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1. L thuyt:
S dng th trong toan hc tinh toan kt qu trong cac bai toan hoa hc thay cho vic
gii phuong trinh. Phuong phap nay thuong uoc gii cac dang bai tp:
- Sc kh CO
2
hoc SO
2
hoc cho P
2
O
5
vo cc dung dch k!".
- Cho #
$
vo dung dch %&'O#(
)
-
'%&O
2
-
(* +n'O#(
)
2-
' +nO
2
2-
( ...
- Cho O#
-
vo dung dch #
,
PO
)
* hoc dung dch %&
,$
- +n
2$
....
2. ./t 01 d2ng c3 45n:
Dng 1: Sc tu tu khi CO
2
vao a mol dung dch Ca(OH)
2
cho n du, cac phn ung ln luot xy ra
la:
CO
2
Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
H
2
O
CaCO
3
CO
2
H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
- Gi x la s mol CO
2
sc vao, y la s mol CaCO
3
tao ra.
Ta co su ph thuc cua y vao x nhu sau:
x 0 _ x _ a
y -x 2a a _ x _ 2a
0 x _ 2a
D th biu din:
3
( )
CaCO
y n
a
..............
A
B
2
( )
CO
x n
0 a 2a
Theo th ta thy: nu y b voi 0 b a s co hai gia tr tuong ung cua x la b, b
`
.
Voi:
'
2
b b
a
+
=
Do o:
Khi sc V lit khi CO
2
vao dung dch Ca(OH)
2
chua a mol Ca(OH)
2
thu uoc b mol kt tua voi 0
b a thi luong CO
2
sc vao co 2 gia tr la b va b
`
voi b
`
2ab.
Khi sc V lit khi CO
2
bin thin trong khong: b _ x _ c vao dung dch Ca(OH)
2
co chua a mol
Ca(OH)
2
. D tim luong kt tua CaCO
3
lon nht, nho nht ta cn xet ham y I(x) voi cac truong hop
sau:
* Nu b c a: y
min
b (mol)
y
max
c (mol)
* Nu a b c _ 2a y -x 2a. Khi o: y
min
-c 2a (mol)
y
max
-b 2a (mol)
* Nu b a c _ 2a thi: y
max
a (mol). Mun tim y
min
ta phi tinh:
y
1
x b(mol) va y
2
-x 2a -c 2a (mol), sau o so sanh ri chn kt qu be nht.
(Bin son:678n 9:c 6h;n(
< t=> 1: Sc tu tu V (lit) khi CO
2
o iu kin tiu chun vao 1 lit dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,2M thi thu
uoc 10 gam kt tua. V co gia tr lon nht la:
A. 2,24 (l) B. 4,48 (l) C. 6,72 (l) D. 11,2 (l)
< t=> 2: Sc khi CO
2
co s mol bin thin trong khong 0,1 _ n
CO2
_ 0,18 vao 1,5 lit dung dch
Ca(OH)
2
0,1M. Luong kt tua lon nht thu uoc la:
A. 10 gam B. 15 gam C. 20 gam D. 25 gam
< t=> ,: Nhit phn hoan toan 20 gam mui cacbonat cua kim loai hoa tr II thu uoc cht rn A va
khi B. Sc toan b khi B vao 150ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M thu uoc 19,7g kt tua. Khi luong A va
cng thuc cua mui cacbonat la:
. 11,2g !" CaC#
$
B. 12,2g va MgCO
3
C. 12,2g va CaCO
3
D. 11,2g va MgCO
3
Dng 2: Rot tu tu dung dch co chua ion OH
-
vao dung dch co chua a mol Al
3
, cac phn ung hoa
hc ln luot xy ra la:
Al
3
3OH
-
Al(OH)
3
Al(OH)
3
OH
-
AlO
2
-
2H
2
O
- Gi x la s mol OH
-
, y la s mol Al(OH)
3
.
0 x 3a
3
x
Ta co: y -x 4a 3a _ x _ 4a
0 x _ 4a
- D th biu din :
3
( )
( )
Al OH
y n
a
........................
A
B
( )
OH
x n
0 3a 4a
Theo th ta thy: nu y b voi 0 b a s co hai gia tr tuong ung cua x la b, b
`
.
Voi:
'
2, 5
2
b b
a
+
=
Do o:
Khi cho dung dch chua OH
-
vao dung dch chua a mol Al
3
thu uoc b mol kt tua voi 0 b a
thi luong OH
-
cho vao co 2 gia tr la b va b
`
voi b
`
5a b.
Khi cho dung dch chua OH
-
bin thin trong khong: b _ x _ c vao dung dch
co chua a mol
Al
3
. D tim luong kt tua Al(OH)
3
lon nht, nho nht ta cn xet ham y I(x) voi cac truong hop
sau:
* Nu b c 3a: y
min
b (mol)
y
max
c (mol)
* Nu 3a b c _ 4a y -x 4a. Khi o: y
min
-c 4a (mol)
y
max
-b 4a (mol)
* Nu b 3a c _ 4a thi: y
max
a (mol). Mun tim y
min
ta phi tinh: y
1
x b(mol) va y
2
-x 4a -c 4a (mol), sau o so sanh ri chn kt qu be nht.
B"% &'( m%n) )*a:
< t=> 1: Cho 100ml dung dch NaOH tac dng voi 200ml dung dch AlCl
3
0,2M thu uoc kt tua
A. Sy kh va em nung A n khi luong khng i thu uoc 1,53 gam cht rn. Nng mol/l
cua dung dch NaOH dung la:
A. 0,9M ; 0,5M B. 1,0M ; 0,9M
C. 1,3M ; 0,5M D. +,,- . 1,$-
< t=> 2: Cho 200ml dung dch AlCl
3
1,5M tac dng voi V lit dung dch NaOH 0,5M thu uoc 15,6
gam kt tua. Gia tr lon nht cua V la:
A. 1,2 (l) B. 1,8 (l) C. 2,+ (l) D. 2,4 (l)
Dng $: Cho tu tu dung dch HCl vao dung dch chua a mol NaAlO
2
cho n du, cac phn ung ln
luot xy ra:
HCl NaAlO
2
H
2
O Al(OH)
3
NaCl (1)
3HCl Al(OH)
3
AlCl
3
3H
2
O (2)
- Gi x la s mol H