federalist Papers, ,
,
.

.
17
. ,
, ,
, ,
, .
, , ,

.
, :
. , ,
, : )

.

, , , .
) , ,

,
(Marx 1844).

(
)
.
11 / 22

. Negri Hardt

.
,
,
.
, -
(
, ) , ,
,
[25]
.
?
(
[Althusser 1975]). , ,
.
,
, , ,
,
. , ,
.
. , ,

.

2.3 (2)

:
,
;
. ,
.

. , ,
.
, :
, ,
(
,

), ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
12 / 22

. Negri Hardt

,
,
, . ,
,

. .

2.4 ;

,


.
,
[26].
, , ,
,
. ,
. , , , , :

,
, -.
,
,

.
, ,
( 1981)
.
, ,
. ,
.
, , :

.

. , ,
:
,
. , ,
: , ,
, . , -
.
13 / 22

. Negri Hardt

2.5
,
.
. ,
. ,
: )
, ) .
,
, , ,
,

(Balibar 1997). , , ,
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
. ,
,
.
,
.

,
Hardt
,
.
,
[27]
.
, ,

.
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
.

2.6

14 / 22

. Negri Hardt

,
, -, .

,
.

, , ,
.

. (open source), ,

,
,
-
- .
(),
. ,

,

[28]
.

,
[29], , , ,

, ,
.

,
. ,
:
,
.
,
.

, ,
, . , ,

. ,
[30]:
, ,
, .
.
,
, , ,

15 / 22

. Negri Hardt

. ,

.

,
,

.
, . ,
:
, ,

, , . A (
) .


:
,

.

Althusser L. 1975, Soutenance dAmiens, L. Althusser (1998), Solitude de Machiavel, Paris: PUF : 199-236
Althusser L. 1995, Sur la reproduction, Paris: PUF
Balibar E. 1997, La crainte de masses. Politique et philosophie avant et apres Marx, Paris: Galilee
Bensaid D. 2004, Multitudes ventriloques (a propos du dernier livre de Michael Hardt et Toni Negri Multitude,
Paris, La Decouverte 2004), http://multitudes.samizdat.net/article.php3?id_article=1739
Bidet J. 2000 [1985], Que faire du Capital. Philosophie, economie et politique dans Le Capital de Marx, Paris: PUF
Bonefeld W., R. Gunn K. Psychopedis (.) 1992, Open Marxism. Volume II Theory and Practice, London:
16 / 22

. Negri Hardt

Pluto Press
Bowring F. 2004, From the mass worker to the multitude: A Theoretical contextualization of Hardt and Negris
Empire, Capital and Class 83: 101-132
ButlerJ. 1999 (1990), Gender Trouble. Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York/ London: Routledge
Deleuze G. 1990, Pourparlers. 1972-1990, Paris: Les Editions de Minuit
Hardt M. . Negri 1994, Labor of Dionysus. A Critique of the State-Form, Minneapolis: Universityof
MinnesotaPress
Hardt M. A. Negri 2000, Empire, Cambridge, Mass./ London: Harvard University Press
Hardt M. A. Negri 2004, Multitude. Guerre et democratie a lage de lempire, Paris: La Decouverte
Hardt M. A. Negri 2004a, Why we need a multilateral Magna Charta, Global Agenda 2004,
http://www.globalagendamagazine.com/2004/antonionegri.asp
Hardt M. A. Negri 2005: Multitude. War and Democracy in the Age of Empire, London: Hamish Hamilton
Lazzarato M. 2000, Du biopouvoir a la biopolitique, http://multitudes.samizdat.net/article.php3?id_article=207
Lazzarato M. 2004, From Capital-Labour to Capital-Life, Ephemera vol 4 (3): 187-208
Macciocchi M. A. 1974, Pour Gramsci, Paris : Seuil
Macherey P. 1979, Hegel ou Spinoza, Paris: Maspero
Macherey P. 2004, Presentation de Michael Hardt / Antonio Negri, Multitude. Guerre et democratie a lage de
lempire (Citephilo, Palais des Beaux-Arts, Lille, 19/11/2004), http://www.univ-lille3.fr/set/
machereynegricadreprinicpal.html
Marx K. 1844, On the Jewish Question Marx K. F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 3, Moscow: Progress
Publishers, 1975
Marx K. 1844a, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Marx K. F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 3,
Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975
Marx K. 1973, Grundrisse. Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy, London: Penguin / New Left Review
Negri . [1981] 2003, The Constitution of Time, Negri A., Time for Revolution, New York/ London: Continuum
Negri T. 1988, Revolution Retrieved. Writings on Marx, Keynes, Capitalist Crisis and New Social Subjects
1967-1983, London: Red Notes
Negri A. 1989, The Politics of Subversion. A Manifesto for the Twenty-First Century, London: Polity Press
Negri A. 1991, Marx beyond Marx. Lessons on the Grundrisse, New York: Autonomedia / Pluto
Negri A. 1991a, The Savage Anomaly. The power of Spinozas metaphysics and politics, Minneapolis/ Oxford:
17 / 22

