i Hc Cn Th - Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - Gio Trnh H iu Hnh V1.

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TNG QUAN V H IU HNH
I Mc tiu
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, ngi hc nm c nhng kin thc sau:
o Hiu vai tr ca h iu hnh trong h thng my tnh
o Bit cc giai on pht trin ca h iu hnh
o Hiu s khc bit ca cc h iu hnh qua tng giai on
o Hiu cch gii quyt cc vn pht sinh trong tng h iu hnh
II Gii thiu
H iu hnh l mt chng trnh qun l phn cng my tnh. N cung cp nn
tng cho cc chng trnh ng dng v ng vai tr trung gian giao tip gia ngi
dng my tnh v phn cng ca my tnh . H iu hnh thit lp cho cc tc v
ny rt a dng. Mt vi h iu hnh thit k tin dng trong khi mt s khc thit k
hiu qu hoc kt hp c hai.
hiu h iu hnh l g, trc ht chng ta phi hiu chng c pht trin
nh th no. Trong chng ny chng ta im li s pht trin ca h iu hnh t
nhng h th nghim u tin ti nhng h a chng v chia thi. Thng qua nhng
giai on khc nhau chng ta s thy cch thc m nhng thnh phn ca h iu
hnh c ci tin nh nhng gii php t nhin cho nhng vn trong nhng h
thng my tnh ban u. Xem xt nhng l do pha sau s pht trin ca h iu hnh
cho chng ta mt nh gi v nhng tc v g h iu hnh lm v cch h iu hnh
thc hin chng.
III H iu hnh l g?
Mt h iu hnh l mt thnh phn quan trng ca mi h thng my tnh. Mt h
thng my tnh c th c chia thnh bn thnh phn: phn cng, h iu hnh, cc
chng trnh ng dng v ngi dng.
o Phn cng (Hardware): bao gm b x l trung tm (CPU), b nh, thit
b xut/nhp,..cung cp ti nguyn c bn cho h thng.
o Cc chng trnh ng dng (application programs): trnh bin dch
(compiler), trnh son tho vn bn (text editor), h c s d liu (database
system), trnh duyt Web,..nh ngha cch m trong cc ti nguyn
c s dng gii quyt yu cu ca ngi dng.
o Ngi dng (user): c nhiu loi ngi dng khc nhau, thc hin nhng
yu cu khc nhau, do s c nhiu ng dng khc nhau.
o H iu hnh (operating system): hay cn gi l chng trnh h thng,
iu khin v hp tc vic s dng phn cng gia nhng chng trnh
ng dng khc nhau cho nhng ngi dng khc nhau. H iu hnh c
th c khm ph t hai pha: ngi dng v h thng.




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Hnh 0-1 Tm nhn tru tng cc thnh phn ca mt h thng my tnh
III.1 Tm nhn ngi dng
Tm nhn ngi dng ca my tnh rt a dng bi giao din c dng. Hu
ht nhng ngi dng my tnh ngi trc my tnh c nhn gm c mn hnh, bn
phm, chut v b x l h thng (system unit). Mt h thng nh th c thit k
cho mt ngi dng c quyn s dng ti nguyn ca n ti u ho cng vic m
ngi dng ang thc hin. Trong trng hp ny, h iu hnh c thit k d dng
cho vic s dng vi s quan tm v nng lc nhng khng quan ti vic s dng ti
nguyn. Nng lc thc hin l quan trng vi ngi dng nhng khng l vn nu
hu ht h thng ang rnh, ch tc xut/nhp chm t pha ngi dng.
Vi ngi dng ngi ti thit b u cui (terminal) c ni kt ti my tnh
ln (mainframe) hay my tnh tm trung (minicomputer). Nhng ngi khc ang
truy xut cng my tnh thng qua cc thit b u cui khc. Nhng ngi dng ny
chia s cc ti nguyn v c th trao i thng tin. H iu hnh c thit k ti
u ho vic s dng ti nguyn- m bo rng tt c thi gian sn dng ca CPU,
b nh v thit b xut nhp c s dng hu hiu v khng c nhn ngi dng s
dng c quyn ti nguyn hn l chia s cng bng.

System and Application Programs
User1 User2 UserN
. . .
compliler text editor database
t
. . .
Operating System

