Do An

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
KHOA VIN THNG 1

--------o0o---------
CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
c lp - T do - Hnh phc
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TI N TT NGHIP I HC
H v tn :
Lp
:
Kho
:
Ngnh :
Dng Minh Khim

D2001-VT
2001 2006
in t Vin thng
TN TI: "M PHNG TRUYN DN OFDM THCH NG TRONG
THNG TIN V TUYN"

NI DUNG N :
Phn I: c tnh knh truyn v tuyn

Phn II: Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM v AOFDM
Phn V: Chng trnh m phng
Ngy giao ti: 27/07/2005

Ngy np n: 27/10/2005
H Ni, ngy
thng
nm 2005
Gio vin hng dn
Ts. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
Ks. Nguyn Vit m
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN:
im:
(Bng ch:
H Ni, Ngy
thng
nm 2005
Gio vin hng dn
Ts. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
Ks. Nguyn Vit m
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN:
im:
(Bng ch:
)
Ngy
thng
nm 2005
Gio vin phn bin
Li ni u
n tt nghip i hc
Li ni u
Thy r, hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh, cht lc tinh hoa vn minh nhn loi, tc pht
trin khoa hc k thut, c hi rt ngn khong cch pht trin, c hi i tt n u,
cng nh c hi tm kim u t ca cc nh u t.... v ang c khng nh nh
vo vic trao i thng tin. Thm na trc sc p ca xu th ton cu ho, hi nhp,
cnh tranh th x hi ho thng tin l vn ton x hi quan tm. iu ny th hin rt
r qua cc chng trnh: thng mi in t, chnh ph in t....Trong x hi thng tin
ni bt nht l thng tin v tuyn c bit l thng tin di ng do tnh linh hot, mm
do, di ng, tin li ca n. Nh vy nhu cu v s dng h thng thng tin di ng
ngy cng gia tng iu ny ng ngha vi nhu cu chim dng ti nguyn v tuyn gia
tng, hay ni cch khc tn ti mu thun ln gia nhu cu chim dng ti nguyn v ti
nguyn vn c ca thng tin v tuyn. Nhng do c im ca truyn dn v tuyn l ti
nguyn hn ch, cht lng ph thuc nhiu vo mi trng: a hnh, thi tit... dn
n lm hn ch trin khai p ng nhu cu ca x hi ca cc nh cng nghip v dch
v vin thng. Trc mu thun ny, t ra bi ton cho cc nh khoa hc v cc ngnh
cng nghip c lin quan phi gii quyt. Chng hn khi ni n vn ti nguyn v
tuyn, lch s pht trin cho thy chng c gii quyt bng cc gii php k thut,
cng ngh nh: FDMA, TDMA, SDMA, CDMA, s kt hp gia chng tm
mi cch khai thc trit ti nguyn dng thi gian, tn s, khng gian, m. Tuy
nhin cha tm thy cc h thng di ng trc y mt phng php s dng ti u
ph tn, mt ti nguyn v cng quan trng trong thng tin v tuyn. Gi tr ti nguyn
ph tn c th c thy qua cuc bn u gi ng k ph tn v tuyn cho 3G ti
Chu u bt u trong nm 1999. Anh quc ch vi 90 MHz kt thc cuc bn u
gi vi 22.5 t bng Anh [5]. i vi c kt qu cng tng t, vi 100 MHz bng tn
chi ph ln n 46 t USD [6]. iu ny tng ng vi 450 triu USD/MHz. Thi
gian s dng ph tn ch ko di 20 nm [7]. V th s dng hiu qu ph tn trit
cho h thng truyn thng v tuyn l cc k quan trng. Trong bi cnh nh vy
OFDM c xem l gii php cng ngh khc phc nhc im v hiu qu s dng
ph tn thp ca cc h thng di ng trc y. Chu k k hiu ln cho php cng
ngh OFDM c th truyn d liu tc cao qua knh v tuyn. Mt khc OFDM s
dng cc sng mang con trc giao truyn d liu, iu ny to cho OFDM s dng
bng tn knh ti u. Tuy nhin cc h thng s dng cng ngh OFDM hin nay nh:
DAB, DVB, HDTV, HiperLAN2... u khng dng c ch thch ng, do cha ti u
hiu nng, thng lng cng nh cha i ph hiu qu i vi nhng nh hng bt
li ca knh truyn v tuyn di ng.
Trn y l nhng nt c bn v chuyn ngnh v tuyn m bn thn quan tm, lnh hi
c trong qu trnh hc tp ti Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng. Vi cc
kin thc c bn v chuyn mn lnh hi c cng vi s nh hng ca thy gio Ts.
Nguyn Phm Anh Dng v thy gio Ks. Nguyn Vit m, n chn ch
nghin cu gii php iu ch thch ng tn hiu s trong h thng truyn dn s nhm
c c hiu sut s dng bng tn cao. T xy dng chng trnh m phng, c th
l : "M phng truyn dn OFDM thch ng trong thng tin v tuyn". tng
thch ng l: khi iu kin knh truyn tt s truyn d liu tc cao, v th s c li
Dng Minh Khim, D2001VT
Li ni u
n tt nghip i hc
v thng lng (BPS). Khi iu kin knh ti s truyn d liu tc thp hn m

bo cht lng dch v (QoS). Nhng trc tin cn xc nh c c tnh mi trng
truyn dn (knh truyn), trn c s s thch ng cc tham s iu ch theo knh
truyn. Theo n c t chc thnh 6 chng nh sau.
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

Gii thiu cc h thng di ng hin hnh, phn tch cc u nhc im ca
chng v gii thch ti sao xu th tt yu s dng cng ngh OFDM.
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng

cp mt s khi nim c bn c trng cho truyn lan sng v tuyn,
phn tch cc nh hng v cc thng s c trng ca ng truyn v
tuyn, cc yu cu i vi m hnh knh, knh v phn loi chng, cc
thng s c trng ny lm c s xy dng cc thut ton thch ng
chng 5.
Chng 3: Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM

Trnh by nhng nguyn l chung nht v OFDM, trnh by m hnh h
thng OFDM, phn tch cc thng s c trng ca OFDM, phn tch cc
nhn t nh hng ca knh pha inh ln hiu nng ca h thng truyn
dn OFDM v gii php khc phc. Trnh by kh nng tit kim ph tn
ca b lc bng thng.
Chng 4: c tnh cht lng v cn bng knh

Thy r, ti u cc my thu cn phi xc nh c cht lng knh. T
xy dng cc gii php i ph ph hp chng hn nh b lc thch ng.
Theo chng ny trnh by mt s phng php i ph vi nhng bt
li ca knh truyn v tuyn di ng nh s dng b cn bng: ZF, LMSE,
ng thi phn tch vai tr ca vic c tnh knh chnh xc. Qua , a ra
gii php c tnh knh bng PSAM.
Chng 5: iu ch OFDM thch ng

Trnh by nguyn l iu ch thch ng, vai tr ca iu ch thch ng, xy
dng gii thut thch ng cho truyn dn OFDM thch ng trong thng tin
v tuyn, phn tch u nhc im ca tng c ch thch ng, trn c s
la chn hai c ch thch ng: thch ng theo mc iu ch (AQAM) v
thch ng chn lc sng mang. Trnh by m hnh gii thut v lu thut
ton thch ng cho c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang.
Chng 6: Chng trnh m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng

Da trn cc kt qu nghin cu, xy dng m hnh h thng truyn dn
OFDM thch ng phc v cho m phng. Tin hnh thit k cc phn t
trong h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng. Trn c s lin kt cc phn t,
xy dng chng trnh m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng.
nh gi hiu nng gia cc h thng dng c ch thch ng v gia h
thng thch ng vi h thng khng dng c ch thch ng thng qua cht
ii
Li ni u
n tt nghip i hc
lng nh ban u v nh truyn qua h thng OFDM. ng thi so snh
hiu nng (BER) v hiu nng thng lng (BPS) gia cc h thng ny
thng qua kt qu m phng.
c s quan tm, gip v ch bo tn tnh trong nghin cu v cung cp ti liu ca

thy gio Ts. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng v thy gio Ks. Nguyn Vit m v kin
ng gp ca cc thy c gio trong b mn v tuyn cng vi s n lc ca bn thn,
n c hon thnh vi ni dung c giao mc v phm vi nht nh. Tuy
nhin do trnh v thi gian c hn, n chc chn khng trnh khi nhng sai st,
knh mong cc thy c gio v cc bn c, ng gp kin chnh sa v nh hng
ni dung cho hng pht trin tip theo.
Em xin trn thnh cm n thy gio Ts. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng v thy gio Ks.
Nguyn Vit m, cc thy c gio trong b mn v tuyn, khoa vin thng I v cc
bn tn tnh gip trong thi gian hc tp v lm n.
H ni, ngy 15 thng 10 nm 2005
Ngi lm n
Dng Minh Khim
iii
Mc lc
n tt nghip i hc
Mc lc
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung........................................................................................1
1.1. Nhng hn ch ca k thut hin hnh................................................................2
1.2. Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM..............................................3
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng................................................................4
2.1. M u................................................................................................................4
2.2. Min khng gian..................................................................................................5
2.3. Min tn s..........................................................................................................6
2.3.1. iu ch tn s..............................................................................................6
2.3.2. Chn lc tn s..............................................................................................7
2.4. Min thi gian.....................................................................................................7
2.4.1. Tr tri trung bnh qun phng....................................................................7
2.4.2. Tr tri cc i..............................................................................................8
2.4.3. Thi gian nht qun.......................................................................................8
2.5.Quan h gia cc thng s trong cc min khc nhau..........................................8
2.5.1. Bng thng nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng.............................8
2.5.2. Thi gian nht qun v tri Doppler..............................................................9
2.6. Cc loi pha inh phm vi hp.............................................................................9
2.7. Phn b Rayleigh v Rice..................................................................................10
2.7.1. Phn b pha inh Rayleigh..........................................................................10
2.7.2. Phn b Pha inh Rice................................................................................12
2.8. Cc m hnh knh trong min thi gian v min tn s.....................................13
2.8.1. M hnh knh trong min thi gian.............................................................13
2.8.2. M hnh knh trong min tn s..................................................................15
2.9. nh hng ca tha s K knh Rice v tri tr ln cc thuc tnh knh trong
min tn s..................................................................................................................16
2.10. Kt lun...........................................................................................................19
Chng 3: Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM............................................................21
3.1. M u..............................................................................................................21
3.2. Tnh trc giao....................................................................................................21
3.3. M hnh h thng truyn dn OFDM................................................................24
3.3.1. M t ton hc tn hiu OFDM.......................................................................24
3.3.2. S h thng truyn dn OFDM..................................................................25
3.2.2.1. Tng chuyn i ni tip sang song song.................................................27
3.3.2.1. Tng iu ch sng mang con..................................................................27
3.3.2.3. Tng chuyn i t min tn s sang min thi gian................................28
3.3.2.4. Tng iu ch sng mang RF...................................................................28
3.4. Cc thng s c trng v dung lng h thng truyn dn OFDM..................30
3.4.1. Cu trc tn hiu OFDM..............................................................................30
3.4.2. Cc thng s trong min thi gian TD........................................................31
3.4.4. Quan h gia cc thng s trong min thi gian v min tn s..................32
3.4.5. Dung lng ca h thng OFDM................................................................33
iv
Mc lc
n tt nghip i hc
3.5. Cc nhn t nh hng ca knh pha inh ln hiu nng h thng truyn dn
OFDM v cc gii php khc phc.............................................................................34
3.5.1. ISI v gii khc phc...................................................................................34
3.5.2 nh hng ca ICI v gii php khc phc.................................................37
3.5.3 Ci thin hiu nng h thng truyn dn trn c s kt hp m ho Gray....40
3.5.4 Gii php nng cao hiu qu s dng ph tn ca h thng truyn dn OFDM 42
3.5.4.1 Phng php dng b lc bng thng.......................................................43
3.5.4.2 Phng php dng khong bo v cosin tng............................................47
3.6 Kt lun..............................................................................................................50
Chng 4: c tnh cht lng knh v cn bng knh.........................................51
4.1 Gii thiu............................................................................................................51
4.2 c tnh knh bng PSAM.................................................................................51
4.2.1 Ni suy Gauss..............................................................................................52
4.2.2 Ni suy FFT.................................................................................................52
4.2.3 Ni suy Wienner...........................................................................................54
4.3 K thut cn bng p ng knh.........................................................................54
4.3.1 B cn bng cng bc khng.....................................................................55
4.3.2 B cn bng bnh phng li trung bnh tuyn tnh LMSE.........................56
4.4 Kt lun..............................................................................................................58
Chng 5: iu ch OFDM thch ng......................................................................59
5.1 Gii thiu............................................................................................................59
5.2 M hnh h thng truyn dn iu ch thch ng................................................60
5.2.1 Khi nim c bn v iu ch thch ng......................................................60
5.2.2 Kin trc ca nhng h thng iu ch thch ng........................................61
5.2.3 Nguyn tc xy dng gii thut iu ch thch ng.........................................62
5.3 Xy dng gii thut thch ng cho h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng.........62
5.3.1 Thut ton thch ng theo SNR pht trn mi sng mang con.....................63
5.3.2 Thut ton thch ng da theo mc iu ch................................................64
5.3.3 Thut ton thch ng da trn c ch chn lc sng mang...........................66
5.6 Kt lun..............................................................................................................72
Chng 6: Chng trnh m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng........73
6.1 Gii thiu............................................................................................................73
6.2 M hnh m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng.................................73
6.2.1 M hnh m phng.......................................................................................73
6.2.2. Thit lp cc thng s m hnh m phng...................................................76
6.3 Chng trnh m phng truyn dn OFDM thch ng........................................84
6.3.1 Giao din chng trnh m phng................................................................84
6.3.2 Cc kt qu m phng v nh gi hiu nng..................................................87
6.3.2.1 Kt qu m phng khng dng c ch thch ng......................................87
6.3.2.2 Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch ng mc iu ch...........................89
6.3.2.3 Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang................92
6.3.2.3 Kt qu m phng dng kt hp hai c ch thch ng chuyn mc iu ch
v chn lc sng mang..........................................................................................94
6.4 nh gi hiu nng ca cc c ch thch ng thng qua kt qu m phng.......97
6.5 Kt lun............................................................................................................105
Kt lun..................................................................................................................... 106
Ti liu tham kho....................................................................................................107
Mc lc
n tt nghip i hc
vi
Danh mc bng
n tt nghip i hc
Danh mc bng
Bng 1.1. c tnh dch v ca UMTS..............................................................................1
Bng 1.2. Tham s c trng ca cc h thng s dng cng ngh OFDM.....................2
Bng 2.1. Cc loi pha inh phm vi hp..........................................................................9
Bng 2.2. Cc c tnh knh trong ba min: khng gian, tn s v thi gian................. 20
Bng 3.1. Mi quan h gia cc tham s OFDM ............................................................32
Bng 3.2 M ho Gray cc bit nh phn.......................................................................... 41
Bng 3.3 Tham s khong bo v RC ca IEEE 802.11a............................................... 48
Bng 5.1 iu khin mc iu ch da trn cc mc SNR thu ......................................65
Bng 6.1Thng s h thng dng cho m phng tn hiu OFDM................................... 76
Bng 6.2 Thng s m phng h thng OFDM thch ng.............................................. 79
Bng 6.2 Tham s BER iu khin chuyn mc iu ch...............................................89
vii
Danh mc hnh v
n tt nghip i hc
Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 2.1. Tnh cht knh trong min khng gian, min tn s v min thi gian.........................5
Hnh 2.3 Phn b xc sut Gauss trong khng gian.....................................................................11
Hnh 2.4 Phn b xc sut Rayleigh trong khng gian, 2 1 ..................................................12
Hnh 2.5 Phn b xc sut Rice vi cc gi tr K khc nhau, 2 1 .........................................13
Hnh 2.6. M hnh l lch tr cng sut trung bnh......................................................................15
Hnh 2.7 Ph tn hiu OFDM truyn qua m hnh knh pha inh Rice, vi s sng mang = 100,
kch thc FFT = 300...................................................................................................................17
Hnh 2.8. Ph thuc bin hm truyn t knh min tn s vo tn s v RDS.....................18
Hnh 2.9. Ph thuc bin hm truyn t knh vo K v tn s.............................................18
Hnh 2.10. Hm truyn t ca knh khi RDS=30ns vi cc gi tr K khc nhau.......................19
Hnh 3.1 Dng sng ca mt tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian v tn s.............................23
Hnh 3.2 Hnh dng ph ca tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s 5 sng mang, hiu qu ph tn ca
OFDM so vi FDM.....................................................................................................................23
Hnh 3.3 Ph tng hp ca tn hiu OFDM trong bng tn c s vi 5 sng mang con.............24
Hnh 3.4 S khi h thng truyn dn OFDM........................................................................26
Hnh 3.5. Tn hiu pht 16-QAM s dng m ho Gray, v tn hiu 16-QAM truyn qua knh
v tuyn, SNR = 18 dB................................................................................................................27
Hnh 3.6. Tng IFFT, to tn hiu OFDM....................................................................................28
Hnh 3.7 iu ch cao tn tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s phc s dng k thut tng
t..................................................................................................................................................28
Hnh 3.8 iu ch cao tn tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s phc s dng k thut s.................29
Hnh 3.9. Dng sng tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian.........................................................29
Hnh 3.10 Tn hiu OFDM dch DC, W l bng tn tn hiu, foff tn s dch t DC, fc l tn s
trung tm......................................................................................................................................30
Hnh 3.11 Cu trc tn hiu OFDM.............................................................................................30
Hnh 3.12 rng bng tn h thng v rng bng tn sng mang con................................32
Hnh 3.13. Chn thi gian bo v cho mi k hiu OFDM.........................................................35
Hnh 3.14. Cu trc tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian...........................................................35
Hnh 3.15 Hiu qu ca khong bo v chng li ISI.................................................................36
Hnh 3.16 Hiu qu ca khong bo v loi b ISI................................................................37
Hnh 3.17 Nhiu nn do ICI i vi s sng mang con khc nhau............................................38
Hnh 3.18 nh hng ca ICI ti t s tn hiu trn nhiu........................................................38
Hnh 3.19 Cng sut ICI chun ho i vi tn hiu OFDM. N=102..........................................39
Hnh 3.20 Cng sut ICI chun ho cho sng mang con trung tm (fdT=0,2)............................40
Hnh 3.21 S IQ iu ch 16-QAM v 16-PSK s dng m ho Gray..................................41
Hnh 3.22 Biu IQ cho tn hiu 64-PSK v 128-PSK.............................................................42
viii
Danh mc hnh v
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 3.23 Biu IQ cho tn hiu 64 QAM v 1024-QAM.......................................................42

Hnh 3.24 c tuyn b lc dng ca s Kaiser vi ft = 0.2 Hz, ft = 0.4 Hz, = 3.4,............... 44
Hnh 3.25 Cu trc ca ca s Kaiser vi 10 , v 50 ...................................................44
Hnh 3.26 Ph ca tn hiu OFDM 52 sng mang (a) v 1536 sng mang con (b), khng dng
b lc...........................................................................................................................................45
Hnh 3.27 Ph tn hiu OFDM 20 sng mang khng dng b lc (a) v dng b lc vi ca s
Kaiser vi 10 (b)...................................................................................................................45
Hnh 3.28 Ph tn hiu OFDM 20 sng mang, dng b lc vi ca s Kaiser vi 50 ........46
Hnh 3.29 SNR ca mi sng mang con ca tn hiu OFDM khi s dng b lc.......................47
Hnh 3.30 Cu trc ca khong bo v RC..................................................................................47
Hnh 3.31 ng bao k hiu OFDM vi mt khong bo v phng v mt khong bo v RC
chng ln......................................................................................................................................48
Hnh 3.32 Cng sut ng bao bn ca tn hiu OFDM 20 sng mang con, vi chiu di
khong bo v RC thay i..........................................................................................................49
Hnh 4.1 Khun dng mt khung truyn dn OFDM c gn cc k hiu hoa tiu.....................51
Hnh 4.2 Gii thut FFT...............................................................................................................52
Hnh
4.3
S
h
thng
truyn
dn.............................................................................................53
Hnh 4.4 S b cn bng trung bnh li bnh phng tuyn tnh............................................56
Hnh 5.1 Qu trnh pht trin ca cc cng ngh i u ch thch ng.........................................60
Hnh 5.2 Lu thut ton iu ch thch ng............................................................................61
Hnh 5.3 Kin trc ca cc h thng iu ch thch ng..............................................................61
Hnh 5.4 Ngng SNR chuyn mc cho c ch thch ng theo s iu ch..........................65
Hnh 5.5 M hnh thut ton thch ng theo c ch chn lc sng mang cho h thng truyn dn
OFDM..........................................................................................................................................69
Hnh 5.6 Lu thut ton ca khi quyt nh..........................................................................70
Hnh 5.7 Lu thut ton ca khi iu khin chn.................................................................71
Hnh 6.1 M hnh m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng..........................................75
Hnh 6.2 Tng thch gia tc d liu ngi dng v s sng mang.....................................77
Hnh 6.3 Tng thch gia kch thc FFT v s sng mang.....................................................78
Hnh 6.4 Sp xp cc mu tn s trong k hiu OFDM trc khi bin i IFFT........................79
Hnh 6.5 M phng tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian...........................................................79
Hnh 6.6 p ng xung kim ca knh.........................................................................................82
Hnh 6.7 Hnh dng hm truyn t ca knh..............................................................................82
ix
Danh mc hnh v
n tt nghip i hc
Thut ng
n tt nghip i hc
Thut ng vit tt
AC
AM
AOFDM
AWGN
BER
BPS
CCI
CF
CINR
CIR
COFDM
DAB
DAC
DC
DFT
DDS
DFE
DMT
DSP
DS
DVB
FEC
FFT
FIR
HDTV
HiperLAN2
Alternating Current
Adapting Multi-access scheam
Adaptive Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multi-Access
Dng xoay chiu (tn s khc 0)

Thch ng lc a truy nhp
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
trc giao thch ng
Additive White Gaussian Noise
Tp m Gauss trng cng
Bit Error Rate
T s bit li
Bit per symbol
S bit trn mt k hiu
Co-channel interference
Nhiu ng knh
Crest Factor
Tham s Crest
Carrier to interference plus Noise T s sng mang trn nhiu v tp
ratio
m
Channel impulse response
p ng xung kim knh
Coding Orthogonal Frequency
M ho ghp knh phn chia theo
Divistion Multiplex
tn s trc giao
Digital Audio Broadcast system
H thng pht thanh s
Digital Analog Converter
B chuyn i s sang tng t
Direct Current
Dng mt chiu (tn s bng 0)
Discreat Fourier Transformation
Bin i Fourier ri rc
Direct Digital Synthesis
ng b s trc tip
Decision Feed back Equalizer
Phn hi quyt nh
Discete Multi-Tone
a tn ri rc
Digital Signal Process
X l tn hiu s
Delay Spread
Tri tr
Digital Video Broadcast
Truyn hnh s
Forward Error Correction
Sa li trc
Fast Fourier Transformation
Bin i Fourier nhanh
Finite Impulse Response
p ng xung kim hu hn
Hight Difinition Television
Truyn hnh nt cao
High Performance Radio Local Area Chun WLAN ca Chu u cho
Network, WLAN standard (Europe) OFDM vi tc d liu ti a l
based on OFDM, with maximum
54 Mbps
data rate of 54 Mbps
Inter-Carrier Interference
ICI
IEEE802.11a WLAN standard (U.S) based on
Nhiu giao thoa gia cc sng mang

Tiu chun WLAN cho OFDM vi
OFDM, with a maximum data rate tc d d liu ti a l 54 Mbps
IEEE802.11b
of 54 Mbps.
WLAN standard (U.S) based on
Tiu chun WLAN da trn DSSS
DSSS, with maximum data rate of vi tc d liu ti a l 11 Mbps
ix
Dng Minh Khim, D2001-VT
Thut ng
IFFT
IMD
IQ
ISI
n tt nghip i hc
11 Mbps
Inverse Fast Fourier
Transformation
Inter-Modulation Distortion
Inphase Quadrature
Inter-Symbol Interference
Bin i Fourier ngc nhanh

Nhiu iu ch ni
ng pha vung pha
Nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu
x
Thut ng
n tt nghip i hc
LM-MSE
Joint Photographic Experts Group nh dng file nh tnh ch nn

(Image compress standard)
LinEariry-Mean Square error
B cn bng sai s bnh phng cc
Equalizer
tiu tuyn tnh
LOS
MIMO
MMSE
Line Of Sight
Multi-Input and Multi-Output
Maximum Mean Square error
Estimation
MPEG
Moving Picture Experts Group

(Video compress standard)
M-PSK
MSE
OFDM
M-Phase Shift Keying

Mean Square Error
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplex
PAPR
Peak to Average Power Ratio
PSD
PSAM
Power Spectrum Density

Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation
QAM
QoS
RC
RF
RMS
Quadrature Amplitude Modualtion

Quality of Service
Rised Cosin
Radio Frequency
Root Mean Squared value
SF
SINR
Spread Factor
Signal to Interference Plus Noise
Ratio
Signal to Noise Ratio
Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System
JPEG
SNR
UMTS
W-CDMA
Wide Band Code Division

Multi-Access
WLAN
ZF
Wireless Local Area Network

Zero Forcing equalizer
ng nhn thng
H thng a ng vo a ng ra
c tnh cc i trung bnh li bnh
phng
nh dng file nh ng ch
nn
Kho dch pha M trng thi
Trung bnh li bnh phng
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
trc giao
T s cng sut nh trn cng sut
trung bnh
Hm mt ph cng sut
iu ch c h tr bi k hiu
hoa tiu
iu ch bin cu phng
Cht lng dch v
Khong bo v cosin tng
Tn s v tuyn
Gi tr cn bc hai trung bnh qun
phng
Tham s tri ph
T s tn hiu trn nhiu v tp m
T s tn hiu trn tp m
H thng vin thng di ng ton
cu
a truy nhp phn chia theo m
bng tn rng
Mng khng dy ni vng
B cn bng cng bc khng
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 1
Gii thiu chung

