Globular proteins: proteins that are roughly spherical

Fibrous proteins: proteins shaped like long fibers.

Proteins structure = function
Substrate = the substance the enzyme workson.
Signaling molecules called endorphins bind to specific receptor proteins on the surface of brain cells in
humans producing euphoria and relieving pain.
-morphine, heroin,and other opiate drugs are able to mimic endorphins because they aall share
a similar shape with endorphins and can thus fit into and bind to endorphin receptors in the
brain.

Four levels of Protein Structure:
1. primary structure: the unique sequence of amino acids.
Ex. Transthyretin: a globular protein that transports vitamin A and one of the hyrooid hormones
throughout the body.
2. secondary structure: the helix formed as a result of hydrogen bonds
Alpha-helix: a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid.
Alpha-keratin: the structural protein of hair.
Beta pleated sheet: two or more regions of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are
connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbones.
3. tertiary structure: the overall shape of a polypeptide.
4. quaternary structure: the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more
polypeptide chians aggregated into one functional macromolecule.

Hemoglobin: protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells