Laplace Transform and Its Application in Circuit Analysis

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LAPLACE LAPLACE
TRANSFORM AND TRANSFORM AND
I TS APPLI CATI ON I TS APPLI CATI ON
I N CI RCUI T I N CI RCUI T
ANALYSI S ANALYSI S
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12.1 Definition of the Laplace Transform 12.1 Definition of the Laplace Transform
12.2 Useful Laplace Transform Pairs 12.2 Useful Laplace Transform Pairs
12.3 Circuit Analysis in S Domain 12.3 Circuit Analysis in S Domain
12.4 The Transfer Function and the Convolution 12.4 The Transfer Function and the Convolution
Integral Integral
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12.5 The Transfer Function and the Steady state 12.5 The Transfer Function and the Steady state
Sinusoidal Response Sinusoidal Response
12.6 The Impulse Function in Circuit Analysis 12.6 The Impulse Function in Circuit Analysis
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Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827) :
A French astronomer and mathematician
First presented the Laplace transform and
its applications to differential equations
in 1979.
Definition:
[ ]
0
( ) ( ) ( )
a complex variable
st
L f t F s f t e dt
s j
= =
= +
The Laplace transform is an integral

transformation of a function f(t) from the time
domain into the complex frequency domain, F(s).
[ ]
1
1
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
Look-up table , an easier way for circuit application
( ) ( )
j
st
j
L F s f t F s e ds
j
f t F s
+
= =
One-sided (unilateral) Laplace transform

Two-sided (bilateral) Laplace transform
Similar to the application of phasor transform to
solve the steady state AC circuits , Laplace
transform can be used to transform the time domain
circuits into S domain circuits to simplify the
solution of integral differential equations to the
manipulation of a set of algebraic equations.
Functions f(t) , t> F(s)
impulse 1
step
ramp
t
exponential
sine
0
( ) t
( ) u t
2
1
S
at
e
1
S a +
1
S
sin t 2 2
S

+
Functions f(t) , t> F(s)
cosine
damped ramp
damped sine
damped cosine
0
cos t 2 2
S
S +
at
te
cos
at
e t
( )
2
1
S a +
( )
2
2
S a
+ +
sin
at
e t
( )
2
2
S a
S a
+
+ +
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[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
-
0
0
0
( ) ( ) ( 0 )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) , 0
( ) ( )
1
( ) ( ) , 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
l i m l i m
l i m l i m
t
a s
a t
s t
t s
d
L f t s F s f
d t
F s
L f d
S
L f t a u t a e F s a
L e f t F s a
s
L f a t F a
a a
f t s F s
f t s F s
+

=

=

= >
= +

= >
=
=

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Example Use the Laplace transform to
solve the differential equation.
[ ]
2
2
2
6 8 2 ( )
(0) 1
'(0) 2
Take Laplace transfrom
2
( ) (0) '(0) 6 ( ) (0) 8 ( )
d v dv
v u t
dt dt
v
v
s V s sv v sV s v V s
s
+ + =
=
=

+ + =

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[ ]
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 4
2
( ) (0) '(0) 6 ( ) (0) 8 ( )
4 2
( 6 8) ( )
4 2 4 2
( )
( 2)( 4) ( 6 8)
1
( ) (1 2 ) ( )
4
t t
s V s sv v sV s v V s
s
s s
s s V s
s
s s s s
V s
s s s s s s
v t e e u t

+ + =

+ +
+ + =
+ + + +
= =
+ + + +
= + +
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(1) KCL , ( ) 0 , for any node.
Take Laplace Transform
( ) 0 , for any node.
(2) KVL , ( ) 0 , for any loop.
Take Laplace Transform
( ) 0 ,
k
n
k
n
k
m
k
m
i t
I s
v t
V s
=
=
=
=
for any loop.

