1

1. Parafin thp phn t nh ngha, ngun thu cc phng php tch? Phng php
tch parafin thp phn t hiu qu nht l pp no? Gii thch
- parafin thp phn t l t C1-C4,C5 dang ring l
- ngun thu: kh t nhin v kh ng hnh
- pp tch: chng ct, hp ph
- pp hiu qu nht: chng ct v pp chng ct da vo nhit si khc nhau
c th tch c 7 cu t khc nhau t C1-C5
2. Hy nu vi ng dng ca Olefin dng lm nguyn lu trong CNHD? Lit k cc
Olefinm c dng nhiu lm nguyn liu cho CNHD
- Polime nh PVC, PE, PS
- C1, C2(etylen), C3(probylen) , C4 (iso buten, n-butylen),C5
3. Ngun thu, cc phng php sn xut Olefin thu c t cc qu trnh ch bin
du kh cha cc tp cht no? Lm sch chng nh th no?
- Ngun thu: t cc phn on du m nng
- PP SX: nhit phn, carking
- Cc tp cht:
H2O, HC cao phn t: bng cch sy, nn kh nhiu bc cho qua vt liu
ry phn t
H2S, CO2 : loi bng km
Axetylen: Hydro ha chn lc
4. Tch cu t olefin ra khi hh olefin(thu c t cc qu trnh ch bin du m)
nh th no?
- C2 Etylen :chng ct nhit thp
- C3 Propylen : bng chng ct
- C4 iso-butylen,n-buten; bng pp chng ct bng dung mi kt hp vi
h2so4 dd
- C5: phng php dime ha sau tin hnh depolyme ha
5. tch phn on olefin C4 (thu c t cc qu trnh ch bin du m)mt cch
hiu qu nht ngi ta thng dng pp nao?v sao?
- S dng pp chng ct chit tch vi dung mi sau kt hp vi H2SO4
m c v cc cu t c nhit si khng khc nhau nhiu nn bnh
thng khng tch c, nn ngi ta cho dung mi vo v da vo cu to
tch bng H2SO4
2
1. Parafin cao phn t nh ngha ngun thu cc phng php tch? Phng php
tch parafin cao phn t hiu qu nht l pp no? Gii thch?
- Parafin cao phn t l t C5 tr ln, c10-c40 hn hp lng v rn ca
nhng ng ng vi nhng cacbon khc nhau
- Ngun thu: t cc phn on nng nh m
- Pp tch : hp ph v kt tinh
- Pp hp ph m hp ph vi vt liu chon lc cao l Zeolit, v Zeolit c tinh
hp ph chon lc c th tch t iso,n-parafin cao phn t ra m hiu qu
tch rt l cao
2. Hy nu vi ng dng ca HC thm dng lm nguyn liu trong CNHD? Lit k
cc HC thm c dng nhiu lm nguyn liu cho CNHD
- Benzen + etylen etylbenzen edro ha styren
P-xylen axit t lapxan
- Benzen, etylbenzeen, p-xylen
3. Ngun thu, cc phng php sn xut HC thm thu c t cc qu trnh ch bin
du kh cha cc tp cht no? Lm sch chng nh th no?
- Ngun thu: t cc phn on du m
- PPSX : nhit phn v reforming cc phn on du m
- Cc tp cht:
Hp cht cha oxi( phenol, cumol)bazo piridin, hp cht vng ng
nht ca S loai phenol bng cch x l kim
Parafin v napten chit tch bng dung mi chon lc
Olefin: hydro ha chn lc sn phm.
4. lm sch hn hp sn phm HC thm ( thu c t cc qu trnh ch bin du
kh) khi parafin mt cch hiu qu nht ngi ta dng phng php no? Gii
thch?
- lm sch ngi ta dng pp chit tch bng dung mi chn lc v HC
thm v parafin c nhit si gn bng nhau nn bnh thng khng
tch c, nn ngi ta cho dung mi.
5. Tch cc cu t HC thn ra khi hn hp sn phm HC thm (thu c t cc qu
trnh ch bin du kh) nh th no?
- Benzen : tch bng chng ct
- Toluen: tch bng chng ct
- Etylbezen: chng ct
- O-xylen tch bng chng ct
- M,p-xylen tch bng pp kt tinh

3
I. AXETYLEN V KH TNG HP
1. Trnh by c im chnh ca qu trnh sn xut axetylen t cacbua kim loi v t
cc phn on du th?
- T cacbua kim loi: c tinh khit cao
- T du m: tinh khit khng cao