Hardware
Nhng ngi dng khc ngi ti trm lm vic, c ni kt ti mng ca cc
trm lm vic khc v my ch. Nhng ngi dng ny c ti nguyn tn hin l trm
lm vic ca mnh nhng h cng chia s cc ti nguyn trn mng v cc my ch-
tp tin, tnh ton v cc my phc v in. Do , h iu hnh ca h c thit k
tho hip gia kh nng s dng c nhn v vic tn dng ti nguyn.
Gn y, s a dng ca my tnh xch tay tr thnh thi trang cho nhng
ngi lm vic trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin. Cc thit b ny c s dng ch
bi c nhn ngi dng. Mt vi my tnh ny c ni mng hoc ni trc tip bng
dy hay thng qua cc modem khng dy. Do s gii hn v nng lng (in) v
giao din, chng thc hin tng i t cc thao tc xa. H iu hnh c thit k
ch yu cho vic s dng c nhn nhng nng lc thc hin trn thi gian sng ca
pin cng l yu t quan trng.
Mt s my tnh c rt t hay khng c tm nhn ngi dng. Th d, cc my
tnh c nhng vo cc thit b gia nh v xe t c th c mt bng s v cc n
hin th trng thi m, tt nhng hu ht chng v cc h iu hnh c thit k
chy m khng cn giao tip.
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III.2 Tm nhn h thng
T quan im ca my tnh, h iu hnh l chng trnh gn gi vi phn
cng. Chng ta c th thy mt h iu hnh nh b cp pht ti nguyn. H thng
my tnh c nhiu ti nguyn - phn cng v phn mm - m c th c yu cu
gii quyt mt vn : thi gian CPU, khng gian b nh, khng gian lu tr tp tin,
cc thit b xut/nhp,..H iu hnh hot ng nh b qun l ti nguyn. ng u
vi mt lng ln cc yu cu c th xung t v ti nguyn, h iu hnh phi quyt
nh cch cp pht ti nguyn ti nhng chng trnh c th v ngi dng c th
iu hnh h thng my tnh hu hiu v cng bng.
Mt tm nhn khc ca h iu hnh nhn mnh s cn thit iu khin cc
thit b xut/nhp khc nhau v chng trnh ngi dng. Mt h iu hnh l mt
chng trnh iu khin. Chng trnh iu khin qun l s thc thi ca cc chng
trnh ngi dng ngn chn li v vic s dng khng hp l my tnh. N c bit
quan tm vi nhng thao tc v iu khin cc thit b nhp/xut.
Nhn chung, khng c nh ngha hon ton y v h iu hnh. Cc h
iu hnh tn ti v chng l cch hp l gii quyt vn to ra mt h thng my
tnh c th s dng. Mc tiu c bn ca h thng my tnh l thc thi chng trnh
ngi dng v gii quyt vn ngi dng d dng hn. Hng n mc tiu ny,
phn cng my tnh c xy dng. Tuy nhin, ch n thun l phn cng th khng
d s dng v pht trin cc chng trnh ng dng. Cc chng trnh khc nhau ny
i hi nhng thao tc chung no , chng hn nh iu khin thit b xut/nhp.
Sau , nhng chc nng chung v iu khin v cp pht ti nguyn c t li vi
nhau vo mt b phn phn mm gi l h iu hnh.
Cng khng c nh ngha bao qut no c chp nhn xc nh phn g
thuc v h iu hnh, phn g khng. Mt quan im n gin l mi th lin quan
khi chng ta ra lnh h iu hnh nn c xem xt. Tuy nhin, nhng yu cu v b
nh v nhng c im bn trong rt khc nhau trong tng h thng. Mt nh ngha
bao qut hn v h iu hnh l mt chng trnh chy lin tc trn my tnh (thng
gi l nhn kernel), nhng chng trnh cn li thuc v chng trnh ng dng.
III.3 Mc tiu h thng
nh ngha nhng g h iu hnh lm th d hn xc nh h iu hnh l g.
Mc ch chnh ca h iu hnh l d dng s dng. V s tn ti ca h iu hnh
h tr nhiu cho my tnh trong vic p ng cc ng dng ca ngi dng. Tm nhn
ny c bit r rng hn khi nhn h iu hnh trn cc my tnh c nhn.
Mc tiu th hai ca h iu hnh l iu hnh hu hin h thng my tnh.
Mc tiu ny c bit quan trng cho cc h thng ln, c chia s, nhiu ngi
dng. Nhng h thng tiu biu ny kh t, khai thc hiu qu nht cc h thng ny
lun l iu mong mun. Tuy nhin, hai mc tiu tin dng v hu hiu i khi mu
thun nhau. Trong qu kh, xem xt tnh hu hiu thng quan trng hn tnh tin
dng. Do , l thuyt h iu hnh tp trung nhiu vo vic ti u ho s dng ti
nguyn tnh ton. H iu hnh cng pht trin dn theo thi gian. Th d, UNIX bt
u vi bn phm v my in nh giao din ca n gii hn tnh tin dng i vi
ngi dng. Qua thi gian, phn cng thay i v UNIX c gn vo phn cng mi
vi giao din thn thin vi ngi dng hn. Nhiu giao din ngi dng ho
GUIs (graphical user interfaces) c b sung cho php tin dng hn vi ngi dng
trong khi vn quan tm tnh hiu qu.
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Thit k h iu hnh l mt cng vic phc tp. Ngi thit k gp phi
nhiu s tho hip trong thit k v ci t. Nhiu ngi tham gia khng ch mang
n h iu hnh nhng li im m cn lin tc xem xt v nng cp.
thy r nhng h iu hnh l g v nhng g h iu hnh lm, chng ta xem xt
cch chng pht trin trong bn mi lm nm qua. Bng cch ln theo s tin trin,
chng ta c th xc nh nhng thnh phn ca h iu hnh v thy cch thc v l
do h iu hnh pht trin nh chng c.
H iu hnh v kin trc my tnh c mi quan h khng kht nhau. d
dng s dng phn cng, h iu hnh c pht trin. Sau , cc ngi dng h
iu hnh ngh nhng chuyn i trong thit k phn cng n gin chng.
Nhn li lch s ngn ngi ny, ch trng cch gii quyt nhng vn v h iu
hnh gii thiu nhng c im phn cng.
IV H thng mainframe
Nhng h thng my tnh mainframe l nhng my tnh u tin c dng
x l ng dng thng mi v khoa hc. Trong phn ny, chng ta ln theo s pht
trin ca h thng mainframe t cc h thng b (batch systems), my tnh ch
chy mt-v ch mt -ng dng, ti cc h chia s thi gian (time-shared systems), m
cho php ngi dng giao tip vi h thng my tnh.
IV.1 H thng b
Nhng my tnh thi k u l nhng my cc ln chy t mt thit b cui
(console). Nhng thit b nhp thng l nhng b c th v cc a bng t. Cc
thit b xut thng thng thng l nhng my in dng (line printers), cc a t v
cc phiu c l. Ngi dng khng giao tip trc tip vi cc h thng my tnh.
Thay vo , ngi dng chun b mt cng vic- cha chng trnh, d liu v cc
thng tin iu khin v tnh t nhin ca cng vic-v gi n n ngi iu hnh
my tnh. Cng vic ny thng c thc hin trong cc phiu c l. Ti nhng
thi im sau (sau vi pht, gi hay ngy), d liu xut xut hin. D liu xut
cha kt qu chng trnh cng nh kt xut b nh cui cng v ni dung cc thanh
ghi cho vic g ri.
H iu hnh trong cc my tnh thi k u ny tng i n gin. Tc v
chnh l chuyn iu khin t ng t mt cng vic ny sang cng vic khc. H
iu hnh lun c thng tr trong b nh.