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(3) Circuit Component Models
resistor
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
R R
R R
R R
v t Ri t
V s RI s
I s GV s
=
=
=
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0
inductor
( )
1
( ) (0 ) ( )
( ) ( ) (0 )
( ) (0 )
( )
L
L
t
L L L
L L L
L L
di
v t L
dt
i t i v d
L
V s sLI s Li
V s i
I s
sL s
=
= +
=
= +

(0 )
L
Li

(0 )
L
i
s
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0
capacitor

1
( ) (0 ) ( )
( ) ( ) (0 )
(0 ) 1
( ) ( )
C
C
t
C C C
C C c
C
C C
dv
i C
dt
v t v i d
C
I s sCV s Cv
v
V s I s
s sC
=
= +
=
= +

1
sC
(0 )
C
v
s
1
sC
(0 )
C
Cv

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M
i
2
i
1
L
1 L
2
v
1
v
2
+
- -
+
Coupling inductors
V
1
(s)=L
1
SI
1
(s)-L
1
i
1
(0)+MSI
2
(s)-Mi
2
(0)
V
2
(s)= MSI
1
(s)- Mi
1
(0)+L
2
SI
2
(s)-L
2
i
2
(0)
dt
d
L
dt
d
M
dt
d
M
dt
d
L
2
2
1
2
2 1
1 1
i i
v
i i
v
+ =
+ =
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For zero initial conditions
( )
impedance ( )
( )
( ) 1
admittance ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) '
V s
Z s
I S
I S
Y s
V s Z s
V s Z s I s ohm s lawin s domain
=
= =
=
@
@
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The elegance of using the Laplace transform in
circuit analysis lies in the automatic inclusion of
the initial conditions in the transformation process,
thus providing a complete (transient and steady
state) solution.
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Circuit analysis in s domain
nStep 1 : Transform the time domain circuit into
s-domain circuit.
nStep 2 : Solve the s-domain circuit.
e.g. Nodal analysis or mesh analysis.
nStep 3 : Transform the solution back into time
domain.
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Example Find v
o
(t) given v
o
(0)=5V
S-domain equivalent circuit
10
1 s +
10
s
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2
Nodal analysis
10
( )
( ) ( )
1
2 0.5
10 10 10/
25 35 10 15
( )
( 1)( 2) 1 2
( ) (10 15 ) ( ) V
o
o o
o
t t
o
V s
V s V s
s
s
s
V s
s s s s
v t e e u t

+
+ + = +
+
= = +
+ + + +
= +
10
1 s +
10
s
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12.4 The Transfer Function and the 12.4 The Transfer Function and the
Convolution Integral Convolution Integral
Given a linear circuit N in s domain as shown below
Transfer function H(s) is defined as
) s ( X
) s ( Y
) s ( H =
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( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ; ( )
( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ; ( )
( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ; ( )
( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ; ( )
o i
o i
If Y s V s X s V s then H s voltage gain
If Y s I s X s I s then H s current gain
If Y s V s X s I s then H s impedance
If Y s I s X s V s then H s admittance
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =
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Given the transfer funtion H(s) and input
X(s) , then Y(s)=H(s)X(s)
If the input is (t) , then X(s)=1 and
Y(s)=H(s)
Hence , the physical meaning of H(s) is in
fact the Laplace transform of the impulse
response of the corresponding circuit.
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in time domain
Y(s)=H(s)X(s) , in s-domain
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y t h t x d h t x t
@
Geometrical interpretation of finding the
convolution integral value at t=t
k
is based on :
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(1)Approximating the input function by using a
series of impulse functions.
(2)Shifting property of linear systems input
x(t)!output y(t)
x(t-")!output y(t- ")
(3)Superposition theorem for linear systems
(4)Definition of integral : finding the area
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(1)Input x(") is approximated using impulse
functions , x(")=0 , for "<0
0
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
, ( ) ,
0 , (0) , (0)
, ( ) , ( )
2 , ( ) , ( )
3 , ( ) , ( )
k k
instant x value area
x x
x x
x x
x x

=
=
=
=
V
V V
V V
V V
0 1
(0) x
( ) x
0
1
( ) x
2
0 1 1 2 2
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
k
x f f f
x k k
=
+ + +
L
@ V V V

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(2) Use the linearity property
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
( )
(0) ( ) (0) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

input output response
x x h
x x h
x x h
up to

V V
V V
V V
M M
k
t =
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(3) Use superposition theorem to find the total
approximate response
$
0
( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
n
k k
k
k
y t x k h t k
t
n integer
=
=
=
V V V
V

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(4) Take the limit , #"!d",
( ) ( ) ( )
k k
y t x h t d

Due to causality principle , h(t-")=0 for tt
k
and x(")=0 for "<0
0
( ) ( )
k
t
k
h t x d =