2. K tn cc phng php sn xut axetylen t khc phn on du m? Phng
php no sn xut axetylen tiu tn nhit nng thp nht? Gii thch?
- PPSX
Nhit phn cracking in
Nhit phn ti sinh
Nhit phn ng th
Nhit phn oxi ha
- Nhit phn t tn nng lng nht l nhit phn oxi ha v trong qu trnh
nhit phn th nhit phn ng cng l nhit phn hy vy nn nhit
chuyn ha khng th cao, v cng lun d 1 lng nguyn liu, nguyn
liu s oxi ha ta nhit ly nhit ta ra b cho phn ng thu nhit nn
lng nhit tiu tn t nht.
3. Trnh by c im chnh ca cc qu trnh sn xut kh tng hp t cc phn
on du m theo hng dng nhit v dng xc tc?
- Hng dng nhit th sn phm: nguyn liu s dng l nguyn liu nng
cho nn thnh phn ko cn iu chnh m n ph thuc vo nguyn liu
- Hng dng xc tc: co th thay i t l H v CO bng cch i nguyn
liu l hydrocacbon lng, nu l khi phi cho thm lng CO2 vo
4. Cng ngh ca qu trnh sn xut kh tng hp t cc phn on du m theo
hng dng nhit v dng xc tc gm my giai on? chng khc nhau giai
on no? V sao?
- Gm 3 giai on:
Chun b nguyn liu
Chuyn ha ti sinh nhit
Lm sch, tch v thu hi sn phm
- Khc nhau giai on cui: bn hng dng nhit thit b s 6 c thm
chuyn ha oxit cacbon
Chng 2
1:
1. Trnh by s phn loi phn ng akyl theo lin kt mi hnh thnh cua nhm akyl
v nguyn liu.vit phn ng minh ha cho mi kiu phn ng.
- Theo lin kt th chia thnh 2 loi:
+ C-Alkylhoa
VD: ArH + RCl = ArR + HCl
+ S-Alkylhoa , O-Alkylhoa
VD: NaSH + RCl = RSH + NaCl
ArOH + RCl = ArOR + HCl
2. Da vo cu to nhm ankyl trong sn phm c to thnh. Hy vit tn phn loi
cho cc phn ng sau:
3. Trnh by c im nhit ng ca QT ankyl ha
- a s cc phn ng ankyl ha l phn ng ta nhit v gim th tch nn
thch hp nhit thp v p sut cao
4. tng qu trnh chn lc cho qu trnh ankyl ha iso-butan v buten th nguyn
liu iso-butan v tc nhn buten phi c dng nh th no.
- trnh phn ng ph oligome ha th iso- butan s d so vi olefin v
buten t 5 n 10 ln
- V iso-butan kh ha tan trong xc tc axit cho nn t c ha
tan cao th cn khuy ln
- Iso-butylen th nhp liu thiu v th tch tng tc thi v chia nh dng
nhp liu
5. Nu 1 vi ng dng ca MTBE. Vit phn ng SX MTBE t metanol v iso-buten
theo hng O-ankyl ha . MTBE thu c cha nhng tp cht j?cng ngh khc
phc ntn
-

2
1. Trnh by s phn loi phn ng akyl theo theo cu to ca nhm ankyl trong sn
phm ankylat to thnh . vit phn ng minh ha cho mi kiu p.
- Theo cu to ca nhm alkyl:
+ Alkyl ha mch vng
VD
+ Alkyl ha mch thng
VD: (CH3)3C + CH3CHCH2CH3 = CH3CH2CH2CH3 + (CH3)3C
+ Alkyl ha mch nhnh
VD:
2.
3. Da theo lin kt mi hnh thnh ca nhm ankyl v nguyn liu hy vit tn phn
ng cho cc kiu phn ng sau:
4. K tn cc loi tc nhn trong qu trnh ankyl ha. Ankyl ha nguyn liu HC
thm v parafin ngi ta thng dng loi no nht v t dng loi no nht? v
sao?
- Cc tc nhn:
Tc nhn khng no
Dn xut clo
Cc ru polieste
- Hay dng nht l olefin v t dng nht l ru v olefin th th nht l rt
l nhiu th 2 l d to ra ion cn ru n t v c th to ra phn ng
hydrat
5. Trnh by c im cng ngh ca qu trnh ankyl ha benzen vi olefin SX
etylbenzen v ng ng.
- Nguyn liu benzen cn c sy kh loi nc cn olefin th khng cn sy
- Xc tc cn c chun b
- Phn ng ny l phn ng ta nhit nn thch hp nhit thp
- Phn ng gim th tch thch hp p sut cao.
6. Nu mt vi ng dng ca metylamin v vit phn ng SX metylamin vo
amoniac the hng N-ankyl ha. Metylamin thu dc cha tp cht j?trong cng
ngh khc phc nh th no?
CHNG 3
1
Cu 1 cc phn ng sau y thuc loi phn ng no?
1. C6H5-C2H5 H2 C6H5- CH=CH2 : phn ng dehydro ha khng lm
thay i v tr cc nguyn t trong mch carbon ban u
2. RCH2OH H2 RCHO: phn ng dehydro lm thay i v tr cc nguyn
t trong mch ban u
3. RCH2NH2 2H2 RCN: phn ng dehydro ha lm thay i v tr cc
nguyn t trong mch ban u
Cu 2: cc phn ng sao y thuc loi phn ng no
Ar + H2 xyclohexan : phn ng hydro ha theo cc lin kt khng no
Cu 3: trnh by t im nhit ng ca qu trnh dehydro ha.
- Phn ng dehydro ha l phn ng thu nhit
Cu 4: nu 1 vi ng dng ca styren. Styren thu c qu trnh dehydro ha etylbenzen
c ln tp cht j?tp cht ny sinh ra t u?
- D: Nguyn liu SX cao su tng hp, Dng SX PS dng SX vt
liu cch in, cht do, nha, cc, xp.
- Thng c ln tp cht nh toluen, etylbenzen, metyl toluen, etyltoluen,
oxit carbon.
- Nguyn nhn sinh ra:
Dehydro ha etylbenzen th to ra toluen, benzen,.
Dehydro ha iso-proylbezen th to ra toluen, benzen,
Dehydro ha dietylbenzen to ra etylbenzenstyren, etyltoluen, metyl
styren..
Do cc nguyn nhn ny nn sau phn ng ngoi nhn c hydro
cn nhn c metan, etan, etylen, v oxit cacbon
Cu 5; phn tch t im cu to, t nu ra u nhc im ca tng thit b
dehydroo akyl ha etylbenzen . sau hy chon loi thit b theo hng chon lc ca
qu trnh cao nht
-
2
1. Cc loi phn ng sau y thuc loi phn ng no
nC6H14 -4H2 C6H6 : phn ng dehydro ha khng lm thay i vi tr cc
nguyn t ban u
2C6H6 H2 C6H5-C6H5: phn ng dehydro ha khng lm thay i vi tr
cc nguyn t ban u
2. Cc phn ng sau y thuc loi phn ng no?
RCOOH + 2H2 RCH2OH + H2O : phn ng hydro ha km theo s tch
nc
RCOCl + H2 RCHO + HCl: phn ng hidro ha km theo s tch cc hp
cht khng cha C
3. K tn mt vi xc tc c dng nhiu trong qu trnh hydro ha.
- Cc kim loi thuc nhm VIII cng nh hh ca chng
- Cc xc tc dang phc CuO.Cr2O3, ZnO.Cr2O3, NiO.WO3, CoO.WO3)
- Cc oxit kim loi nh MgO, ZnO
4. Nu mt vi ng dng ca formandehit. Fomandehit thu c t qu trnh
dehydro ha hoc oxi ha metanol c ln tp cht j? cc tp cht ny sinh ra t
u?
- Cc ng dng ca formandehit
sn xut cc polyme nh phenol, ure melaminformandehit..
Dng lm cht trung gian tng hp iso-pren, pentaethrytrit
Tng hp cc cht c gi tr khc
- Formandehit thu c t qu trnh dehydro ha hoc oxi ha metanol
thng ln tp cht nh oxit carbon, metan, axit formic, cc tp cht ny
sinh ra do cc phn ng oxi ha su v dehydro ha su
CH3OH + O2 HCHO + O2 HCOOH + O2 CO2 + H2O
CH3OH + H2 HCHO CO +H2
CH3OH + H2 CH4 + H2O
5. Hy gii thch v sao PP ehydro-oxi ha ng thi metanol, SX fomandehit lai t
tn nhit nht , sn phm li t tp cht nht.
- V phn ng dehydro oxi ha c hiu ng nhit ph thuc vo t l ca
phn ng dehydro v oxi ha nn nu t l phn oxi ha cao th lng
nhit sinh ra ca qu trnh oxi ha s cung cp cho phn ng dehydro ha,
v nu t l cng cao th ta c th khng cn cung cp thm nhit t bn
ngoi m phn ng vn c th t cung cp nhit xy ra.
Chng 4
1:
Tng hp NH3 t kh t nhin ;
1. Gm c my giai on, nu tng giai on
Gm 3 giai on:
Giai on 1: chuyn ha kh t nhin thnh kh tng hp.
Giai on 2: loi b CO v CO2 v chng u c xc tc
Giai on 3: tng hp amoniac
2. Vit phn ng trong giai on 2
CO+3H2 = CH4+H2O
CO + H2O = CO2 +H2
R3N+H2O+CO2=R3NH+ +HCO3-
2R2NH+CO2= R2NH2+ + R2NCOO-
3. c im nhit ng ca giai on 2
Qu trnh hp th co2 th hin 45c v 27 bar( p ta nhit p sut cao)
Chuyen co thaanh co2 nhiet do cao v p sut cao dng xc tc Cu, Al, Zn
4. Mc ch ca giai on 3
Tng hp NH3 tng hp u v nh3 thnh phm
5. V s khi SX phn m (Ure) i t kh t nhin


