EM ch6 Lecture 01 S1 12 13

1
Trn Quang Vit BMCS Khoa in HBK Tp.HCM Tran Quang Viet Faculty of EEE HCMUT-Semester 1/12-13
Chng 6 Nguyn l bc x in t v anten
6.1. Gii thiu
6.2. Nguyn t Anten thng (dipole Hetzian)
6.3. p dng cho anten sng
6.4. Cc thng s c trng ca anten
6.1. Gii thiu
Hin tng bc x in t: anten sinh ra sng in t
V,
v
(t)
J(t)
z
x
y
EM wave
EM wave
EM wave
EM wave
EM wave
EM wave
EM wave
2
6.1. Gii thiu
Dng thc t c bn ca anten:
6.1. Gii thiu
Mt s anten thc t:
3
6.1. Gii thiu
Tnh trng bc x:
Trn thc t V l dng dy v ngun xem xt l iu ha:
V
J(t-R/v)dV
A(t)=
4 R
anten
R
-j
v
V
Je dV
A=
4 R

i
i

/ 2 / v = = Vi: (H s pha)
R

i
i

-j
L
I e d
A=
4 R
Tnh th vect dng biu thc th chm:
6.1. Gii thiu
B A rot =
i i

Tnh trng t dng nh ngha th:

Tnh trng in dng hpt Maxwell: (mi trng in mi)
rot H E j =
i i

Trn thc t ngi ta thng dng cch trn tnh cho
cc loi anten c bn (Hetzian dipole,) sau dng kt
qu ny xp chng tnh cho cc anten phc tp hn!!!
1
H A rot
=
i i

1
E rot H
j
=
i i

4
6.2. Nguyn t Anten thng (dipole Hetzian)
Xt nguyn t Anten thng mang dng i(t)=I
m
cos(t+)
6.2.1. Tnh trng in t
6.2.2. Trng in t trong min gn
6.2.3. Trng in t trong min xa
' z d dz a =

/ 2
/ 2 +
Tnh th vect dng:
/ 2
/ 2
'
-j
I e
A=
4 R
R
z dz a
i
i
-j
I
A e
4
r
z a
r
i
i

i
i

-j
L
I e d
A=
4 R
5
Biu din th vect trong h ta cu:
r
z a
r a
( ) ( ) ( )
z r z r z z a a a a a a a a a a = + +

cos sin z r a a a =

( )
I
cos sin
4
j r
r A e a a
r
=
i
i

-j
I
A e
4
r
z a
r
i
i

Tnh trng t:
1
H= rot A
i i

2
-jr
2 2
I j 1
H= sin + e a
4 r r
| |
|
\
i
i

Tnh trng in:

E=(1/j)rot H
i i

3
-jr
r
2 2 3 3
3
-jr
2 2 3 3
jI j 1
E=- cos + e a
2 r r
jI 1 j 1
- sin - + + e a
4 r r r
| |
|
\
| |
|
\
i
i
i

6
Min gn c nh ngha l:
r<<1 r<< /2
r
2 2 3 3
1 1 1
; ~1
r r r
j
e
<< <<
Vi nh ngha trn ta c:
2
-jr
2 2
I j 1
H= sin + e a
4 r r
| |
|
\
i
i

2
I sin
H a
4r

i
i

( )
m
2
I sin
H = cos t+ a
4r

3
-jr
r
2 2 3 3
3
-jr
2 2 3 3
jI j 1
E=- cos + e a
2 r r
jI 1 j 1
- sin - + + e a
4 r r r
| |
|
\
| |
|
\
i
i
i

r
3 3
j I cos j I sin
E - a - a
2r 4r
i i
i

m
r
3
I
E= sin(t+ )(2cosa +sina )
4r
r
3
-j I
= (2cosa +sina )
4r
i

7
m
r
3
I
E= sin(t+ )(2cosa +sina )
4r
Mt cng sut in t trong min gn:

2 2
2
m
r
2 5
I
P=EH= sin(2t+2 ) sin a -sin2a
32 r
( )
m
2
I sin
H = cos t+ a
4r

V d ti imtrong min gn c =/2:

r
0 2
P(r, , )=P sin(2t+2 )a

Cng sut in t lan truyn c tnh cht dao ng; min
gn c gi l min cm ng ng to thnh phn
khng trong tr khng tng ng ca anten (Z
A
)
Min xa c nh ngha l: r>>1 r>> /2
2 2 3 3
1 1 1
r r r
>> >>
Vi nh ngha trn ta c:
2
-jr
2 2
I j 1
H= sin + e a
4 r r
| |
|
\
i
i

-jr
jI
H= sine a
4r
i
i

m
I
H= sincos t- r+ + a
2r 2

| |
|
\

-jr
jI
H= sine a
2 r
i
i

8
3
-jr
r
2 2 3 3
3
-jr
2 2 3 3
jI j 1
E=- cos + e a
2 r r
jI 1 j 1
- sin - + + e a
4 r r r
| |
|
\
| |
|
\
i
i
i

2
-j r
j I
E = sine a
4r
i
i

I
E= sincos t- r+ + a
2r 2

| |
|
\

-jr
j I
E = sine a
2 r

i
i

-jr
j I
= sine a
2 r
Mt cng sut trong min xa:
m
I
H= sincos t- r+ + a
2r 2

| |
|
\

I
E= sincos t- r+ + a
2r 2

| |
|
\

( )
2 2
2 2
m
r
2 2
I
P=EH= sin cos t- r+ +/2 a
4 r

Cng sut in t lun truyn t ngun ra min xa vi

hng truyn l +r ; min xa c gi l min bc x.
Min bc x ng gp vo phn thc ca tr khng tng
ca anten (Z
A
)
9
Mt s tnh cht i vi trng trong min bc x:
Sng trong min xa l sng TEM
Bin sng suy gimtheo quy lut 1/r
Mt ng pha: t+r++/2=cost r=const sng cu
(Thc t gn ng l sng phng!!!)
Vn tc pha bng vn tc truyn sng v c tnh ging
stps trong in mi l tng
E & H cng pha tr sng c tnh ging nh stps
trong in mi l tng
Tnh nh hng: bin sng ph thuc vo ln
ca sng khng u theo mi hng, max khi =90
0
, min=0
khi =0 hoc 180
0
Cng sut bc x: cng sut in t trung bnh qua mt cu
bn knh r>>; tmti gc ta
bx r
S S
P P S P S d d

= < > =

2 2
* 2
2 2
1
P Re{ } sin
2 8
m
r
I
E H a
r

< >= =
i i

2 2
2
2 2
bx
2 2
0 0
P sin sin
8
m
I
r d d
r

=

2
2
bx m
P I
3
| |
=
|
\

10
in tr bc x R
bx
l in tr tng ng m cng sut
tiu tn trn n bng cng sut bc x:
2
bx bx m
R =2P /I
2
bx
2
R
3
| |
=
|
\
2
1
bx bx m 2
P R I =
Xt anten sng vi phn b ca bin dng nh h.v
~
Z
0
( )
0
I cos z
( )
0
i(t)=I cos cos for (-L/2<z<L/2) z t
/ 2 L
/ 2 L
2
L

=
11
Xt trng min xa v dng kt qu ca dipole Hetzian:
-j r' 0
'
jI cos( ') '
sin'e a
2r'
z dz
d E