$
( ) ( )
k k
y t y t
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( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) , (4) ,
( ) ( ) ( )
(4) (4 ) ( )
t
Given x t u t h t e u t find y
y t h t x d
y h x d
= =
=
=

Example:
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Step1.
4 2 0 2 4
!
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
x!!
4 2 0 2 4
!
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
h!!
( ) x
( ) h
2
2
4
4
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Step2. Shift to t
k
=4
4 2 0 2 4
!
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
h4 !! (4 ) h
4 2

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Step3. Find the product h(4-")x(")
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Step4. Find the integral (area)
4 4 4
(4 ) 4 4
0 0 0
4 4 4
(4) =
= ( 1) (1 )
y e d e e d e e
e e e

= =
=

Step5. Check
4
1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
1
( ) (1 ) , 1
(4) (1 )
t
a a
Y s Hs X s
s a s s a s
y t e a
a
y e
= = = +
+ +
= =
=
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Steady State Sinusoidal Response Steady State Sinusoidal Response
From definition of transfer function
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Y s
H s
X s
Y s H s X s
=
=
Assume input X(t)=Acos(wt+) and H(s) is given,
then one can get the steady state solution without
needing a separate phasor analysis.
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2 2
*
1 1
*
1 1
1
: ( ) cos cos sin sin
(cos sin )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )

:
( )
1
( )
2
( ) ( cos sin )
ss
j
proof X t A t A t
A s
X s
s
Y s H s X s
K K
s j s j
other terms due to poles
under steady state
K K
Y s
s j s j
K
H j Ae
s j
H s A s
s j

=

=
+
=
= +
+
+
= +
+
=
=
=
+
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( )
( ) | ( ) |
( ) | ( ) | cos[ ( )]
. . ( ( ))
( ( )) | ( ) | ( )
j
ss
ss
Let H j H j e
and take inverse Laplace transform
Then y t A H j t
i e P X t A
then P y t A H j
=
= + +
=
= +
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Example : The transfer function H(s) of the circuit
given below is known.
Find the steady state solution of V
o
(t) for
the given V
g
(t).
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2 6
1000( 5000)
( )
6000 25 10
( ) 120cos(5000 30 ) g
s
H s
s s
V t t V
+
=
+ +
= +
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6 6
: 5000
1000( 5000 5000)
( 5000)
25 10 5000(6000) 25 10
2
45
6
2
( ) 120 cos(5000 30 45 )
6
20 2cos(5000 15 )
ss
o
Solution Let s j j
j
Evaluate H j
j
Then V t t
t V
= =
+
=
+ +
=
= +
=
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nIn theory , the relationship between H(s) and
H(jw) provides a link between the time domain
and the frequency domain.
nIn some cases , we can determine H(jw)
experimentally and then construct H(s) from the
data.
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Example: Find the impulse response of the Example: Find the impulse response of the
following circuit. following circuit.
in
v
R
+
_
o
v
+
_
C
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(a) Time domain solution (a) Time domain solution
0
( )
0 , (0 ) 0
1 ( )
0 , (0 )
1

o
o
o
t
o
dv
RC v t
dt
At t v
t
At t v dt
C R
V
RC

+ +
+ =
= =
= =
=
( ) t ( )
o
v t
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0 , ( ) 0 For t t
+
> =
R
1
( ) , (0 )
o
v t v
RC
+
=
+
_
C
0
1
( ) ( )
o
o
t
RC
o
dv
RC v
dt
v t e u t
RC

+ =
=
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(b) s (b) s- -domain solution domain solution
. .
( )
( )
( )
o
in
zero I C
V s
H s
V s
=
Find the transfer function Find the transfer function
Transform into s Transform into s- -domain circuit domain circuit
( )
in
V s
R
+
_
( )
o
V s
1
Cs
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-1
1
( ) 1
( )
1
( ) 1
( ) [ ( )]
1
( )
o
in
t
RC
V s
Cs
H s
V s RCs
R
Cs
h t H s
e u t
RC

= = =
+
+
=
=

L
( )
in
V s
R
+
_
( )
o
V s
1
Cs
Same answer. Same answer.
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12.6 The Impulse Function in Circuit 12.6 The Impulse Function in Circuit
Analysis Analysis
Example 1: Impulse voltage source excitation Example 1: Impulse voltage source excitation
( )
O
V t
( ) i t
(0 ) 0 i