2:
Tng hp metanol t kh t nhin:
1. Gm my giai on, nu tn tng giai on
2 giai on chnh
Giai on 1: qu trnh reforming tng hp chuyn ha hydrocacbon
thnh kh tng hp
Giai on 2: chuyn ha kh tng hp thnh methanol p sut thp
2. Vit phn ng chnh trong giai on u tin
CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2
CH4+1/2O2 = CO+2H2
3. Metanol thu c t kh tng hp cha tp cht no? Nguyn nhn hnh thnh nn
cc tp cht
Tp cht l dimetylete (ch3)2o, ch4, co2, h2o, h2
Nguyn nhn
Do qu trnh tch nc ca methanol
2CH3OH= (CH3)2O + H2O
Qu trnh hydro ha to ra CH4 v H2O
CH3OH +H2 = CH4 + H2O
CO+H2 = CH4+H2O
V to CO2 + H2
CO+H2O=CO2+H2
4. Cc TBP tng hp metanol t kh tng hp, hy chon thit b theo hng gii
hit tt nht v gii thch v sao chon nh vy
Thit b phn ng ng p
V thit b c cc lp xc tc lin tc nhau , khng c h thng ti nhit v
dung hn hp kh ban u ti nhit, v nhit ca tng bc xc tc th
khc nhau nn d iu chnh nhit , lng nhit sinh ra dng to hi p
sut cao.
5. V s khi sn sut ure t kh t nhin;



Chng 5
1
1. K tn v nu mt vi tnh cht c trng ca cc tc nhn s dng trong qu
trnh halogen ha.
Cc tc nhn halogen ha :
- Halogen t do : F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
- Hydrohalogen (khan) : HF, HCl, HBr, HI
c im : Tt c u tan trong cht hu c lng (Br2>CL2>F2 v
HBr>HCl>HF). iu ny quan trng khi thc hin qu trnh halogen ha
trong pha lng. Chng c mi gt, to mng nhy trong mt. Halogen t do
c kh nng gy ngt th, bit nguy him l F2 v HF c kh nng n mn
da v m xng
2. K tn mt vi qu trnh halogen ha theo c ch gc chui. Hy vit phn ng
xy ra trong giai on khi mo ca tng qu trnh va nu.
- Halogen ha gc chui bao gm p thay th n.t hydro trong parafin, olefin
v H.C, cng nh s kt hp n.t halogen theo ni C-C trong anken, anken
v vng thm.
GD1: S hnh thnh gc t do
- Khi clo ha nhit nhit trung binh (100 200
o
C). Gc t do c to
thnh khi tng tc qua li ca clo v nhng cht hu c khc

- Khi clo ha quang ha, qu trnh ct mch phn t clo t c nh qu
trnh hp th nng lng lng t
CH
2
= CH
2
+Cl
2
ClCH
2
- C
*
H
2
+ Cl
*
+Cl
2
R
*
+ HCl + Cl
*
RH

- Khi clo ha ha hc, ngi ta thm cht khi u, ngha l cht c kh nng
b phn hy thnh gc t do nhit va phi, thng l peroxit benzoil v
2,2azo bis (izobutylronitril).