. Negri Hardt

Minnesota University Press
Negri A. 1992, Interpretation of the Class Situation Today: Methodological Aspects, Bonefeld et al. (.) 1992:
69-105
Negri A. 1992a, Spinoza subversif. Variations (in)actuelles, Paris: Kime
Negri A. 1999, Insurgencies. Constituent Power and the ModernState, Minneapolis/ London: Universityof
MinnesotaPress
Negri A. 1999a, Kairos, Alma Venus, Multitudo. Nine lessons to myself, A. Negri, Time for revolutio n, New
York/ London: Continuum
Thoburn N. 2001, Autonomous Production? On Negris New Synthesis, Theory, Culture & Society Vol. 18(5):
75-96
Virno P. 2004, A Grammar of the Multitude. For an Analysis of Contemporary Forms of Life, New York:
Semiotext(e)
Webster F. 1995, Theories of the Information Society, London/ New York: Routledge

.
., .., , : ., 1972, , :
. 1981, , : . 2002,
: software, . , 18: 44-46
. 1983, . [ VI ], :
/ ., . . 2000, , :
. 1980, , , . , . , .
, . , , : . 1984, , ,
. , , 1984
., . . 1984, , :
- . 1984, . , :
. 1983, . , :
. 1986, , . . , , :
., . . .., , :
. 1996, , : . . 1982,
1. , : .
. 2004, . , 61: 59-88
. . 2003, , :

18 / 22

. Negri Hardt

[1]

. 2003 2003.

, ,
, , ,
.

[2] ,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 13).

[3] , (swarm intelligence),

, , .

[4] [] , ,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 101).

[5] , ,
, , , (commons) ,
.
(Negri 1999a),
,
.

[6] ( 2003)
, , , . .
/ (Butler 1999).

[7] ,
(Negri 1999a, Negri/Hardt 2000).

[8] , ,
, ... (Hardt/Negri 2005: 189).

19 / 22

. Negri Hardt

[9]
, , .
(Hardt/Negri, 2005: 196).

[10] ,
. , [...]
, (Hardt/Negri
2005: 263).

[11] , .
, ,
. ,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 285).

[12] Creative Commons .

, , copyright,
( ). . http://creativecommons.org.

[13]

. www.opensource.org.

. 2002.

[14] , , , ,
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 303).

[15] : .
(Hardt/Negri 2005: 330).

[16]
.
.
. (Hardt/Negri 2005: 336).

[17] ?

20 / 22

. Negri Hardt

? . ,
, (Hardt/Negri 2005: 351).

[18] . Negri 1991: 139-151.

. Thoburn 2001 Bowring 2004. . Virno 2004.

[19] , , :
, , ,
(Negri 1992: 89).

[20]

. Webster 1995.

[21] [] ,
, , ,
( 1982: 173).

[22] . Lazzarato 2004.

[23]
.

[24] potere costituente (pouvoir constituent, constituent power) , ,

potestas ()
potentia (), /
(pouvoir, power). O ( 2004).

[25] . Althusser 1995. . ..

1972. . - 1984 Macciocchi 1974. - . 1980, 1984.

[26] . / / 1984.

21 / 22

. Negri Hardt

[27]

[..] (Macherey 1979: 218).

[28] P. Macherey (2004)

(interactifs) . (
)
, 1990 (Deleuze 1990: 229-239).

[29] Virno (2004),

, () .

[30] , World Economic Forum (Hardt/Negri 2004a)

Magna Charta .

22 / 22