=
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Analysis Analysis
0
0, (0 ) 0
1
(0 ) ( )
( )
t
O
O
At t i
i V x dx
L
V
A
L
+
= =
=
=
( )
O
V t
(0 ) i
+
The impulse voltage source has stored energy, The impulse voltage source has stored energy,
, in the inductor as an initial current , in the inductor as an initial current
in an infinitesimal moment. in an infinitesimal moment.
2
1
2
(0 ) ( ) i L
+
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Analysis Analysis
0 , ( ) 0 For t t
+
> =
( ) i t
/
0 ,
(0 )
( ) ( ) ,
O
t O
di
L Ri natural response
dt
V
i A
L
V L
i t e u t
L R
+ =
=
= =
Note that the impulse source just builds up an Note that the impulse source just builds up an
initial inductor current but does not contribute initial inductor current but does not contribute
to any forced response. to any forced response.
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Analysis Analysis
/
/
( )
( ) ( )
O O
t O
V V L
I s
R
R sL
s
L
V
i t e u t
L

= =
+
+
=
O
V
R
sL
( ) I s
Same answer but much easier. Same answer but much easier.
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Analysis Analysis
Example 2: Impulse current source excitation Example 2: Impulse current source excitation
R C
+
_
( ) , (0 ) 0 v t v

= ( )
o
I t
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Analysis Analysis
0, (0 ) 0
(0) 0 ,
At t v
v short circuit
= =
=
0
1
(0 ) ( )

t
o
o
v I x dx
C
I
C
+
=
=
The impulse current source has stored energy, The impulse current source has stored energy,
, in the capacitor as an initial voltage , in the capacitor as an initial voltage
in an infinitesimal moment. in an infinitesimal moment.
2
1
2
(0 ) ( ) v C
+
( )
o
I t
R
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Analysis Analysis
0 ,
(0 )
( ) ( ) ,
o
t
o
dv v
C natural response
dt R
I
v
C
I
v t e u t RC
C

+ =
=
= =
0 , ( ) 0, For t t open circuit
+
> =
( ) v t
Note that the impulse current just builds up an Note that the impulse current just builds up an
initial capacitor voltage but does not contribute initial capacitor voltage but does not contribute
to any forced response. to any forced response.
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Analysis Analysis
Transform into s Transform into s- -domain circuit domain circuit
R C
+
_
( ) V s o
I
1
/
V( )
1 1
( ) ( )
o
o
t
o
R
I C
Cs
s I
R s
Cs RC
I
v t e u t
C

= =
+ +
=
Same answer but much easier. Same answer but much easier.
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Analysis Analysis
Example 3: Impulse caused by switching operation Example 3: Impulse caused by switching operation
1 2
(0 ) (0 ) Note that v v

The switch is closed at t=0 in the following circuit. The switch is closed at t=0 in the following circuit.
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Analysis Analysis
Transform into s Transform into s- -domain domain
1 2
1 2 1
2
1 2 2 1 2
( )
1 1
, ( )
o
o e
o e o
e
V
s
I s V C
sC sC
C C V C V C
C V s
C C sC s C C
=
+