H iu hnh


Vng chng
trnh ngi
dng
Hnh 0-2 Sp xp b nh cho mt h thng b n gin
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tng tc vic x l, ngi iu hnh b cc cng vic c cng yu cu v
chy chng thng qua my tnh nh mt nhm. Do , cc lp trnh vin s a
chng trnh ca h cho ngi iu hnh. Ngi iu hnh s sp xp chng trnh
thnh nhng b vi cng yu cu v khi my tnh sn dng s chy mi b ny. D
liu xut t mi cng vic s gi li cho lp trnh vin tng ng.
Trong mi trng thc thi ny, CPU lun rnh v tc ca cc thit b
xut/nhp dng c thc cht chm hn tc ca cc thit b in. Ngay c mt CPU
chm (vi hng ngn ch th lnh c thc thi trn giy) cng ch lm vic trong vi
phn trm giy. Thm vo , mt b c th nhanh c th c 1200 th trong thi
gian 1 pht (hay 20 th trn giy). Do , s khc bit gia tc CPU v thit b
xut/nhp ca n c th l 3 ln hay nhiu hn. D nhin theo thi gian, s tin b
trong cng ngh dn n s ra i nhng thit b nhp/xut nhanh hn. Tuy nhin, tc
CPU tng ti mt t l ln hn v th vn khng nhng khng c gii quyt
m cn lm tng.
Gii thiu cng ngh a cho php h iu hnh gi tt c cng vic trn mt
a hn trong mt b c th tun t. Vi vic truy xut trc tip ti nhiu cng vic,
h iu hnh c th thc hin nh thi cng vic, s dng ti nguyn v thc hin
cc tc v hu hiu.
IV.2 H a chng
Mt kha cnh quan trng nht ca nh thi cng vic l kh nng a chng.
Thng thng, mt ngi dng gi CPU hay cc thit b xut/nhp lun bn. a
chng gia tng kh nng s dng CPU bng cch t chc cc cng vic CPU lun
c mt cng vic thc thi.
tng ca k thut a chng c th minh ho nh sau: H iu hnh gi
nhiu cng vic trong b nh ti mt thi im. Tp hp cc cng vic ny l tp con
ca cc cng vic c gi trong vng cng vic-bi v s lng cc cng vic c th
c gi cng lc trong b nh thng nh hn s cng vic c th c trong vng
m. H iu hnh s ly v bt u thc thi mt trong cc cng vic c trong b nh.
Cui cng, cng vic phi ch mt vi tc v nh mt thao tc xut/nhp hon
thnh. Trong h thng n chng, CPU s ch trng thi ri. Trong h thng a
chng, h iu hnh s chuyn sang thc thi cng vic khc. Cui cng, cng vic
u tin kt thc vic ch v nhn CPU tr li. Ch cn t nht mt cng vic cn thc
thi, CPU s khng bao gi trng thi ri.













