APA helps

Correctly citing journals in your

bibliography:APA
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-doi.aspx
APA states that including database information in citations is not necessary because databases
change over time (p. 192). Example:

Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating,

8(3), 120-125.

If an on-line article has a DOI (digital object indicator) assigned, use this in place of the URL.
Example:

Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A model for the

study of addictions in youth. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 580-588. doi:10.1177/0269881105058776

If an on-line article does not have a DOI, use the URL. Example:

Arakji, R. Y., & Lang, K. R. (2008). Avatar business value analysis: A method for the evaluation of business value

creation in virtual commerce. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 9, 207-218. Retrieved from

http://www.csulb.edu/journals/jecr/


Examples above from:
http://library.nmu.edu/guides/userguides/style_apa.htm#withDOI and
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-doi.aspx

From APA manual
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/
Short Quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the
author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference
(preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that
includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in
parentheses.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA
style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style"
(p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last
name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses
after the quotation.
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones,
1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
Example from student paper
(Matt Pace)
Physiological changes occur as age increases. For
example, we experience changes in cardiovascular
structure, an eventual decline of body mass, and deceasing
strength of muscle mass. These changes are positively
correlated with a reduction of ones quality of life as one
ages. Research has suggested that the combative force
against these detrimental changes is the development and
maintenance of good health. According to Hartman-Stein
and Potkanowicz (2003), young adults who engage in
regular exercise are at an advantage over those who dont
because regular participation in weight-bearing and load-
generating activities develops a higher bone mineral
content (p. 4), which will help them in the long run.
Signal phrases
Some verbs often used in signal phrases:
Acknowledges, comments, admits,
reasons, illustrates, insists, argues,
asserts, notes, observes, claims, believes,
points out, suggests, says, writes, agrees,
declares, reports, thinks
:
http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/tutorials/cpe/e
n/Resources/Writing_Guide.html
No page # in online source
Sources Without Page Numbers
When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to
include information that will help readers find the passage being
cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use
the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number (Hall,
2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered and the
document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and
specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some
electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use the Find
function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.
According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).
Info taken from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
Summarizing material
Read the Whorton article and write a 2 pp. summary/reflection. Simply summarizing is not
enough. However, when summarizing material from Whorton, properly cite using APA format.
Every time you switch subjects in a paragraph, cite the author again.

Example: According to Creamer (2009), this medical model of disability views the body as a machine that
exhibits the presence or absence of function, putting focus on diagnosis and treatment. Other definitions of
disability include an economic and socio-political approach (Creamer, 2009).

One additional note about citing summarized material: If you use Creamer again in the same
paragraph as a signal phrase, you only need to cite Creamer (and not the date).

Example: According to Creamer (2009), this medical model of disability views the body as a machine that
exhibits the presence or absence of function, putting focus on diagnosis and treatment. Creamer also
discusses the role of the evening meal in developing community.

However, if you cite Creamer by putting his name and date at the end of the sentence, you must
cite both Creamer and the date each time.

Example: The conversation surrounding the nightly meal is savored and enjoyed, representing spiritual and
social renewal (Creamer, 2009). This leads to intimate conversation between the core members and
assistants (Creamer, 2009).

The purpose of this assignment is to practice correctly citing borrowed material and to differentiate
between borrowed material and your own words and opinions.
Example (Myvy Ngo )
Crowther (1999) explains the foundational
history behind the Olympics through describing
the nationalism and athlete-warrior focus of the
ancient Greeks. He reports that the ancient
Greeks would not have understood the modern
concept of international sport (Crowther, 1999,
p. 585). Crowther delves into the history of the
ancient Olympics and its role as the most
significant gathering of the ancient Greeks and
the main source of nationalism despite the city
state government.
Example (Brooke Sindel)
Many doctors of the time held that athleticism was beneficial for
several reasons. Edward Hitchcock, a professor of physical
education, believed that man needs outdoor education in order to
get the real brawn, effective muscle, capacious lungs, and tough
skin and the best of digestion, or a really reliable heart (Whorton,
1982, p. 31). Although some of his contemporaries would disagree
with his medical analyses of athletics, Hitchcock has, for the most
part, been proven right by recent medical findings. The greatest
advantage of athletics, however, was not muscular, but moral
(Whorton, 1982, p. 31). Whorton (1982) reports that doctors
believed that sports built character and furthered muscular
Christianity, which was the popular belief that the combination of
physical life and strength built character and increased ones level
of righteousness and usefulness in Gods eyes. According to
Whorton, this philosophy was supported by proponents of sanitary
reform who focused on the correlation between healthy living and a
clean soul.
Example (Alexis Anderson)
At the same time that athletes were engaging in more arduous workout routines,
heart disease became more prevalent. Whorton (1982) says that because
conditioned athletes have a naturally slower heart rate and have the possibility for
arrhythmias and murmurs, that doctors of the time linked intense exercise as the
effector of the disease and other heart problems. This condition was dubbed
athletes heart (Whorton, 1982, p. 37). Benjamin Ward Richardson observed seven
athletes and determined that this was true. He made the connection between cardiac
hypertrophy and the nature of an athletes heart. He thought that the continual
vigorous use of the heart would increase the pressure of the blood on the vessel
walls and cause steady disintegration of vascular tone and, consequently, lower
overall vitality (Whorton, 1982, p.37). An enlarged heart became known as yet
another injury caused by athletics. However, in a New York Times article published in
2008, abnormally large hearts were found in perfectly healthy people. They were
enormous, elongated, torpedo-shaped hearts, twice the mass of a normal heart
(Kolata, 2008, para. 2). These hearts, in contrast to what was believed as an injury in
the late 1800s, were much more efficient and extremely healthy.
Citing two or more authors
A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase
or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word
"and" between the authors' names within the text and use the
ampersand in the parentheses.
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal
phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source.
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name
followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
(Kernis et al., 1993)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/