GD2: Qu trnh pht thin mch:
- Qu trnh kt hp vi olefin xy ra nh sau:

- Qu trnh kt hp phc tp hn theo ni C
thm
-C
thm


GD3: Qu trnh ngt mch:
hv
2Cl
*
Cl
2
(C
6
H
5
COO)
2
2C
6
H
5
COO
*
2C
6
H
5
*
+ 2CO
2
NC - C(CH
3
)
2
N = N - C(CH
3
)
2
- CN 2NC - C
*
(CH
3
)
2
+ N
2
C
6
H
*
5
+ Cl
2
C
6
H
5
Cl + Cl
*
Cl
*
+ C = C Cl - C - C
*
Cl - C - C
*
+ Cl
2
Cl - C - C

- Cl + Cl
*
;
+ Cl
*
Cl
*
+Cl
2
-Cl
*
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
+Cl
*
+Cl
2
-Cl
*
+Cl
*
+Cl
2
-
Cl
*
*
*

3. CN Clo ha chui gc pha lng gm my G c bn ? lm sch SP khi
HCl ngi ta dng cc PP no?
Gm 3 giai on
GD1: Chun b cc cht phn ng
Ha hi v gia nhit (sy nu m) Clo lng
Sy tc nhn hu c
m sch kim loi, hp cht ca lu hunh
GD2 : S l kh thot ra
Thu hi cht phn ng bng cch lm lnh bng mui hoc hp th bng
dung mi
Sau khi hp th bng nc, HCl t 2-30%

GD3 : S l phn p v tch Sp: lm sch sp khi HCl ngi ta dng

nhiu P
2
Khi thu cht t bay hi, ngi ta thi HCl vo thp bng 2 hoc kk
a dd trong thp chit tch bng nc, dd kim, nc
Chng HCl cng vi lng d cht P, ngng t ngc dng v tch HCl
trn ng thot kh
4. Trnh by cc c bn ca QT Clo ha chui gc pha lng?
gi ta thc hin clo ha pha lng, bng cch lm si bt clo dng
kh qua lp cht lng phn ng. Trong nhiu trng hp, mi trng
lng chnh l nhng tc nhn hu c, vi lng d nhiu d trnh qu
trnh clo ha su.
Sn phm to thnh ngy cng tng, t trng ca hn hp cng tng,
ngi ta dng t trng kim tra mc chuyn ha
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta s dng tc nhn quang ha hoc ha hc
trong giai an khi u.
RCH = CH
2
+ RCH
2
CH
3
2RCH
2
- CH
2
*
RCH
2
- CH
2
- CH
2
- CH
2
R
2Cl
*
Cl
2
R
*
+ Cl
*
RCl
Ngoi t l nhng cht phn ng ban u, vic chn nhit v nng
cht khi u hoc cng chiu sng cng c ngha quan
trng.
Khi clo ha quang ha, vic chn nhit khng gii hn trong khong
gii hn no c, bi v n hon ton khng nh hng n vn tc
phn ng. Hn na, n thch hp hn khi lm lnh bng nc. V vy,
tng hp quang ha hexacloxyclohexan thc hin 40 60
0
C
Khi dng cht khi u, vic chn nhit c quy c bng vn tc
ln nht c th, ca qu trnh phn ha chng. Nhit bng 70
100
0
C i vi azo-bis izo-butylronitril v 100 120
0
C i vi peroxit
benzoil, khi c s lin h gia nhit v nng cht khi u
o c im thit b :( quan trng)
B phn phn ng c th thc hin lin tc v gin on.
Thit b phn ng phi c cung cp clo bng bnh kh li, thit b lm lnh
thot nhit, thit b lm lnh ngc dng hoc b tch kh trn ng
thot kh (HCl), ng ng bt buc v thit b o kim tra.
Trong phn ng clo ha trong l quang ho, lun c dng c chiu sng
phn phn ng.

2
1. Trnh by s phn loi phn ng ca cc QT halogen ha, mi s phn loi vit
mt phn ng minh ha.
Gm 3 loi p :
- Halogen ha th
Thay mt nguyn t halogen bng mt nguyn t khc: dng thu c nhng
dn xut flo, brom, iod t nhng hp cht cha clo.
RCl + NaBr -> RBr +NaCL
Thay nhng nhm OH bng nguyn t halogen: c dng iu ch mt s dn
xut halogen, nh l floanhyrit axit.
ROH + HCL -> RCL + H2O
- Halogen ha cng
Halogen t do c kh nng lin kt vo ni C = C, C-C trong vng thm

Nhng hyro halogen c lin kt theo ni i v ni ba, cn nhng olefin tham
gia phn ng clohyro ha

Trng hp c bit ca clo ha cng hp, li l qu trnh lin kt clo vo nhng
nguyn t nm trng thi ha tr thp nht, v d nh tng hp phosgen t oxyt
cacbon v Clo.

- Phn ng ct mch: n c ngha quan trng nht.