=
i

-j r' 0
jI cos( ') '
sin'e a
2r'
z dz
d H

=
i

~
Z
0
z'
dz'
'
r'
r
a
a
a
'
zcos
2
L
2
L
4
=
4

=
/ 4
-j r' 0
'
/ 4
jI cos( ') '
sin'e a
2r'
z dz
E
i

' / 2
' / 2
z L
z L
E d E
=
=
=
i i

/ 4
-j (r-z'cos ) 0
/ 4
jI cos( ') '
sine a
2r
z dz
E
i

/ 4
-j r j z'cos 0
/ 4
jI sin
e cos( ')e ' a
2r
E z dz
i

2
L
2
L
4
=
4

=
12
j z' -j z'
/ 4
-j r j z'cos 0
/ 4
jI sin e +e
e e ' a
2r 2
E dz

i

/ 4
-j r j z'(1+cos ) -j z'(1-cos ) 0
/ 4
jI sin
e [e +e ] ' a
4r
E dz
i

-j r 0
2
jI sin 4
e cos cos a
4r sin 2
E

| |

|
\
i

( )
2 -j r 0
cos cos
jI
e a
2 r sin
E

i

Tng t:
( )
' / 2
2 -j r 0
' / 2
cos cos
jI
e a
2 r sin
z L
z L
H d H

=
=
=
i i

6.4. Cc thng s c trng ca anten
6.4.1. Cng bc x v th bc x
6.4.2. li nh hng v nh hng
6.4.3. Hiu sut, li v HPBW (Haft Power Beamwidth)
13
nh ngha: cng bc x l CS in t trung bnh trn
mt n v gc c (solid angle) theo hng kho st
r
y
x
z
o
d
dS
Hng kho st
2
dS
d= =sindd ( )
r
Sr
2
S
0 0
ex: S = d =4 ( ) Sr

2 r
r
<P >dS
u( , )= =<P >r
d
W
Sr

| |
|
\
2
bx
0 0
P = u( , )d = u( , )sin d d

Cng bc x ca dipole Hetzian:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
r 2 2 2
u( , )=<P >r = sin .r sin
8 8
m m
I I W
r Sr

| |
=
|
\

th bc x: biu din th cho hmcng bc x
theo cc hng khc nhau (thng thng dng cng
bc x chun): u
n
(,)=u(,)/u
max
14
Cng bc x ca anten ng hng (isotropic anten):
cng bc x ri u theo mi hng sao cho cng sut
bc x bng vi cng sut bc x ca anten c hng ang
xt.
2
i
0 0
1
u = u( , )sin d d
4 4
bx
P

=

li nh hng:
2
i
0 0
u( , ) 4 u( , ) 4 u( , )
D( , )=
u
u( , )sin d d bx
P

= =

V d: dipole Hetzian:
2 2
2
2
u( , ) sin
8
m
I

2
D( , )=1.5sin
li nh hng thng c tnh theo decibel (dBi):
D( , ) dBi=10log[D( , )]
nh hng: li nh hng cc i
D=max[D( , )]
V d: dipole Hetzian:
2
D( , )=1.5sin D=1.5
D dBi=10logD
15
S
P
loss
P
bx
P
+
-
Z
n
R
Loss
R
bx
jX
anten
E
Anten pht
6.4.3. Hiu sut, li v HPBW (Haft Power Beamwidth )
Hiu sut:
in tr tn
hao nhit
(dy dn)
in tr
bc x
(min xa)
in
khng
(min gn)
bx bx bx
S bx loss bx loss
P P R
[%]
P P P R R
= = =
+ +
li ca anten:
S bx
4 u( , ) 4 u( , )
G( , ) D( , )
P P

= = =
li chun ha:
G(, )
( , ) (, )
Max[G(, )]
n
g u
= =
HPBW
rng na cng sut (HPBW or 3-dB):
Dipole
Hetzian;
=0 / 4
3 / 4
HPBW=/2
16
Example: A TV station is transmitting 10kW of power with a
gain of 15dB towards a particular direction. Determine the
peak and rms value of the electric field at a distance of
5km from the station?
15/10
G dB=15dB 10 31.62 G = =
bxi S
P =G.P 31.62 10 316.2kW = =
i
= / 4
bxi
u P
2 2 2
i
1
/r = / 4
2
r i bxi m
P u P r E
< > = =
3
3
1 1 120 316.2 10
0.87 /
2 5 10 2
bxi
m
P
E V m
r

= = =
/ 2 0.62 /
rms m
E E V m = =
: solution

EM ch6 Lecture 01 S1 12 13

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EM ch6 Lecture 01 S1 12 13

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1

Tnh trng in:

Mt cng sut in t trong min gn:

V d ti imtrong min gn c =/2:

Cng sut in t lun truyn t ngun ra min xa vi

6.2.3. Trng in t trong min xa

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