Hnh 0-3 Sp xp b nh cho h a chng

H iu hnh

Cng vic 1

Cng vic 2
Cng vic 3
Cng vic 4
512K
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a chng l mt trng hp u tin khi h iu hnh phi thc hin quyt nh cho
nhng ngi dng. Do , h iu hnh a chng tng i tinh vi. Tt c cng vic
a vo h thng c gi trong vng cng vic. Vng ny cha tt c qu trnh nh
v trn a ch c cp pht b nh chnh. Nu nhiu cng vic sn sng c mang
vo b nh v nu khng khng gian cho tt c th h iu hnh phi chn mt
trong chng. Khi h iu hnh chn mt cng vic t vng cng vic, n np cng
vic vo b nh thc thi. C nhiu chng trnh trong b nh ti cng thi im
yu cu phi c s qun l b nh. Ngoi ra, nu nhiu cng vic sn sng chy cng
thi im, h thng phi chn mt trong chng. Thc hin quyt nh ny l nh thi
CPU. Cui cng, nhiu cng vic chy ng hnh i hi hot ng ca chng c th
nh hng ti mt cng vic khc th b hn ch trong tt c giai on ca h iu
hnh bao gm nh thi qu trnh, lu tr a, qun l b nh.
IV.3 H chia thi
H thng b-a chng cung cp mt mi trng ni m nhiu ti nguyn
khc nhau (chng hn nh CPU, b nh, cc thit b ngoi vi) c s dng hiu qu.
Tuy nhin, n khng cung cp giao tip ngi dng vi h thng my tnh. Chia thi
(hay a nhim) l s m rng lun l ca a chng. CPU thc thi nhiu cng vic
bng cch chuyn i qua li gia chng, nhng nhng chuyn i xy ra qu thng
xuyn ngi dng c th giao tip vi mi chng trnh trong khi chy.
Mt h thng my tnh giao tip (interactive computer) hay thc hnh (hands-
on computer system) cung cp giao tip trc tuyn gia ngi dng v h thng.
Ngi dng cho nhng ch th ti h iu hnh hay trc tip ti mt chng trnh, s
dng bn phm hay chut v ch nhn kt qu tc th. Do , thi gian p ng nn
ngn-in hnh trong phm vi 1 giy hay t hn.
Mt h thng chia thi cho php nhiu ngi dng chia s my tnh cng mt
thi im. V mi hot ng hay lnh trong h chia thi c phc v ngn, ch mt t
thi gian CPU c yu cu cho mi ngi dng. Khi h thng nhanh chng chuyn
t mt ngi dng ny sang ngi dng k, mi ngi dng c cho cm gic rng
ton b h thng my tnh c tn hin cho mnh, nhng tht s my tnh ang
c chia s cho nhiu ngi dng.
Mt h iu hnh chia thi s dng nh thi CPU v a chng cung cp
mi ngi dng vi mt phn nh ca my tnh chia thi. Mi ngi dng c t nht
mt chng trnh ring trong b nh. Mt chng trnh c np vo trong b nh v
thc thi thng c gi l mt qu trnh. Khi mt qu trnh thc thi, in hnh n
thc thi ch ti mt thi im ngn trc khi n kt thc hay cn thc hin xut/nhp.
Xut/nhp c th c giao tip; ngha l d liu xut hin th trn mn hnh cho
ngi dng v d liu nhp t bn phm, chut hay thit b khc. V giao tip
xut/nhp ch yu chy tc ngi dng, n c th mt mt khong thi gian
di hon thnh. Th d, d liu nhp c th b gii hn bi tc nhp ca ngi
dng; 7 k t trn giy l nhanh i vi ngi dng, nhng qu chm so vi my tnh.
Thay v CPU rnh khi ngi dng nhp liu, h iu hnh s nhanh chng chuyn
CPU ti mt chng trnh khc.
H iu hnh chia thi phc tp hn nhiu so vi h iu hnh a chng.
Trong c hai dng, nhiu cng vic c gi cng lc trong b nh v th h thng
phi c c ch qun l b nh v bo v. t c thi gian p ng hp l, cc
cng vic c th c hon v vo ra b nh chnh. Mt phng php chung t
mc tiu ny l b nh o, l k thut cho php vic thc thi ca mt cng vic c th
khng hon ton trong b nh. u im chnh ca c ch b nh o l cc chng
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trnh c th ln hn b nh vt l. Ngoi ra, n tru tng ho b nh chnh thnh
mng lu tr ln v ng nht, chia b nh lun l nh c thy bi ngi dng t
b nh vt l. S sp xp ny gii phng lp trnh vin quan tm n gii hn lu tr
ca b nh.
Cc h chia thi cng phi cung cp mt h thng tp tin. H thng tp tin
nh v trn mt tp hp a; do qun l a phi c cung cp. H chia thi cng
cung cp c ch cho vic thc thi ng hnh, yu cu c ch nh thi CPU tinh vi.
m bo th t thc thi, h thng phi cung cp cc c ch cho vic ng b ho
v giao tip cng vic, v c th m bo rng cc cng vic khng b deadlock, ch
i cng vic khc mi mi.
tng chia thi c gii thiu trong nhng nm 1960, nhng v h chia
thi l phc tp v rt t xy dng, chng khng ph bin cho ti nhng nm
1970. Mc d x l theo b vn c thc hin nhng hu ht h thng ngy nay l
chia thi. Do , a chng v chia thi l nhng ch trung tm ca h iu hnh
hin i v chng l ch trng tm ca gio trnh ny.
V H bn (Desktop system)
My tnh c nhn (PC) xut hin vo nhng nm 1970. Trong sut thp nin
u, CPU trong PC thiu cc c im cn thit bo v h iu hnh t chng
trnh ngi dng. Do , cc h iu hnh PC khng l a ngi dng hoc a nhim.
Tuy nhin, cc mc tiu ca h iu hnh ny thay i theo thi gian; thay v ti u
ho vic s dng CPU v thit b ngoi vi, cc h thng chn la ti u ho s tin
dng v p ng ngi dng. Cc h thng ny gm cc PC chy cc h iu hnh
Microsoft Windows v Apple Macintosh. H iu hnh MS-DOS t Microsoft c
thay th bng nhiu n bn ca Microsoft Windows v IBM nng cp MS-DOS
thnh h a nhim OS/2. H iu hnh Apple Macintosh c gn nhiu phn cng
hin i hn v ngy nay cha nhiu c im mi nh b nh o v a nhim. Vi
s pht hnh MacOS X, li ca h iu hnh ngy nay da trn Mach v FreeBSD
UNIX cho s m rng, nng lc v c im nhng n vn gi li giao din ho