2. K tn mt vi qu trnh halogen ha xt theo c ch ion. Hy vit phn ng xy
ra trong giai on khi mo ca tng qu trnh va nu.
- Halogen theo ni i:

CH
2
Cl - CH
2
Cl + Cl
2
CCl
3
- CCl
3
CCl
2
= CCl
2
+ Cl
2
CH
2
= CHCl
(1)
(2)
CCl
3
- CCl
3
+ Cl
2
(3)
CCl4
CCl
3
- CCl
2
- CCl
3
CCl
2
= CCl
2
+ CCl
4
(4)
RCH
2
= CH
2
+ X
2
RCHX - CH
2
X
- Clohidro ha axetylen:

- Clo ha th H.C thm

- Halogen ha cc hp cht cha oxy v nit

3. CN Clo ha chui gc pha kh gm my G c bn? lm sch SP (kh
ngng t v d ngng t) khi HCl ngi ta dng cc PP no?
Gm 3 giai on
G1: Chun b cc cht phn ng
G2: X l kh thot ra
G3: X l phn P v tch SP. thc hin nguyn cng on ny, ngi ta
dng 2 s c bn.
Khi kh ngng t sn phm (nh khi tng hp metylenclorua trong lng d
CH
4
ln). u tin, ngi ta lm sch tt c hn hp khi HCl v thu c
HCl 30%, sau nn li, sy, tch phn kh hi lu v chng ct sn phm
lng.
Khi c kh nng d dng ngng t sn phm, u tin, ngi ta tch chng
khi phn hi lu v HCl, sau chng ct. Hn hp kh c lm sch khi
HCl, cn phn hi lu cho sy v cho quay li phn ng.
4. Trnh by cc 2 c bn ca QT Clo ha chui gc pha kh?
Clo ha trong pha kh lun c thc hin p sut khng kh v lin tc cho
hn hp cht phn ng qua thit b clo ha..
Cng on quan trng l trn nhng cht ban u, phi m bo c c hn
hp ng nht ngay tc khc. Do , phi c thit b trn c bit v d nh
loi tip tuyn, n c dng xoy mnh v khuy u hn hp
Thi gian lu trong nhng qu trnh clo ha khc nhau thay i trong khong
0,1 2 giy
c im thit b:
CH
CH
2
=CHCl CH + HCl

H
0
298
= -112,4Kj/mol
ClCN + HCl Cl
2
+ HCN
C
6
H
6
+ Cl
2
C
6
H
5
Cl + HCl
Cc thit b phn ng cho clo ha pha kh c 3 loi chnh:
Thit b phn ng vi tc nhn nhit rn
Thit b phn ng vi lp ti nhit gi lng
Thit b phn ng vi s un nng s b hn hp.
c im chung ca chng l lp bo v v thp khi tc dng ca nhit cao v
n mn bng lp lt l bng s
H thng thit b dng nhit ca phn ng t nng hn hp n nhit cn
thit v ta nhit vo mi trng xung quanh.



















5.1. Trong s CN tng hp allyl clorua Nhim v x l phn P v tch SP gm cc
thit b c bn no? v theo CN ny, ngi ta thc hin nguyn cng on ny theo
s pp no?
5.2. Trong s CN tng hp allyl clorua Trnh by 2 cu to, u nhc im ca thit
b phn ng
5.3. Nu mt vi ng dng ca vinylclorua (VC). Trong CN Ha du, ngi ta tng hp
VC bng cc qu trnh no? nu tn tng qu trnh v u nhc im (nu c) ca tng
QT?

Cl
2
(h)
3
1
2 4
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
19
13
14
15
16
17
18
Clorit


HCl NaOH
(l)
Mu?i
than
C
3
H
6
+ HCl
C
3
H
6

H
2
O
H
2
O H
2
O
Chng 6
1. Trnh by s phn loi cc P oxy ha (ko hon ton)
Oxy ha khng t mch, khi s nguyn t cacbon vn khng i so vi
hp cht ban u
- oxy ha theo nguyn t cacbon no trong cc parafin, naphten, olefin,
ankyl vng thm v cc dn xut ca chng c bic l ru v anehitl
- Oxy ha theo cc lin kt i to -oxyt (epoxi ha) cc hp cht
cacbonyl hay glycol.
Oxy ha phn hy xy ra vi qu trnh ph v lin kt C-C.
Oxy ha km theo qu trnh kt hp vi phn t ca tc nhn ban u (oxy
ha ngng t hay oxy ha kt hp)
2. Cc phn ng oxh sau thuc s phn loi p no?

Oxy ha phn hy xy ra vi qu trnh ph v lin kt C-C parafin
Oxy ha phn hy xy ra vi qu trnh ph v lin kt C-C naphten
Oxy ha phn hy xy ra vi qu trnh ph v lin kt C-C olefin
Oxy ha phn hy xy ra vi qu trnh ph v lin kt C-C aromatic
K tn cc tc nhn dng trong qu trnh oxh v sp xp cc tc nhn va nu
theo kh nng oxh tng dn.
Hp cht peroxyt m ch yu l peroxyt hydro v paraxyt axetic
Axit nitric hay oxyt nit
Oxy phn t (dng khng kh, oxy k thut hay hn hp nit-oxy hm
lng O
2
thp)
2. Cc phn ng oxh sau thuc s phn loi p no?
RCH=CH-R
,
RCOOH + R
,
COOH
2CH
3
-COOH + H
2
O CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3
+2.5O
2
+2.5O
2
HOOC-(CH
2
)
4
-COOH + H
2
O
+4.5O
2
C
C
OC
OC
O
+ 2CO
2
+ H
2
O
+2O
2