= = =
+ +
@

1
2
1 2
( ) ( )
( )
o e
o
i t V C t
C
v t V
C C
=
=
+
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Analysis Analysis
At t=0 , a finite charge of C At t=0 , a finite charge of C
1 1
is transferred to C is transferred to C
2 2
instantaneously. instantaneously.
Note that , as the switch is closed , the voltage Note that , as the switch is closed , the voltage
across C across C
2 2
does not jump to V does not jump to V
o o
of C of C
1 1
but to its final but to its final
value of the two paralleled capacitors. value of the two paralleled capacitors.
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Analysis Analysis
2
1 2
2 2 2
1 2
1
1 1 2
1 2
1 2 1
1 1 2
1 2 1
, 0
, 0
+ , 0
, 0 , , 0
.
o
o
o
o
o
C C
Note Q C V V t
C C
C
Q C V V t
C C
Q Q C V t
Also at t Q C V Q
Q Q C V
Conservation of charge
+
+
+
= = >
+
= = >
+
= >
= = =
+ =
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Analysis Analysis
If we consider charged capacitors as voltage sources , If we consider charged capacitors as voltage sources ,
then we should not connect two capacitors with then we should not connect two capacitors with
unequal voltages in parallel. unequal voltages in parallel.
Due to violation of KVL , an impulse will occur which Due to violation of KVL , an impulse will occur which
may damage the components. may damage the components.
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Analysis Analysis
Example 4: Impulse caused by switching operation Example 4: Impulse caused by switching operation
The switch is opened at The switch is opened at t t = 0 in the following circuit. = 0 in the following circuit.
100V
10
3H
1
i 1
L
2
i
2
L
2H
15
0 t = o
v
+
_
1
2
0 ,
100
(0 ) 10
10
(0 ) 0
At t steady state solution
V
i A
i A
=
= =
=
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Analysis Analysis
For t > 0, the S For t > 0, the S- -domain circuit is domain circuit is
10
3s
( ) I s 1
L
2
L
2s
15
( )
o
V s
100
s
30
5
5
(100/ ) 30 4 2
( )
5 25 5
60 10
( ) ( ) (2 15) 12
5
( ) (4 2 ) ( ) .....................( )
( ) 12 ( ) (60 10 ) ( ) .....( )
o
t
t
s
I s
s s s
V s I s s
s s
i t e u t A
v t t e u t B
+
= = +
+ +
= + = + +
+
= +
= + +
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Analysis Analysis
1 2
1 2
0 , (0 ) 10 , (0 ) 0
0 , ( ), (0 ) 6 , (0 ) 6
, ( ), 12 ( ) ( ).
L L
L L
o
Note t i A i A
t from A i A i A
Also from B there exists t at v t

+ + +
= = =
= = =
10
3s
( ) I s 1
L
2
L
2s
15
( )
o
V s
100
s
30
65 65 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 65 65
Analysis Analysis
Thus, if we consider an inductor current as a Thus, if we consider an inductor current as a
current source, then two inductors with unequal current source, then two inductors with unequal
currents should not be connected in series. currents should not be connected in series.
Due to violation of KCL, it will result in impulse Due to violation of KCL, it will result in impulse
voltage which may damage the components. voltage which may damage the components.
10
3s
( ) I s 1
L
2
L
2s
15
( )
o
V s
100
s
30
SUMMARY SUMMARY
C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 66 66
Objective 1 : Know the component models in s Objective 1 : Know the component models in s- -domain. domain.
Objective 2 : Be able to transform a time domain circuit Objective 2 : Be able to transform a time domain circuit
into the s into the s- -domain circuit. domain circuit.
Objective 3 : Know how to analyze the s Objective 3 : Know how to analyze the s- -domain circuit domain circuit
and transform the solution back to time and transform the solution back to time
domain. domain.
SUMMARY SUMMARY
Objective 4 : Understand the significance of transfer Objective 4 : Understand the significance of transfer
function and be able to calculate the function and be able to calculate the
transfer function from the s transfer function from the s- -domain circuit. domain circuit.
Objective 5 : Know the geometrical interpretation of Objective 5 : Know the geometrical interpretation of
convolution integral and be able to convolution integral and be able to
calculate the integral. calculate the integral.
SUMMARY SUMMARY
Objective 6 : Know the relation between the Objective 6 : Know the relation between the phasor phasor
solution technique for finding sinusoidal solution technique for finding sinusoidal
steady state solution and the s steady state solution and the s- -domain domain
solution technique . solution technique .
Objective 7 : Know how to use s Objective 7 : Know how to use s- -domain solution domain solution
technique to solve a circuit containing technique to solve a circuit containing
impulse sources or a switching circuit impulse sources or a switching circuit
which may result in impulse functions. which may result in impulse functions.
SUMMARY SUMMARY
Chapter problems : Chapter problems :
13.13 13.13
13.20 13.20
13.27 13.27
13.36 13.36
13.57 13.57
13.85 13.85
13.88 13.88

Laplace Transform and Its Application in Circuit Analysis

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Laplace Transform and Its Application in Circuit Analysis

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1 1 C.T. Pan C.T.

The Laplace transform is an integral

One-sided (unilateral) Laplace transform

for any loop.

16 16 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 16 16

31 31 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 31 31

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