ngi dng GUI. LINUX, mt h iu hnh tng t nh UNIX sn dng cho my
PC tr nn ph bin gn y.
H iu hnh cho cc my tnh ny c nhng thun li trong nhiu cch t s
pht trin ca h iu hnh cho mainframes. My vi tnh (microcomputer) lp tc c
th c chp nhn mt s cng ngh c pht trin cho h iu hnh ln hn.
Thm vo , chi ph phn cng cho my vi tnh thp cc c nhn c th mt
mnh s dng my tnh, v s dng CPU khng cn quan trng na. Do , nhng
quyt nh thit k c thc hin trong h iu hnh cho mainframes c th khng
hp l cho cc h thng nh hn.
Nhng quyt nh thit k khc vn c p dng. Th d, trc ht bo v h
thng tp tin khng cn thit trn my c nhn. Tuy nhin, hin nay cc my tnh ny
thng c ni vo cc my tnh khc qua mng cc b hay Internet. Khi nhng
my tnh khc v ngi dng khc c th truy xut cc tp tin ny trn mt PC, bo v
tp tin mt ln na cng tr thnh mt c im cn thit ca h iu hnh. S thiu
bo v to iu kin d dng cho nhng chng trnh him ph hu d liu trn
nhng h thng nh MS-DOS v h iu hnh Macintosh. Cc chng trnh ny c
th t nhn bn v pht tn nhanh chng bng c ch worm hay virus v lm t lit
mng ca cc cng ty hay thm ch mng ton cu. c im chia thi c ci tin
nh b nh bo v v quyn tp tin l cha bo v mt h thng t s tn cng.
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VI H a x l
Hu ht cc h thng ngy nay l cc h thng n x l; ngha l ch c mt
CPU chnh. Tuy nhin, cc h thng a x l (hay cn gi l h song song hay h kt
ni cht) c pht trin rt quan trng. Cc h thng nh th c nhiu hn mt b x
l trong giao tip gn, chia s bus my tnh, ng h, i khi cn l b nh hay thit
b ngoi vi.
H thng a x l c ba u im chnh:
o Thng lng c gia tng: bng cch tng s lng b x l, chng ta
hy vng thc hin nhiu cng vic hn vi thi gian t hn. T l gia s
tng tc vi N b x l khng l N; ng hn n nh hn N. Trong khi
nhiu b x l cng tc trn mt cng vic, mt lng chi ph phi chu
trong vic gi cc thnh phn lm vic ph hp. Chi ph ny cng vi chi
ph cnh tranh ti nguyn c chia s, lm gim kt qu c mong i
t nhng b x l b sung. Tng t nh mt nhm gm N lp trnh vin
lm vic vi nhau khng dn n kt qu cng vic ang t c tng N
ln.
o Tnh kinh t ca vic m rng: h thng a x l c th tit kim nhiu
chi ph hn h thng n b x l, bi v chng c th chia s ngoi vi,
thit b lu tr v in. Nu nhiu chng trnh iu hnh trn cng tp
hp d liu th lu tr d liu trn mt a v tt c b x l chia s
chng s r hn l c nhiu my tnh vi a cc b v nhiu bn sao d
liu.
o Kh nng tin cy c gia tng: nu cc chc nng c phn b hp l
gia cc b x l th li trn mt b x l s khng dng h thng, ch
nng lc b gim. Nu chng ta c 10 b x l v c 1 b x l b s c th
mi b x l trong 9 b x l cn li phi chia s ca cng vic ca b x
l b li. Do , ton b h thng ch gim 10% nng lc hn l dng hot
ng. Cc h thng c thit k nh th c gi l h thng c kh nng
chu li (fault tolerant).
Vic iu hnh vn tip tc trong s hin din ca li yu cu mt c ch cho
php li c pht hin, chun on v sa li nu c th. H thng Tandem s dng
s nhn i phn cng v phn mm m bo s iu hnh vn tip tc mc d c
li xy ra. H thng ny cha hai b x l, mi b x l c b nh cc b ring. Cc
b x l c ni kt bi mt bus. Mt b x l chnh v b x l kia l d phng.
C hai bn sao c gi mi b x l: mt l chnh v mt l d phng. Ti cc
im kim tra (checkpoints) trong vic thc thi ca h thng, thng tin trng thi ca
mi cng vic-gm mt bn sao hnh nh b nh-c chp t my chnh ti my d
phng. Nu mt li c pht hin, bn sao d phng c kch hot v c khi
ng li t im kim tra mi nht. Gii php ny t v n bao gm vic nhn i
phn cng.
Cc h thng a x l thng dng nht hin nay s dng a x l i xng
(symmetric multiprocessing-SMP). Trong h thng ny mi b x l chy bn sao
ca h iu hnh v nhng bn sao ny giao tip vi cc bn sao khc khi cn. Vi h
thng s dng a x l bt i xng (asymmetric multiprocessing). Trong h thng
ny mi b x l c gn mt cng vic xc nh. Mt b x l ch iu khin h
thng; nhng b x l cn li hoc ch b x l ch ra ch th hoc c nhng tc v
c nh ngha trc. C ch ny nh ngha mi quan h ch-t. B x l chnh lp
thi biu v cp pht cng vic ti cc b x l t.
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a x l i xng c ngha tt c b x l l ngang hng; khng c mi quan
h ch-t tn ti gia cc b x l. Hnh I-4 minh ho mt kin trc a x l i xng
in hnh. Mt th d ca a x l i xng l n bn ca Encore ca UNIX cho my
tnh Multimax. My tnh ny c th c cu hnh nh n ang thc hin nhiu b x
l, tt c b x l u chy bn sao ca UNIX. u im ca m hnh ny l nhiu qu
trnh c th chy cng mt lc - N qu trnh c th chy nu c N CPU- khng gy ra
s gim st to ln v nng lc. Tuy nhin, chng ta phi iu khin cn thn
xut/nhp m bo rng d liu dn ti b x l tng ng. V cc CPU l ring
r, mt CPU c th ang rnh trong khi CPU khc qu ti dn n vic s dng khng
hu hiu ti nguyn ca h thng. S khng hiu qu ny c th trnh c nu cc
b x l chia s cc cu trc d liu. Mt h thng a x l ca dng ny s cho php
cc qu trnh v ti nguyn nh b nh - c chia s t ng gia cc qu trnh
khc nhau v c th lm gim s khc bit gia cc b x l. Hu nh tt c h iu
hnh hin i - gm Windows NT, Solaris, Digital UNIX, OS/2 v LINUX - hin nay
cung cp s h tr a x l i xng.