PT1: Oxy ha km theo qu trnh kt hp vi phn t ca tc nhn ban u
(oxy ha ngng t hay oxy ha kt hp)
PT2: Oxy ha km theo qu trnh kt hp vi phn t ca tc nhn ban u
(oxy ha ngng t hay oxy ha kt hp)
PT3: Oxy ha km theo qu trnh kt hp vi phn t ca tc nhn ban u
(oxy ha ngng t hay oxy ha kt hp)

Nu vi D ca axit arcrylic. Vit P chnh.
D: c s dng sn xut cc cht ty ra, sn v cc cht kt dnh, kt hp
vi este ca n to axit polyacrylic v cc monome to si polyacrylic
Phn ng chnh:
4. Trnh by CN
cht xc tc l oxit bismut molipden vi cc cht ph tr khc (Te, Co, P)
nhit 200 300
0
C vi thi gian tip xc 0.5 2h.
Khi la chn ca qu trnh ln hn 90% s to ra cc sn phm ph l CO
2
,
axit axetic
5. Trnh by cu to v u nhc im (nu c) ca TBP
CH
2
=CH
2
+ CH
3
COOH +0.5O
2
-H
2
O
CH
2
=CH-O-C-CH
3
CH
2
=CH
2
+ 2CH
3
COOH +0.5O
2
O
CH
3
-O-C-O-CH
2
-CH
2
-O-C-CH
3
O
2RSH
0.5O
2
-H
2
O
RSSR + H2O
Khng kh
hi
C3H6
hi hi
H2O H2O
H2O
Sn
phm
1
2
3 2
4

3.Nu vi D ca acrylonitril. Vit P chnh.
Hp cht ny c s dng ch yu di dng monome trong sn xut si tng
hp polyacrylonitril (nitron), copolyme vi metacrylat (acrylon). Vi vinyl clorua
(Vinom N), sn xut cht do copolyme vi styren v cao su tng hp ABS.
Ngoi ra acrylonitril cn l sn phm trung gian trong tng hp cc acrylat v
acrylamit
4.Trnh by CN
Tc nhn oxy hoa l kk, vi t l (v) C
3
H
6
: NH
3
: O
2
= 1 : (0.9 1.1) : (1.8
2.4).
Xc tc Bi
2
O
3
: MoO
3
1 : 2) v thm cht hot ha P
2
O
5
. Hin nay c nhiu
loi xc tc khc nhau vi nhiu thnh phn rt a dng nh vanadimolipdat
bismut, uran antimortrn cc cht mang nh SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3

thit b phn ng dng ng vi tng xc tc c nh, sau ngi ta chuyn
qua thit b vi tng xc tc gi lng
Phi m bo trong hn hp i ra t thit b phn ng c mt mt lng NH
3

cha chuyn ha v trong trng hp ngc li hiu sut to thnh anehit v
CO
2
s tng ln v cn dng mt lng d oxi tng tnh la chn ca xc
tc.
Thc hin nhit 370 500
0
C, 0.2 1.4Mpa, iu kin ti u c th l 420
470
0
C v 0.2Mpa, Thi gian tip xc khong 6s, chuyn ha t 80%.
5. Trnh by cu to v u nhc im (nu c) ca TBP
17
13
14
16
15 11
10
12
2
1
4
5 6
7
8
9
3
C3H6
NH3
(l)
Etylen glycol
+ nc
H2O
(l)
H2O
(h)
H2O
(l)
H2O
(h)
H2SO4
(NH4)2SO4
Kh
CH3CN
HCN
6
1. Trnh by cc loi xc tc s dng trong qu trnh oxi ha xc tc d th
Cc loi xc tc:
Cc kim loi Cu v Ag, (Pt, Pd)
Oxyt ca kim loi chuyn tip nh CuO + Cu
2
O, V
2
O
5

Hn hp oxyt v mui ca kim loi chuyn tip nh ZnO.V
2
O
5
,
CoO.WO
3
,Bi
2
O
3
.MoO
3
)
Cc xc tc k trn c s dng dng phoi, li (Cu), ht (V
2
O
5
) hay ph ln
trn cc cht mang xp (Al
2
O
3
,CuO) v thng thng c thm cc cht tng hot
khc.
2. Cc phn ng oxh sau thuc s phn loi p no?

PT1: Oxi ha km theo s kt hp vi phn t ca tc nhn ban u
PT2: Oxi ha km theo s kt hp vi phn t ca tc nhn ban u
PT3: Oxi ha km theo s kt hp vi phn t ca tc nhn ban u
1. K tn cc sn phm to thnh trong cc qu trnh oxh xc tc ng th.
Hydroperoxyt
Ru v hp cht cacbonyl
Axit cacboxylic este v mt vi hp cht a chc phc tp hn
2. Cc phn ng oxh sau thuc s phn loi p no?
CH
2
=CH
2
+ CH
3
COOH +0.5O
2
-H
2
O
CH
2
=CH-O-C-CH
3
CH
2
=CH
2
+ 2CH
3
COOH +0.5O
2
O
CH
3
-O-C-O-CH
2
-CH
2
-O-C-CH
3
O
2RSH
0.5O
2
-H
2
O
RSSR + H2O

PT1: Oxi ha khng t mch cacbon oxi ha nguyn t cacbon no trong phn t
parafin.
PT2: Oxi ha khng t mch cacbon oxi ha nguyn t cacbon no trong phn t
olefin.
PT3: Oxi ha khng t mch cacbon oxi ha nguyn t cacbon no trong phn t alkyl
vng thm.
2. Vit cc phn ng chnh ca qu trnh tng hp phenol v aceton theo PP Cumol




