You are on page 1of 21

.

.
.

. ) () ( )(Rho-Theta

. ) (Rho-Rho-Rho
) (Theta-Theta
. .
) INS (Inertial Navigation System
.
INS

.

ILS Instrument Landing System


. VHF/UHF ILS

Glide Slop ) Localizer (LOC
) (Pair G/S LOC . )(G/S
) CDI (Course Deviation Indicator . G/S LOC
G/S LOC .
.

Marker Beacons


= (Middle Marker ) (Outer Marker = OM
. )MM
( )---
.
) (-. -.
.

MLS Microwave Landing System

MLS . MLS
. ILS

MLS
. ILS

VOR VHF Omni-Directional Range


VOR
.
VHF
: VOR
- VOR -
. VOR

VOR . VOR
.
.
.
VOR
Bearing Radial .
) R(210 ) B(30 )R(210
VOR . )B(30
)*<( FROM )*>( TO )>(

.

DME Distance Measuring Equipment


. DME
DME
.

.
.

TCAS Traffic Alert and Collision System


. TCAS

FAA . TCAS
.TCAS
Bearing ATC-MODES . TCAS

) Resolution Advisory (R/A ) Traffic Advisory(T/A


.


( )
.

.

. ) ( ISA


: .

:
Z
R
T

g
M
Po
P
. .

. .



.
.
.

. 00 Kollsman-type
.

. ( )

).


QNH .
. QFE
ISA .
.
: ( )

lexing): h = \frac{(1-(P/P_{ref})^{0.9026}) \times (


}285}{
Pref P h
. .

.


.
.

.

.
.

) (GPS
) . ( Trilateration GPS
GPS



.
.
.

.


.
. ) GPS (


.

.
.
.

.

( ) .
.


.
.
.... ). (


.
.
.

. .
.
.
. :



. o
. o
. o
. o
. o

.



o


]. [
.
.
.

. .
. ( )

.


.


.
.

].[
.

].[
.
].[

(
) . .

].[ ( )
(
].[ ) -


.
. ) (

.


.
. - .
.


( ) (
. )
.
. .


) ( .
.
.
.



.
.
.

.

.
.
.



].[

( )ALTAIR
.

.

....



. o



. .
:


.
.


( ) .

.
.


()



. .

Pr ( ) .

Gt .
Ar .
( Radar Cross Section RCS)
.
Rt .


- -

( )





) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS


( ) .
.
.
. NAVSTAR ) (GPS
. )(GLONASS
. COMPASS Beidou
. ) (Galileo







GNSS

.
: GNSS
)GLONASS (GPS GNSS-:
(GBAS ) (SBAS - Satellite Based Augmentation Systems Ground Based Augmentation Systems).
. )(WAAS - Wide Area Augmentation System
) (EGNOS - European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
(MASAS - Multi-Functional Satellite Augmentation System).
) (LAAS - Local Area Augmentation System
.
( GNSS-:
) .
. L L L
GPS Galileo GLONASS . Core Satellite:
Omnistar StarFire SBAS:
GAGAN MSASEGNOS : WAAS SBAS
Beidou IRNSS QZSS : SNS
)( DGPS GRAS : GBAS
CORS : GBAS
GPS ) (RTK GBAS

DECCA LORAN Omega


.
.

.
.
. Transit
. )(Doppler effect
.
.

.
.
. ) (USNO
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .

. .
) (Kalman filtering
.


. GNSS
.
( ) .
.
.
.
.
: GNSS
) (

enhanced



....
.
.


GPS

Global Positioning System:


. (
) .
. .
GLONASS

GLObal'naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema:


.
.


Compass:

. Beidou
( ) Compass
.
. )(Galileo
Galileo:

Galileo positioning system GPS


. .
GPS .
.


Beidou:

. Compass
DORIS:

Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite -



.
IRNSS:

Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System -


.
.
.
QZSS:

Quasi-Zenith Satellite System -


. . GPS

GNSS
.
. GNSS
.
.
: GPS: Global Positioning System) (

. ] [.
. . )(NAVSTAR

.
.
.



. o
. o
. o

. o
. o

.
.
.



(NAVSTAR) :
:
/ :
/ :



( SLR ) ( VLBI
) (Polynomials ) .
()
. ( ).

USER .
:
1.
)( 2.


. X Y Z

.
.
.


Block I
-

Block II
-

Block IIA -

Block IIR -

Block IIR-M

) (


GPS GPS
GPS .
. GPS .
GPS . GPS
GPS ( . ) . ( )
.
GPS

.
.
GPS
GPS.
.
. . GPS
].[ Lat-Lon UTM
.
. . .
.


.


.
.

.
) (Beidou
QZSS
) (IRNSS

:A/P
ABAS:
ACARS:
ACAS:
ACC:
ACMS:
ACP:
ACS:
ADAHRS:
ADC:
ADF:
ADI:
ADIRS:
ADIRU:
ADM:
ADS:
ADS-A:
ADS-B:
AFCS:
AFD:
AFDC:
AFDS:
AFIS:
. ATCSS , AGACS:
AGC:
AGDL:
AHC:
AHRS:
AIDS:
AIXM:
ALC:
)( ALT:
) ( ALT Hold:
) ( ALTS:
AMLCD:
AMS:
ANC:
. ANN:
ANR:
]]{} ()|[[ ANT:
AOP:
APC:
APM:
APS:
APU:
ARINC:

ASD:
ASDL:
ASR:
ASU:
AT:
ATC:
ATCT:
ATCRBS:
ATCSS:
ATIS:
Avionics:

][

You might also like