Do tnh di ng v tnh tin dng m cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn mang li
hiu qu cao trong vic s dng, khai thc trao i thng tin cho ngi dng. V th nhu
cu s dng, chim dng ti nguyn v tuyn ngy cng gia tng nhanh chng, yu cu
ngy cng nhiu cc nh khai thc, cng nghip vin thng tp trung khai thc th mnh
ny nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. Kt qu mang li ngun thu v kch thch thc y
tng trng kinh t c bit trong xu th hi nhp cnh tranh. Theo , ngy cng xut
hin nhiu hnh thc dch v, tnh a dng ca cc cng ngh mi nhm khai thc trit
ti nguyn v i ph hiu qu nhng nh hng vn c ca mi trng v tuyn, v
d nh mng khng dy ni ht (WLAN). Tuy nhin vi s tng trng theo hm m
ca Internet i hi nhng phng php mi c mng khng dy dung lng ln.
H thng di ng th h th ba, h thng truyn thng di ng ton cu (UMTS) v
CDMA2000 [1] hin ang c trin khai ti nhiu quc gia trn th gii v bc u
t c nhng thnh cng ng k. Bng 1.1 s lit k c tnh ca cc dch v m
UMTS h tr:
Bng 1.1 c tnh dch v ca UMTS
Dch v
Bn tin ngn
(email, chat)
Thoi
Duyt Web
Hi ngh truyn
hnh
Camera theo di
Ting cht lng
cao
Truy nhp c s
d liu
Tc d liu yu cu
Cht lng dch

v yu cu
Cao
Yu cu tnh
thi gian thc
Khng
Thp (4-20 kbps)

Kh bin (>10 kbps cho
n 100 kbps)
Cao (100 kbps-1 Mbps)
Thp (BER < 10-3)

Cao (BER < 10-9)
Trung bnh
C
Thng thng
l khng
C
Trung bnh (50-300 kbps)

Cao (100-300 kbps)
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Khng
C
Cao (> 30 kbps)
Rt cao
Khng
Thp (1-10 kbps)
i vi nhng ng dng trong mi trng di ng , thy r trong tng lai gn mt s

hi t ca cng ngh in thoi di ng, my tnh, truy cp Internet, v nhiu ng dng
tim nng khc nh video v audio cht lng cao, vi s thm vo kh nng gi v
nhn d liu s dng my tnh sch tay v in thoi di ng. Khi ch vi mt chic
in thoi nh b ngi dng c th xem truyn hnh theo yu cu (VOD), hi ngh
truyn hnh v nghe nhc, xem film cht lng cao trc tuyn, nhng tc d liu
n tt nghip i hc
yu cu s >30 Mbps. Vi tc cao nh vy th cc h thng di ng th h ba hin

nay cha p ng c. V th yu cu c t ra l ci thin nhiu hn hiu qu ph
tn v tc truyn d liu ca cc h thng di ng. Hin nay cc h thng WLAN,
HiperLAN/2, IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b c trin khai thc t v cung cp tc
truyn d liu rt cao. iu c bit l cc h thng trn u da trn c s cng ngh
OFDM. Bng 1.2 di y s lit k cc thng s c trng ca nhng h thng ny:
Bng 1.2 Tham s c trng ca cc h thng s dng cng ngh OFDM
Tham s h thng
Tn s sng mang
Bng thng
Tc truyn d
liu ti a
S lng sng mang
con
Kch thc FFT
DAB
VHF
1.54 MHz
1.7 Mbps
DVB-T
VHF v UHF
7-8 MHz
31.7 Mbps
IEEE 802.11
5 GHz
20 MHz
54 Mbps
HiperLAN/2
5 GHz
20 MHz
54 Mbps
192-1536
1705-6817
52
52
256-2048
2048-8196
64
64
Ta thy u th ni bt ca cc h thng s dng cng ngh OFDM l thng lng ln,

hiu qu s dng ph tn cao v i ph hiu qu nhng nhc im ca mi trng v
tuyn (s c cp phn sau).
1.1. Nhng hn ch ca k thut hin hnh

K thut n sng mang
Cc k thut tri ph c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba c
kh nng chng li pha inh v nhiu [2], song tn ti nhng yu cu khng thc hin
c chng hn: nu ngi dng cn c tc 20 Mbps giao din v tuyn v h s
tri ph l 128 (gi tr in hnh hin nay), dn n phi x l tc 2,56 Gbps theo thi
gian thc v th cn c rng bng tn ln khng thc t. Mt khc, thy r
Do ti nguyn ph tn hn hp, v vy cn phi s dng hiu qu.
Do nhng kh khn lin quan n hiu ng gn xa v c s tiu th cng sut

ln.
Ngoi ra, cc k thut n sng mang i ph km hiu qu i vi pha inh v truyn

lan a ng c bit trong trng hp tc bit rt cao. cc phng php iu ch
truyn thng M-QAM, M-PSK, khi tc d liu truyn cao th ko theo rng k
hiu s gim, n mt gi tr m rng k hiu < tri tr cc i ca knh, khi knh
s l knh la chn tn s v gy ISI cho tn hiu thu. y l mt nhc im chnh
khin cc h thng s dng cc phng php iu ch truyn thng khng th truyn d
liu vi tc cao, hoc gi thnh rt cao i vi nhng dch v yu cu tc d liu
cao.
n tt nghip i hc
K thut a sng mang trc giao OFDM

OFDM l mt cng ngh cho php tng rng k hiu truyn dn do dung sai a
ng ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc k thut s dng trc y, cho php khc phc
nhng nhc im cn bn ca k thut n sng mang.
1.2. Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM

Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM) l mt k thut iu ch c th thay
th cho CDMA. OFDM c u im vt tri so vi nhng h thng CDMA v cung cp
phng php truy cp khng dy cho h thng 4G.
tng ca OFDM l chia ton b bng tn truyn dn thnh nhiu sng mang con trc
giao nhau truyn cc tn hiu trong cc sng mang con ny song song. Theo , lung
d liu tc cao c chia thnh nhiu lung tc thp hn lm cho chu k k hiu
tng theo s sng mang con.
u im
OFDM l gii php phn tp tn s. OFDM chia nh bng tn knh v tin hnh
truyn d liu c lp trn cc bng tn knh con ny.
OFDM t hiu qu s dng ph tn cao, do tnh trc giao ca cc thnh phn
sng mang con.
OFDM l ng c vin ha hn cho truyn dn tc cao trong mi trng di
ng. S d OFDM lm c nh vy bi v, chu k k hiu tng cho nn dung sai tri
tr ca h thng tng v hiu qu s dng ph tn cao ca cng ngh OFDM.
OFDM cho php gim c nh hng ca tr a ng v knh pha inh chn
lc tn s chuyn thnh knh pha inh phng. V vy, OFDM l gii php i vi tnh
chn lc tn s ca knh pha inh. Thun li ny ca OFDM cho php cn bng knh d
dng.
Do tri rng pha inh tn s trn nhiu k hiu, nn lm ngu nhin ho li cm
(do pha inh Rayleigh gy ra), nn thay v mt s k hiu cnh nhau b mo hon ton l
mt s k hiu cnh nhau b mo.
Tnh kh thi ca OFDM cao do ng dng trit cng ngh x l tn hiu s v
cng ngh vi mch VLSI.
Nhc im
OFDM nhy cm vi dch Doppler cng nh lch tn gia cc b dao ng ni

pht v thu. Do tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con rt nhy cm vi knh truyn c
dch Doppler ln.
Vn ng b thi gian. Ti my thu kh quyt nh thi im bt u ca k
hiu FFT.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 2
c tnh knh v tuyn di ng

2.1. M u
Trong thng tin v tuyn di ng, cc c tnh knh v tuyn di ng c tm quan trng
rt ln, v chng nh hng trc tip ln cht lng truyn dn v dung lng. Trong
cc h thng v tuyn thng thng (khng phi cc h thng v tuyn thch ng), cc
tnh cht thng k di hn ca knh c o v nh gi trc khi thit k h thng.
Nhng trong cc h thng iu ch thch ng, vn ny phc tp hn. m bo
hot ng thch ng ng, cn phi lin tc nhn c thng tin v cc tnh cht thng
k ngn hn thm ch tc thi ca knh.
Cc yu t chnh hn ch h thng thng tin di ng bt ngun t mi trng v tuyn.
Cc yu t ny l:
Suy hao: cng trng gim theo khong cch. Thng thng suy hao nm
trong khong t 50 n 150 dB ty theo khong cch
Che ti: cc vt cn gia trm gc v my di ng lm suy gim thm tn hiu
Pha inh a ng v phn tn thi gian: phn x, nhiu x v tn x lm mo
tn hiu thu bng cch tri rng chng theo thi gian. Ph thuc vo bng thng ca h
thng, yu t ny dn n thay i nhanh cng tn hiu v gy ra nhiu giao thoa
gia cc k hiu (ISI: Inter Symbol Interference).
Nhiu: cc my pht khc s dng cng tn s hay cc tn s ln cn khc gy
nhiu cho tn hiu mong mun. i khi nhiu c coi l tp m b sung.
C th phn cc knh v tuyn thnh hai loi: "pha inh phm vi rng" v "pha inh
phm vi hp". Cc m hnh truyn sng truyn thng nh gi cng sut trung bnh thu
c ti cc khong cch cho trc so vi my pht. i vi cc khong cch ln (vi
km), cc m hnh truyn sng phm vi rng c s dng. Pha inh phm vi rng c
biu th bng tn hao do truyn sng khong cch xa. Pha inh phm vi hp m t s
thng ging nhanh sng v tuyn theo bin , pha v tr a ng trong khong thi
gian ngn hay trn c ly di chuyn ngn. Pha inh trong trng hp ny gy ra do
truyn sng a ng.
Cc knh v tuyn l cc knh mang tnh ngu nhin, n c th thay i t cc ng
truyn thng n cc ng b che chn nghim trng i vi cc v tr khc nhau. Hnh
2.1(a) cho thy rng trong min khng gian, mt knh c cc c trng khc nhau (bin
chng hn) ti cc v tr khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc khng gian
(hay phn tp khng gian) v pha inh tng ng vi n l pha inh chn lc khng
gian. Hnh 2.1(b) cho thy trong min tn s, knh c cc c tnh khc nhau ti cc tn
s khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc tn s (hay phn tp tn s) v pha
inh tng ng vi n l pha inh chn lc tn s. Hnh 2.1(c) cho thy rng trong min
thi gian, knh c cc c tnh khc nhau ti cc thi im khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh
ny l tnh chn lc thi gian (hay phn tp thi gian) v pha inh do n gy ra l pha
n tt nghip i hc
inh phn tp thi gian. Da trn cc c tnh trn c th phn chia pha inh knh thnh:
pha inh chn lc khng gian (pha inh phn tp khng gian), pha inh chn lc tn s
(pha inh phn tp tn s), pha inh chn lc thi gian (phn tp thi gian ). Chng
ny s xt cc tnh cht knh trong min khng gian, thi gian v tn s.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Hnh 2.1. Tnh cht knh trong min khng gian, min tn s v
min thi gian
Trong chng ny n s phn tch cc c tnh ca knh s dng chng trong cc
gii thut iu ch thch ng ca mnh.
2.2. Min khng gian

Cc thuc tnh trong min khng gian gm: tn hao ng truyn v chn lc khng
gian. Tn hao ng truyn thuc loi pha inh phm vi rng cn chn lc khng gian
thuc loi pha inh phm vi hp. Cc m hnh truyn sng truyn thng nh gi cng
sut thu trung bnh ti mt khong cch cho trc so vi my pht, c gi l nh gi
tn hao ng truyn. Khi khong cch thay i trong phm vi mt bc sng, knh th
hin r cc c tnh ngu nhin. iu ny c gi l tnh chn lc khng gian (hay
phn tp khng gian).
Tn hao ng truyn
M hnh tn hao ng truyn m t suy hao tn hiu gia anten pht v anten thu l
mt hm ph thuc vo khong cch v cc thng s khc. Mt s m hnh xt chi tit
v a hnh nh gi suy hao tn hiu, trong khi mt s ch xt tn s v khong
cch. Chiu cao anten l mt thng s quan trng. Tn hao do khong cch truyn dn
s tun theo quy lut hm m.
PL d-n
(2.1)
trong n l m tn hao (n=2 cho khng gian t do, n<2 cho cc mi trng trong nh,
a>2 cho cc vng thnh ph ngoi tri), d l khong cch t my thu n my pht.
T l thuyt v cc kt qu o lng cho thy cng sut thu trung bnh gim so vi
khong cch theo hm log i vi mi trng ngoi tri v trong nh. Hn na ti mi
khong cch d, tn hao ng truyn PL(d) ti mt v tr nht nh l qu trnh ngu
n tt nghip i hc
nhin v c phn b log chun xung quanh mt gi tr trung bnh (ph thuc vo khong
cch). Nu xt c s thay i theo v tr, c th biu din tn hao ng truyn PL(d) ti
khong cch d nh sau:
________
_________
d
d0
PL d dB PL d X PL d 0 10 n lg
(2.2)
_______
Trong PL d l tn hao ng truyn trung bnh phm v rng i vi khong cch

pht thu d; X l bin ngu nhin phn b Gauss trung bnh khng (o bng dB) vi lch
chun (cng o bng dB), d0 l khong cch tham chun gia my pht v my thu, n
l m tn hao ng truyn.
Khi cc i tng trong knh v tuyn khng chuyn ng trong mt khong thi gian
cho trc v knh c c trng bi pha inh phng i vi mt rng bng tn cho
trc, cc thuc tnh knh ch khc nhau ti cc v tr khc nhau. Ni mt cch khc, pha
inh ch n thun l mt hin tng trong min thi gian (mang tnh chn lc thi
gian).
T phng trnh 2.2 thy tn hao ng truyn ca knh c nh gi thng k phm
vi rng cng vi nh hng ngu nhin. nh hng ngu nhin xy ra do pha inh
phm vi hp trong min thi gian v th hin cho tnh chn lc thi gian (phn tp thi
gian). nh hng ca chn lc khng gian c th c loi b bng cch s dng nhiu
anten. MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output: Nhiu u vo nhiu u ra) l mt k
thut cho php li dng tnh cht phn tp khng gian ny ci thin hiu nng v
dung lng h thng.
2.3. Min tn s
Trong min tn s, knh b nh hng bi hai yu t: iu ch tn s v chn lc tn s.
2.3.1. iu ch tn s
iu ch tn s do hiu ng Doppler gy ra, khi c s chuyn ng tng i gia my
thu v my pht dn n thay i tn s mt cch ngu nhin. Do chuyn ng tng
i gia BTS v MS, cc thnh phn sng a ng b dch tn s. Dch tn s trong tn
s thu do chuyn ng tng i ny c gi l dch tn s Doppler, n t l vi tc
chuyn ng, phng chuyn ng ca MS so vi phng sng ti ca thnh phn sng
a ng. Dch Doppler BD c th c biu din nh sau:
BD
cos f c cos
(2.3)
Trong l tc ca MS, l bc sng, l gc gia phng chuyn ng ca

MS v phng sng ti, c l tc nh sng v f c l tn s sng mang. T phng trnh
cho trn thy nu MS di chuyn v pha sng ti dch Doppler l dng v tn s thu s
tng, ngc li nu MS di chuyn ri xa sng ti th dch Doppler l m v tn s thu
c s gim. V th cc tn hiu a ng n MS t cc phng khc nhau s lm
tng rng bng tn tn hiu. Khi v (hoc ) thay i dch Doppler thay i dn n
tri Doppler.
n tt nghip i hc
2.3.2. Chn lc tn s
n s phn tch chn lc tn s cng vi mt thng s khc trong min tn s: bng
thng nht qun. Bng thng nht qun l mt s o thng k ca di tn s trn mt
knh pha inh c coi l knh pha inh "phng" (l knh trong tt c cc thnh phn
ph c truyn qua c khuch i nh nhau v pha tuyn tnh). Bng thng nht qun
cho ta di tn trong cc thnh phn tn s c bin tng quan. Bng thng nht
qun xc nh kiu pha inh xy ra trong knh v v th c ngha c s trong vic
thch ng cc thng s iu ch. Bng thng nht qun t l nghch vi tri tr (xem
phn 2.5). Pha inh chn lc tn s rt khc vi pha inh phng. Trong cng mt knh
pha inh phng, tt c cc thnh phn tn s truyn qua bng thng knh u chu nh
hng ca pha inh. Ngc li pha inh chn lc tn s (cn gi l pha inh vi sai), mt
s on ph ca tn hiu qua knh pha inh b nh hng nhiu hn cc phn khc, th
hin r tnh chn lc tn s ca knh ny. Nu bng thng nht qun knh nh hn
rng bng tn ca tn hiu c truyn qua knh ny, th tn hiu ny chu nh hng
ca pha inh chn lc ( phn tp tn s). Pha inh ny s lm mo tn hiu.
2.4. Min thi gian

S khc bit gia cc knh hu tuyn v cc knh v tuyn l knh v tuyn thay i
theo thi gian, ngha l pha inh chn lc thi gian. C th m hnh ha knh v tuyn
di ng nh l mt b lc tuyn tnh c p ng xung kim thay i theo thi gian. M
hnh knh truyn thng s dng m hnh p ng xung kim, y l mt m hnh trong
min thi gian. C th lin h qu trnh thay i tn hiu v tuyn phm vi hp trc tip
vi p ng xung kim ca knh v tuyn di ng. Nu x(t) l tn hiu pht, y(t) l tn
hiu thu v h(t,) l p ng xung kim ca knh v tuyn a ng ph thuc vo thi
gian, th tn hiu thu l tch chp ca tn hiu pht vi p ng xung kim ca knh nh
sau:
y t
x t h t , d x t h t ,
(2.4)
Trong t l bin thi gian, l tr a ng ca knh i vi mt gi tr t c nh, *

l k hiu tch chp.
nh hng a ng ca knh v tuyn thng c bit n dng phn tn thi gian
hay tri tr. Phn tn thi gian (tn thi), hay tri tr xy ra khi mt tn hiu c truyn
t anten pht n anten thu qua hai hay nhiu ng c cc di khc nhau. Mt mt
tn hiu ny c truyn trc tip, mt khc n c truyn t cc ng phn x khc
nhau c di khc nhau vi cc thi gian n my thu khc nhau. V vy tn hiu ti
anten thu chu nh hng ca tn thi ny s b mo dng. Khi thit k v ti u ha cc
h thng v tuyn s truyn s liu tc cao ta cn xt cc phn x ny.
Tn thi c th c c trng bi tr tri, tr tri trung bnh hay tr tri trung bnh
qun phng.
2.4.1. Tr tri trung bnh qun phng

Thng s thi gian quan trng ca tn thi l tri tr trung bnh qun phng (RDS:
Root Mean Square Delay Spread): cn bc hai mment trung tm ca l lch tr cng
sut. RDS nh gi cho tri a ng ca knh. V th c s dng nh gi nh
hng ca nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu (ISI).

___
2
n tt nghip i hc
__ 2
(2.5)
P
k
(2.6)
____
2
P
k
2
k
(2.7)
trong P(k) l cng sut trung bnh a ng ti thi im k.
2.4.2. Tr tri cc i
Tr tri cc i (XdB) ca l lch tr cng sut c nh ngha l tr thi gian m
nng lng a ng gim XdB so vi nng lng cc i.
2.4.3. Thi gian nht qun

Mt thng s khc trong min thi gian l thi gian nht qun. Thi gian nht qun xc
nh c tnh "tnh" ca knh. Thi gian nht qun l thi gian m knh tng quan
rt mnh vi bin ca tn hiu thu, c k hiu l Tc. Cc k hiu khc nhau truyn
qua knh trong khong thi gian nht qun chu nh hng pha inh nh nhau. V th
nhn c mt knh pha inh kh chm. Cc k hiu khc nhau truyn qua knh bn
ngoi thi gian nht qun s b nh hng pha inh khc nhau. Khi ny knh pha inh
kh nhanh. Nh vy di tc ng ca pha inh nhanh, mt s phn ca k hiu tin s
chu tc ng pha inh ln hn cc phn khc. n s nghin cu thuc tnh ny
pht trin gii thut iu ch thch ng ca mnh. Bng cch thit lp gi tr cho mt
thng s nht nh, s nhn c knh pha inh chm thay v knh pha inh nhanh v
nh vy t c hiu nng tt hn.
2.5.Quan h gia cc thng s trong cc min khc nhau

n ch ra cc c tnh knh v cc thng s ca n trong cc min khng gian, tn
s v thi gian. Cc c tnh ny khng tn ti c lp nhau m c quan h mt thit
gia cc min xt. Mt s thng s trong min ny nh hng ln cc c tnh ca min
khc.
2.5.1. Bng thng nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng
Thy r, l lch tr cng sut v p ng tn s bin ca knh v tuyn di ng quan h
vi nhau qua bin i Fourrier. V th, c th trnh by knh trong min tn s bng cch
s dng cc c tnh p ng tn s ca n. Tng t nh cc thng s tri tr trong
min thi gian, ta c th s dng bng thng nht qun c trng knh trong min tn
s. Tuy tri tr trung bnh qun phng t l nghch vi bng thng nht qun v ngc
li, song quan h chnh xc ca chng l mt hm ph thuc vo cu trc a ng. Nu
k hiu bng thng nht qun l B C v tri tr trung bnh qun phng l , th khi hm
tng quan ng bao ln hn 90%, bng thng nht qun c quan h sau y vi tri
tr trung bnh qun phng:

BC
n tt nghip i hc
1
50
(2.8)
Cho thy hai thng s trn lin quan cht ch vi nhau, nn ch cn xt mt thng s
trong qu trnh thit k h thng.
2.5.2. Thi gian nht qun v tri Doppler

Thi gian nht qun chu nh hng trc tip ca dch Doppler, l thng s knh trong
min thi gian v c tnh i ngu vi tri Doppler. Tri Doppler v thi gian nht qun
l hai thng s t l nghch vi nhau. Ngha l:
TC
1
BD
(2.9)
Khi thit k h thng ch cn xt mt trong hai thng s ni trn l .
2.6. Cc loi pha inh phm vi hp

Tu vo quan h gia cc thng s tn hiu ( rng bng tn, chu k k hiu,) v cc
thng s knh (tri tr trung bnh qun phng, tri Doppler, ), m xc nh loi pha
inh phm vi hp da trn hai c tnh: Tri tr a ng v pha inh chn lc tn s.
Tri tr a ng l mt thng s trong min thi gian, trong khi vic knh l pha
inh phng hay chn lc tn s li xt trong min tn s. V th thng s min thi gian,
tri tr a ng, nh hng ln c tnh knh trong min tn s. Tri Doppler dn n
tn tn v pha inh chn lc thi gian, v th da vo tri Doppler phn loi pha inh
phm vi hp thnh pha inh nhanh v pha inh chm. Tri Doppler l mt thng s
trong min tn s trong khi hin tng knh thay i nhanh hay chm li thuc min
thi gian. Vy trong trng hp ny, tri Doppler, thng s trong min tn s, nh
hng ln c tnh knh trong min thi gian. Bit c cc quan h ny s tr gip
trong qu trnh thit k h thng. Bng 2.1 lit k cc loi pha inh phm vi hp.
Bng 2.1. Cc loi pha inh phm vi hp
C s phn loi
Tri tr a ng
Tri Doppler
Loi Pha inh

Pha inh phng
Pha inh chn lc tn s
Pha inh nhanh
Pha inh chm
iu kin
BS<<BC ; T10
BS>BC ; T<10
T>TC ; BS<BD
T<<TC ; BS>>BD
Cc k hiu c s dng trong bng 2.1 nh sau: B S k hiu cho rng bng tn tn
hiu, BC k hiu cho bng thng nht qun, B D k hiu cho tri Doppler, T k hiu cho
chu k k hiu v tri tr trung bnh qun phng.
Nu bng tn nht qun knh ln hn rt nhiu so vi rng bng tn tn hiu pht, tn
hiu thu s b pha inh phng. Khi ny chu k k hiu ln hn nhiu so vi tri tr a
ng ca knh. Ngc li, nu bng thng nht qun knh nh hn rng bng tn
tn hiu pht, tn hiu thu s b pha inh chn lc tn s, khi ny chu k tn hiu nh hn
tri tr a ng knh. Khi , tn hiu thu b mo dng dn n nhiu giao thoa gia
cc k hiu (ISI). Ngoi ra vic lp m hnh cc knh pha inh chn lc tn s phc tp
n tt nghip i hc
hn nhiu so vi lp m hnh knh pha inh phng, v lp m hnh cho knh pha inh
chn lc tn s phi s dng b lc tuyn tnh. V th ta cn c gng chuyn vo knh
pha inh phng cho tn hiu truyn dn. Tuy nhin do khng th thay i tri tr a
ng hay bng thng nht qun, nn ch c th thit k chu k k hiu v rng bng
tn tn hiu t c knh pha inh phng. V th nu cho trc tri tr, ci thin
hiu nng truyn dn, cn chn gi tr chu k k hiu trong gii thut iu ch thch ng
t c knh pha inh phng thay v knh pha inh chn lc.
Da trn tri Doppler, phn loi knh thnh pha inh nhanh v pha inh chm. Nu
p ng xung kim knh (trong min thi gian) thay i nhanh trong chu k k hiu,
ngha l nu thi gian nht qun knh nh hn chu k k hiu ca tn hiu pht, knh s
gy ra pha inh nhanh i vi tn hiu thu. iu ny s dn n mo dng tn hiu. Nu
p ng xung kim knh thay i vi tc chm hn nhiu so vi k hiu bng gc
pht, knh s gy ra pha inh chm i vi tn hiu thu. Trong trng hp ny knh t ra
tnh i vi mt s chu k k hiu. Tt nhin ta mun c pha inh chm v n h tr
cht lng truyn dn n nh hn. Ta khng th xc dnh Doppler khi thit k h thng.
V th, khi cho trc tri Doppler, ta cn chn rng bng tn tn hiu (bng thng
sng mang con) trong gii thut iu ch thch ng nhn c knh pha inh chm
thay v knh pha inh nhanh. Nh vy ta s t c cht lng truyn dn tt hn.
2.7. Phn b Rayleigh v Rice

Khi nghin cu cc knh v tuyn di ng, thng cc phn b Rayleigh v Rice c
s dng m t tnh cht thng k thay i theo thi gian ca tn hiu pha inh phng.
Trong phn ny n s xt cc phn b ny v a ra cc c tnh c bn ca chng.
2.7.1. Phn b pha inh Rayleigh

C th coi phn b pha inh Rayleigh l phn b ng bao ca tng hai tn hiu phn
b Gauss vung gc. Hm mt xc sut (PDF) ca phn b pha inh Rayleigh c
biu din nh sau:
r r2
2 e 2 , 0 r
p r
0,
r0
(2.10)
Trong r l in p ng bao tn hiu thu, l gi tr trung bnh qun phng ca tn

hiu thu ca tng thnh phn Gauss, l cng sut trung bnh theo thi gian ca tn hiu
thu ca tng thnh phn Gauss.
Gi tr trung bnh, rtb, ca phn b Rayleigh tr thnh:
rtb E r rp r dr
0
1,253
2
(2.11)
Phng sai ca phn b Rayleigh, 2r (th hin thnh phn cng sut xoay chiu trong
ng bao) c xc nh nh sau:
10
2r E r 2 E r r 2 p r dr
0
n tt nghip i hc
2 2 0,4292 2
2
2
(2.12)
Hnh 2.3 Phn b xc sut Rayleigh trong khng gian, , [sim_rayleigh.m]

Trong phn trn c ni n phn b Gauss ca cc thnh phn tn hiu thu. Hm mt
xc sut a bin (PDF) ca phn b Gauss c biu din:
px x
T 1
exp
x mx Cx x mx
1
N
2 2 C x 2 2
1
(2.13)
Trong x l vector ngu nhin N chiu c phn b Gauss, m x l vector gi tr trung

bnh ca vector x, Cx l ma trn ng phng sai. Hm phn b Gauss mt bin gi tr
thc s c dng:
x mx 2
px x
exp
2
(2.14)
Hm phn b Gauss cho vector hai chiu c cho trong hnh 2.4.
11
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 2.3 Phn b xc sut Gauss hai bin, [sim_gaussian.m]
2.7.2. Phn b Pha inh Rice

Khi tn hiu thu c thnh phn n nh (khng b pha inh) vt tri, ng truyn trc
tip (LOS), phn b ng bao pha inh phm vi hp c dng Rice. Trong phn b Rice,
cc thnh phn a ng ngu nhin n my thu theo cc gc khc nhau v xp chng
ln tn hiu vt tri ny.
Phn b Rice c biu din nh sau:
r r A2 Ar
2 e 2 I 0 2 , A 0, r 0
p r
r0
0,
2
(2.15)
trong A l bin nh ca tn hiu tri v I 0(.) l hm Bessel ci tin loi mt bc

khng c xc nh nh sau: I 0 y
1
e y cos t dt
2
Phn b Rice thng c m t bng tha s K nh sau:

K=
Cng sut trong ng v t tri

Cng sut trong cc ng tn x
A
2
(2.16)
Khi K tin n khng, knh suy thoi thnh knh Rayleigh, khi K tin n v hn knh
ch c ng trc tip.
12
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 2.5 Phn b xc sut Rice vi cc gi tr K khc nhau, , [sim_rice.m]
2.8. Cc m hnh knh trong min thi gian v min tn s

2.8.1. M hnh knh trong min thi gian
Xy dng m hnh knh l iu khng th thiu c khi nghin cu thng tin v tuyn.
Knh v tuyn pha inh a ng c th c c trng theo ton hc bng b lc
tuyn tnh thay i theo thi gian. Trong min thi gian, c th rt ra tn hiu u ra
knh bng tch chp tn hiu u vo knh vi hm p ng xung kim knh thay i
theo thi gian h(,t). C th biu din hm p ng xung kim knh nh sau:
h , t i t e ji t i t ,
(2.17)
Trong i (t), i(t), i(t) biu th cho bin , pha v tr vt tri i vi xung thu th
nht (ng truyn i); biu th cho tr vt tri, s ph thuc t cho thy thay i theo
thi gian ca chnh cu trc xung kim v (.) biu th cho hm Delta Dirac. Thng
thng th tr ca tia u tin (ng truyn ngn nht) c nh ngha 0=0, v th
i>0 c gi l tr vt tri v p ng xung kim knh mang tnh nhn qu.
Lu rng trong mi trng thc t, {i (t)}, {i(t)}, {i(t)} thay i theo thi gian.
Trong phm vi hp (vo khong vi bc sng , {i (t)}, {i(t)} c th coi l t thay
i. Tuy nhin cc pha {i(t)} thay i ngu nhin trong khong [- ; ].
13
n tt nghip i hc
Tt c cc thng s knh c a ra y u c nh ngha t l lch tr cng sut

(PDP), PDP l mt hm c rt ra t p ng xung kim. PDP c xc nh nh sau:
p i2 i ,
(2.18)
Thng s u tin l cng sut thu (chun ha), l tng cng sut ca cc tia:
p 0 i2
(2.19)
Tha s K l t s ca cng sut ng truyn vt tri v cng sut ca cc tia tn x,

c xc nh nh sau:
K
i ,max
p 0 i ,max
i
Trong i ,max max
i
(2.20)
Lu rng khi c tia i thng, tia vt tri l tia u tin v l tia i thng, tng ng
vi i=0, i,max= 0 ti 0=0.
Thng s th hai l tri tr trung bnh qun phng, l mment bc hai ca
PDP chun ha, c biu din nh sau:
2
(2.21)
____
trong : m im i2 p 0 , m 1,2
i
V pha ca cc tia khng cn na, cc thng s knh phi hu nh khng i trong din
hp, vi iu kin l cc ng truyn hon ton phn gii.
R rng rng bin , pha v tr tri ca tt c cc xung thu to nn m hnh knh min
thi gian. Quy lut phn b i vi bin , pha v m hnh l lch tr cng sut cho
knh trong nh:
Cc pha ca cc ng truyn c lp tng h so vi nhau (khng tng quan)
v c phn b u trong khong [-, ]
Nu ta coi rng tt c cc ng truyn u c to ra t cng mt qu trnh
thng k v qu trnh to ng truyn ny l qu trnh dng ngha rng so vi bin t,
th bin ca cc dng truyn tn x s tun theo phn b Rayleigh (c xc nh
theo phng trnh 2.10) v PDF bin ca tt c cc ng truyn (gm c LOS) s
tun theo phn b Rice (xc nh theo phng trnh 2.15)
Hnh 2.6 cho thy m hnh ca l lch tr cng sut trung bnh (PDP: Power
Delay Profile) cho mt knh v tuyn a ng. ng u tin l LOS c cng sut
ln nht. Sau l cc ng c mc cng sut khng i cho n tr tri m sau
cc ng c cng sut gim tuyn tnh theo dB. C th biu din PDP ny theo dB nh
sau:
14
10lg 2 (0) ,
10lg ( ) 10lg (0) LOS ,
n tt nghip i hc
0 1 (o nmc khng i) (2.22)
10lg 2 ( 1) Z( 1), 1
(LoS)
(o n gim tuyn tnh)
Trong (0) th hin cho bin tn hiu i thng, () biu th bin ca tn hiu
truyn theo ng n my thu ti tr , LOS th hin hiu s gia cng sut tn hiu i
thng vi cng sut tn hiu ca phn mc khng i v Z l dc ca phn gim
tuyn tnh trong PDP. Nu s dng quan h ni trn cho phn b Rice, s nhn c
cng sut/bin ca tn hiu di thng t tha s K trong phng trnh (2.20) v bin
tn hiu ca cc ng cn li theo quan h ny.
Hnh 2.6. M hnh l lch tr cng sut trung bnh
2.8.2. M hnh knh trong min tn s

M hnh knh trong min tn s c trnh by dng ph cng sut tr (DPS: Delay
Power Spectrum) nh hnh 2.6. DPS trong trng hp ny biu din hm truyn t
knh, M hnh ny nhn c t chuyn i Fourier p ng xung ca knh (xem
phng trnh (2.23)). Qu trnh ny cng chng t rng tn thi ca knh dn n knh
mang tnh chn lc tn s nh ni phn 2.5 v 2.6. S dng bin i Fourier cho
p ng xung knh, ta c:
H f , t
h , t e
j 2 f
t e
i
j 2 f i t i t
(2.23)
trong :
h , t i t e ji t i t , m t p ng xung kim trong min thi gian.
i
Quan h gia cng sut ti tr l h() vi p ng xung kim knh c xc nh nh

sau:
15
n tt nghip i hc
h () E[ h () ]
(2.24)
Dng ca DPS (Delay Power Spectrum: Ph cng sut tr) c gi nh ging nh

dng ca PDP trung bnh (Power Delay Profile: L lch tr cng sut), v th c th s
dng mt cng thc biu din c hai m hnh ny. Bng cch nh ngha :
0, 0
0 , 0
(2.25)
, 0 l
e l , l
Trong p(0)=|h(0)|2 biu th cng sut thnh phn sng i thng (LOS), biu th
thnh phn khng i ca mt ph cng sut, biu th m gim v c xc nh
nh sau
Z
ln 10 , z o bng dB/ns biu th cho dc phn gim tuyn tnh ca
10
PDF.
Ta nh ngha cng sut thu chun ha (NRP: Normalized Received Power) l t s gia
cng sut thu v cng sut pht nh sau:
NRP=PR/PT
(2.26)
Trong PR k hiu cho cng sut thu cn PT k hiu cho cng sut pht.
T h() nh ngha theo (2.24), c th rt ra cc biu thc lin quan n NRP, tha s K
v tri tr trung bnh qun phng nh sau:
E NRP
max
d p 0
h
E K
p 0
p 0
E NPR p 0 l 1
___
ENRP.E

max
___
ENRP.E 2

max
2
1
h d . l l 2
2
l3 l2 2l 2
2
0 h
3
___
2
E 2 E
(2.27)
(2.28)
(2.29)
(2.30)
(2.31)
16
n tt nghip i hc
2.9. nh hng ca tha s K knh Rice v tri tr ln cc

thuc tnh knh trong min tn s
Trong m hnh knh min tn s, ba thng s {NPR, K,} m t tnh cch bng
rng ca cc knh pha inh Rice thc t. thch ng cc thng s iu ch da trn
cc thng s ca knh, cn phi bit bit nh hng ca cc thng s knh ni trn ln
hiu nng knh.
Hnh 2.7 Ph tn hiu OFDM truyn qua m hnh knh pha inh Rice, vi
s sng mang = 100, kch thc FFT = 256, [plot_ofdm_spectrum.m]
Hnh 2.7 minh ho dng tn hiu OFDM trong min tn s, khi truyn qua mi trng
knh pha ing Rice. Trn hnh v ta thy ti nhng im trng ca p ng knh th bin
ph tn s ca tn hiu s b gim nhanh chng, v ti nhng im li ca p ng
knh th bin ph ca tn hiu b ko ln theo ng p ng knh. Ti nhng im
trng hay li ca p ng knh u gy thu sai tn hiu sau b quyt nh ti pha thu.
Mc ch ca n l tm gii php i ph nhng v tr m p ng knh b thng
ging bng cch s dng cc b cn bng, dng c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang v
iu ch M-QAM thch ng (AQAM) trong min tn s v thi gian c n cp
trong chng 5.
Hnh 2.8 v hnh 2.9 cho thy cc thuc tnh knh trong min tn s ph thuc vo tri
tr (RDS) v tha s K da trn cc kt qu m phng. C hai m hnh min tn s v
min thi gian u c m phng. Trn hnh 2.8, ta gi thit rng K bng 0dB cn trn
hnh 2.9 ta gi thit rng RDS bng 42,1ns.
17
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 2.8. Ph thuc bin hm truyn t knh min tn s vo tn s

v RDS. a) nhn t trn xung, b) nhn t bn.
Hnh 2.8 cho thy rng tri tr cao dn n thay i bin hm truyn t knh trong
min tn s nhanh hn. iu ny cho thy rng cn phi n nh nhiu sng mang con
hn cho h thng OFDM khi tri ph ln hn. T hnh 2.9 cho thy, khi tha s K gim,
bin hm truyn t knh trong min tn s b pha inh nhanh hn. Khi tha s K
ln, bin hm truyn t knh trong min tn s t b pha inh hn nhiu. Ni mt
cch khc khi tha s K ln, cho php n nh bng thng sng mang nh ngay c khi
tri tr ln. Tuy nhin ta cn bit ti tha s K no nh hng tri tr i vi thit k
bng thng sng mang con c th b qua. xc nh iu ny ta xt kt qu m phng
trn hnh 2.10.
Hnh 2.9. Ph thuc bin hm truyn t knh vo K v tn s

Hnh 2.10 Biu th hm truyn t bin knh theo tn s i vi RDS bng 30ns v
tha s K bng 0dB, 6dB v 15dB. Hnh ny cho thy rng tha s K nh dn n bin
knh b pha inh nhanh hn trong min tn s. i vi K=0dB, pha inh bin c
th ln ti 12 dB ti mt tn s no , i vi K=10dB, bin pha inh nh hn
2,2dB trn ton bng tn v i vi K=15dB, pha inh ch gii hn 1dB trn ton bng
tn. Vy c th kt lun rng Khi K ln hn 10dB bin hm truyn t knh trong
min tn s khng b pha inh nhiu v th khng cn t bng thng sng mang con
theo tri tr mc d bin ny pha inh nhanh hn khi tri tr ln.
18
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 2.10. Hm truyn t ca knh khi RDS=30ns vi cc gi tr K khc nhau

T cc phn tch trn c th kt lun nh hng ca tha s K v tri tr ln cc thuc
tnh knh trong min tn s nh sau:
Tri tr nh hng ln tc thay i bin trong hm truyn t knh trong min
tn s. Tri tr cng cao th tc thay i bin trong min tn s cng ln.
Tha s K xc nh ln ca thay i bin hm truyn t knh min tn s. K
cng ln th thay i bin cng nh.
Khi tha s K nh hn 10 dB, chng pha inh chn lc tn s, cn n nh
bng thng sng mang con ln hn cho OFDM khi tri tr ln hn.
2.10. Kt lun
Chng ny xt cc c tnh knh. Theo truyn thng, cc knh c phn loi thnh
cc knh pha inh phm vi rng v cc knh pha inh phm vi hp. Pha inh phm vi
rng ch yu c biu th bng tn hao ng truyn gy ra bi truyn sng khong
cch xa (vi km). Pha inh phm vi hp biu th nh hng truyn dn a ng. V vy,
khi xy dng thut ton cho iu ch thch ng, cn xt cc c tnh knh trong ba min:
khng gian, tn s v thi gian nh cho bng 2.2. c tnh knh trong min khng
gian lin quan n tn hao ng truyn phm vi rng v thng ging ngu nhin phm
vi hp do truyn a ng. Thng ging ngu nhin khi khong cch thay i t (vo
khong bc sng) dn n phn tp khng gian (pha inh chn lc khng gian). Vic
pha inh chn lc khng gian mang tnh ngu nhin v kh lp m hnh dn n tnh
trng khng r rng khi thit k h thng v kh tng cng cht lng h thng. Tuy
nhin cng ngh truyn dn MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) cho php gii
quyt vn ny. MIMO c th chuyn bt li ca truyn sng a ng thnh c li.
19
n tt nghip i hc
Bng 2.2. Cc c tnh knh trong ba min: khng gian, tn s v thi gian
Min khng gian
Thng s
Nhc im
Gii php
Mc ch
Ch thch
Min tn s
d;
BD;
Thng ging ngu nhin
Bc
Min thi gian

Tc
1
BD
50
Chn lc khng gian

Chn lc tn s
Chn lc thi gian
MIMO
OFDM
Thch ng
Li dng a ng
Pha inh phng
Pha inh chm
(BS>>BD)
(T)
d: khong cch thu pht; MIMO: Multile Input Multiple Output;
BD: tri Doppler; BC: rng bng nht qun ca knh xt cho
trng hp tng quan ln hn 90%; T: chu k k hiu; : tri tr
trung bnh qun phng; TC: thi gian nht qun ca knh; B S:
rng bng tn hiu pht
Cc thng s knh trong min tn s l tri Doppler v rng bng nht qun (xem
bng 2.2). Cc thng s knh min thi gian l thi gian nht qun v tri tr trung bnh
qun phng. Tri Doppler gy ra do chuyn ng tng i gia MS v BTS. Cc
thng s ny c th dn n pha inh chn lc thi gian (hay phn tp thi gian) trong
min thi gian v tri Doppler t l nghch vi thi gian nht qun ca ca knh.Tri tr
xy ra do tr a ng. rng bng nht qun ca knh t l nghch vi tri tr trung
bnh qun phng. V th tri tr trung bnh qun phng c th dn n pha inh chn
lc tn s (hay phn tp tn s) trong min tn s. OFDM a ra gii php cho pha inh
chn lc tn s v n c th chuyn pha inh chn lc tn s vo pha inh phng bng
cch s dng chu k k hiu di hn tri tr trung bnh qun phng (xem chng 3).
Ngoi ra thch ng a ra gii php cho pha inh chn lc thi gian trong min thi
gian, v n hu nh lun lun lm cho rng bng tn hiu pht ln hn nhiu so vi
tri Doppler bng cch thay i cc thng s ca h thng truyn dn theo cc thng s
knh (xem chng 5).
20
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 3
Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM

3.1. M u
Ghp knh theo tn s trc giao OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
l mt phng php iu ch cho php gim thiu mo tuyn tnh do tnh phn tn ca
knh truyn dn v tuyn gy ra. Nguyn l ca OFDM l phn chia ton b bng thng
cn truyn vo nhiu sng mang con v truyn ng thi trn cc sng mang ny. Theo
, lung s tc cao c chia thnh nhiu lung tc thp hn. V th c th gim
nh hng ca tr a ng v chuyn i knh pha inh chn lc thnh knh pha inh
phng. Nh vy OFDM l mt gii php cho tnh chn lc ca cc knh pha inh trong
min tn s. Vic chia tng bng thng thnh nhiu bng con vi cc sng mang con dn
n gim rng bng con trong min tn s ng ngha vi tng di k hiu. S
sng mang con cng ln th di k hiu cng ln. iu ny c ngha l di k hiu
ln hn so vi thi gian tri rng tr ca knh pha inh phn tn theo thi gian, hay
rng bng tn tn hiu nh hn rng bng tn nht qun ca knh.
Theo chng ny trc ht, n trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca mt h thng
iu ch OFDM. Sau xt cc thng s hiu nng ca n. Cui cng xt nh hng
ca cc thng s knh truyn sng ln dung lng cng nh cht lng truyn dn ca
h thng OFDM.
3.2. Tnh trc giao

tng
tng OFDM l truyn dn song song (ng thi) nhiu bng con chng ln nhau trn
cng mt rng bng tn cp pht ca h thng. Vic xp chng ln cc bng tn con
trn ton b bng tn c cp pht dn n ta khng nhng t c hiu qu s dng
ph tn c cp pht cao m cn c tc dng phn tn li cm khi truyn qua knh,
nh tnh phn tn li m khi c kt hp vi cc k thut m ho knh kim sot li
hiu nng h thng c ci thin ng k. So vi h thng ghp knh phn chia theo
tn s FDM truyn thng, FDM cng truyn theo c ch song song nhng cc bng
con khng nhng khng c php chng ln nhau m cn phi dnh khong bng tn
bo v ( gim thiu phc tp b lc thu).
Vy lm th no tch cc bng con t bng tng chng ln hay ni cch khc sau khi
c tch ra chng khng giao thoa vi nhau trong cc min tn s (ICI) v thi gian
(ISI). Cu tr li v cng l vn mu cht ca truyn dn OFDM l nh tnh trc giao
ca cc sng mang con. V vy ta kt lun rng nh m bo c tnh trc giao ca cc
sng mang con cho php truyn dn ng thi nhiu bng tn con chng ln song pha
thu vn tch chng ra c, c bit l tnh kh thi v kinh t cao do s dng x l tn
hiu s v tn dng ti a u vit ca VLSI.
21
n tt nghip i hc
Theo trc ht ta nh ngha tnh trc giao, sau ta p dng tnh trc giao ny vo
h thng truyn dn OFDM hay ni cch khc s dng tnh trc giao vo qu trnh to
v thu tn hiu OFDM cng nh cc iu kin cn thit m bo tnh trc giao.
nh ngha
Nu k hiu cc sng mang con c dng trong h thng OFDM l s i ( t ) & s j ( t ) .
m bo trc giao cho OFDM, cc hm sin ca sng mang con phi tho mn iu kin
sau
t s T
1 * 1, i j
T t sit .sjt dt ,0 i j
s
(3.1)
Trong :
e j2kft , k 1,2, N
sk t
0,
f 1
(3.2)
T l khong cch tn s gia hai sng mang con, T l thi gian k hiu, N l s
cc sng mang con v N.f l bng thng truyn dn v ts l dch thi gian.
Minh ho
OFDM t tnh trc giao trong min tn s bng cch phn phi mi tn hiu thng tin
ring bit vo cc sng mang con khc nhau. Cc tn hiu OFDM c to ra t tng
ca cc hm sin tng ng vi mi sng mang. Tn s bng tn c s ca mi sng
mang con c chn l mt s nguyn ln ca tc k hiu, kt qu l ton b cc
sng mang con s c tn s l s nguyn ln ca tc k hiu. Do cc sng mang
con l trc giao vi nhau.
Kin trc ca mt tn hiu OFDM vi 4 sng mang con c cho Hnh 3.1. Trong ,
(3.1.1a), (3.1.2a), (3.1.3a) v (3.1.4a) th hin cc sng mang con ring l, vi tn s
tng ng 10, 20, 30, v 40 Hz. Pha ban u ca ton b cc sng mang con ny l 0.
(3.1.5a) v (3.1.5b) th hin tn hiu OFDM tng hp ca 4 sng mang con trong min
thi gian v min tn s.
Tnh trc giao trong min tn s ca tn hiu OFDM c th hin mt cch tng minh
hnh 3.2. Thy r, trong min tn s mi sng mang con ca OFDM c mt p ng
tn s dng sinc (sin(x)/x). Dng sinc c ng bao chnh hp, vi nh suy gim chm
khi bin ca tn s cch xa trung tm. Tnh trc giao c th hin l nh ca mi
sng mang con tng ng vi gi tr 0 ca ton b cc sng mang con khc. Hnh 3.2
cho ta thy vi cng rng bng tn cp pht cho h thng th hiu qu s dng ph
tn ca OFDM ln gp hai ln so vi c ch FDM truyn thng.
22
n tt nghip i hc
p ng tng hp 5 sng mang con ca mt tn hiu OFDM c minh ho ng

mu en m trn hnh 3.3.
Hnh 3.1 Dng sng ca mt tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian v tn
s, [sim_ofdm_time_domain.m]
23
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 3.2 Hnh dng ph ca tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s 5 sng mang,

hiu qu ph tn ca OFDM so vi FDM, [sim_ofdm_mc.m]
Hnh 3.3 Ph tng hp ca tn hiu OFDM trong bng tn c s vi

5 sng mang con, [sim_ofdm_mc.m]
3.3. M hnh h thng truyn dn OFDM

3.3.1. M t ton hc tn hiu OFDM
Tn hiu OFDM pht phc bng tn gc c xc nh nh sau:
s t
sk t kT ,
k
(3.3)
Trong sk(t-kT) l tn hiu OFDM pht phc bng gc th k c xc nh nh sau:
24
i
w t kT x i,k exp j2 t kT
i N/2
TFFT
s k t kt kT Twin TG t kT TFFT Twin

0,
Nu khc
n tt nghip i hc
N 21
(3.4)
Trong :
T
l di k hiu OFDM
TFFT
l thi gian FFT, phn hiu dng ca k hiu OFDM
TG
l thi gian bo v, thi gian ca tin t chu trnh
Twin
l thi gian m ca tin t v hu t to dng ph
f=1/TFFT
l phn cch tn s gia hai sng mang
l di FFT, s im FFT
l ch s v k hiu c truyn
l ch s v sng mang con, i{-N/2, -N/2+1, -1, 0, +1, ., -N/2}

xi,k l vect im chm tn hiu, l k hiu phc (s liu, hoa tiu,
c iu ch ln sng mang con i ca k hiu OFDM th k.
rng)
w(t) xung to dng c biu din nh sau:
1
2 1 cos t TG Twin , Twin TG t TG
w t 1,
TG t TFFT
1
1 cos t TFFT Twin ,
TFFT t TFFT Twin
2
(3.5)
Phn tch (3.4) ta thy biu thc ny ging nh biu thc ca dy Fourier sau:
u(t) =
c(nf0 )e
j2nf0
(3.6)
trong cc h s Fourier phc th hin cc vect ca chm tn hiu phc cn nf 0 th

hin cc sng mang con i/TFFT. Trong h thng s, dng sng ny c th c to ra bng
bin i Fourier ngc nhanh (IFFT). Chm s liu x i,k l u vo IFFT v k hiu
OFDM min thi gian l u ra.
Tn hiu u ra ca b iu ch v tuyn c xc nh nh sau:
25
sRF (t) =
sRF,k (t - kT)
n tt nghip i hc
(3.7)
trong sRF,k(t-kT) l tn hiu OFDM v tuyn th k c biu din nh sau:

N / 2 1

1
t kT ,
Re w t kT x i ,k exp j2 f c
TFFT
i N / 2

s RF,k t kT
kT Twin TG t kT TFFT Twin
(3.8)
0,
Nu khc
Trong fc l tn s sng mang RF.
3.3.2. S h thng truyn dn OFDM

Hnh 3.4 trnh by s khi pht thu tn hiu OFDM in hnh. Theo , di y
trnh by vn tt chc nng cc khi.
My pht: Chuyn lung d liu s pht thnh pha v bin sng mang con. Cc sng
mang con c ly mu trong min tn s, ph ca chng l cc im ri rc. Sau s
dng bin i Fourier ri rc ngc (IDFT) chuyn ph ca cc sng mang con mang
d liu vo min thi gian. Tuy nhin cc h thng trong thc t dng bin i Fourier
ngc nhanh (IFFT) v n tnh hiu ca n. Tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian c
trn nng tn ln tn s truyn dn v tuyn.
My thu: Thc hin hot ng ngc li ca pha pht. Theo trc ht, trn h tn
tn hiu RF thnh tn hiu bng tn c s, sau s dng FFT phn tch tn hiu vo
min tn s. Cui cng thng tin dng bin v pha ca cc sng mang con c
gii iu ch thnh cc lung s v chuyn tr li thnh d liu s ban u.
26
27
n tt nghip i hc
3.2.2.1. Tng chuyn i ni tip sang song song

Tng chuyn i ni tip sang song song chuyn lung bit u vo thnh d liu pht
trong mi k hiu OFDM, thng mi k hiu pht gm 40-4000 bit. Vic phn b d
liu pht vo mi mi k hiu ph thuc vo phng php iu ch c dng v s
lng sng mang con. V d, i vi iu ch sng mang ca16-QAM th mi sng
mang con mang 4 bit d liu, nu h thng truyn dn s dng 100 sng mang con th s
lng bit trn mi k hiu s l 400. Ti pha thu qu trnh c thc hin ngc li, khi
d liu t cc sng mang con c chuyn ngc tr li l lung d liu ni tip ban
u.
Do tnh cht chn lc tn s ca knh pha inh (pha inh chn lc tn s) tc ng ln
mt nhm cc sng mang con lm chng suy gim nhanh chng. Ti im p ng knh
xp x 0, thng tin gi trn sng mang con gn im ny s b tn tht, hu qu l gy
cm li bit trong mi k hiu. Do c ch FEC l hiu qu cao nu cc li c phn tn
rng (khng tp chung hay cm li), v vy ci thin hiu nng, a phn h thng
dng ngu nhin ho nh l mt phn ca chuyn i ni tip thnh song song. Vn
ny c thc hin bng cch ngu nhin ho vic phn b sng mang con ca mi mt
bit d liu ni tip. Ngu nhin ho lm phn tn cc cm bit li trong k hiu OFDM
do s tng hiu nng sa li ca FEC.
3.3.2.1. Tng iu ch sng mang con

Tng iu ch sng mang con lm nhim v phn phi cc bit d liu ngi dng ln
cc sng mang con, bng cch s dng mt s iu ch bin v pha. Vic xp xp
iu ch sng mang con i vi 16-QAM c cho hnh 3.5, mi k hiu 16-QAM s
cha 4 bit d liu, mi t hp 4 bit d liu tng ng vi mt vector IQ duy nht.
Hnh 3.5. Tn hiu pht 16-QAM s dng m ho Gray, v tn hiu 16-QAM

truyn qua knh v tuyn, SNR = 18 dB, [sim_generate_qam.m]
nh hng ca tp m cng vo tn hiu pht 16-QAM (knh AWGN) c cho hnh
hnh 3.5 (b) vi SNR thu = 18 dB.
28
n tt nghip i hc
3.3.2.3. Tng chuyn i t min tn s sang min thi gian
Hnh 3.6. Tng IFFT, to tn hiu OFDM

Sau tng iu ch sng mang con, tn hiu OFDM c dng l cc mu tn s, tn hiu
OFDM mun truyn trn knh phi c dng sng trong min thi gian. Php bin i
Fourier ngc nhanh (IFFT) s chuyn tn hiu OFDM trong min tn s sang min thi
gian. Tng ng vi mi mu ca tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian (mi u ra ca
IFFT) cha tt c cc mu trong min tn s (u vo ca IFFT). Hu ht cc sng mang
con u mang d liu. Cc sng mang con vng ngoi khng mang d liu c t
bng 0.
3.3.2.4. Tng iu ch sng mang RF

u ra ca b iu ch OFDM l mt tn hiu bng tn c s, tn hiu ny c trn
nng tn ln tn s truyn dn v tuyn. C th s dng mt trong hai hai k thut iu
ch sng mang cao tn l: "tng t" c cho hnh 3.7 v "s" c cho hnh 3.8.
Tuy nhin hiu nng ca iu ch s s tt hn, do ng b pha chnh xc cho nn s ci
thin qu trnh ghp cc knh I v Q.
Hnh 3.7 iu ch cao tn tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s

phc s dng k thut tng t
29
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 3.8 iu ch cao tn tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s phc

s dng k thut s
Hnh 3.9 m t dng sng trong min thi gian ca mt tn hiu OFDM. S lng sng
mang = 500, kch thc FFT = 2000, khong thi gian bo v = 500. Sng mang iu
ch cao tn c tn s fc = 10 GHz.
Hnh 3.9. Dng sng tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian,
[sim_ofdm_signal.m]
Hu ht cc ng dng v tuyn, th tn hiu OFDM c to ra ti bng tn c s s
dng cc mu phc, sau chuyn ph tn hiu bng tn c s ln ph RF bng cch
dng mt b iu ch IQ, nh c cho hnh 3.7 v hnh 3.8. B iu ch IQ s dch
ph tn tn hiu OFDM t bng tn c s phc ln vng tn s v tuyn, v chuyn t
tn hiu phc sang tn hiu thc (ly phn thc). Tn hiu RF pht lun l tn hiu thc
v n ch bin i gi tr cng trng.
Mt tn hiu thc s tng ng vi mt tn hiu bng tn c s phc c tn s trung
tm l 0 Hz trn vi tn s sng mang b iu ch IQ.
30

fc
W
f off
2
n tt nghip i hc
(3.9)
Trong f c l tn s sng mang dch tn hiu OFDM t bng tn c s phc ln tn

hiu OFDM cao tn thc, W l rng bng tn tn hiu v f off l tn s dch t DC,
xem hnh 3.10. Trong cc ng dng hu tuyn nh ADSL, hu ht cc sng mang con
u c tng dch DC thp hn rng bng tn tn hiu. iu ny c ngha rng c
th trc tip to tn hiu thc bng cch s dng tng IFFT thay v phi dng b iu
ch IQ chuyn dch tn s.
Hnh 3.10 Tn hiu OFDM dch DC, W l bng tn tn hiu,

foff tn s dch t DC, fc l tn s trung tm (sng mang)
to ra mt tn hiu OFDM thc ch cn mt na cc sng mang con s dng cho iu
ch d liu, mt khc na gm cc lt tn s cao ca IFFT s c gi tr bin l lin
hp phc ca na cn li gm cc lt c tn s thp hn.
3.4. Cc thng s c trng v dung lng h thng truyn

dn OFDM
3.4.1. Cu trc tn hiu OFDM
Hnh 3.11 Cu trc tn hiu OFDM

Hnh 3.11 cho thy cu trc ca cc k hiu OFDM trong min thi gian. TFFT l thi
gian truyn d liu hiu qu, TG l thi gian bo v. Cng thy cc thng s khc,
Twin l thi gian ca s. Thy r quan h gia cc thng s l.
Tsym TFFT TG Twin
(3.10)
31
n tt nghip i hc
Ca s c a vo nhm lm mn bin chuyn v khng ti cc ranh gii k hiu,

v gim tnh nhy cm ca dch tn s. Loi ca s c dng ph bin l loi ca s
cosine tng c nh ngha bi.
t
0.5 0.5 cos
,
0 t Tsym
T
sym
w t 1,
Tsym t Tsym
t Tsym , Tsym t 1 Tsym

0
.
5
0
.
5
cos
Tsym
(3.11)
trong l h s dc ca cosin tng v khong thi gian k hiu TSym , n ngn hn

ton b khong thi gian ca mt k hiu v ta cho php cc k hiu ln cn chng ln
mt phn trong vng dc (roll-off region).
Mt k hiu OFDM bt u ti thi im
nh ngha bi cc phng trnh (3.12).
t t k kTsym
(bt u ca k hiu th k) c
N sub
1
i 0 , 5

2
j2 fc T t t k Tprefix
Re w t t k d iN k1 e sym
, t k t t k Tsym 1
sub 2
N sub
(3.12)
s k (t)
t t k t t k Tsym 1
0,
trong
Tprefix Twin TG
c thy trong hnh 3.11.
3.4.2. Cc thng s trong min thi gian TD

T hnh 3.11 c th tch cc thng s OFDM trong min thi gian: chu k k hiu Tsym
, thi gian truyn hiu qu hay thi gian FFT TFFT , thi gian bo v TG , thi gian ca
s Twin . Trong m phng ch thc hin i vi TFFT v chu k k hiu chim a phn
thi gian. Nu khng tnh n thi gian ca s, th cng thc (3.10) tr thnh:
Tsym TFFT TG
(3.13)
Ngoi ra, xc nh mt thng s mi FSR (t s gia thi gian FFT v thi gian k hiu)
c nh ngha bi.
FSR
TFFT
Tsym
(3.14)
Thng s ny nh gi hiu qu ti nguyn c dng trong min thi gian v c th

c dng tnh ton thng lng (throughput).
3.4.3. Cc thng s trong min tn s FD
32
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 3.12 trnh by sp xp OFDM trong min tn s. C ba thng s chnh (c cho

trong bng 3.1): ton b rng bng tn cho tt c cc sng mang con B, rng bng
tn sng mang con f, v s sng mang con N sub . Quan h gia chng l
B N sub f
(3.15)
Hnh 3.12 rng bng tn h thng v rng bng tn sng mang con
Thc t, ton b rng bng tn kh dng B c cho l hn ch trc khi thit k h
thng. V vy, i vi ngi thit k, cc thng s OFDM trong min tn s c th c
xc nh l rng bng tn sng mang con f v s sng mang con N sub . Do rng
bng tn sng mang con v s sng mang con ph thuc nhau dng (3.15), nn ch cn
gn gi tr cho mt thng s l . Nhng c hai u c kim tra bng cch dng tiu
chun cha chng. Ni cch khc, c hn ch v rng bng tn sng mang con cng
nh s sng mang con. Tt c nn c kim tra thit k rng bng sng mang
con v i vi s sng mang con.
3.4.4. Quan h gia cc thng s trong min thi gian v min tn s.

Thng s min thi gian TFFT v thng s min tn s f c quan h vi nhau, ngha l
chng l t l nghch ca nhau. V vy, vic t gi tr cho mt thng s l thit k
h thng. T bng 3.1 cho thy cho trc ton b rng bng tn, cn phi gn cc gi
tr cho rng bng sng mang con (hoc s sng mang con) v thi gian bo v cho
mt h thng OFDM. Theo , c th tm c cc thng s khc, ngha l s sng
mang con (hay rng bng sng mang con), chu k k hiu v FSR.
Bng 3.1. Mi quan h gia cc tham s OFDM
Min kho
Tham s
st
kho st
FD
B, f , Nsub
TD
Tsym, TFFT,
FSR, TG
Mi quan h
B N sub f
Tsym TFFT TG
FSR TFFT Tsym
TFFT
Tham s dng
thit k
f hoc Nsub
TG
1
f
33
n tt nghip i hc
3.4.5. Dung lng ca h thng OFDM

Mt trong cc muc tiu ca iu ch thch ng l ci thin dung lng. V th trc ht
cn nghin cu cc thng s no nh hng ln dung lng. Trong phn ny n
cp cc thng s ny v a ra cng thc xc nh chng.
Dung lng knh theo Shannon.
Dung lng knh ph thuc vo t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) v rng bng thng
ca tn hiu c xc nh bng cng sau:
C =Blog2 (1+SNR) [bps],
(3.16)
trong C l dung lng knh cn B l bng thng.

iu ch thch ng c s dng thay i cc thng s iu ch thch ng theo trng
thi knh t c dung lng knh tt nht trong thi im xt m khng lm nh
hng n cht lng truyn dn. V th cn bit cch tnh ton dung lng knh theo
cc thng s diu ch ph hp vi tnh trng knh thi im xt. Di y ta s xt
cng thc tnh ton dung lng knh ny.
Dung lng knh cho cc h thng OFDM.
Thy r, mc iu ch v t l m nh hng ln dung lng. Trong cc h thng
OFDM, do truyn dn song song v thi gian m rng nh k nn c nhiu thng s
quyt nh dung lng hn.
Bt u bng vic xt cho trng hp n gin vi gi thit l cu hnh cc sng mang
con ging nhau, ngha l tt c cc sng mang con u c chung mt cu hnh (iu ch,
m ha, bng thng, cng sut). Khi ny tc bit tng ca h thng OFDM bng:
R tb =
(s bit/sng mang con/k hiu) s sng mang con

thi gian k hiu
[bps] ,
(3.17)
Nu gi Rc l t l m, M l mc iu ch, Nsub l s sng mang con, Tsym l thi gian k

hiu, B l rng bng tn ca tn hiu thng tin hay s liu, T FFT l thi gian FFT,
khong cch sng mang con l f=1/TFFT v FSR l t s thi gian FFT v thi gian k
hiu OFDM, tc bit tng c xc nh nh sau:
R tb R c log 2 M N sub T sym R c log 2 M B f Tsym
R c log 2 M B TFFT Tsym R c log 2 M B.FSR ,
(3.18)
T cng thc (3.18) cho thy, i vi mt sng mang con hay mt nhm cc sng mang
con, bn thng s sau y s quyt nh tc bit: (1) t l m, (2) mc iu ch, (3)
rng bng v (4) FSR. Trong mt h thng OFDM ta c th thay i cc thng s ny
t c tc bit tt nht nhng vn m bo QoS cho hon cnh c th ca knh ti
thi im xt.
34
n tt nghip i hc
3.5. Cc nhn t nh hng ca knh pha inh ln hiu

nng h thng truyn dn OFDM v cc gii php
khc phc
3.5.1. ISI v gii khc phc
Nguyn nhn v nh hng ca ISI
Nguyn nhn do tnh chn lc ca knh pha inh trong min thi gian, tnh ph
thuc thi gian ca knh pha inh, tnh bt n nh ca knh gy ra giao thoa gia cc
k hiu ISI truyn qua n.
Hu qu ISI: lm cho my thu quyt nh k hiu sai, kh khn trong vic khi
phc nh thi
Gii php khc phc nh hng ca ISI
Chn khong thi gian bo v
Nu khong thi gian k hiu ln hn tri tr cc i ca knh pha inh th knh c

gi l knh pha ing phng. Ngc li knh s c tnh cht chn lc tn s gi l knh
chn lc tn s. Vic thit k my thu i vi knh pha inh chn lc tn s phc tp
hn rt nhiu so vi knh pha inh phng.
Thy r, vi cng rng bng tn h thng nh nhau th tc k hiu OFDM thp
hn nhiu so vi s truyn dn n sng mang ng ngha vi thi gian ca k hiu
OFDM c tng ln, v vy kh nng i ph ISI (do knh gy ra) tng ln. Ngoi ra,
tng dung sai a ng, c th m rng chiu di k hiu OFDM, bng cch thm
mt khong thi gian bo v vo phn u mi k hiu. Mt khc, khong thi gian bo
v ca tn hiu OFDM cng gip chng li li dch thi trong b thu.
to tnh lin tc ca tn hiu OFDM khi thm khong bo v, th khong bo v
trc mi k hiu OFDM c to ra theo cch copy phn cui k hiu ln phn u
ca cng k hiu. S d c iu ny bi v, trong phn d liu ca k hiu OFDM s
cha ton b chu k ca tt c cc sng mang con, nn vic copy phn cui k hiu ln
phn u s lm cho tn hiu c tnh lin tc m khng b gin on ti im ni. Hnh
3.13 minh ho cch thm khong bo v.
Chiu di tng ca k hiu l Tsym TG TFFT , trong Tsym l tng chiu di ca k
hiu, TG l chiu di ca khong bo v, v TFFT l kch thc IFFT c s dng
to ra tn hiu OFDM.
35
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 3.13. Chn thi gian bo v cho mi k hiu OFDM

Hnh 3.14 m phng cu trc mt tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian, vi kch thc
FFT = 256, s lng sng mang = 100, di khong bo v = TFFT/4 = 64. c bit l
khong bo v c thit lp bng cc gi tr l 0. Do d dng thy gia cc khi k
hiu OFDM c s phn tch nhau bi mt on gi tr 0.
Hnh 3.14. Cu trc tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian,

[sim_ofdm_signal.m]
Hiu qu s dng ph tn cao ca OFDM c th hin hai kha cnh chnh: (1) do c
ch truyn dn song song. (2) dng thm khong bo v lm gim ng k tc k
hiu OFDM. iu ny c ngha c bit quan trng khi truyn dn tn hiu OFDM qua
knh v tuyn v l mt nhn t chnh chng li knh pha inh la chn tn s.
Tnh hu hiu ca khong thi gian bo v

Chng li li dch thi gian
Li dch thi gian l li do quyt nh sai bin gii ca k hiu thu, li ny lm tn tht
ton b thng tin cha trong k hiu b quyt nh sai bin gii.
36
n tt nghip i hc
i vi mt knh l tng khng c tri tr th pha thu c th xc nh chnh xc tng

v tr trong k hiu bao gm lun c khong bo v v vn ly c s mu mt cch
chnh xc m khng vt qu ng bin k hiu. Trong mi trng a ng th ISI s
lm v tr cc k hiu b x dch theo thi gian v chng ln ln nhau, lm pha thu quyt
nh sai bin gii k hiu. Tuy nhin do k hiu OFDM c khong bo v nn ISI ch
lm gim chiu di ca khong thi gian bo v m khng nh hng n phn d liu
cho nn s hn ch c li dch thi.
i ph vi ISI
Vic thm vo khong thi gian bo v s cho php gim thi gian bin ng ca tn
hiu. loi b nh hng ca ISI th khong bo v s phi c di ln hn tri tr
cc i ca knh v tuyn. Hnh 3.15 m t nh hng ca ISI ln k hiu thu trong mi
trng a ng, ng thi cng cho thy hiu qu ca khong bo v chng li nhng
tc ng ca mi trng a ng ny. V d ny th hin pha tc thi ca mt sng
mang ti 3 k hiu.
Hnh 3.15 Hiu qu ca khong bo v chng li ISI

Khong bo v s loi b hu ht nh hng ca ISI. Tuy nhin trong thc t, cc thnh
phn a ng c xu hng suy gim chm theo thi gian, hu qu vn tn ti mt cht
ISI thm tr khi s dng khong thi gian bo v di. Hnh 3.16 l kt qu m phng th
hin hiu qu ca khong bo v chng li ISI [8]. Bng tn knh c gi nguyn
trong cc ln m phng. M phng thc hin thay i gi tr chiu di khong bo v v
kch thc FFT i vi tn hiu OFDM, v so snh SNR thu c ng vi mi ln thay
i hai thng s ny. Kt qu cho thy SNR tng khi chiu di khong bo v cng kch
thc FFT tng.
37
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 3.16 Hiu qu ca khong bo v loi b ISI
3.5.2 nh hng ca ICI v gii php khc phc

ICI l hin tng ph bin trong cc h thng a sng mang. Trong h thng OFDM,
ICI cn c gi l nhiu giao thoa gia cc sng mang con, l hin tng nng lng
ph ca cc sng mang con chng ln qu mc ln nhau lm ph v tnh trc giao ca
cc sng mang con.
Nguyn nhn v nh hng ca ICI
ICI xy ra do tnh chn lc tn s ca knh pha inh (knh pha inh chn lc tn
s), nguyn nhn chnh l hin tng dch Doppler do tnh di ng ca my thu.
Hu qu l s khng phn bit c ranh gii gia cc k hiu truyn trn cc
sng mang con, dn n pha thu s quyt nh sai k hiu mt tnh trc giao.
Gii php khc phc
C th hn ch ICI bng cch chn khong thi gian bo v mt cch tun hon,
v dng b cn bng knh c h tr bi hoa tiu (PSAM). Cc hoa tiu gip
cho vic c tnh, cn bng c thc hin b ICI (chng 4 s trnh by k
hn v b cn bng ny).
Phn tch ICI trong h thng OFDM
Biu thc l thuyt tnh phng sai ICI bng cch m hnh ICI nh l qu trnh ngu
nhin Gauss. S xp x ny l do l thuyt gii hn trung tm v s chnh xc khi s
sng mang ln. Phng sai nhiu ICI c tnh nh sau:
N sub 1
E
2
E c l E s 2s N sub 2 N i J 0 2f d Tsym i
(3.19)
N sub
i 1
trong c l l ICI, E l nng lng cho mi k hiu, Nsub l s sng mang con, fd l tn
s Doppler, Tsym l rng k hiu v J0 l hm Bessel loi mt, bc '0'. Lu rng
phng sai ICI khng ph thuc vo tn hiu pht m ch ph thuc vo iu kin knh
truyn. T s li bt i vi PSK nht qun trong knh pha inh Rayleigh c th tnh
nh sau:
38
n tt nghip i hc
Pe 1 / 4
(3.20)
b
Bit c cng sut ICI t biu thc (3.19) ta c th tnh t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SIR).
Gi tr SIR ny c thay cho b biu thc trn tnh t s li bt. Hnh 3.17 m
phng nhiu nn do ICI i vi iu ch PSK vi gi tr tn s Doppler tng dn. Kt
qu l thuyt tm c cng ph hp vi kt qu m phng trn. Hnh 3.18 m phng
nh hng ca ICI v s gim ca SIR khi gi tr tn s Doppler tng. T hnh 3.17 v
3.18 cho thy cng sut ICI ph thuc vo s lng sng mang con. Khi cng tng s
lng sng mang con th phng sai ICI cng tng v SIR cng gim.
Hnh 3.17 Nhiu nn do ICI i vi s sng mang con

khc nhau, [sim_var_ICI.m]
Hnh 3.18 nh hng ca ICI ti t s tn hiu trn nhiu,

[sim_SNR_ici.m]
39
n tt nghip i hc
Cng sut ICI c tnh ton v biu din theo hm ca sng mang con th k. Do
u ra ca khi FFT, sng mang con u ra th k c vit nh sau.
N 1
y ( n )e
N
Yk
j 2 nk / N
n 0
dkHk k n k
(3.21)
Trong y(n) l tn hiu thu c, N l kch thc FFT, d k l k hiu pht i ban u,
Hk l bin i Fourier ca knh sng mang con th k, k l thnh phn ICI do tnh
bin i thi gian ca knh v n k l thnh phn tp m sng mang con th k. Trong
knh bt bin theo thi gian do tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con nn k bng
2
khng v E H k 1 . Khi tn s Doppler chun ho cao th thnh phn ICI l khc
khng. Cng sut ICI c tnh v biu din theo hm ca sng mang con th k nh
sau:
1
E{| k | } 2
N sub
(3.22)
N sub 1
m 0, m k
2
sub
N sub 1
(N
n 1
sub
n )J 0 (2f d Tsym / N sub ) cos(2n (m k ) / N sub )
y Nsub l s lng sng mang con v cng sut ICI chun ho c biu din nh l
2
2
2
E k / E Hk
trong E H k c nh ngha nh sau:
E Hk
N1
2
sub
2
( N sub
N sub 1
(N
n 1
sub
n )J 0 (2f d Tsym n / N sub ))
(3.23)
Hnh 3.19 Cng sut ICI chun ho i vi tn hiu OFDM.

N=102, [sim_var_ici_smtt_sm_b.m]
Hnh 3.19 th hin ICI i vi mi sng mang con l khc nhau. Sng mang trung tm
s c cng sut ICI hn cc sng mang bin. T hnh v 3.20 ta thy khi kch thc FFT
tng ln th cng sut ICI cng tng ln nhanh chng. Do tng kch thc FFT mc
d s tng chiu di k hiu v tt nhin s gim c ISI nhng b li th li lm tng
ICI. Cho nn trong thc t cn la chn kch thc FFT hp l. Chng 5 s gii thiu
40
n tt nghip i hc
k hn v tng quan gia kch thc FFT v s lng sng mang con dng truyn
d liu.
Hnh 3.20 Cng sut ICI chun ho cho sng mang con trung
tm (fdT=0,2), [sim_var_ici_vs_fft_size.m]
3.5.3 Ci thin hiu nng h thng truyn dn trn c s kt hp m ho

Gray
Cc nh hng
Tp m tn ti trong ton b h thng truyn thng. Ngun tp m chnh l tp m nhit
nn, tp m in trong b khuch i pha thu. Ngoi ra tp m c to ra trong ni b
h thng nh ISI, ICI v IMD. Chng lm gim SNR v lm gim hiu qu ph tn ca
h thng. V th cn phi nghin cu nh hng ca tp m i vi t l li truyn thng
v ho hp gia mc tp m v hiu qu ph tn.
Hu ht tp m trong cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn u c m hnh ho AWGN.
Tp m cng vi nhiu gy ra nho im vector pht ti my thu v quay pha cc vector
ny, t gy li d liu do quyt nh sai vector thu.
Gii php khc phc
Mt gii php l nu tn ti hai vector cnh nhau ch khc nhau mt bit th khi quyt
nh sai ch xy ra li mt bit, y chnh l phng php m ho Gray.
M ho Gray: l mt phng php m cc im IQ cnh nhau trong chm sao s ch
khc nhau mt bit. M ho Gray cho php ti u t s li bit v gim xc sut li nhiu
bit xut hin trong mt k hiu n. Thng tin hnh m ho Gray khi iu ch MQAM hay M-PSK [3].
Phng trnh (3.24) l chui m di dng thp phn cho m ho Gray. M ho Gray c
th s dng cho ton b cc s iu ch PSK (QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK,) v QAM
(16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM,). i vi QAM th mi trc s c ghp ring s
dng m ho Gray.
41
n tt nghip i hc
G 1 0,1
G 2 0,1,3,2
G 3 0,1,3,2,6,7,5,4
(3.24)
G N 1 G N 1,2,3, ,2 N , G N 2 N ,2 N 1, 2 N 2, ,1 2 N
Bng 3.2 M ho Gray cc bit nh phn

C s 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
M ha
Gray
0,0,0,0
0,0,0,1
0,0,1,1
0,0,1,0
0,1,1,0
0,1,1,1
0,1,0,1
0,1,0,0
C s 10
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
M ha
Gray
1,1,0,0
1,1,0,1
1,1,1,1
1,1,1,0
1,0,1,0
1,0,1,1
1,0,0,1
1,0,0,0
S iu ch tn hiu 16-QAM v 16-PSK s dng m ho Gray, c cho trong hnh

3.21. Hnh 3.22, 3.23 minh ho s IQ cho s trng thi iu ch QAM v PSK khc
nhau.
Hnh 3.21 S IQ iu ch 16-QAM v 16-PSK s dng m ho Gray
42
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 3.22 Biu IQ cho tn hiu 64-PSK v 128-PSK,

[sim_generate_psk]
Hnh 3.23 Biu IQ cho tn hiu 64 QAM v 1024-QAM,

[sim_generate_qam.m]
3.5.4 Gii php nng cao hiu qu s dng ph tn ca h thng truyn dn

OFDM
Nguyn nhn
Ph tn hiu OFDM l ph tng hp ca cc thnh phn tn s sng mang con, m ph
tn ca cc sng mang con c dng sinc. Do ph tng hp ca chng s c ng
bao bn chim mt lng bng tn kh ln. Cc ng bao bn ny chnh l cc thnh
phn tn s ngoi bng (aliasing).
Bin php khc phc
43
n tt nghip i hc
Tn s ngoi bng s c loi b khi dng mt b lc bng thng, hoc dng khong
bo v cosin tng.
3.5.4.1 Phng php dng b lc bng thng

Tn hiu OFDM trc khi truyn c lc bng b lc bng thng chn cc thnh
phn tn s ngoi bng. Qu trnh ct ca b lc rt gn, iu ny cho php phn chia
cc khi tn hiu OFDM, m cc khi ny c xp rt gn nhau trong min tn s, kt
qu s ci thin hiu qu ph tn. Nhng s lc rt kht ny s gim SNR v phi quan
tm nhng nh hng ca n khi thit k mt h thng OFDM.
B lc bng thng s loi b ng bao bn ca ph tn hiu OFDM. S lng ng
bao bn b loi b ph thuc vo hnh dng ca b lc (hnh dng ca s lc). Trong
n thng dng ca s Kaiser chn cc thnh phn tn s khng mong mun. Hm
ca s Kaiser c nh ngha:
2

2
n
I0 1

N 1
W n
I 0
N 1
2
(3.25)
Trong : I0(x) l hm bessel loi mt, bc 0. l tham s dng iu khin dng chp
hai pha ca s, N l kch thc b lc . Hm bessel c xc nh:

2
x
I0 x 1
k 1
k!
L 25
(3.26)
Tham s c xc nh da trn yu cu v suy gim trong di chn:
0.1102 8.7 ,
50
0.4
0.5842 21 0.07886 21 , 50 21
0,
21
(3.27)
Trong l tham s xc nh chiu cao ng bao bn (sidelobe) ca b lc FIR.