3. Trnh by c im cu to v u nhc im (nu c) ca TBP oxh
isopropylbenzen thnh hp cht peroxit.

5. Vit cc phn ng mong mun xy ra trong cm TB s 7 v trnh by nhim v
ca cm thit b ny?
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3
+ 0.5O
2
+ 0.5O
2
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH(OH)-CH
3
+ 0.5 O
2
CH
2
=CH
-
CHO + H
2
O
C
6
H
5
CH
3 C
6
H
5
CHO
-H
2
O
C
6
H
5
COOH
CH
3
-
CH
2
-
CO
-
CH
3
+ H
2
O
CH
2
=CH-CH
3
+0.5O
2
+O
2

4. Nu mt vi ng dng ca vinylacetat. Vit phn ng chnh, ph ca QT tng hp
VA t etylen theo hng axetoxy ha?
ng dng: trng hp vi etylen to polime EVA, cht do v si tng hp,
polyvinyl alcol, polyvinyl acetat.
P chnh:

P ph:

5. Trnh by cc c im cng ngh chnh ca QT tng hp VA t etylen theo
hng axetoxy ha?
Nhit 170 180
0
C v p sut 0,5 1MPa bng cch cho hn hp tc
nhn qua lp xc tc d th.
Tc nhn oxy ha l oxy.
Hn hp ban u bao gm etylen, hi axit axetic v oxy vi t l th tch ~
8 : 4 : 1. chuyn ha ca chng sau khi qua mt TBP ln lt l 10,
20 v 60 70%. la chn theo vinylaxetat t 91 92%, sn phm ph
ch yu l CO
2
v lng cc hp cht cn li chim khong 1%.
6. Trnh by c im cu to v u nhc im (nu c) ca TBP trong s CN
tng hp VA t etylen theo hng axetoxy ha?
c im cu to:Thit b dng ng vi mt lp xc tc c nh nm trong
ng v c lm lnh qua khong trng nh vo cht lm ngui. Cc ng
c ng knh 10-25mm to kh nng gii nhit v cn bng nhit theo
thit din ngang . s dng tt vng th tch xc tc chim ch ngi ta
5
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
H
2
O
CO2
H
2
O
CH
2
=CH
2
+ CH
3
COOH + 0.5O
2
CH
2
=CH-OCOCH
3
+ H
2
O
CH
2
=CH-OCOCH
3
CH
3
-C
+
H-OCOCH
3
+CH
3
COOH
+H
+
CH
3
-CH-(OCOCH
3
)
2
cho vo cc tc cht un nng s b. Dng nhit un si nc ngng
trong khong trng gia cc ng ti sinh li hi nc hay p sut phn
ng ph thuc vo nhit phn ng . i lc ngi ta s dng cht lm
ngui l cht mang nhit.
u im:
- kt cu v bo qun n gin,
- thay th cc chi tit ring c kh nng lm tng la chn.
Nhc im:
- nhit trong lp xc tc khng ng u
- Phn trm th tch c ch tng i nh
- S hao ph kim loi rt ln
3. Nu mt vi ng dng ca axit terephtalic. K tn cc phng php tng hp
axit terephtalic trong CN Ha du v trnh by cc c im chnh ca tng phng
php.
ng dng: cng nghip cht do, axit terephtalic v este dimetyl ca n
(dimetylterephtalat) gi vai tr quan trng trong sn xut si tng hp labxan
(tecilen), l sn phm trng ngng ca n vi etylenglycol.
Phng php:
T toluene, iu ch n-toluilanehit v oxy ha n thnh axid
T toluen qua axit benzoic v mui ca n, c th iu ch axit terephtalic.
- Thc hin phn ng chuyn khng cn i mui ca axit thm 400
450
0
C vi xc tc l cacbonat, oxit hay mui hu c cadimi.
- Cc qu trnh ny xy ra theo c ch phn tch CO
2
v cacboxyl ha
k tip nhn thm, nh kh nng gy ra hiu ng cm ng m ca
ion cacboxylat. V vy, qu trnh s tin hnh thun li hn di p
sut CO
2
(0.3 1MPa).
Phng php hai giai on, oxy ha xylen vi xc tc bromua kim loi .
- Lc u ch oxy ha c 1 nhm metyl v ch sau khi s dng ht
xilen t do th mi bt u chuyn ha axit cacboxylic, trong giai
on 2 chm hn giai on 1.
Phng php mt giai on, oxy ha xilen thnh axit dicacboxilic
- S oxi ha xilen c thc hin bng khng kh trong dung dich
acid acetic 125-275
0
C v p sut n 4Mpa.
3. Trnh by cc c im cng ngh chnh ca QT tng hp axit terephtalic t p-
xylen theo hng oxy ha.
Qu trnh oxy ha cc xilen thc hin bng khng kh trong dung dch axit
axetic 125 275
0
C v p sut n 4MPa.
Thit b phn ng s dng l loi thp sc kh hay cc thit b c cnh
khuy; nhit ta ra c dng un si hyrocacbon, nc v axit axetic.
Axit axetic v cht xc tc sau khi tch ra khi cc sn phm li a tr v
tin hnh qu trnh oxy ha. Do nc to ra s lm gim tc phn ng
nn cn phi loi ra khi axit axetic ti sinh
4. Qu trnh tng hp dimetyl terephtalat t p-xylen gm my giai on c bn?
(nu tn tng giai on)
Qu trnh 4 giai on iu ch dimetyl terephtalat t pxylen bao gm:
1. Oxy ha p-xylen thnh p-toluilic axit
2. Este ha axit ny bng methanol
3. Oxy ha este ca axit toluilic thnh monoeste ca axit terephtalic
4. Este ha thnh dimetyl terephtalat.
6. Nu nhim v ca thit b 1 v 7. Vit cc phn ng mong mun xy ra trong 1
v 7.