Hnh 0-4 Kin trc a x l i xng
S khc bit gia a x l i xng v bt i xng c th l do phn cng
hoc phn mm. Phn cng c bit c th khc nhau trn nhiu b x l, hoc phn
mm c th c vit cho php ch mt ch v nhiu t. Th d, SunOS n bn 4
cung cp a x l khng i xng, ngc li, n bn 5 (Solaris 2) l i xng trn
cng phn cng.
Khi cc b vi x l tr nn r hn v mnh hn cc chc nng b sung ca h
iu hnh l chuyn ti b x l t. Th d, tng i d thm b vi x l vi b
nh ring qun l h thng a. B vi x l c th nhn mt chui cc yu cu t
b nh chnh v ci t hng i a ring v gii thut nh thi. S sp xp ny lm
gim chi ph nh thi a ca CPU. PC cha mt b vi x l trong bn phm
chuyn nhng phm nng thnh m gi ti CPU. Thc t, vic s dng cc b vi
x l tr nn qu ph bin n ni m a x l khng cn c xem xt.
VII H phn tn
Mt mng, trong thut ng n gin nht, l mt ng dn truyn thng gia
hai hay nhiu h thng. H phn tn ph thuc vo mng vi nhng kh nng ca n.
Bng cch cho php truyn thng, h phn tn c th chia s cc tc v tnh ton v
cung cp nhiu chc nng ti ngi dng.
Cc mng vi s a dng v giao thc c dng, khong cch gia cc nt v
phng tin truyn. TCP/IP l giao thc mng ph bin nht mc d ATM v cc
giao thc khc c s dng rng ri. Tng t, h iu hnh h tr s a dng v
giao thc. Hu ht cc h iu hnh h tr TCP/IP, gm Windows v UNIX. Mt s
h iu hnh khc h tr cc giao thc ring ph hp vi yu cu ca chng. i vi
mt h iu hnh, mt giao thc mng ch cn mt thit b giao din th d: mt
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card mng-vi mt trnh iu khin thit b qun l n v mt phn mm ng
gi d liu trong giao thc giao tip gi n v m gi nhn n.
Mng thng da trn cc khong cch gia cc nt. Mt mng cc b (LAN-
Local Area Network) tn ti trong phm vi mt phng, mt tng, hay mt to nh.
Mt mng din rng (Wide-Area Network) thng tn ti gia cc to nh, cc thnh
ph, cc quc gia. Mt cng ty ton cu c th c mt mng din rng ni kt ti
cc vn phng ca n. Cc mng ny c th chy vi mt hay nhiu giao thc. S tin
b lin tc ca cng ngh mi hnh thnh nhiu dng mng khc nhau. Th d, mng
th (MAN-Metropolitan Area Network) cng lin kt cc to nh trong cng mt
thnh ph. Cc thit b BlueTooth giao tip qua mt khong cch ngn khong vi b
(feet), ch yu to ra mt mng phm vi nh (small-area network).
Cc phng tin truyn thng lm cc mng tng i khc nhau. Chng gm
cp ng, cp quang, truyn khng dy gia v tinh, cc a vi sng (microware
dishes) v sng radio. Khi cc thit b tnh ton c ni kt ti cc in thoi di
ng, chng to ra mt mng. Thm ch rt nhiu giao tip hng ngoi dy ngn c
th c dng cho mng. Ti cp c bn, bt c khi no cc my tnh giao tip
chng s dng hay to ra mt mng. Cc mng ny cng rt khc nhau v nng lc v
kh nng tin cy.
VII.1 H khch hng-my phc v
Mt PC c th tr nn nhanh hn, mnh hn, r hn nu ngi thit k thay i rt xa
t kin trc h thng tp trung. Cc thit b u cui c ni kt ti cc h tp trung
hin nay ang c thay th bi cc PC. Tng ng, chc nng giao din ngi dng
c dng qun l trc tip bi cc h tp trung ang c qun l tng dn bi cc
PC. Do , cc h tp trung ngy nay hot ng nh h my phc v tho mn cc
yu cu pht sinh bi h thng khch hng. c im chung ca h khch hng- my
phc v c m t trong hnh-I-5:


Hnh 0-5 Cu trc chung ca h khch hng-my phc v
Cc h my ch c th c phn loi rng ri nh my phc v tnh ton v my
phc v tp tin
o H my phc v tnh ton (Compute-server systems): cung cp giao din
m khch hng c th gi cc yu cu thc hin hot ng. Chng thc
thi hot ng v gi kt qu cho khch hng.
o H my phc v tp tin (File-server systems ): cung cp mt giao din h
thng tp tin ni khch hng c th to, cp nht, c v xo tp tin.


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VII.2 H ngang hng
S pht trin ca mng my tnh-c bit l Internet v Word Wide Web
(WWW)-c nh hng su sc n s pht trin gn y ca h iu hnh. Khi PC
c gii thiu vo nhng nm 1970, chng c thit k cho vic s dng c nhn
v thng c xem nh l cc my tnh n l (standalone computer). Vi vic bt
u s dng Internet ph bin v rng ri vo nhng nm 1980 vi e-mail, ftp,
gopher, nhiu PC c ni vo mng my tnh. Vi s gii thiu dch v Web vo
gia nhng nm 1990, ni kt mng tr thnh mt thnh phn quan trng ca mt h
thng mng my tnh.
Gn nh tt c my tnh PC hin i v cc trm lm vic c th chy trnh
duyt Web truy xut ti liu siu vn bn trn Web. Cc h iu hnh (nh
Windows, OS/2, MacOS v UNIX) hin nay cng cha phn mm h thng (nh
TCP/IP v PPP) cho php mt my tnh truy xut Internet qua mt mng cc b hay
ni kt qua ng in thoi. Nhiu h iu hnh cha trnh duyt Web cng nh
khch hng v my phc v e-mail, ng nhp t xa, v ftp.
Tng phn vi cc h thng kt ni cht c tho lun trong phn I.6, mng
my tnh c dng trong cc ng dng ny gm tp hp cc b x l khng chia s
b nh hay ng h. Thay vo , mi b x l c b nh cc b ring. B x l giao
tip vi b x l khc thng qua cc ng truyn thng nh cc bus tc cao hay
cc ng in thoi. Cc h thng ny thng c xem nh cc h thng kt ni
lng (hay h thng phn tn).
Vi h iu hnh thc hin khi nim mng hn l ch trng cung cp ni kt
mng. Mt h iu hnh mng l mt h iu hnh cung cp cc c tnh nh chia s
tp tin qua mng, n cha mt c ch giao tip cho php cc qu trnh khc nhau trn
cc my khc nhau trao i thng ip. Mt my tnh chy mt h iu hnh mng
hot ng t tr t tt c my tnh khc trn mng, mc d n nhn thc s hin din
ca mng v c th giao tip vi cc my tnh c ni mng khc. Mt h iu hnh
phn tn l mt mi trng t t tr hn: Cc h iu hnh phn tn giao tip gn
cung cp mt hnh nh m ch mt h iu hnh n l iu khin mng.
VIII H thng nhm (Clustered Systems)
Tng t cc h song song, h thng nhm tp hp nhiu CPUs vi nhau
thc hin cng vic tnh ton. Tuy nhin, h thng nhm khc h thng song song
im chng c hp thnh t hai hay nhiu h thng n c kt hp vi nhau.
nh ngha ca thut ng nhm (clustered) l khng c th. nh ngha thng thng
c th chp nhn l cc my tnh nhm chia s vic lu tr v c lin kt gn qua
LAN.
Nhm thng c thc hin cung cp kh nng sn dng cao. Mt lp phn
mm nhm chy trn cc nt nhm (cluster nodes). Mi nt c th kim sot mt hay
nhiu hn mt nt (qua mng LAN). Nu my b kim sot gp s c, my kim sot
c th ly quyn s hu vic lu tr ca n v khi ng li (cc) ng dng m chng
ang chy trn my b s c. My b s c vn cha hot ng nhng ngi dng v
khch hng ca ng dng ch thy mt s gin on ngn ca dch v.
Trong nhm bt i xng (asymmetric clustering), mt my trong ch d phng
nng (hot standby) trong khi cc my khc ang chy cc ng dng. My d phng
khng l g c ngoi tr theo di server hot ng. Nu server b li, my ch d
phng nng tr thnh server hot ng. Trong ch i xng (symmetric mode), hai
hay nhiu my ch ang chy ng dng v chng ang kim sot ln nhau. Ch
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ny ch trng tnh hiu qu khi n s dng tt c phn cng sn c. N thc hin yu
cu nhiu hn mt ng dng sn dng chy.
Cc hnh thc khc ca nhm gm cc nhm song song (parallel clusters) v
nhm qua mt WAN. Cc nhm song song cho php nhiu my ch truy xut cng d
liu trn thit b lu tr c chia s. V hu ht cc h iu hnh h tr ngho nn
vic truy xut d liu ng thi bi nhiu my ch, cc nhm song song thng c
thc hin bi cc n bn phn mm c bit v s pht hnh ca cc ng dng c
bit. Th d, Oracle Parallel Server l mt n bn c s d liu ca Oracle, v lp
phn mm ghi vt vic truy xut ti a c chia s. Mi my c truy xut y ti
d liu trong c s d liu.
Mc d c nhiu ci tin trong tnh ton phn tn, hu ht cc h thng khng
cung cp cc h thng tp tin phn tn mc ch chung (general-purpose distributed
file systems). Do , hu ht cc nhm khng cho php truy xut c chia s ti d
liu trn a. Cho mc ch ny, cc h thng tp tin phn tn phi cung cp iu
khin truy xut v kho cc tp tin m bo khng c cc thao tc xung t xy ra.
Loi dch v ny thng c gi l b qun l kho phn tn (distributed lock
manager-DLM).
Cng ngh nhm ang nhanh chng thay i. Nhng nh hng nhm gm
cc nhm ton cc, trong cc my c th nh v bt c ni no trn th gii (hay
bt c ni no mt WAN t ti). Cc d n nh th vn l ch cho nghin cu v
pht trin.
Vic s dng h thng nhm v cc c tnh nn m rng nh mng vng lu
tr (storage-area networks-SANs) chim u th. SANs cho php gn d dng nhiu
my ch ti nhiu n v lu tr. Cc nhm hin ti thng b gii hn ti hai hay
bn my ch do s phc tp ca ni kt cc my ch ti thit b lu tr c chia s.
IX H thi thc
Mt dng khc ca h iu hnh c mc ch c bit l h thi thc (real-time
system). H thi thc c dng khi cc yu cu thi gian kht khe c t trn thao
tc ca mt b x l hay dng d liu; do , n thng c dng nh mt thit b
iu khin trong mt ng dng tn hin. Cc b cm bin mang d liu ti my tnh.
My tnh phi phn tch d liu v c th thch ng cc iu khin hiu chnh cc
d liu nhp cm bin. Cc h thng iu khin cc th nghim khoa hc, h thng
nh ho y t, h thng iu khin cng ngh v cc h thng hin th,... Cc h thng
phun du ng c t, cc b iu khin dng c trong nh, h thng v kh cng l
cc h thng thi thc.
Mt h thng thi thc c s rng buc c nh, r rng. X l phi c thc
hin trong phm vi cc rng buc c nh ngha hay h thng s tht bi. Mt h
thi thc thc hin ng chc nng ch nu n tr v kt qu ng trong thi gian
rng buc. Tng phn vi yu cu ny trong h chia thi, n mong mun
(nhng khng bt buc) p ng nhanh, hay i vi h thng b, n khng c rng
buc thi gian g c.
H thi thc c hai dng: cng v mm. H thi thc cng m bo rng cc
tc v ti hn c hon thnh ng gi. Mc tiu ny i hi tt c tr hon trong h
thng b gii hn, t vic ly li d liu c lu tr thi gian h iu hnh hon
thnh bt c yu cu cho n. Cc rng buc thi gian nh th ra lnh cc phng tin
sn c trong h thi thc cng. Thit b lu tr ph ca bt c th hng no thng b
gii hn hay b mt vi d liu ang c lu trong b nh lu tr ngn hn (short-
term memory) hay trong b nh ch c (ROM). Hu ht cc h iu hnh hin i
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khng cung cp c im ny v chng c khuynh hng tch ri ngi dng t phn
cng v s tch ri ny dn n lng thi gian khng xc nh m thao tc s mt.
Th d, b nh o hu nh cha bao gi thy trong h thi thc. Do , nhng h thi
thc cng xung t vi thao tc ca h chia thi v hai h ny khng th an xen
nhau. V khng c h iu hnh a mc ch c h tr chc nng thi thc cng;