Tham s tc ng n s suy gim ng bao bn ca bin i FFT ca b lc. Khi
tng th bin ng bao bn s gim.
Hiu nng ca b lc c xc nh bi ba tham s chnh:
Bin ng bao bn
rng qu
S lng nhnh
rng qu c chun ho theo s lng nhnh ca b lc nh sau:
44

ft
n tt nghip i hc
wt
fs
N
(3.28)
Trong wt l rng ca hm ca s, N l s lng nhnh b lc, f s l tc ly mu

(Hz).
S lng nhnh ca b lc FIR c xc nh theo cng thc:
w N
N tap ceil t IFFT
ft
(3.29)
Trong : NIFFT l s lng im ly FFT, hm ceil(x) xem mc 6.2.2

Hnh 3.24 minh ho c tuyn ca b lc dng ca s Kaiser vi cc gi tr f t khc nhau,
ta thy ft cng nh th tc dng ct cng hiu qu.
Hnh 3.24 c tuyn b lc dng ca s Kaiser vi ft = 0.2 Hz,

ft = 0.4 Hz, = 3.4, [sim_filter.m]
Hnh 3.25 minh ho cu trc ca mt ca s Kaiser vi tham s 10, v 50, Ta
thy dng ca s Kaiser rt gn do hiu qu ct gn ph tn hiu s rt cao, trong
thc t thng dng ca s Kaiser hoc Hamming.
Hnh 3.25 Cu trc ca ca s Kaiser vi , v ,

[sim_kaier_window.m]
45
n tt nghip i hc
Ph ri rc ca tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian c c tnh nh sau:

N
WL
2
P s 20 log10 FFT s t .w t 20 log10
(3.20)
Trong s(t) l tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian, w(t) l hm ca s s dng, W L l
gi tr suy gim ca hm ca s, N l s lng mu trong s(t), P(s) l ph cng sut tnh
theo dB. N = kch thc FFT + Kch thc khong bo v. Hnh 3.26 l ph ca tn hiu
OFDM vi 52 sng mang (chun HiperLAN/2) v 1536 sng mang (chun DAB mode
I).
(a)
(b)
Hnh 3.26 Ph ca tn hiu OFDM 52 sng mang (a) v 1536 sng mang
con (b), khng dng b lc, [sim_ofdm_spectrum.m]
46
n tt nghip i hc
(b)
(a)
Hnh 3.27 Ph tn hiu OFDM 52 sng mang khng dng b lc (a) v dng b
lc vi ca s Kaiser vi (b), [sim_ofdm_spectrum.m]
B lc loi b hu nh ton b cc ng bao bn. Tuy nhin nu chn gi tr rng
ca ca s qu nh (ca s qu hp) th b lc s ct ng k nng lng ca cc sng
mang ngoi cng v gy mo hnh dng ph ca chng, y l nguyn nhn gy ICI do
dng b lc. Hnh 3.28 l mt trng hp nh vy.
Hnh 3.28 Ph tn hiu OFDM 52 sng mang, dng b lc vi ca

s Kaiser vi , [sim_ofdm_spectrum.m]
47
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 3.29 ch ra hiu nng ca mt h thng OFDM tng ng theo chun HiperLAN2
hay IEEE802.11a. Trong trng hp ny s dng 52 sng mang con, v khong thi
gian bo v l 20% chiu di k hiu. SNR thay i theo s lng sng mang con khi b
lc gy mo p ng vi hu ht cc sng mang con ra. S iu ch cao nht c
s dng trong h thng HiperLAN2 v IEEE802.11a l 64-QAM, v s ny yu cu
SNR ln hn 26 dB. Chng ta c th thy kt qu trong hnh 3.29 khi SNR thc vt
qu 26 dB i vi ton b cc sng mang thm tr khi s dng b lc bng thng rt sc
cnh v c tuyn ct trong phm vi mt na khong cch sng mang con [8].
Hnh 3.29 SNR ca mi sng mang con ca tn hiu

OFDM khi s dng b lc
Trong : carr.cutoff, l rng qu ft ca b lc. Trong hnh 3.29 (a) v 3.29 (b) th
ft thay i t 0.5 -10 khong cch sng mang con.
Da trn kt qu trong hnh 3.29 ta thy khi rng qu tng th SNR ca tn hiu s
gim, y cng chnh l mt nhc im chnh ca b lc bng thng. Cho nn ta cn
dung ho gia c tuyn ct ca b lc v SNR yu cu. Tuy nhin b lc bng thng c
u im chnh l cho php loi b ng bao bn ca tn hiu OFDM v gim bng tn
thc ca h thng, iu ny s ci thin hiu qu ph tn.
48
n tt nghip i hc
3.5.4.2 Phng php dng khong bo v cosin tng

Mt trong nhng phng php n gin nht loi b ng bao bn ca ph tn hiu
OFDM l lm dc khong bo v, p nhn n n 0 trc k hiu tip theo. S p
nhn khong chuyn giao gia cc k hiu s gim cng sut ng bao bn.
Hnh 3.30 minh ho cch to mt k hiu OFDM dng khong bo v cosin tng (RC).
Khong bo v ny do c ly ca s vi hnh dng mt hm cosin bnh phng
(cos()2) v th m c tn l cosin tng.
Hnh 3.30 Cu trc ca khong bo v RC

Phn cosin tng ca khong bo v c th chng ln ln k hiu trc v sau v phn
ny ch to ra s bo v nh chng li a ng v li nh thi. Tnh cht gim dn n
0 ca RC lm ISI do n gy ra s rt thp, mt khc khong bo v RC rt nh v s
c b qua ti pha thu.
Tnh chng ln gip to khong bo v RC hai pha k hiu m khng tng thm thi
gian k hiu. Hnh 3.31 th hin hai k hiu OFDM c khong bo v RC chng ln.
Hnh 3.31 ng bao k hiu OFDM vi mt khong bo v phng v

mt khong bo v RC chng ln
Chiu di khong bo v RC c xc nh theo phn trm ca phn phng ca k hiu
OFDM, l:
RC 100
TGRC
%
TFFT TGF
(3.21)
Trong RC l phn trm cosin tng, TGRC l chiu di ca khong bo v RC, TFFT l
chiu di ca phn FFT ca k hiu v T GF l chiu di ca phn khong bo v phng.
Bng 3.3 s gii thiu cc tham s RC theo chun IEEE 802.11a.
49
n tt nghip i hc
Bng 3.3 Tham s khong bo v RC ca IEEE 802.11a

Tham s
Thi gian FFT
Khong bo v RC
Khong bo v tng
Khong bo v phng
K hiu
TFFT
TGRC
TG = TGRC + TGF
TGF = TG - TGRC
Gi tr
3.2 s
100 ns
800 ns
700 ns
T bng 3.2 ta tnh c phn RC l:

RC 100
100
2.56%
700 3200
nh hng ca phn cosin tng khi thm vo k hiu OFDM c m phng xc

nh mc tn s ngoi bng. Hnh 3.32, hnh 3.33 v 3.34 minh ho ph ca tn hiu
OFDM vi khong bo v RC thay i [8].
Hnh 3.32 Cng sut ng bao bn ca tn hiu OFDM 20 sng

mang con, vi chiu di khong bo v RC thay i

50
n tt nghip i hc

Xut hin s khc nhau gia bin ca cc ng bao bn khi khng dng hoc dng
mt khong bo v cosin tng nh. M phng cng ch ra rng s lng sng mang con
tng t 20 (hnh 3.32) n 4000 (hnh 3.34) th bin ca ng bao bn (cch bin
ph l 200 khong cch sng mang con) s tng ln 8 dB.
Mc d khi RC tng, tn s ngoi bng suy gim nhiu tuy nhin bng tn tn hiu
OFDM vn kh rng: Theo HiperLAN/2, dng 52 sng mang con, khong cch sng
mang = 312.5 KHz. Do ti ngng SNR = -40 dBc (cng sut so snh vi cng sut
tn hiu) ng bao bn s cch bin ph tn hiu 30 khong cch sng mang.
V vy bng tn tng ca h thng s l 30 2 52 312.5 35 MHz, m bng tn h
thng HiperLAN/2 ch c 20 MHz. iu ny cho thy vic thm vo khong bo v RC
l khng gim ng bao bn ng k v th cn phi dng thm b lc bng
thng.
3.6 Kt lun
Trong chng ny nghin cu nhng nguyn l hot ng c bn ca OFDM, phn
tch cc phn t ca m hnh v cc thng s c trng cng dung lng h thng
OFDM, phn tch hiu qu ph tn vt tri ca OFDM, phn tch s cn thit ca
khong bo v trong vic chng li ISI do tri tr a ng ca knh, phn tch nh
hng ca ICI n hiu nng ca h thng OFDM. Mt khc, chng minh hiu qu s
dng b lc bng thng trong vic tit kim ph tn h thng, nghin cu hiu nng ca
OFDM s dng cc s iu ch sng mang con khc nhau M-PSK, M-QAM trong
knh AWGN v knh pha inh Rayleigh.
51
Chng 4: c tnh v cn bng knh
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4
c tnh cht lng knh v cn bng knh

4.1 Gii thiu
Thch ng cc thng s iu ch trong min thi gian M-QAM v cc thng s ca
OFDM theo thng s ca knh pha inh c c hiu nng QoS (BER) v thng
lng truyn dn cao nht. Th trc ht ta phi bit c thng s c trng ca knh
lin quan n hiu nng h thng. V vy cn phi c cc gii php c tnh cht lng
knh, cc thng s c tnh ny lm c s cho thch ng. Theo chng ny n
cp mt s phng php c tnh cht lng knh v cn bng knh.
4.2 c tnh knh bng PSAM

Trong phn ny s cp k thut c tnh knh da trn phng php chn thm k
hiu hoa tiu pha pht. Phng php ny c gi l PSAM (Pilot Symbol Assited
Modulation). Trong PSAM, mt k hiu hoa tiu bit trc c ghp xen vi d liu
pht trong min thi gian. Cu trc mt khung d liu c chn k hiu hoa tiu c
cho trong hnh 4.1. Hai tham s quan trng nh hng ti k thut c tnh knh l tri
tr v tri Doppler.
Cc k hiu hoa tiu c nh k chn vo chui thng tin trc khi to dng xung.
Mc ch ca k hiu hoa tiu l my thu c th c tnh c gi tr knh ti thi im
truyn k hiu ny. Vi gi tr cc k hiu hoa tiu thu c ti pha thu v s dng
phng php ni suy thch hp c th xc nh c gi tr knh hin thi.
p dng nh l ly mu Nyquist, ta c quan h yu cu gia tn s Doppler f d v chu
k k hiu v di khung N (khong cch gia cc k hiu hoa tiu ).
f d Ts
1
2N
(4.1)
Tn hiu x(t) khi truyn qua knh c p ng xung kim h(t) th tn hiu ti u ra ca
knh s l:
r t x t c t n t
(4.2)
52
n tt nghip i hc
Trong c t l p ng knh b mo do pha inh, n(t) l tp m Gaussian trng cng

c trung bnh 0, du biu th tch chp. Cc i lng c th l thc hoc phc do tnh
cht ca cc s iu ch. C rt nhiu phng php ni suy gi tr knh, tuy nhin
n gii thiu ba loi chnh l: ni suy Gauss, ni suy Wienner, ni suy FFT.
4.2.1 Ni suy Gauss

Ni suy Gauss l phng php ni suy n gin nht. Thay i pha inh c c tnh
ti t k
m
TF , gi tr knh ni suy ti cc thi im ny c xc nh nh sau:
N
1
m
k m T
C
Qk
C k i TF
N
N
i 1
(4.3)
Trong TF l thi gian khung; m 0, 1, 2, N 1 , N l di khung. Cc tha s

trng s cho ni suy Gauss bc hai c xc nh nh sau:
1 m
m

2 N
N
m
m
1
N
N
Q 1
(4.4)
(4.5)
Q0
1 m
m

2 N
N
Q1
(4.6)
Trong trng hp ni suy bc 0, cc tha s trng s c xc nh nh sau:

m
0
N
Q 1
(4.7)
m
m
1
N
N
(4.8)
m m 1

N N
(4.9)
Q0
Q1
4.2.2 Ni suy FFT

Gii thut FFT thc hin bng cch nhn N im s liu u vo v chuyn i chng
sang min tn s bng cch dng FFT (bin i Fourier nhanh).
EMBED Visio.Drawing.11
53
n tt nghip i hc
S liu c tnh u vo b c tnh knh FFT l t s gia cc k hiu hoa tiu thu v
cc k hiu hoa tiu bit trc. H s ny cho ta o mo m k hiu hoa tiu gp phi do
pha inh phng. Tp cc h s ny to nn vector u vo FFT. Sau ta thc hin FFT
vector ny.
G n
2 N p 1
l0
g l exp
nl
,
N p
n 0, 1, , 2 N p 1
(4.10)
Trong 2Np l s k hiu hoa tiu dng c tnh knh, g(l) l vector cc mu knh
nhn c t php chia cc k hiu hoa tiu nhn c cho cc k hiu hoa tiu bit
trc. Qu trnh ny cho ta mt vector cc mu knh trong min tn s. thu c cc
gi tr knh c tnh trong min thi gian ta c th thc hin ngay bin i IFFT (bin
i Fourier ngc nhanh). Tuy nhin nu lm nh vy s to ra hiu ng bin trong
ng bao knh lm gi tr knh c tnh khng chnh xc. S d c iu ny do kch c
ca khi s dng FFT c hn, iu ny s to ra cc thnh phn d. trnh hiu ng
ny ta cn m bo rng khong thi gian ca g(l) bng bi s nguyn ln ca 1/f d.
Do to tnh chnh xc cho c tnh phi tin hnh chn 0 trong min tn s, sau
ct b phn ny trong min thi gian. Vy gi tr G(n) sau khi chn s l:
NG m
0 m Np 1
G m 0
N p m N p 2 N 1 1

NG m 2 N p N 1 N p 2 N 1 m 2 N p N 1
(4.11)
Trong N l h s chn, G m c coi l tun hon, ngha l:

G m 2 NN p r G m ,
r 0, 1, 2,
(4.12)
N v Np u l hm m ca 2 c th s dng c FFT v IFFT. Nu phng trnh

(4.1) c tho mn th G(n) s c tt c cc thnh phn ca knh pha inh v khi n = N p
th G m 0 . T c th ni suy t 2Np k hiu bng cch chn 0 thnh 2NN p k
hiu.
Sau bin i IFFT cho cc mu knh trong min tn s chuyn chng sang min
thi gian. Qu trnh ny s c thc hin nh sau:
c k
1
NN p
NN p 1
G n exp
n 0
2mk
,
NN p
k 0, 1, , NN p 1
(4.13)
4.2.3 Ni suy Wienner

Gi s r(iN) l vect ct c hnh thnh t cc k hiu hoa tiu thu chia cho cc k
hiu hoa tiu bit trc. Vect ny cho ta mo c tnh trong cc k hiu hoa tiu ti
my thu. nh gi cc h s mo i vi cc k hiu s liu, ta tnh vect h s h(k)
tha mn phng trnh Wienner-Hopf .
Rh(k) w(k)
(4.14)
Trong w(k) v R l hm t tng quan c tnh ca tn hiu thu v hm tng quan
gia tn hiu thu v s liu c tnh nh sau:
54
n tt nghip i hc
q
R c i k NT ik
q
l
w i k n N l
(4.15)
Trong q l t s cng sut hoa tiu v cng sut s liu, l t s nng lng bit v
cng sut tp m, v
(4.16)
1 0 0
ik 0 1 0
0 0 1
Hm t tng quan ca tn hiu thu l:

R ik n
N l q
R i k NT
b q l c
(4.17)
l phin bn chun ha hm t tng quan ca li phc knh, c
Trong R
c
xc nh nh sau:
exp j2f J 2f
R
c
d
0
d
(4.18)
Trong fd l tn s Doppler cc i. Vect h s h c tnh ton tha mn phng

trnh Wiener-Hopf. B lc Wiener i hi thng tin trc v tn s Doppler v t s tn
hiu trn tp m nh gi knh pha inh.
4.3 K thut cn bng p ng knh

Trong h thng truyn dn v tuyn s th bin v pha tn hiu s b mo do c tnh
phn tn ca knh. Tnh cht ny gy ra ISI cho k hiu thu, tuy nhin c th khi phc
nhng tn hiu nh vy nu chng b mo tuyn tnh bng cch dng mt b cn bng.
C nhiu k thut cn bng khc nhau nh: ZF (cng bc 0), LMSE (trung bnh li
bnh phng tuyn tnh), DFE (phn hi quyt nh). Hnh di y ch ra s h
thng truyn dn s dng b cn bng:
Trong H(f), C(f) l hm truyn t ca knh v ca b cn bng, s(k), v s k l tn

hiu pht v tn hiu sau cn bng.
4.3.1 B cn bng cng bc khng

55
n tt nghip i hc
B cn bng ZF c thit k v c ti u bng cch s dng tiu chun cng bc

v khng (ZF), tc l buc tt c cc ng gp xung kim ca pha pht, knh v b cn
bng u bng 0 ti cc thi im truyn dn nT ( n 0 ), trong T l khong thi gian
truyn dn. Nh tnh cht ny m ZF m bo ISI xp x bng 0. Trong min tn s ZF
c miu t bng quan h:
H f C f 1
(4.19)
Hay C f H f
(4.20)
V th b cn bng tr thnh b lc FIR (p ng xung kim hu hn). Phn tch b lc

da trn nghin cu MSE c cho bi:
E e k
E s s s k
2
(4.21)
e k s s s k
(4.22)
Trong E l gi tr ly k vng ca (.) v e i din cho gi tr li tn hiu ti pha

thu. Mt khc:
s k s k h k c k n k c k
(4.23)
Trong min tn s s l:
f S f H f C f N f C f
S
(4.24)
Thay (4.19) vo (4.24) ta c:

N f
S f S f N f C f
E f
H f
(4.25)
Trong E(f) l bin i Fourier ca e(k). E(f) l mt cng sut tn hiu li, s dng
nh l Parseval ta c sai li trung bnh bnh phng trong min thi gian s l:
1
2T
1
2T
T E f df T
E e
2T
2T
N f
H f
2
2
df
(4.26)
Nu N(f) l mt ph cng sut hai pha N0/2 th:
E e2
TN 0
1
2T
H f
df
(4.27)
2T
u im ca b cn bng ZF l b p ng knh ti v v p ng knh b suy gim, tuy

nhin c tn hiu v tp m u c tng cng v vy s gim hiu nng ca b cn
bng. MSE u ra b cn bng ch gm c nhiu do hon ton loi b nh hng ca
ISI. V th m MSE u ra b cn bng c th dng o mc tp m gy ra bi b cn
bng. Mt vn na l nu p ng ca knh c im 0 th ti MSE s v cng,
lm cho b cn bng khng tin cy na. khc phc hn ch ny s dng mt k thut
cn bng l LMSE.
56
n tt nghip i hc
4.3.2 B cn bng bnh phng li trung bnh tuyn tnh LMSE
Trong rk , C n tng ng l tn hiu thu v tham s b cn bng. B cn bng gm

2N+1 nhnh, c nh th t t C N 1 n C N 1 v C0 l nhnh trung tm ca b
cn bng. C th tnh ton cc h s ca b cn bng theo hai cch: Cch th nht tnh
Cm bng cch t MSE trong (4.21) bng 0 v sau gii phng trnh ny. Cch th
hai da trn hot ng trc giao, khi coi rng li d ca b cn bng trc giao vi tn
hiu u vo b cn bng, v th ta c:
E e k rk* l 0
(4.28)
T hnh 4.4, tn hiu sau khi cn bng s l:

N 1
s k
m N 1
m k m
(4.29)
nk
(4.30)
Tn hiu thu s l:
L c 1
h s
rk
i k i
i 0
Trong hi l CIR nhnh th i, Lc l chiu di CIR. S dng phng trnh (4.21), (4.22)
v (4.30) ta c:
*
k k l
Ee r
E s h s
L c 1
i 0
* *
i k l i
N 1
m N 1
n *k l
L c 1
L c 1
j 0
i 0
C m h js k m j n k m h s
* *
i k l i
*
k l
(4.31)
Gi s cc bit pht l dng theo ngha rng, khi :
E sis*j
s2 i j
0
i j
(4.32)
57
n tt nghip i hc
Trong s2 l cng sut pht tn hiu, v tp m khng tng quan nn ta c:
N0 i j
En n
0 i j

*
i j
(4.33)
Thay (4.32) v (4.33) vo tng th nht ca v phi (4.31) s c:

Lc 1
E s k h *is *k li n *k l s2 h *l
i 0
(4.34)
Phn tng th hai ca v phi (4.31) vi cch tnh tng t s c:
L c 1
L c 1

* *
*
C
h
s
m
j km j
k m h i s k l i n k l
m N 1
j 0
i0

N 1
L c 1
N 1
m N 1
C m h h m il N 0 m l
i 1
*
i
2
s
(4.35)
Trong l hm delta dirac. Khi thay phng trnh (4.34) v (4.35) vo (4.31) ta
c:
L c 1
N 1
m N 1
C m h *i h m i l s2 N 0 m l s2 h *l
i 1
(4.36)
Phng trnh (4.36) to thnh 2N-1 phng trnh tuyn tnh. Gii cc phng trnh ny
s thu c cc tham s b lc ti u theo chun MSE.
Li MMSE c xc nh thng qua cc tham s ca CIR v b cn bng theo phng
trnh:
N 1
MMSE S2 1 C m h m
m N 1
(4.37)
hiu r hot ng ca MSE ta hy thc hin tnh ton cc gi tr ca b cn bng

trong
min
tn
s
nh
sau:
f S f 1 H f C f N f C f
E f S f S
2
Trong N f
(4.38)
N0
2
, S f s2 , vi s2 l cng sut pht tn hiu, gi thit rng tp
2
m v tn hiu khng tng quan vi nhau, v th ta c:

E f s2 1 H f C f
2
N0
2
C f
2
(4.39)
c tnh bnh phng ca phng trnh trn ta c:

E f
N
N
H f
1
2
H f s2 0 C f
0
N
N0
2
2
2
2
0
H f
H f
2
2 s
2 s2
(4.40)
58
n tt nghip i hc
2
T (4.26) d dng thy E e cc tiu th thnh phn th nht ca (4.40) phi = 0
do ta s tnh c h s cn bng ti u nh sau:
C opt f
H f
H f
2
N0
2 s2
(4.41)
Thay (4.41) vo (4.42) ta c li trung bnh bnh phng cc tiu l:
Ee
TN 0
1
2T
2T
H f
H f
N
02
2 s
df
(4.42)
4.4 Kt lun
c tnh v cn bng knh lun l mt k thut v cng quan trng trong cc h thng
truyn dn v tuyn trc y. Thc hin c tnh knh chnh xc s xc nh c
trng thi knh hin thi v iu ny s quyt nh thnh cng ca cc gii php cn
bng knh v cc cng ngh iu ch thch ng. K thut cn bng knh gip hn ch
nh hng ca knh pha inh la chn tn s, v hiu ng a ng ca knh v tuyn,
khi iu ny l nguyn nhn chnh hn ch tc v hiu nng truyn dn. Trong
chng ny trnh by phng php c tnh knh bng PSAM v gii thut c tnh
knh FFT, ni suy Gauss v ni suy Wienner ng thi gii thiu cc b cn bng: cn
bng cng bc '0', cn bng li trung bnh bnh phng tuyn tnh LMSE. Tuy nhin
OFDM l mt cng ngh cho php hn ch cc nh hng bt li ca knh: Gim tc
k hiu pht (cho php hn ch nh hng ca knh pha inh la chn tn s, chuyn
cc nh hng ca knh pha inh la chn tn s thnh knh pha inh phng), thm
khong thi gian bo v (cho php gim thiu tc ng ca hiu ng a ng, gim
ISI). Chnh v iu ny m cc k thut c tnh v cn bng knh thc hin trong cc
h thng truyn dn OFDM s n gin hn cc h thng truyn dn thng thng rt
nhiu.
59
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 5
iu ch OFDM thch ng
5.1 Gii thiu
Knh v tuyn thay i ngu nhin theo thi gian, iu ny lm gii hn hiu nng
truyn dn v thng lng ca cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn. iu ch thch ng
(AM) c s dng thch ng ng tham s iu ch ng vi cc thng s tc thi
ca knh, nhm mc ch m bo cht lng truyn dn v tng thng lng. R rng,
iu ch thch ng s gii quyt nhng bt li ca knh v tuyn.
iu ch thch ng rt khc so vi iu ch truyn thng. Trong iu ch truyn thng
th cng ngh iu ch c bn c nghin cu v kt hp vi cng ngh mi hoc c
ci tin. Tuy nhin i vi iu ch thch ng th n i hi cn nghin cu cc mi
quan h ni b gia cc tham s iu ch cng nh cc tham s knh v quan h gia
chng. V th, xy dng mt thut ton iu ch thch ng hiu qu th trc tin phi
hiu bit v cc mi quan h ny. Sau s thit lp tiu chun cho cc thut ton iu
ch thch ng quyt nh thay i cc tham s iu ch nh th no.
Rt nhiu cng vic phi thc hin i vi iu ch thch ng. Tuy nhin, n s
khng ch dng li nhng hoch nh hay cng vic mang tnh th tc v iu ch
thch ng. Trong chng ny s trnh by khi nim, qu trnh pht trin, chin lc v
th tc thc hin ca iu ch thch ng OFDM. Trc tin s m t mt qu trnh pht
trin 3 tng, k hoch v th tc lm vic cho cc thut ton iu ch thch ng. Sau
t ra yu cu cho cc thut ton thch ng, nh l thng lng cho h thng OFDM.
Nghin cu nh hng ca cc tham s iu ch ln cht lng ca h thng OFDM.
Sau la chn mt thut ton ti u cho m phng. Cui cng da trn kt qu m
phng n s phn tch hiu nng ca h thng trong trng hp dng v khng dng
thut ton thch ng.
Tng quan iu ch thch ng
Vi nhng tin b ca truyn thng v tuyn th cc thut ton iu ch thch ng ngy
cng tr nn hp dn do tnh linh hot, hiu qu trong s dng ph tn v thng lng
ln, to nn cht lng truyn dn cao. Cc thut ton thch ng thay i gi tr ca cc
tham s iu ch mt cch ng ng vi trng thi tc thi ca knh. Khi knh tt cc
gi tr ny s thay i cc tham s iu ch sao cho thu c thng lng h thng ln,
khi knh xu khi ny cc gi tr s iu khin cc tham s iu ch sao cho gim thng
lng h thng m bo cht lng truyn dn. iu ny to cho h thng linh hot
v c th s dng hiu qu ph tn, m bo thng lng truyn dn tt nht c th t
c.
Cc h thng khng dng iu ch thch ng s s dng cc tham s iu ch c nh
m bo cht lng truyn dn ti trng thi ti nht ca knh truyn, v h thng s c
thng lng nh nhau ti mi thi im. Tc l c s dung ho gia cht lng dch
v (QoS) v thng lng truyn dn khi thit lp cc tham s ny. R rng s khng ti
u vi s thay i ca knh khi thit lp cc tham s ng vi trng hp ti nht ca
60
n tt nghip i hc
knh, v khi knh tt s dn n lng ph hiu qu ph tn h thng. iu ch thch ng

s gii quyt cc vn tn ti ny. Thut ng wide-sense v narrow-sense s c
gii thch thng qua s sau:
Qu trnh thch ng s tng dn t vic thch ng trong vic la chn cc tham s iu

ch trong ni b mt phng php a truy nhp (cm bin hp) cho n thch ng cp
cao hn l la chn gia cc phng php a truy nhp (cm bin rng). Tuy nhin
n ch tp trung vo cm bin hp, tc l thch ng trong ni b mt h thng.
5.2 M hnh h thng truyn dn iu ch thch ng

5.2.1 Khi nim c bn v iu ch thch ng
iu ch thch ng chnh l la chn khun dng iu ch mt cch ng thu c
thng lng ti u khi mc SNR thu bin i trong phm vi rng theo thi gian. Khi
nim c bn ca iu ch thch ng l cn bng thi gian thc gia dung lng knh
v mc cng sut pht, tc k hiu pht, kch thc chm sao, t l m, v s lin
quan gia cc tham s ny.
ng vi khi nim trn s c hai kha cnh cn quan tm (c ch ra trong hnh 5.2)
l tham s knh v tham s iu ch. Trong thut ton iu ch thch ng th cc tham s
iu ch c xc nh bi thuc tnh ca knh. Tc l cc tham s iu ch s l mt
hm ca cc tham s knh.
Tham s iu ch = f (tham s knh).