1
2
20
3
4
6
7
1
8
9
21
10
20 12
11 14
15
16
17
18
19
13 4
5
Kh
H2O, CH3OH
H2O
H2O
H2O
Nha
CH3OH
Dimetyl terephtalat
hi
CH3OH
hi
Khng
kh
Chng 7
1. Cc tc nhn ca qu trnh sunfat ha ru v sunfat ha olefin. c im ca
tng tc nhn.
Cc tc nhn sunfat ha ru :
- Acid sunfuric
- Closunfonic
- Aminosunfonic
- Trioxid lu hunh
Tc nhn sunfat ha olefin:
- Acid sunfunic
c im:
Acid sunfuric, aminosunfonic co tnh sunfat ha mnh => Tnh oxi ha mnh to
nhiu tap cht nh : olefin,andehyd v xeton. Lm cho sp c mu, ng thi v
andehyd, xeton l cht linh ng nn sp mau hng phi s dng ph gia > Tng gi
thnh. V vy, tc nhn acid sunfunic v aminosunfonic ch s dng s/x cht HDBM
loi thng
Khi s/x cht HDBM loi cao cp, ta s dng closunfonic v trioxid lu hunh. N c
kh nng p cao v p xy ra nhanh hn
Trong sunfat ha olefin, sp to ra l mono- v dialkylsunfat, polime olefin... Ngoi ra
cn c ru, ete v cc sp oxi ha, nha ( do trng ngng). T l s dng gia olefin
v acid sunfuric l 1:1.
2. c trng qu trnh sunfat ha ru vi tc nhn l trioxit lu hunh
Trioxid lu hunh c tnh i in t cao, v vy d kt hp vi oxi ca ru to phc,
phc ny s chuyn thnh ankylsunfonic acid


u im : p xy ra tc ln, ph thuc vo s khuych tn SO3 vo ru
Nhc im : p ta nhit ln => qu nhit cc b v to sp ph ( olefin, hp cht
cacbonyl, nha)
Khc phc: Phi c bin php gii nhit v trnh qu nhit cc b:
- Lm long SO3 bng kh tr
- Khuy trn mnh v p trn mng
3. ng dng qu trnh sunfat ha trong s/x ha m phm v ha du
S/x cht HDBM dng ankylsunfat . y l thnh phn chnh ca sp ty ra v chm
sc c nhn . Vd : nc ra chn, bt git, em dng da ...
Trong ha du : Cht nh ha 2 pha khc nhau, nh pha phn cc v khng phn cc
. VD : xng-nc, du nhn-nc
Cht HDBM dng ankylsunfat c s/x di dng lng ( 20%-40%) hay dng bt.
c chia lm 3 nhm chnh :
- Alkylsunfat bc 1 c tng hp t ru bc 1. VD : ru laurilic C12H23OH,
miristilic C14H29OH
- Ankylsunfat bc 2 tng hp t H2SO4 v olefin mch thng v n-olefin c ni
i gia
- Este sunfat c tng hp bng sunfat ha cc sp ca qu trnh kt hp 2-3
mol etylen oxit vi ru hoc ankylphenol

Cc tnh cht ca cht HDBM dng ankyl sunfat ph thuc vo cu to, chiu di nhm
ankyl v v tr nhm sunfat. c bit l kh nng phn hy sinh ha
4. Nhim v khi 1, 2










RO H R - (OCH
2
CH
2
-)
n
OH
+nCH
2
- CH
2
-O
SO3
R - (OCH
2
CH
2
-)
n
OSO
2
OH
Phu
gia
xan
g
xan
g

Ru

Ru
Tac nhan sunfat
hoa
ROH (olefin)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
NaOH
Na
2
SO
4
H
2
O
Khi 1: Xy ra qu trnh sunfat ha ( vit p/t ty theo tc nhn)



Khi 2 : Phn ng trung ha. V sp c th nhim acid ( tc nhn), a pH ca sp v
khong 7-9

Cht ty ra s/x theo qui trnh ny s cha nhiu mui sunfatnatri ( rn), to cn

Khi s dng tc nhn l acid closunfonic > lu ch cn 1,2,7,8,9
5. Tc nhn qu trnh sunfo ha H.C thm . c im
Cc tc nhn ch yu :
- Acid sunfuric
- SO3
- Oleum
Sunfo ha di tc nhn acid sunfuric l q/t thun nghch v ta nhit mnh

Qu trnh sunfo ha vi tc nhn oleum xy ra theo 2 giai on:
GD1 : tc dng ca phn d SO3 trong oleum


P k thun nghch v ta nhit mnh
GD2 : tc dng vi H2SO4
+ NaOH ROSO
2
OH
ROSO
2
ONa + H
2
O
+ NaOH R
2
SO
4
ROSO
2
ONa + ROH
ArH + H
2
SO
4
ArSO
2
OH + H
2
O
ArH + H
2
SO
4.
SO
3
ArSO
2
OH

+ H
2
SO
4

6. ng dng ca sunfo ha
Tng hp cht HDBM dng ankylarensunfonat. L thnh phn chnh cht ty ra tng
hp v sp chm sc c nhn cao cp
Ankylarensunfonat l nhng tinh th rn khng mi
7. S cng ngh sunfo ha


















Khi s 1 : Chuyn ha SO2 thnh SO3
SO2 + O2 -> SO3
ArH + H
2
SO
4
ArSO
2
OH + H
2
O

O
2
ArH
7
5
6
4
3
2
1
SO
2
Thit b p chnh s 4 :
y l thit b dng da c lp h thng ng xon gii nhit v cnh khuy. Ti
tm da cho tc nhn v ru vo, ti y s xy ra p. HH chy wa k h gia cc
da vi thnh ni (lm lnh bng v o nc)