chng ta khng tp trung vi loi h thng ny trong chng ny.
Mt loi thi thc t hn ch hn l h thi thc mm, tc v thi thc ti
hn c u tin hn cc tc v khc v duy tr u tin cho n khi chng hon
thnh. Nh trong h thi thc cng, s tr hon nhn (kernel) ca h iu hnh tr
hon yu cu c gii hn. Mt tc v thi thc khng th gi vic ch khng xc
nh i vi nhn thc thi. Thi thc mm l mc tiu c th t c v c th
c an xen vi cc loi h thng khc. Tuy nhin, h thi thc mm c nhng tin
ch gii hn hn h thi thc cng. V khng h tr tt cho thi im ti hn, nn h
thi thc mm d gy ri ro khi dng cho vic kim sot cng ngh v t ng ho.
Tuy nhin, chng c ch trong nhiu lnh vc nh a phng tin, thc t o, d n
khoa hc tin tin-nh khm ph trong lng i dng v khm ph hnh tinh. Nhng
h thng ny cn nhng c im h iu hnh tin tin m khng c h tr bi h
thi thc cng. V vic s dng chc nng thi thc mm c m rng nn chng ta
ang tm cch a chng vo trong hu ht cc h iu hnh hin ti, gm cc n bn
chnh thc ca UNIX.
X H xch tay
H xch tay gm cc my h tr c nhn dng k thut s (personal digital
assistants-PDAs) nh Palm hay in thoi di ng (cellular telephone) vi ni kt ti
mng nh Internet. Nhng ngi pht trin h xch tay v ng dng gp phi nhiu
th thch, nht l s gii hn v kch thc ca thit b. Th d, mt PDA in hnh
cao khong 5 inches v rng khong 3 inches v trng lng ca n t hn 0.5 pound.
Do s gii hn v kch thc ny, hu ht cc thit b xch tay c b nh nh gm cc
b x l thp v mn hnh hin th nh. By gi chng ta s xem xt mi s gii hn
ny.
Nhiu thit b xch tay c dung lng b nh 512KB v 8 MB (ngc li, cc
my PC hay trm lm vic c hng trm MB b nh). Do , h iu hnh v cc ng
dng phi qun l b nh hiu qu. iu ny gm tr v tt c b nh c cp pht
ti b qun l b nh mt khi b nh khng cn c dng na. Hin nay, nhiu thit
b xch tay khng dng k thut b nh o do buc ngi pht trin chng trnh
lm vic trong phm vi gii hn ca b nh vt l.
Vn th hai quan tm n ngi pht trin cc thit b xch tay l tc ca
b x l c dng trong thit b. Cc b x l i vi hu ht cc thit b xch tay
thng chy vi tc ch bng mt phn tc ca mt b x l trong my PC. Cc
b x l nhanh hn yu cu in nng nhiu hn. cha mt b x l nhanh hn
bn trong thit b xch tay nn yu cu nhiu pin hn hn v phi c np li thng
xuyn. ti thiu ho kch thc ca cc thit b xch tay i hi b x l nh hn,
chm hn tiu th t in nng hn. Do , h iu hnh v cc ng dng phi c
thit k khng i hi s dng nhiu b x l.
Vn cui cng gy kh khn cho ngi thit k chng trnh cho cc thit b
xch tay l mn hnh hin th nh. Trong khi mt mn hnh cho my tnh nh kch
thc c th 21 inches, mn hnh cho thit b xch tay thng c din tch khng qu
3 inches. Nhng tc v quen thuc nh c e-mail hay hin th cc trang web, phi
c c ng vo mn hnh nh hn. Mt phng php hin th ni dung cc trang
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web l ct xn web (web clipping), ch mt tp hp nh trang web c phn
pht v hin th trn thit b xch tay.
Mt s thit b xch tay c th dng cng ngh khng dy nh BlueTooth, cho
php truy xut t xa ti e-mail v trnh duyt web. Cc in thoi di ng vi ni kt
Internet thuc loi ny. Tuy nhin, nhiu PDAs hin ti khng cung cp truy xut
khng dy. ti d liu xung cc thit b ny, trc tin ngi dng ti d liu
xung PC hay trm v sau ti d liu xung PDA. Mt s PDA cho php d liu
chp trc tip t mt thit b ny ti thit b khc dng lin kt hng ngoi. Nhn
chung, cc gii hn trong chc nng ca PDA c cn bng bi nhng tin dng v
linh ng ca chng. Vic s dng chng tip tc m rng khi cc ni kt mng tr
nn sn dng v cc chn la khc nh my nh v MP3 players, m rng tin ch
ca chng.
XI Tm tt
H iu hnh c pht trin hn 45 nm qua vi hai mc ch chnh. Mc ch
th nht, h iu hnh c gng lp thi biu cc hot ng tnh ton m bo nng
lc thc hin ca h thng l tt. Mc ch th hai, n cung cp mt mi trng tin
dng pht trin v thc thi chng trnh. Ban u, h thng my tnh c dng t
mt mn hnh v bn phm (thit b u cui). Cc phn mm nh b hp ng
(assembler), b np (loader), b lin kt (linkers) v cc trnh bin dch (compiler) ci
tin s tin dng ca vic lp trnh h thng nhng cng yu cu thi gian thit lp
ng k. gim thi gian thit lp, cc phng tin thu ngi iu hnh v cc
cng vic tung t c b.
Cc h thng x l theo l cho php sp xp cng vic t ng bi h iu hnh
v ci tin rt nhiu vic tn dng ton b my tnh. My tnh khng cn phi ch cc
thao tc ca ngi dng. Tuy nhin, vic tn dng CPU vn cn thp v tc ca
thit b xut nhp thp hn nhiu so vi tc ca CPU. Thao tc ngoi vi (off-line
operation) ca cc thit b chm cung cp mt phng tin s dng nhiu h thng b
c ti bng t (reader-to-tape) v bng t ti my in (tape-to-printer) cho mt CPU.
ci tin ton b nng lc thc hin ca h thng my tnh, ngi pht trin gii
thiu khi nim a chng m nhiu cng vic c th c gi cng lc trong b
nh ti cng mt thi im. CPU c chuyn qua li gia chng gia tng vic tn
dng CPU v gim ton b thi gian c yu cu thc thi cc cng vic.
a chng cng cho php chia s thi gian. H iu hnh chia s thi gian cho php
nhiu ngi dng (t mt ti vi trm) s dng h thng my tnh giao tip ti cng
mt thi im.
PC l my vi tnh; chng xem nh nh hn v r hn h thng mainframe.
Cc h iu hnh cho cc my tnh ny li hn vic pht trin h iu hnh cho my
tnh mainframe trong nhiu cch. Tuy nhin, v mi c nhn l ngi dng duy nht
s dng my tnh nn vic tn dng CPU khng cn l mi quan tm ch yu. Do ,
mt vi quyt nh thit k c thc hin cho h iu hnh cho my mainframe c
th khng ph hp cho c h thng nh v ln, hin nay khi cc PCs c th c ni
kt ti cc my tnh khc v ngi dng thng qua mng v Web.
Cc h song song c nhiu hn mt CPU trong giao tip gn; cc CPU chia s bus
my tnh v i khi chia s b nh v cc thit b ngoi vi. Nhng h thng nh th c
th cung cp thng lng v kh nng tin cy tng. Cc h thng phn tn cho php
chia s ti nguyn trn nhng my ch c phn tn v mt a l. Cc h thng
c nhm cho php nhiu my thc hin vic tnh ton trn d liu c cha trn
Bin son: Th.s Nguyn Ph Trng - 09/2005 Trang 14

i Hc Cn Th - Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - Gio Trnh H iu Hnh V1.0

thit b lu tr chia s v vic tnh ton tip tc trong trng hp li ca tp hp
con cc thnh vin nhm.
Mt h thi thc cng thng c dng nh mt thit b iu khin trong
mt ng dng tn hin. Mt h iu hnh thi thc cng c rng buc hon ton xc
nh v thi gian c nh. X l phi c thc hin trong cc rng buc c xc
nh hoc h thng s b li. Cc h thng thi thc mm c rng buc thi gian t
nghim khc hn v khng h tr thi biu ti hn.
Gn y s tc ng ca Internet v World Wide Web khuyn khch s pht
trin ca cc h iu hnh hin i. Cc h iu hnh ny cha cc trnh duyt Web,
mng v phn mm truyn thng nh l cc c im tch hp.
Chng ta th hin tin trnh lun l ca s pht h iu hnh, c nh
hng bi s bao gm cc c im trong phn cng CPU c yu cu cho chc
nng tin tin. Xu hng ny c th c thy ngy nay trong cuc cch mng ca
PC, vi phn cng ngy mt r hn v ang c ci tin cho php ci tin cc
c im.
Bin son: Th.s Nguyn Ph Trng - 09/2005 Trang 15