Trong f(x) c ngha f l mt hm ca x.
61
n tt nghip i hc
Trong thc t th cc tham s knh s thay i do cc tham s iu ch cng s thay

i thch ng. y l l do ti sao cn phi c cc thut ton thch ng.
Nhim v ca iu ch thch ng l:
To ra cht lng dch v truyn dn (QoS) cao.
To thng lng truyn dn cao.
Tuy nhin trong n s th hin QoS dng BER.
5.2.2 Kin trc ca nhng h thng iu ch thch ng
Hnh v cho thy iu ch thch ng c s dng thay i cc tham s iu ch theo

trng thi knh. thc hin iu ny th pha pht phi bit trng thi knh trc khi
truyn dn, v thng tin v knh phi tuyt i chnh xc. Phng php xc nh trng
thi knh cn c gi l c tnh knh. C hai phng php c tnh knh khc nhau,
cch th nht l pha pht nhn thng tin hi tip v knh t pha thu, cch th hai l
pha pht t c tnh knh. Tuy nhin n s tp trung vo phng php th nht.
62
n tt nghip i hc
C mt vn l, trong thc t b thu khng bit trc cc tham s iu ch ti pha

pht do cng vic c tnh knh s tr nn cc k phc tp v khng th thc hin
c trong phm vi n. Cho nn thun tin cho vic nghin cu th mt s tham s
iu ch c thit lp pha pht s c bit trc pha thu.
5.2.3 Nguyn tc xy dng gii thut iu ch thch ng

S khc nhau gia h thng iu ch thch ng v khng thch ng l: Thit k h thng
khng thch ng da trn iu kin knh thng k trn mt khong thi gian; cc tham
s iu ch ca h thng c gn trc, chng c gi nguyn khng thay i; trong
khi h thng iu ch thch ng da trn trng thi tc thi ca knh, v th cc tham s
iu ch s thay i di nhng iu kin knh khc nhau. dng hm thch ng th
mt thut ton iu ch thch ng yu cu mt vi lut thay i cc tham s iu ch.
Hot ng ca cc thut ton thch ng c xy dng theo chun nhm mc ch to ra
s kt hp ti u cc gi tr tham s iu ch. Chng c s dng mt cch hiu qu
mang li cht lng truyn dn hoc thng lng tt hn. Thut ton iu ch thch ng
c thc hin qua cc bc sau:
1. Lit k ton b cc tham s lin quan n c tnh knh.
2. Lit k ton b cc tham s lin quan n c tnh iu ch.
3. Tm ra mi quan h gia cc tham s lin quan n c tnh knh.
4. Tm ra mi quan h gia cc tham s lin quan n c tnh iu ch.
5. Tm ra mi quan h gia tp tham s knh v tp tham s iu ch.
6. Sau xy dng mt c s d liu cho cc quan h c m t trn cho cc
thut ton iu ch thch ng, v s c gng th hin quan h gia QoS truyn dn v
thng lng vi cc tham s knh v tham s iu ch. V i tng ca thut ton l
ci thin QoS v thng lng.
7. Nghin cu tnh kh thi v li dng mi s thay i ca cc tham s iu ch.
Nghin cu tnh kh thi ny tp trung vo hai kha cnh: c s kh thi thay i cc
tham s ny theo l thuyt hay khng, v c th li dng s thay i cc tham s ny
hay khng.
8. Xy dng hon thin thut ton thay i cc tham s iu ch ng tng ng
vi cc tham s knh.
9. nh gi thut ton iu ch thch ng theo QoS v thng lng da trn m
phng.
5.3 Xy dng gii thut thch ng cho h thng truyn dn

OFDM thch ng
C s:
Thy r, iu ch thch ng cho php ti u ho hiu nng h thng truyn tin: hiu
nng y c hiu l cht lng dch v BER (QoS) v thng lng truyn dn
(BPS). Mun vy, cn phi thch ng cc thng s iu ch theo cht lng truyn ca
knh mt cch tc th hay ni cch khc mt khi bit c thng tin v trng thi knh
ta hon ton c th xc nh c cc thng s iu ch thch hp vi n sao cho ti u
63
n tt nghip i hc
ho c hiu nng truyn tin. Tn ti nhiu c ch thch ng nh: mc iu ch, s

iu ch, SNR pht, s lng sng mang, v tr sng mang, t l m, tc tri ph
Cc thut ton thch ng ny c xy dng trn c s lm thay i mt hay mt s cc
tham s iu ch...thch ng vi trng thi (iu kin) ca knh.
Phn loi:
Da vo cc thng s iu ch c chn thch ng vi trng thi knh truyn mt cch
tc th m ta phn loi cc c ch hay cc thut ton thch ng khc nhau di y n
trnh by mt s gii thut thch ng in hnh.
5.3.1 Thut ton thch ng theo SNR pht trn mi sng mang con
tng v gii php
nh hng ca knh v tuyn ln cht lng truyn dn: Do tnh chn lc tn s ca
knh v tuyn ngha l hm truyn t knh truyn khng bng phng dn n cc thnh
phn tn s ca tn hiu tin nm trong khong li lm ca c tuyn hm truyn t
knh b thng ging tng ng (pha inh chn lc tn s, phn tp tn s gy ra). Hu
qu lm cho li k hiu sau b quyt nh dn n BER tng (gim QoS).
Gii php khc phc hin ti:
Dng cc b cn bng knh v cn bng knh thch ng trong vng tn s song
hiu qu thp v mt khi tc d liu cao tnh kh thi ca cc b cn bng s rt kh
khn khng th san phng ton b p ng knh.
Phng php lm tng gim SNR ca cc sng mang con thch ng theo cc
vng tn s li lm ca hm truyn t knh ngha l s tng cng sut pht cho cc
thnh phn tn s ca k hiu OFDM nu chng nm trong khong lm ca p ng
knh v ngc lm gim cng sut pht ca cc thnh phn tn s .
Gii php tng hay gim cng sut i vi tng thnh phn sng mang con trong h
thng OFDM rt phc tp. V, thng qu trnh thay i cng sut c thc hin sau
khi iu ch sng mang cao tn. M khi iu ch sng mang cao tn, s khng th
tch tng thnh phn tn s sng mang con khuch i hay gim cng sut c. Do
ch c th tng hoc gim nng lng cho cc thnh phn tn s sng mang con ti
b iu ch sng mang con (xem li chng 3) bng cch thay i tham s tri ph cho
tng thnh phn sng mang, xem [2]. Theo , tng cng sut bng cch tng gi tr ca
tham s tri ph v gim cng sut bng cch gim gi ca tr tham s tri ph. Tuy
nhin qu trnh tnh ton tm ra SNR cho tng thnh phn tn s pha thu rt phc
tp.
Thc hin
Trc ht, ta phn tch t s tn hiu/(nhiu v tp m) SINR ti pha thu trn c s
thit lp SNR pht cho tng sng mang. Nu s dng b cn bng MMSE ti pha thu,
th k hiu c khi phc l:
d i GH.s i G.v i
(5.1)
Trong :
H H
QQ H H
H 2 I
G QHH
v N
(5.2)
64
n tt nghip i hc
Trong Q l ma trn tin m ha, H l p ng knh xung kim, s i l tn hiu pht trn
sng mang th i, vi l tp m trn sng mang th i. SINR ti sng mang con th k trong
khi k hiu s l:
SINR k
2k e H
k GHQe k
H
2
H
2v e H
k GG e k m e k GHQe m
(5.3)
mk
Trong ek l mt vector ct vi phn t th k bng 1 v cc phn t cn li bng 0,

2k l cng sut tn hiu trn sng mang th k, 2v l cng sut tp m trn sng mang
th k. Nu ly 2k 1 i vi ton b cc gi tr k, v nh ngha g k G H e k v
Qe , ta c:
qk H
k
SINR
g Hk q k q Hk g k
1
g Hk g k g Hk HQQ H H H q k q Hk g k
SNR k
(5.4)
Thay gi tr SINR tnh c trn vo cng thc tnh BER ta c:

Pek
4 11 M
Q
log 2 M
.SINR k
Trong , i vi M-QAM th
(5.5)
3
.
M 1
V th i vi bt k gi tr BER xc nh no ta cng tnh c gi tr SIRN k tng

ng theo (5.5), sau s tnh c gi tr SNRk pht.
SNR k
g Hk g k
g Hk q k q Hk g k
g Hk HQQ H H H q k q Hk g k
SINR k
(5.6)
Mt khi c tnh c gi tr SNR pht cho tng thnh phn sng mang th da vo
kt qu iu khin tham s tri ph cho tng thnh phn sng mang.
Nhn xt:
Mc d phng php ny thch ng rt tt i vi knh pha inh Rayleigh, tuy nhin
phng php ny qu phc tp v yu cu khi lng x l ln. Thc t hay dng
phng php thch ng theo mc iu ch (hay s lng bit phn b cho mi k hiu
OFDM).
5.3.2 Thut ton thch ng da theo mc iu ch

Trong h thng OFDM d liu trc khi iu ch k hiu OFDM u c iu ch
sng mang con. Qu trnh iu ch sng mang con thc cht l qu trnh chuyn mc
cc bit d liu pht. C cc s iu ch chuyn mc khc nhau c s dng trong
h thng OFDM nh: M-PSK, M-ASK, M-QAM. Ty thuc iu kin knh truyn hay
yu cu tit kim nng lng m ta s chn s iu ch ph hp. M-QAM c u
im ni bt l cu to b thu n gin tuy nhin tiu tn nng lng pht nhiu hn cc
s iu pha. i vi M-PSK th hon ton ngc li tit kim nng lng pht nhng
cu trc b thu rt phc tp. Thng thng mc iu ch s thch ng da trn c s
65
n tt nghip i hc
BER pha thu (hay SNR pha thu). Tuy nhin vi iu kin knh ti th thng la chn
s BPSK. Di y l cc mc SNR thu iu khin cc mc iu ch [4].
Bng 5.1 iu khin mc iu ch da trn cc mc SNR thu
Mc SNR
Di l1-k
l1-k n l1
l1 n l1+k
l1+k n l2-k
l2-k n l2
l2 n l2+k
l2+k n l3-k
l3-k n l3
l3 n l3+k
l3+k n l4-k
l4-k n l4
l4 n l4+k
Trn l4+k
Khng pht
Khng pht
Khng pht
Khng pht
BPSK
BPSK
BPSK
4QAM
4QAM
4QAM
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
BPSK
Khng pht
Khng pht
Khng pht
BPSK
BPSK
BPSK
4QAM
4QAM
4QAM
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
4QAM
Khng pht
Khng pht
Khng pht
BPSK
BPSK
BPSK
4QAM
4QAM
4QAM
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
16QAM
Khng pht
Khng pht
Khng pht
BPSK
BPSK
BPSK
4QAM
4QAM
4QAM
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
64QAM
Khng pht
Khng pht
Khng pht
BPSK
BPSK
BPSK
4QAM
4QAM
4QAM
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
Trong k l di ng iu khin cng sut, di ng cng cao th vng iu khin cng

sut s cng ln, thng thng k c thit lp trong on [0.5;1]. Cc ngng c n
nh nh sau: l 1 =-, l 2 =8dB, l 3 =14dB v l 4=20dB cho s AQAM khng b
chn, trong s liu c truyn thng xuyn. Tng t i vi s AQAM c
chn, cc mc ngng thch ng l l 1 =5dB, l 2=8dB, l 3=14dB, l 4=20dB, trong
my pht b cm khi cng sut tc thi thp hn l 1. Ta coi rng ti my thu, c tnh v
b tr cht lng knh bng hp l hon ho. Mi tn k hiu cho gim cng sut.
Hnh 5.4 s din t trc quan c ch thch ng ny:
Hnh 5.4 Ngng SNR chuyn mc cho c ch thch ng theo s iu ch

66
n tt nghip i hc
BER h thng c xc nh theo cng thc[4].

PBPSKFR ( ) 0, 5 1
(5.7)

P4QAMFR ( ) 0, 5 1
(5.8)

9
P16QAMFR ( ) 0, 5 0, 5 1
0, 5 1
10
10 9
(5.9)
1
P64QAMFR ( P64QAM1 P64QAM 2 P64QAM 3 )
3
(5.10)
trong :
1

9
P64QAM1 0, 5 1
0, 5 1
4
42
42 9
25
49
0, 5 1
0, 5 1
42 25
42 49
P64QAM 2 0, 5 1
2
42
(5.11)
9
0, 5 1
42 9
25
49
0, 25 1
0, 25 1
42 25
42 49
(5.12)
1

9
P64QAM 3 1
0, 75 1
2
42
42 9
25
49
0, 75 1
0, 5 1
42 25
42 49
81
121
0, 5 1
0, 25 1
42 81
42 121
169
0, 25 1
42 169
(5.13)
Trong k hiu FR th hin l tn hiu truyn qua mi trng knh pha inh Rayleigh.
Phng php thch ng ny c u im l rt n gin ch cn so snh SNR thu vi
SNR ngng quyt nh s iu ch ph hp. Tuy nhin vi phng php ny s
khng tn dng c nhng khong bng tn knh c p ng tt, v nhng on bng
tn knh ny c th cho php mc iu ch cao hn mc thit lp chung. Do m
bo cho mc iu ch ti a c th c cho cc thnh phn sng mang t b nh hng bi
knh th ta phi xy dng thut ton thch ng da trn c ch chn lc sng mang.
5.3.3 Thut ton thch ng da trn c ch chn lc sng mang

tng:
67
n tt nghip i hc
Do tnh cht chn lc ca p ng knh trong min tn s v min thi gian ngha l pha
inh chn lc tn s v pha inh chn lc thi gian hay ni cch khc p ng knh
truyn v tuyn khng nhng thay i theo thi gian m cn thay i theo tn s. V vy
i vi knh chn lc tn s tn ti nhng khong bng tn knh c bin ng l
chp nhn c v khng chp nhn c, v vy cn phi t chc:
Vng tn s ca p ng knh (hm truyn t) t b thng ging: Truyn d liu
trn cc sng mang con nm trong khong bng tn c bin ng chp nhn c
ci thin BPS.
Vng tn s ca p ng knh (hm truyn t) b thng ging mnh: Khng
truyn d liu trn hoc truyn trn nhiu sng mang con (phn tn li) ci thin
QoS.
Xy dng gii thut:
Da trn tnh cht chn lc tn s ca knh ta c th xy dng thut ton thch ng theo
c ch chn lc sng mang nhm pht huy ti a u im ca phn tp tn s (nh
ngha phn tp):
Vi gi thit l: (1) Cng mt rng bng tn c cp pht cho knh (cng tc bit
vo); (2) Cng trng thi knh (cng mt on bng tn b thng ging, cng s lng
cc sng mang con b thng ging ); (3) trong cng mt khong thi gian kho st, c
cng s lng bit c truyn, cng khong thi gian m phng.
Nu s lng sng mang (N_Sub) c dng truyn d liu l nh, th t l gia cc
sng mang con b li trn ton b sng mang c dng l ln ngha l t l gia s cc
bit c truyn i b li trn ton b cc bit c truyn i l ln (BER tng) ngoi ra
cn gy li cm (cc li c tnh cht tp trung). Nh vy, khi N_Sub nh khng nhng
BER ln m cn tng li cm.
Nu ta dng mt s lng ln sng mang truyn d liu th s c tc dng gim s
lng li v t l sng mang b li so vi ton b sng mang s rt nh. Bi v, Nu s
lng sng mang (NSub) c dng truyn d liu l ln, th t l gia cc sng mang
con b li trn ton b sng mang c dng l nh ngha l t l gia s cc bit c
truyn i b li trn ton b cc bit c truyn i l nh (BER gim) ngoi ra cn
khng gy li cm (cc li khng c tnh cht tp trung (xt trn ton b tc bit u
vo min thi gian iu ny hng li t qu trnh bin i ni tip thnh song song)).
Nh vy, khi NSub ln khng nhng BER gim m cn gim li lm.
Trn y l trng hp cha thc hin thch ng. Nu b gi thit (3) trn v thc hin
c ch thch ng bng cch:
Tng, gim s lng cc sng mang con theo trng thi knh: Mt khi ta kho st trong
khong thi gian di v thc hin thch ng s sng mang con N Sub theo trng thi
knh trong min tn s ci thin c c hiu nng BER v QoS. hn ch li
Khng truyn d liu trn cc sng mang con b li: Tin hnh truyn d liu
trn sng mang c t l li cho php v s khng truyn trn cc sng mang c t l li
vt qu ngng cho php. Tt nhin nu ta dng c ch thch ng khi dng s t sng
mang con s khng hiu qu v thng lng v c th c trng hp m c nhiu sng
mang con b li qu ngng cho php do d liu c truyn trn mt s t sng
mang cn li, iu ny dn n vic gim mnh tc bit truyn dn. Do vy nng
68
n tt nghip i hc
cao hiu nng ca c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang th s lng sng mang con cn
phi ln (thng thng > 100). V ch hot ng thch ng trong min tn s do
i vi c ch thch ng ny s gi nguyn mc iu ch (M-QAM, M-PSK), song vn
ci thin c tc truyn dn so vi thut ton chuyn mc iu ch A-QAM n
thun c thc hin trong [4]. V vy ngn chn li th phi tin hnh chn lc thch
ng cc sng mang con.
Nu ch dng mt sng mang con (N Sub =1) truyn ton b tc bit u vo s tr
v A-QAM thng thng.
Vn chnh ca thut ton thch ng chn lc sng mang l phi xc nh c BER
cho tng thnh phn sng mang, sau so snh vi gi tr BER ngng quyt nh s
khng truyn d liu trn thnh phn sng mang no. Nu gi tr BER trn sng mang
con no thp hn mc ngng th pha pht s tin hnh chn k hiu hoa tiu vo thnh
phn sng mang , cc k hiu hoa tiu ny n gin ta nn thit lp gi tr l 0.
Pha thu s vn tin hnh thu v tnh BER trn cc sng mang c chn hoa tiu, nu
gi tr BER trn cc sng mang ny m thp hn ngng cho php th ta li truyn d
liu bnh thng trn cc sng mang ny. Do vic chn k hiu hoa tiu ln cc sng
mang c t l li ln s gip cho pha thu c tnh chnh xc trng thi knh truyn dn.
Nhn xt:
u im ni bt ca c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang l tn dng cc i ho
nhng khong bng tn t bin ng ca knh v gim thiu d liu truyn trn nhng
khong bng tn thng ging ln ca knh hay ni cch khc gim thiu c nh
hng pha inh chn lc tn s. Trong khi cc thut ton thch ng khc nh thch
ng mc iu ch (M-QAM thch ng, M-PSK thch ng...) do x l nh nhau i vi
ton b bng tn knh, nn khng th tn dng u im v i ph nhc im trn p
ng knh truyn trong min tn s. V vy, c th ni rng y l gii thut kh ti u
ci thin hiu nng BER v thng lng truyn.
Nhm pht huy ti a li ch ca phn tp tn s OFDM thch ng.
V d: i vi c ch thch ng mc iu ch (A-QAM), gi s ang mc iu ch
64-QAM khi SNR thu gim n ngng chuyn sang pht 16-QAM, th phi gim mc
iu ch xung 16-QAM m bo cht lng truyn dn BER. Nhng nu gim
xung mc iu ch 16-QAM th d liu trn cc thnh phn tn s b thng ging mnh
vn m bo BER yu cu (do mc iu ch thp), tuy nhin cc thnh phn tn s b
thng ging t th n truyn mc iu ch 64-QAM m vn m bo BER yu
cu do s lng ph tc truyn dn, do cha ti u thng lng (tc truyn).
V vy, c th khng nh c ch chn lc thch ng sng mang s gii quyt trit
nhng nhc im ny.
Ni dung ca thut ton chn lc thch ng sng mang c trnh by m hnh gii
thut di y:
69
70
n tt nghip i hc
Khi tnh BER: So snh s sai khc gia k hiu pht v thu, tnh s lng li. Sau
khi tnh BER s gi kt qu tnh ton n khi quyt nh chn.
BER ngng: Do ngi dng thit lp tu theo tnh cht dch v yu cu, i vi thoi
thng thng BER 1% , trong khi i vi cc dch v s liu th yu cu
BER 0.01% .
Khi quyt nh chn: Da trn gi tr BER ngng thit lp cho tng dch v, khi
quyt nh s tnh chnh xc gi tr BER trung bnh cho tng thnh phn sng mang
m bo c gi tr BER ngng, gi tr BER trung bnh ny gi l gi tr BER trung
bnh ngng ( BER ng
tb ). u ra ca b quyt nh l mt mng mt chiu (mng Q) c
kch thc bng s lng sng mang. Cng vic tip theo ca khi quyt nh l so snh
cc gi tr BER ca tng thnh phn sng mang do b tnh BER a n vi gi tr
ng
BER ng
tb , nu gi tr BER ca thnh phn sng mang no > BER tb th phn t trong mng
Q tng ng vi thnh phn sng mang s c gn bng 1. Nu ngc li s
c gn bng 0. Gi tr 1 c ngha l khng truyn d liu trn sng mang ny, gi
tr 0 c ngha l vn s dng sng mang ny. Phn lp trnh cho khi tnh BER, BER
ngng v khi quyt nh c thc hin thng qua hm dem_loi c vit bng
cng c MatLab. Lu thut ton cho khi quyt nh c m t nh sau:
Khi iu khin chn: Khi ny ly thng tin chn t khi quyt nh, nu sng mang
no c BER BER ng
tb khi phn t trong mng Q c ch s bng s th t ca sng
mang ny s c gi tr l 1 v ta phi tin hnh chn 0 ln sng mang ny, nu ngc
li th s tin hnh truyn d liu bnh thng trn sng mang ny. Khi iu khin chn
s can thip th t ca k hiu pht trn mi sng mang m bo sao cho nu khng
s dng sng mang th s chn thm k hiu 0, v nu s dng th khng chn. Qu
71
n tt nghip i hc
trnh sp xp ny rt phc tp, tuy nhin nu hiu k v cu trc ca k hiu OFDM, v

cu trc k hiu em iu ch sng mang con th cng vic s d dng hn. Sau y l
lu thut ton m t hot ng ca khi iu khin chn. Phn lp trnh cho khi iu
khin chn c thc hin thng qua hm 'chen_song_mang (sig_in)' c vit bng
cng c MatLab.
Khi iu khin gii chn: Hot ng ca khi iu khin gii chn hon ton ngc
li vi khi iu khin chn. Khi ny ly thng tin chn t khi quyt nh, da trn
thng tin v cc v tr chn khi ny s tin hnh gii chn tc l loi b nhng k hiu
chn trn nhng sng mang con c chn v a nhng k hiu chn ny n b c
tnh knh tin hnh tm ra p ng knh. Do tnh cht hot ng tng t nh khi
iu khin chn cho nn lu thut ton cng tng t nh khi iu khin chn, cho
nn s khng c cp y. Phn lp trnh cho khi iu khin gii chn c thc
hin thng qua hm giai_chen_song_mang (sig_in) c vit bng cng c MatLab.
72
n tt nghip i hc
5.6 Kt lun
Chng ny gii thch th no l iu ch thch ng, phn tch nguyn l thch ng
chung cho cc h thng truyn dn, phn tch cc bc thc hin cho cc phng php
thch ng. ng thi xut cc phng n thch ng: Thch ng theo SNR pht, thch
ng theo mc iu ch, thch ng theo c ch chn lc sng mang. Phn tch u nhc
im v tnh kh thi ca tng phng n thch ng, cui cng n chng minh tnh
hiu qu v tnh kh thi ca ba phng n thch ng: thch ng theo mc iu ch, thch
ng theo c ch chn lc sng mang v phng n kt hp hai phng n thch ng ny.
Chng ny cng xut m hnh h thng truyn dn OFDM s dng thut ton
thch ng theo c ch chn lc sng mang, ng thi phn tch lu thut ton hot
ng ca cc module thch ng trong h thng.
73
n TN i hc
Chng 6
Chng trnh m phng h thng truyn

dn OFDM thch ng
6.1 Gii thiu
Cc chng trnh m phng c vit cho cc hm c trng ca qu trnh m
phng h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng. Mun vy, cn thut ton ho cc hm c
trng trn c s chn ngn ng lp trnh ph hp vit chng trnh m phng.
n chn ngn ng lp trnh Matlab thc hin vit chng trnh v l do sau: Matlab l
ngn ng lp trnh bc cao, ngn ng k thut, ngn ng chuyn gia c th vin ton
cc mnh, giao din ho phong ph, kh nng tng thch cc ngn ng khc (cho
php nhng cc chng trnh khc C, C++,... vo trong Matlab), cho php to giao din
ngi dng tin li. c bit cho php ng dng kt ni iu khin thit b phn cng
bng lp trnh. Matlab c u vit ni tri l kh nng m phng h thng ng, cho
php th hin tn hiu v h thng trong nhiu min xt (min thi gian, min tn s,
min Z.v.v..). C l v th m hu ht cc trng i hc, cc vin ln u chn Matlab
phc cng tc o to, nghin cu pht trin, c bit thc thi ho kt qu cng trnh
nghin cu vo thc t. Vi ni dung, tnh cht c th cng nh phm vi xt ca ca
n, tp trung khai th vin ton ca Matlab hay ni cch khc s dng cc hm c
bn c trong th vin, khai thc ti a kh nng phn lp hm ca Matlab vit
chng trnh m phng.
Theo chng trnh m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng c vit bng
ngn ng lp trnh Matlab, di dng cc file.m (mi module h thng l mt file).
Chng trnh cho php ngi s dng da vo chng trnh Code nghin cu thut
gii cng nh m rng, b xung tnh nng c bit ly d liu kt qu tnh ton t cc
cng thc theo mun ph hp vi ngi nghin cu, ngoi ra chng trnh cng xy
dng giao din tin ch thn thin khi ny ngi dng ch cn thc hin cc thao tc n
gin trn giao din tin ch. Giao din c t chc thnh 4 cp: giao din cp 1, giao
din con cp 2, giao din con cp 3 v giao din cp 4. Ngi s dng c th t giao
din chnh chn i tng cn m phng, vo cc giao din con nghin cu chi tit
ni dung quan tm, t giao din con d dng tr li giao din chnh chn i tng
nghin cu khc. thit k h thng bng Matlab ngi lp trnh nu ch c cc kin
thc v my tnh l cha m ct li l phi c kin thc ca mt chuyn gia trong
lnh vc m h nh vit chng trnh m phng.
6.2 M hnh m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM thch

ng
6.2.1 M hnh m phng
M hnh m phng h thng OFDM c cho hnh 6.1. D liu ca ngi dng c th
l file text hoc file nh thuc cc nh dng: JPEG, BITMAP, D liu c c t
74
n TN i hc
file nh s c dng mt vector 3 chiu, vi cc phn t c dng thp phn 1-256. Nhng
khng th truyn trc tip mt vector 3 chiu c cho nn phi tin hnh chuyn i
vector 3 chiu thnh vector 1 chiu, sau truyn qua h thng OFDM cn tin hnh
chuyn i d liu thp phn sang t nh phn 8 bit. B tnh li s so snh s khc
nhau gia d liu pht v thu v tnh s lng li, sau hin th li tnh hiu nng
ca h thng. D liu nh phn sau c a ln iu ch M-QAM, tip theo d liu
sau iu ch M-QAM c a n b iu ch OFDM. D liu sau iu ch OFDM
c pht qua knh v tuyn n my thu. My thu s thc hin ngc cc cng vic
vi pha pht. D liu cui cng c dng vector 3 chiu vi cc phn t c dng thp
phn s c khi phc di dng file nh v hin th so snh vi nh ban u. Hot
ng ca khi tnh BER, khi quyt nh, khi iu khin chn, khi iu khin gii
chn hon ton tng t nh cc khi ny m hnh c ch thch ng chn lc sng
mang c trnh by trong chng 5. Trong phng php thch ng theo c ch chn
lc sng mang, nu ngng BER thit lp ban u cho cc thnh phn sng mang l
nh th nh truyn qua h thng AOFDM s c cht lng cao, ngc li nu ngng
BER c thit lp ln th cht lng nh s ti hn. Tuy nhin nu ngng BER c
thit lp qu nh s dn n tc truyn dn s thp khi iu kin knh qu ti.
tng tc truyn dn trong iu kin knh truyn nh vy hoc ta phi tng ngng
BER hoc gim mc iu ch.
Hnh 6.1 ch trnh by m hnh h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng dng c ch chn
lc sng mang. M hnh h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng dng c ch chuyn mc
iu ch s thay vai tr ca khi iu khin chn v gii chn sng mang con bng khi
iu khin chuyn mc iu ch v s khng cn khi BER ngng. Khi quyt nh s
so snh gi tr BER hin thi ca h thng nhn t b tnh BER vi gi tr BER ngng
chuyn mc, v s quyt nh mc iu ch hp l ng vi gi tr BER hin thi ny.
Thng tin t khi quyt nh s a n khi iu khin chuyn mc iu ch, khi ny
s thc hin cng vic chuyn mc.
75
76
Chng 6: Chng trnh m phng truyn dn OFDM thch ng n tt nghip i hc
6.2.2. Thit lp cc thng s m hnh m phng

Thit lp tnh tng thch cc thng s cho tn hiu OFDM
Trong phn trn ta nghin cu v cu trc mt tn hiu OFDM, tuy nhin m
phng mt tn hiu OFDM s phc tp hn rt nhiu. Hai nhim v chnh cn thc hin
trong qu trnh m phng mt tn hiu OFDM l:
Tng thch gia tc d liu ngi dng v s lng sng mang con s dng
truyn d liu.
Tng thch gia s lng sng mang con s dng truyn d liu v kch thc
FFT.
Ngoi ra, cc cng vic khc nh: chuyn tn hiu t min tn s sang min thi gian,
chn khong bo v, lc tn hiu OFDM dng b lc bng thng vi hnh dng b lc l
ca s Kaiser.
hiu r qu trnh m phng tn hiu OFDM, ta hy xt mt v d m phng mt tn
hiu OFDM c th vi thi gian m phng 1 giy. Gi s cc tham s h thng c m
t trong bng di y.
Bng 6.1 Tham s h thng dng cho m phng tn hiu OFDM
Tham s h thng
Tc d liu u vo: Rb
S lng sng mang: Nsub
Kch thc FFT: NFFT
Mc iu ch sng mang: M-QAM
Thi gian m phng: Tsim
Chu k c bn: T
Thi gian k hiu hu ch: TFFT
Thi gian khong bo v: TG
Thi gian k hiu OFDM: Tsym
Gi tr
12 Mbps
90
256
16-QAM
1s
1/ Rb = 0,083 s
Nsublog2(M) T = 30 s
1/4 TFFT = 7,5 s
TFFT + TG = 37,5 s
V tc d liu l 12 Mbps, nn trong khong thi gian 1 giy m phng s c

12 10 6 bit truyn. Nhng do phng php iu ch sng mang con l 16-QAM, do
s lng k hiu 16-QAM s l:
12 10 6
3 10 6 k hiu.
4
77
Qu trnh tng thch gia tc d liu ngi dng v s lng sng mang con
Mi sng mang con trong mt k hiu OFDM s mang mt k hiu d liu. Khi s
lng k hiu khng bng bi s nguyn ln s lng sng mang con, m bo mi
sng mang con u c d liu truyn ta phi tin hnh chn thm cc k hiu 0.
M mi k hiu OFDM s cha ton b chu k ca cc sng mang con, do mt k
hiu OFDM s cha ton b d liu truyn trn cc sng mang con. Trong trng hp
ny mi k hiu OFDM s cha d liu c trong 90 sng mang con. V c iu ny nn:
3 10 6
90
s lng k hiu OFDM = ceil
Trong :
x, x Z
ceil x [x] 1, x Z, x 0 ,
x, x Z, x 0
33334 ,
vi [x] l phn nguyn ca x.
3 10 6
90
S lng k hiu phi chn thm l: 90 - phn d
60 .
Hnh 6.2 s minh ho
qu trnh ny:
Hnh 6.2 Tng thch gia tc d liu ngi dng v s sng mang
Sau khi thc hin tng thch gia tc d liu u vo v s sng mang s dng
truyn d liu, cn tin hnh qu trnh tng thch tip theo gia kch thc FFT v s
sng mang.
Qu trnh tng thch gia kch thc FFT v s sng mang con
Mt k hiu FFT c to nn t bin i IFFT cc mu tn s. Mu tn s l mu thu
c do qu trnh ly mu cc tn s sng mang con. Do trong khong thi gian bin
i IFFT s cha ton b chu k ca cc sng mang con. Trong bin i Fourier do
78
khong tn s ly t ( ;) , nhng i vi phng php FFT th khong tn s b

gii hn do vy, sau bin i FFT s chu hiu ng bin, hiu ng bin lm sai lch cc
gi tr tn hiu ng vi cc tn s ngoi ra. V th gim hiu ng bin ta phi tng
kch thc FFT so vi s sng mang, mun vy:
Kch thc FFT/2 > s sng mang con
Nhng cng v th m s lng cc mu tn s ti u vo FFT b thiu, lng thiu =
Kch thc FFT/2 - s sng mang con. cho nn ta phi tin hnh chn thm cc tn s
0 trc khi bin i IFFT.
Theo bng tham s dng m phng ta c: Kch thc FFT/2 = 128, m s sng mang =
90. Do cn chn thm 128-90 = 38 sng mang 0. Cho nn s lng sng mang thc
t phi dng cho mi k hiu OFDM s l 90 + 38 = 128, tuy nhin 38 sng mang chn
thm s khng mang d liu ngi dng v chng c t l 0. Hnh 6.3 s minh ho
qu trnh ny:
Do s lng k hiu 0 phi chn thm l: 4266752 - 3000000 1266752 k hiu. Ta

thy nu chn kch thc FFT qu ln so vi 2 ln s sng mang th s phi chn rt
nhiu k hiu khng mang thng tin. iu ny s lm gim hiu qu truyn dn.
to dng ph thc cho tn hiu OFDM, th phn cn li ca kch thc FFT (c chiu
di FFT/2 l phn c cc mu tn s c gi tr cao hn), s c lp y bng cch ly
lin hp phc phn u ca kch thc FFT (c chiu di FFT/2 gm cc mu tn s c
gi tr thp). Qu trnh ny c m t bng hnh 6.4 di y:
79
Sau khi sp xp cc mu tn s trong k hiu OFDM, s thc hin bin i IFFT ln k

hiu OFDM trong min tn s. Qu trnh ny s chuyn tn hiu OFDM t min tn s
sang min thi gian.
Bc tip theo trong cng on m phng tn hiu OFDM l chn khong bo v, qu
trnh ny c thc hin cho tng k hiu OFDM (xem li phn 3.5). Cui cng ta s
c mt tn hiu OFDM c dng:
Hnh 6.5 M phng tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian,

[sim_ofdm_signal.m]
Thit lp cc thng s khi to cho h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng
Trc tin hiu nguyn l hot ng ca chng trnh m phng ta hy xt cc tham
s vo ra ca h thng.
80
Bng 6.2 Thng s m phng h thng OFDM thch ng

Tham s
Tc d liu: Rb
Mc iu ch sng mang M-QAM
Tn s ly mu: fs
S lng sng mang: Nsub
Kch thc FFT: NFFT
Chu k c bn: T
Thi gian k hiu hu ch: TFFT
Khong thi gian bo v: TG
Chiu di k hiu OFDM :
Thi gian m phng: Tsim
Ca s
M hnh knh
Khong thi gian bo v: TG
Gi tr
2 Mbps
M = 2, 4, 16, 64
fs
52 - 1024
NFFT
1/ Rb = 0,5 s
TFFT = Nsub log2(M) T
TG
Tsym = TFFT + TG
Tsim = 0,064 s
Kaiser, = 10
Pha inh Rayleigh
1
TU , n = 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/64 ....,
n
Tn s ly mu: f s 3 T , trong Tsym = TFFT + TG,

sym
M l s trng thi iu ch QAM (M = 2 ng vi BPSK), v cc thng s c s lin quan
n nhau do ch cn khai bo cc thng s: R b, M, Nsubcarr, NFFT, TG. T kch thc file
nh hoc file text ta xc nh thi gian m phng:
Tsim = s lng bit truyn/ Rb.
Trong chng trnh m phng, cc tham s khi to h thng c tp trung vo trong
mt bng, gi tr ca cc tham s c thit lp khi khi to v c th thay i trong qu
trnh thc hin chng trnh m phng nu chn chc nng iu ch thch ng. Tt
nhin cc tham s s gi nguyn gi tr nh khi khi to nu khng chn chc nng iu
ch thch ng. Giao din tham s khi to h thng c m ra c cu trc nh sau.
81
hiu hot ng ca chng trnh m phng AOFDM trc tin cn phi hiu r cc
tham s khi to h thng v nh hng ca n n hot ng ca h thng.
Kch thc FFT: Biu th bng nhn Kch thc FFT, tham s ny chnh l s im
FFT dng trong mt k hiu OFDM hay chnh l di k hiu OFDM. m bo
ph OFDM l thc th kch thc FFT > 2 ln s lng sng mang (trong mc 3.3.2.4).
Kch thc FFT nu chn qu ln s lng ph bng tn nhng b li s phn nng lng
tn hiu u trn cc sng mang, iu ny c tc dng phn tn li. Tuy nhin nu kch
thc FFT chn qu nh th mt nng lng trn mi sng mang con s ln v nu b
li th s gy li cm. V vy nn chn gi tr tham s:
2:1< kch thc FFT: s sng mang 5:1
(6.1)
C th n thit lp l 256.
S lng sng mang: hin th bng nhn S sng mang, l s lng sng mang dng
truyn d liu. Cn phi phn bit gia d liu v d liu ngi dng, dng thut ng
d liu ngi dng c ngha l d liu i n b iu ch AOFDM, cn d liu l d
liu ngi dng v phn n thm ( thch ng vi knh truyn), thng phn n
thm ny l cc k hiu 0. Tt nhin s lng sng mang cng phi tho mn phng
trnh (6.1).S lng sng mang cng ln, th tr iu ch cng cao song c li v tnh
phn tp, do s phn tn li u trn bng tn ca knh. Mt khc v c ch thch ng
m n s dng l chn lc sng mang tc l la chn cc sng mang c SNR cao
(hay BER thp) truyn d liu do s lng sng mang ln c ngha c bit
quan trng v khi c ch chn lc s hot ng hiu qu hn, s la chn chnh xc
cc vng tn s tng i n nh trn knh. Tuy nhin thng chn s lng sng
mang 500 v tnh cht m phng chy trn phn mm. Do tc x l khng cao
82
nh tc x l phn cng trong thc t. Trong n s lng sng mang s dng l

100.
Khong thi gian bo v: Hy tng tng mi k hiu u c mt khong bo v
c gn trc mi k hiu v khong bo v ny c chn sao cho ln hn thi gian
tr cc i ca knh, th khi cc k hiu thu trc v sau s khng b chng ln ln
nhau m ch chng ln ln cc khong bo v. Do nng lng mi k hiu s khng
b phn tn trn cc k hiu khc, tc l khng c hin tng ISI. V vy khong bo v
trong k hiu OFDM c ngha c bit quan trng n gip tng chiu di k hiu,
chng pha inh la chn tn s (xem chng 3), c bit chng li hin tng ISI gy
thu sai tn hiu. Theo chun DAB th khong bo v c chn = 1/4 kch thc FFT v
khong bo v c gn pha trc k hiu. Tuy nhin khong bo v cng c chn
la theo bt k t l no nh: 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, . Tu theo kch thc FFT l ln hay
nh v gi tr tri tr cc i ca knh. n chn gi tr khong bo v = 1/4 kch
thc FFT, trn giao din nhp d liu khong bo v c hin th bng nhn 'Khong
bo v' (4 c ngha l khong bo v = 1/4 kch thc FFT).
Ngng BER: Ngng BER l gi tr dng thit lp xem sng mang no s c
dng truyn d liu ngi dng v sng mang no s khng s dng tc l phi tin
hnh chn 0. Hm thc hin chc nng kim tra li cho tng sng mang con l hm
dem_loi. Hm ny s tnh ra gi tr BER ca tng sng mang con v kim tra xem nu
sng mang no c gi tr BER > BER ngng th s gn cho phn t ca mng Q
tng ng vi v tr sng mang ny gi tr l 1, tc l khng dng sng mang ny. Sau
hm chen_song_mang s cn c vo gi tr ca mng Q m s quyt nh dng v
khng dng sng mang no. Nu ngng BER c thit lp qu ln th s khng c tc
dng chn lc sng mang v cc gi tr BER hin thi trn mi sng mang c th u
nh hn gi tr BER ngng. Tuy nhin nu thit lp gi tr BER ngng qu nh th s
sng mang m bo gi tr BER nh hn gi tr BER ngng s rt t do tc
truyn dn s rt chm do ch tin hnh truyn d liu trn mt s t sng mang. Trong
n gi tr BER ngng c thit lp l 10-3.
Tn s Doppler: Do chuyn ng tng i gia my thu v my pht gy ra hiu ng
Doppler. Doppler gy hiu ng iu tn ngu nhin i vi cc thnh phn sng mang
do lm sai lch gi tr tn s ca cc sng mang con. iu ny dn n ph tn ca
cc sng mang con chng ln qu mc ln nhau lm mt tnh trc giao ca cc sng
mang con. Khi khng cn gi tnh trc giao th nng lng tn hiu trn cc sng mang
s chng ln ln nhau iu ny s dn ti khng cn phn bit c ranh gii gia cc
k hiu trn cc sng mang con do gy li ti b quyt nh. Tt nhin tn s Doppler
trong n ch l gi tr c ngha m phng m bo tnh thc t ca m hnh
knh, thng thng tn s Doppler < 100 Hz. n thit lp gi tr tn s Doppler l 50
Hz.
p ng xung kim knh: p ng xung kim ca knh chnh l s lng xung kim v
gi tr bin suy gim ca cc xung kim cng vi thi gian tr.
83
Hnh 6.6 Cho thy hnh dng p ng ca knh xung kim, vi 3 ng tr. Tng ng
cc gi tr bin trn hnh v l cc gi tr bin suy gim ca nhnh tr ca knh. V
thi gian tr ca tng nhnh l thi gian tr ca cc xung kim ca knh. Trn bng khi
to gi tr ban u cho h thng AOFDM th:
Thi gian tr ca xung th nht s l 5 tng ng vi nhn nhnh 1 trn bng. Thi
gian tr ca xung th hai l 5+3 = 8 tng ng vi nhn 'nhnh 2' trn bng. Thi gian
tr ca nhnh th ba l 5+3+9 = 17 tng ng vi nhn nhnh 3 trn bng. Cc gi tr
bin suy gim ca nhnh tr s tng ng vi cc nhnh l cc nhn suy gim 1,
suy gim 2, suy gim 3 vi cc gi tr ln lt l 0.32, 0.28, 0.13. Tng ng vi cc
gi tr ny th hnh dng hm truyn t ca knh s c dng:
Hnh 6.7 Hnh dng hm truyn t ca knh

Tn s ly mu k hiu pht: Mi k hiu sau khi iu ch k hiu OFDM u c
ly mu vi tn s ly mu fs. m bo ly mu c y k hiu pht th tn s
ly mu cn tho mn nh l Nyquist: f s 2 f sym tc l tn s ly mu ti thiu phi gp
hai ln tn s k hiu. Trn bng nhp cc gi tr khi u tn s ly mu c th hin
bng gi tr di nhn Tn s ly mu, trn bng gi tr ny l 3 tc l i vi mi k
hiu OFDM sau iu ch chng ta s ly mu ti 3 v tr ca k hiu. Tt nhin k hiu
sau khi thu s l gi tr trung bnh ca cc mu ca cng tn hiu pht, do khi tn s
ly mu ln th gi tr k hiu thu s gn nh gi tr k hiu pht v th BER s gim.
Tuy nhin nu tn s ly mu qu ln s dn n gim tc bit thc truyn dn do pht
lp li cng mt k hiu nhiu ln. Trong n gi tr tn s ly mu = 3 ln gi tr tn
s k hiu OFDM.
S trng thi iu ch: Trong n dng phng php iu ch ch yu l M-QAM,
vi s trng thi iu ch thay i vi cc gi tr M = 2, 4, 16, 64. S trng thi iu ch
84
ban u c thit lp l gi tr nm di nhn 'Mc iu ch QAM' trong bng khi

to. Tt nhin khi chn nguyn c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang hoc khng chn
c ch thch ng no th s trng thi iu ch c gi nguyn trong qu trnh m
phng, nu chn c ch thch ng mc iu ch th s trng thi iu ch s c thay
i tu theo tnh trng knh hin thi hay gi tr BER tng cng sau mi ln pht k
hiu OFDM. Trong n gi tr s trng thi iu ch ban u c thit lp l 2.
nh dng file truyn: linh hot trong vic to ra d liu ngi dng dng trong m
phng, n xy dng hm c th c cc loi file vn bn (text.txt) hoc file hnh
nh (*.JPG, *.BMP,). Tt nhin mi loi file c mt nh dng khc nhau v dung
lng hon ton khc nhau, do s cn c mt hm c file khc nhau. Trn bng khi
to nh dng file c m t thng qua nhn Loi file. Nu
Loi file = 1 tc l s truyn file vn bn c tn Design.txt, kt qu m phng sau khi
truyn qua mi trng knh s c lu trong file Result.txt.
Loi file = 2 tc l s truyn file ho c tn Fish.bmp, kt qu m phng sau khi
truyn qua mi trng knh s c lu trong file anh_dep.jpg. Tt nhin kt qu s
c hin thi thng qua giao din xem_anh. Nu dng file ho m phng th
thi gian c file v chuyn d liu sang dng nh phn, sau tin hnh iu ch
chuyn mc ri iu ch tn hiu OFDM s rt lu. ta c th quan st c qu trnh
iu ch d liu v thu pht qua knh v tuyn th n thit lp giao din m phng
OFDM_S. Trc tin d liu c t file c dng cc mng thp phn s c ct nh
thnh tng khi (thng thng mi khi gm 200 phn t). Sau s tin hnh chuyn
tng khi sang dng nh phn ri tin hnh iu ch OFDM d liu nh phn trong khi
ny, tn hiu sau iu ch OFDM s c pht qua m hnh knh v thu ti b thu
OFDM. D liu thu s c chuyn li thnh cc khi thp phn v c lu vo mt
mng, sau khi kt thc m phng d liu thu di dng cc khi thp phn s c ghp
li vi nhau theo nh dng file ban u ri tin hnh ghi ra file nh. Tip tc chng
trnh s hin th kt qu nh thu c so snh cht lng.
6.3 Chng trnh m phng truyn dn OFDM thch ng

6.3.1 Giao din chng trnh m phng
Chng trnh m phng c thit k bng ngn ng Matlab 6.5, v c t chc thnh
tng module.
Tnh module cho php, ci tin, pht trin v nng cp sau ny.
Do c tnh module nn thun li cho vic kim tra, nh gi, kho st m hnh
dng ri rc v lin kt.
chy chng trnh m phng AOFDM, t ca s lnh ca MatLab ta g lnh
AOFDM. Di y l phn giao din bt u ca chng trnh.
85
Phn giao din chnh ca chng trnh s c m khi nhn chut vo nt tip tc.
Trc khi n vi giao din chnh, giao din minh ho hnh nh dng truyn s c
m ra. Hnh bn tri vi tiu : nh dng pht s l hnh nh phc v cho sut qu
trnh m phng. Trc to cn li bn phi s hin nh sau khi truyn qua AOFDM.
Sau khi hon thin m phng h thng AOFDM th nh ny s c m ra so snh
gia cht lng nh gc v nh sau khi truyn qua AOFDM. Tt nhin v l do thi gian
truyn qu lu khi dng nh mu 32 bit (do x l s bng phn mm c tc rt chm,
trong cc h thng thc t tc tnh ton cao do cc thao tc x l s c thc hin
phn ln bng phn cng ). Cho nn nhanh chng n ch m phng kt qu vi
nh trng en.
86
Khi kch hot vo nt tip tc giao din u tin th chng trnh s gi mt giao
din m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng, giao din c tn hm l
'OFDM_S'. Di y s l phn giao din thc hin tng ca n, giao din c
cu trc theo tng module, mi module s thc hin mt nhim v v minh ha mt
phn kt qu trong h thng truyn dn thch ng OFDM.
Phn khung cng c thc hin bao gm cc nt cng c:

Execute: s thc hin kch hot h thng AOFDM hot ng.
Input Data: s m ra mt giao din nhp cc thng s khi to h thng.
Close: s ng giao din m phng.
Back: s quay tr li giao din u tin AOFDM.
Phn khung cng c thch ng bao gm cc nt cng c:
Chn lc SM: l biu tng khi tch vo h thng s kch hot ch thch ng theo c
ch chn lc sng mang.
Mc iu ch: khi tch vo biu tng ny h thng s kch hot ch thch ng theo
mc iu ch (AQAM). Tt nhin ta c th kch hot ng thi hai c ch thch ng
bng cch tch vo c hai biu tng trn.
Knh ng: l cng c m khi kch hot n s to ra mt knh v tuyn c hm truyn
t thay i theo thi gian. Nu khng kch hot cng c ny th knh m phng s l
knh tnh, cc tham s knh s gi nguyn trong qu trnh m phng.
87
Phn hin th tn hiu M-QAM: s hin th chm sao M-QAM ti b thu sau khi tn
hiu c gii iu ch OFDM. Khi s trng thi iu ch l M th phn giao din ny
s hin th chm sao M-QAM, trn phn giao din l chm sao 16-QAM.
Phn hin th tn hiu OFDM: s hin th dng sng trong min thi gian ca tn hiu
OFDM pht v thu ng thi cng hin th hm truyn t ca knh v ph ca tn hiu
OFDM thu. Mc ch n xy dng giao din hin th ph ca tn hiu OFDM thu v
hm truyn t ca knh d dng quan st c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang. ng
vi nhng v tr m hm truyn t ca knh nhn cc gi tr khc 1 rt nhiu th cc
sng mang con c gi tr tn s nm gn khong s khng c s dng, trn giao
din ta thy ng vi cc gi tr ny th p ng tn s ca tn hiu thu s xp x 0. C
ch chn lc sng mang c coi l hot ng tt khi la chn c nhng khong m
p ng ca knh l xp x 1.
Phn hin th kt qu: s cung cp cc gi tr BER hin thi ca tng sng
mang con v gi tr BER tng hp ca ton b h thng. Gi tr BER hin thi ca cc
sng mang con c hin th di nhn Gi tr BER ca cc sng mang con. Gi tr
BER ca h thng c hin th di nhn BER. Ngoi ra tin theo di s lng
cng vic hon thnh c bao nhiu phn trm, giao din cng a ra mt bng hin
th thi gian thc hin v s phn trm cng vic thc hin.
Mt bng hin th rt quan trng theo di c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang l
hin th s lng sng mang c dng truyn d liu ngi dng, l nhn S sm
truyn. Trn phn giao din ta thy s sng mang thit lp ban u l 100 (ta thy chiu
di ca trc honh ca nhn Gi tr BER ca cc sng mang con l 100), trong khi
s sng mang truyn d liu ngi dng ch c 24. Tt nhin vic dng s lng t sng
mang truyn dn s lm chm tc h thng nhng vi iu kin knh qu ti th nu
truyn d liu trn cc sng mang cn li th s chu mt t l li qu ln vt qu gi
tr BER yu cu cho mi dch v v khi s khng m bo c QoS.
6.3.2 Cc kt qu m phng v nh gi hiu nng

n s nghin cu hot ng ca h thng truyn dn OFDM khi ch dng mt c ch
thch ng, khi dng ng thi cc c ch thch ng v khi khng dng thch ng. ng
thi cng nghin cu hiu nng ca cc phng php thch ng trong cc iu kin knh
khc nhau: knh tnh, knh ng v cc tham s knh khi to khc nhau.
6.3.2.1 Kt qu m phng khng dng c ch thch ng
Trc tin d so snh gia cc phng php thch ng v so snh hiu nng ca c
ch thch ng vi khi khng thch ng, ta hy xem kt qu truyn d liu ngi dng l
file nh vi phng php iu ch 4-QAM qua h thng OFDM m khng dng bt k
c ch thch ng no c.
Tham s ban u c thit lp nh giao din khi to pha trn. Giao din m phng s
nh sau:
88
Ta thy rng nhng v tr p ng knh c gi tr khc 1 rt nhiu th gi tr BER ca

cc sng mang con ti s rt ln. Trn giao din m phng th nht gi tr BER ca
cc sng mang con ta thy c ba vng m BER rt ln so vi cc vng khc. Nhn ln
89
phn giao din c tuyn tn s ca tn hiu OFDM thu, ta thy tng ng vi ba vng
BER cao ny l ba vng m p ng knh b lm nghim trng. Do cc sng mang
con ti y bin b suy gim nhanh chng gy li ln sau b quyt nh. Kt qu trn
giao din m phng th hai cng tng t, ch c iu ch c hai vng BER cao.
Kt qu file nh truyn qua mi trng knh m khng s dng c ch thch ng no s
nh sau.
Ta thy trn nh thu c hnh thnh nhng ng li cm do cc sng mang ti nhng

v tr knh bin ng ln s b li cm. c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang s gii
quyt trit vn ny.
6.3.2.2 Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch ng mc iu ch

Gi tr BER thit lp trong n cho cc mc chuyn c cho trong bng 6.2.
C ch chuyn mc cng phi tun theo quy tc sau: Nu ang mc BPSK khng th
trc tip chuyn ln mc 16-QAM, 64-QAM c m phi qua bc trung gian l 4QAM, v ang mc 4-QAM cng vy khng th chuyn trc tip ln 64-QAM.
Nhng ang mc 16-QAM, 64-QAM nu BER tng qu cao c th chuyn trc tip
xung BPSK. V c c ch ny m h thng lm vic rt hiu qu, nguyn nhn l khi
ang cc mc BPSK, 4-QAM nu km theo c ch chn lc sng mang th thng
BER tng = 0, nhng khng phi mc 16-QAM, 64-QAM th BER tng cng nh nh
vy m thng BER tng s khng m bo mc ngng do m bo QoS th cn
phi chuyn qua mc trung gian.
90
Bng 6.2 Tham s BER iu khin chuyn mc iu ch

Gi tr BER tng
BER> 0.2
BER 0,1
0.1>BER 0,01
0.01 BER 1E 4
1E 4 BER
Ngng BER
Khng thit lp
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
Mc iu ch
Khng pht
BPSK
4-QAM
16-QAM
64-QAM
Di y l giao din hot ng ca c ch thch ng mc iu ch, mc iu ch c

thit lp ban u l 4-QAM. cc tham s khi to c cho trong giao din khi to pha
trn nh phn m phng khng s dng c ch thch ng.
91
92
Ta thy cht lng nh thu c sau m phng tt hn so vi trng hp khng dng c

ch thch ng mt cht, cc ng xc nh hn. Tuy nhin s ci thin QoS ny khng
ng k, vn xy ra li cm. Theo quan st gi tr BER tng lun lun > 0.01 do nu
theo c ch thch ng chn mc iu ch th s lun lun khng t mc pht 16-QAM.
6.3.2.3 Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang
Di y l giao din hot ng ca c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang, phng php
iu ch sng mang con l 4-QAM, cc tham s khi to c cho trong giao din khi
to pha trn nh phn m phng khng s dng c ch thch ng.
93
94
Ta thy rng nhng v tr sng mang con c BER ln s khng c dng truyn d
liu. Trn giao din m phng th nht c bn v tr nh vy v trn vng hin th gi tr
BER ca tng sng mang ta thy c nm v tr cho BER thp nht v tt nhin theo c
ch thch ng chn lc sng mang th h thng chn nm v tr truyn d liu.
Nhn vo vng hin th s lng sng mang truyn d liu ngi dng ta thy ch c 36
sng mang con c s dng trn tng s 100 sng mang con dng truyn d liu. Trn
giao din th hai kt qu cng tng t, ch c iu l s lng cc vng p ng knh
c BER thp nhiu hn, khi ny s lng sng mang c mc BER tho mn ngng s
nhiu ln, c 42/ 100 sng mang con dng truyn d liu ngi dng.
Dng c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang kt qu l BER tng lun xp x 0 i vi
4-QAM, gi tr ny thp hn nhiu so vi khi khng dng c ch thch ng.
95
Kt qu nh thu c sau khi truyn qua h thng AOFDM c cht lng cao hn rt
nhiu so vi h thng OFDM khng dng c ch thch ng. Trn giao din hin th kt
qu nh thu ta thy phn u ca nh c vi vt xc, do ta thit lp mng Q vi cc
phn t ton gi tr 0, tc l ln u pht ta s dng 100 % s sng mang hin c, v
vy trong ln u tin BER kh cao. Tuy nhin sau ln u tin c ch thch ng lm
vic rt hiu qu chn lc ra cc sng mang c BER thp truyn d liu do
phn nh thu cn li c cht lng rt cao hon ton ging nh nh pht. Mc d mc
iu ch lun khng i 4-QAM, trong khi c ch chuyn mc iu ch trn
thng xuyn pht BPSK (do BER tng cao) tc l thng lng ca c ch thch ng
chn lc sng mang cao hn mc iu ch trong trng hp ny.
n y ta mi thy phng php thch ng theo c ch chn lc sng mang lm vic
tht hiu qu trong trng hp knh ti. Tuy nhin khi iu kin knh tt hn th nu s
dng nguyn c ch chn lc sng mang s khng hiu qu i vi cc mc iu ch
cao nh 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM V khi c trng hp knh t ngt tr
nn rt xu m ta c gi nguyn mc iu ch hin thi s khng n v khi tc
truyn d liu s rt thp. C trng hp khi mc iu ch l 64-QAM nu c gi
nguyn mc iu ch ny th ch cn di 10 sng mang m bo c gi tr BER
ngng trn tng s 100 sng mang m phng. Do tc truyn dn s cc thp v
khng m bo QoS i vi cc dch v yu cu tnh thi gian thc. Cho nn hiu
qu th phng php thch ng theo c ch chn lc sng mang phi i km theo c ch
thch ng chuyn mc iu ch.
6.3.2.3 Kt qu m phng dng kt hp hai c ch thch ng chuyn mc iu ch
v chn lc sng mang
Di y l trng hp khi kt hp hai phng php thch ng trn vi cng iu kin
knh nh giao din khi to pha trn:
96
97
Ta thy vi iu kin knh ti nh vy m khi kt hp hai phng php thch ng trn

th vn cho php mc iu ch ln n 16-QAM, tt nhin tn sut xut hin ca
16-QAM s t hn 4-QAM. Tuy nhin nu th mc 16-QAM, s sng mang dng
truyn d liu s rt t thng < 50 sng mang trn tng s 100 sng mang, gi tr
trn giao din m phng l 46, 58 v 24 sng mang, nhng vn m bo c tc
truyn d liu ngi dng v BER yu cu do mc iu ch cao v dng kt hp c ch
thch ng chn lc sng mang. iu c bit l khng c ln no h thng phi chuyn
mc pht BPSK. V iu ny m thng lng ca c ch thch ng kt hp gia hai c
ch thch ng chn lc sng mang v thch ng mc iu ch ln hn hn cc c ch
thch ng c lp.
98
Tt nhin nh s khng th p nh trong trng hp truyn 4-QAM dng nguyn c

ch thch ng chn lc sng mang. Nhng so snh vi trng hp truyn 4-QAM m
khng dng mt c ch thch ng no hay 4-QAM dng nguyn c ch thch ng mc
iu ch th cht lng vn tt hn nhiu.
Qua y ta c th kt lun rng mt mnh c ch chn lc sng mang ch hot ng tt
trong iu kin knh ti. H thng s hot ng tt nht khi kt hp gia hai c ch
thch ng chn lc sng mang v chuyn mc iu ch.
6.4 nh gi hiu nng ca cc c ch thch ng thng qua

kt qu m phng
quan st hiu nng ca mi ln thc hin m phng (c th dng hoc khng dng
c ch thch ng), n thit k giao din hin th:
Hiu nng BER ca h thng thng qua kt qu BER trong mi ln pht k hiu
(gi tr hin th trn nhn 'BER' trong phn hin th kt qu trn giao din m phng
'OFDM_S')
Hiu nng thng lng ca h thng, c o bng s bit/k hiu iu ch sng
mang con (v d, 4-QAM s c thng lng l 2 bit/k hiu). Thng lng chnh l tc
bit truyn d liu.
Giao din hin th hiu nng BER v hiu nng thng lng h thng s c m ra
ngay khi kt thc m phng qu trnh truyn d liu, hin th kt qu m phng cho
trng hp mi nht.
Di y l giao din hin th hiu nng BER v hiu nng thng lng cho trng hp
m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM kt hp c hai c ch thch ng chn lc sng
mang v mc iu ch. xem hiu nng thng lng ca h thng, phi kch chut
vo nt thng lng trn phn hin th kt qu m phng.
99
d dng so snh hiu nng BER v hiu nng thng lng ca cc c ch thch ng
khc nhau, cng nh gia thch ng v khng thch ng, n tng kt cc ln chy
chng trnh m phng khc nhau v a ra kt qu tng hp thng qua giao din so
snh.
Kt qu hiu nng BER v hiu nng thng lng ca h thng truyn dn OFDM
thng qua m phng.
Giao din so snh hiu nng v thng lng s c m ra khi kch chut vo nt 'So
snh' trn giao din nh gi hiu nng.
Ch tiu so snh: Gm hai ch tiu l hiu nng (BER) v thng lng (BPS).
i tng so snh: Gia cc h thng s dng cc c ch thch ng, v gia h
thng dng c ch thch ng v h thng khng dng thch ng.
Phng php so snh: So snh hiu nng BER (QoS) v hiu nng thng lng
(BPS) ca cc h thng trn, khi s trng thi iu ch sng mang con bt u m
phng: 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM.
Trng hp 1: Mc iu ch sng mang thit lp ban u l BPSK, c bit so snh
mt cch trit hiu nng v thng lng gia cc c ch thch ng, ta s chn iu
kin knh thit lp ban u sao cho h thng thch ng theo mc iu ch lun khng
t ngng pht 16-QAM, vi iu kin ny ta c kt qu:
100
Phn tch kt qu:

Hiu nng BER:
Khi iu kin knh truyn ti SNR < 17 dB h thng OFDM dng c ch thch
ng mc iu ch v h thng OFDM khng thch ng c hiu nng nh nhau do ch
m bo SNR pht BPSK. Cng vi iu kin knh nh vy, h thng OFDM dng c
ch thch ng chn lc sng mang v h thng OFDM dng c ch thch ng kt hp
101
gia chn lc sng mang v mc iu ch li c hiu nng cao hn, do hai h thng ny
ch truyn d liu trn cc vng p ng knh tt. Tuy nhin h thng dng c ch thch
ng kt hp s cho hiu nng thp hn h thng dng nguyn c ch chn lc sng
mang. V, h thng dng c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang gi nguyn mc iu ch
BPSK, nhng h thng dng c ch thch ng kt hp m bo BER pht 4 -QAM,
mt khc mc 4-QAM hiu nng s thp hn 4-QAM.
Khi iu kin knh truyn tt hn, SNR > 17 dB, ta thy gia cc h thng c
s khc bit r rng. H thng dng nguyn c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang c
hiu nng cao nht, do gi nguyn mc iu ch BPSK v truyn d liu trn vng p
ng knh tt. H thng dng c ch thch ng mc iu ch do m bo BER pht 4QAM, mc ny s cho hiu nng thp hn hiu nng ca h thng khng dng thch
ng. H thng dng c ch thch ng kt hp do m bo BER pht 16-QAM, mc
ny d c c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang song hiu nng vn thp hn h thng
khng dng thch ng lun gi nguyn mc iu ch BPSK. Nu ch ta s thy ng
th hin BER ca cc h thng dng c ch thch ng mc iu ch c s nhy bc.
iu ny xy ra do s chuyn mc iu ch, mc iu ch cao BER bao gi cng cao
hn mc iu ch thp.
Hiu nng thng lng
i vi h thng khng dng mt c ch thch ng no hoc thch ng theo c
ch chn lc sng mang s c thng lng khng i, kt qu so snh ch c ngha i
vi hai c ch thch ng l chuyn mc iu ch (AQAM) v kt hp gia chn lc
sng mang v mc iu ch.
Khi iu knh knh ti (SNR < 8 dB), h thng khng thch ng v h thng thch ng
theo mc iu ch c thng lng nh nhau 1 bit/k hiu (cc h thng u pht
BPSK). Song cng vi iu kin knh nh vy, h thng dng c ch thch ng kt hp
gia chn lc sng mang v mc iu ch c th pht 4-QAM. n khi h thng
thch ng theo mc iu ch c th pht n nh 4-QAM, th h thng dng c ch thch
ng kt hp c th pht 16-QAM. Tuy s ln pht 4-QAM v 16-QAM tng ng
nhau, nhng nh th thng lng ca h thng dng c ch thch ng kt hp cng cao
hn rt nhiu so vi cc h thng khc. thy r u im ca cc c ch thch ng
chuyn mc iu ch ta hy xt iu kin knh truyn tt hn, v mc iu ch cao hn.
Trng hp 2: Mc iu ch sng mang con thit lp ban u l 4-QAM. Knh truyn
c thit lp sao cho c ch thch ng chuyn mc iu ch khng t ngng pht 64QAM (v nu nh vy s khng so snh chn vn hiu nng BER v hiu nng thng
lng gia cc c ch thch ng cho tng mc ngng pht khc nhau).
102
Phn tch kt qu:

Hiu nng BER:
Hiu nng so snh trong trng hp ny cng tng t nh trng hp u, h thng
dng nguyn c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang vn cho hiu nng cao nht. Khi
SNR > 32 dB ta thy hiu nng ca h thng dng c ch thch ng chuyn mc iu
ch thp nht, v h thng pht 16-QAM s c BER cao hn mc pht 4-QAM c nh
103
ca h thng khng thch ng. H thng dng c ch thch ng kt hp t ngng pht

16-QAM rt sm (SNR > 22 dB), v hiu nng cng cao hn h thng dng nguyn c
ch chuyn mc iu ch.
Hiu nng thng lng
Thng lng ca h thng dng c ch thch ng kt hp vn t ra u th hn h thng
dng c ch chuyn mc iu ch thng thng, h thng ny t ngng pht 4-QAM
v 16-QAM sm hn h thng dng nguyn c ch thch ng chuyn mc iu ch.
Hai trng hp va kho st ta cha thy u im r rt ca cc h thng dng c ch
thch ng chuyn mc iu ch, tuy nhin vi iu kin knh truyn tt hn v mc iu
ch sng mang con thit lp ban u cao hn ta s thy u im ca cc h thng ny.
Trng hp 3: Mc iu ch sng mang con thit lp ban u l 16-QAM.
Hiu nng BER v hiu nng thng lng trong trng hp ny c th hin trong
giao din di y:
104
Phn tch kt qu:

Hiu nng BER
Trng hp ny hiu nng so snh gia cc h thng khc xa so vi hai trng hp
va kho st. Cc h thng dng c ch thch ng chuyn mc iu ch chim u th
hn hn. Nguyn nhn do c s chuyn mc iu ch t cao xung thp lm BER gim
mnh, trong khi cc h thng khng dng c ch thch ng chuyn mc iu ch vn
gi nguyn mc iu ch cao (16-QAM). Hiu nng ca c ch thch ng kt hp gia
chn lc sng mang v mc iu ch cao hn cc h thng khc. Song khi SNR cao
do h thng ny t mc pht 64-QAM, do hiu nng c phn thp hn h thng
dng nguyn c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang.
Hiu nng thng lng
Trong trng hp ny vn c s khc nhau v thng lng gia hai c ch thch ng:
chuyn mc iu ch n thun v kt hp gia chn lc sng mang v mc iu ch.
C ch thch ng kt hp vn t ra hiu qu hn hn, c khi SNR thp v SNR cao hn.
c bit khi SNR > 35 h thng dng c ch thch ng kt hp c th pht 64-QAM,
trong khi h thng dng nguyn c ch thch ng chuyn mc iu ch ch t ngng
BER pht 16-QAM. thy r u im vt tri ca h thng dng c ch thch ng
kt hp gia chn lc sng mang v mc iu ch ta hy xt trng hp mc iu ch
thit lp ban u l 64-QAM.
Trng hp 4: Mc iu ch sng mang con thit lp ban u l 64-QAM.
105
Phn tch kt qu
Hiu nng BER
Hiu nng ca cc h thng dng c ch thch ng chuyn mc iu ch chim u
th tuyt i. Trong h thng dng c ch thch ng kt hp gia chn lc sng mang
v mc iu ch cho hiu nng cao nht.
106
Hiu nng thng lng

Trong trng hp ny cc h thng khng dng c ch chuyn mc iu ch s cho
thng lng cao nht do gi nguyn mc iu ch 64-QAM. Tuy nhin cn lu rng,
hiu nng BER ca cc h thng ny thp hn rt nhiu so vi cc h thng dng c ch
thch ng chuyn mc iu ch, do s khng m bo QoS
6.5 Kt lun
Chng ny gii thiu tnh nng ca chng trnh m phng h thng truyn dn
OFDM. Phn tch phng php m phng tn hiu OFDM, phn tch cc thng s h
thng truyn dn OFDM. So snh hiu qu ca cc h thng OFDM s dng cc c ch
thch ng v cc h thng OFDM khng dng c ch thch ng, tiu ch so snh c
th hin thng qua nh gi cht lng nh ban u v nh truyn qua cc h thng
OFDM. Mt kt qu rt quan trng l chng ny nh gi hiu nng BER v hiu
nng thng lng ca cc c ch thch ng khc nhau thng qua m phng, kt qu so
snh gia cc h thng s dng cc c ch thch ng khc nhau v cc h thng khng
dng c ch thch ng cho thy s kt hp ca hai c ch thch ng l thch ng theo
mc iu ch (AQAM) v c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang em li hiu nng
BER cc i ng thi hiu nng thng lng cng cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc h
thng ch dng mt c ch thch ng c lp.
107
Kt lun
n tt nghip i hc
Kt lun
n nghin cu v cng ngh OFDM, m hnh h thng truyn dn OFDM, nghin
cu v cch to v thu tn hiu OFDM. Phn tch nh hng ca ICI, ISI n hiu nng
h thng truyn dn OFDM, v hiu qu ca vic dng b lc bng thng trong vic tit
kim ph tn. Mt vn rt quan trng i vi h thng truyn dn v tuyn l c
im knh truyn v tuyn cng c nghin cu, vi cc hiu ng: Tri tr, dch
Doppler, a ng..., nghin cu m phng knh pha inh Rayleigh, Rice. Kt qu m
phng knh ny c dng m phng h thng truyn dn thch ng OFDM.
gim sai li ti b quyt nh n nghin cu cc phng php cn bng v c
tnh knh, v trong kt qu m phng dng b cn bng MMSE vi cng ngh c tnh
knh l phng php FFT.
Phn cui cng v cng l quan trng nht m n hon thnh l xy dng c
chng trnh m phng mt h thng truyn dn thch ng OFDM. Da trn kt qu
nghin cu l thuyt thch ng, v nhng tn ti ca cc phng php thch ng c
nh: thch ng theo SNR pht, thch ng theo mc iu ch (AQAM). n xut
phng n thch ng hon ton mi l c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang. Nhn
thy nhng u im vt tri ca hai c ch thch ng l c ch chn lc sng mang
v c ch thch ng theo mc iu ch, n mnh dn chn hai c ch thch ng
ny m phng. Hiu nng ca hai phng php thch ng ny c so snh da trn
kt qu m phng v cui cng n kt lun s kt hp ca hai phng php thch
ng ny s em li hiu nng vt tri cho h thng hn bt k phng php thch ng
ring r no khc.
n la chn c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang v c ch thch ng theo mc
iu ch. C ch thch ng chn lc sng mang hot ng rt hiu qu, nhng phng
php thch ng theo mc iu ch cn c ti u hn. Trong n c ch thch ng
theo mc iu ch s thay i mc iu ch trn ton b cc sng mang con mt cch
ng lot v bnh ng, do hiu qu mang li cha cao, trong thi gian ti nu xy
dng tng s thch ng mc iu ch c lp cho mi sng mang con th hiu qu
mang li s cao hn. Mt khc nu kt hp c cng ngh OFDM vi CDMA s gii
quyt trit c nhng iu kin bt li ca knh truyn v tuyn. nhng nghin
cu c tnh thc t, n rt mong mun xy dng c chng trnh m phng h
thng OFDM trn c s phn cng v s u t v ti chnh tin hnh th nghim
trn m hnh knh thc t. Bng nhng th nghim thc t cc thng s h thng s thit
thc hn v s gip nghin cu ng dng v trin khai h thng 4G trong trong tng
lai gn.
108
Ti liu tham kho
n tt nghip i hc
Ti liu tham kho

[1]. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Thng tin di ng th h th 3. Nh xut bn bu
in 2002.
[2]. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v ng dng. Nh xut bn
bu in 2001.
[3]. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Gio trnh c s truyn dn viba s. Nh xut
bn Bu in 4-2001.
[4]. ti nghin cu khoa hc Nghin cu iu ch thch ng cho my thu pht
thng minh trong thng tin di ng. Ch tr ti TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
v cc cng tc vin, H ni 2004.
[5]. Spectrum Auctions, Radiocommunications Agency of UK, Online:
http://www.spectrumauctions.gov.uk/auction/auction_index.htm.
[6]. Third Generation Mobile Phone Licensing in Europe, TIA on line, Online:
http://www.tiaonline.org/international/regional/nis/licensing.cfm.
[7]. Third Generation Mobile Phone Licensing in Europe, TIA on line, Online:
http://www.tiaonline.org/international/regional/nis/licensing.cfm.
[8]. "Adaptive techniques for multiuser OFDM", for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Eric Philip Lawrey, 12 - 2001.
109
Li cm n
Em xin trn thnh cm n cc thy c gio trong khoa vin thng I v c bit l cc
thy c trong b mn v tuyn. Em xin gi n thy gio Ts. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
v thy gio Ks. Nguyn Vit m li cm n chn thnh nht, hai thy tn tnh
hng dn em hon thnh n v cung cp cng nh hng dn la chn nhng ti
liu thit thc i vi lnh vc nghin cu ca n. Xin cm n gia nh ti, nhng
ngi lun bn ti trong lc kh khn nht, Cui cng xin cm n bn b ti nhng
ngi bn tht tt, lun cnh ti trong sut thi gian qua.

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

KHOA VIN THNG 1

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

Dng Minh Khim

TN TI: "M PHNG TRUYN DN OFDM THCH NG TRONG

THNG TIN V TUYN"

Phn I: c tnh knh truyn v tuyn

Ngy giao ti: 27/07/2005

Gio vin hng dn

Ts. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Ks. Nguyn Vit m

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN:

Gio vin hng dn

Ts. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Ks. Nguyn Vit m

NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN:

Gio vin phn bin

v thng lng (BPS). Khi iu kin knh ti s truyn d liu tc thp hn m

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng

Chng 3: Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM

Chng 4: c tnh cht lng v cn bng knh

Chng 5: iu ch OFDM thch ng

Chng 6: Chng trnh m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng

c s quan tm, gip v ch bo tn tnh trong nghin cu v cung cp ti liu ca

Dng Minh Khim

Dng Minh Khim, D2001VT

Dng Minh Khim, D2001VT

Dng Minh Khim, D2001VT

Dng Minh Khim, D2001VT

Hnh 3.23 Biu IQ cho tn hiu 64 QAM v 1024-QAM.......................................................42

Dng Minh Khim, D2001VT

Dng Minh Khim, D2001VT

Dng xoay chiu (tn s khc 0)

Nhiu giao thoa gia cc sng mang

Bin i Fourier ngc nhanh

Joint Photographic Experts Group nh dng file nh tnh ch nn

Moving Picture Experts Group

M-Phase Shift Keying

Peak to Average Power Ratio

Power Spectrum Density

Quadrature Amplitude Modualtion

Wide Band Code Division

Wireless Local Area Network

Dng Minh Khim, D2001-VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

Gii thiu chung

Cht lng dch

Thp (4-20 kbps)

Thp (BER < 10-3)

Trung bnh (50-300 kbps)

Cao (> 30 kbps)

Thp (1-10 kbps)

i vi nhng ng dng trong mi trng di ng , thy r trong tng lai gn mt s

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

yu cu s >30 Mbps. Vi tc cao nh vy th cc h thng di ng th h ba hin

Ta thy u th ni bt ca cc h thng s dng cng ngh OFDM l thng lng ln,

1.1. Nhng hn ch ca k thut hin hnh

Do ti nguyn ph tn hn hp, v vy cn phi s dng hiu qu.

Do nhng kh khn lin quan n hiu ng gn xa v c s tiu th cng sut

Ngoi ra, cc k thut n sng mang i ph km hiu qu i vi pha inh v truyn

Dng Minh Khim, D2001-VT

Chng 1: Gii thiu chung