Hept On Thi DH2015 PDF

H Phng Trnh
n Thi I HC
2015

Tc gi : Nguyn Th Duy

Li ni u : Cng nh tiu ca bi vit , th bi vit ny gm 42 h phng trnh v t n thi
I HC nm 2015 gm :
1) Phn I. Cc bi ton s dng phng php : nhn t , lin hp , n ph , hm s.
2) Phn II. Cc bi ton s dng phng php nh gi.
3) Phn III. Phn tch hng i hai bi ton Khi A v Khi B nm 2014.
Ton b cc bi ton di y l do su tm trn cc mng x hi v li gii l do tc gi ca bi vit
Nguyn Th Duy trnh by. Hi vng v mong mun cc bn c c nhiu phng php gii h cng
nh nhng phng n i mt khi gp n bin bi ton h phng trnh tr nn n gin ha v
gii quyt n mt cch d dng.

Phn I. Cc bi ton s dng phng php : nhn t , lin hp , n ph , hm s.

Bi ton 1. Gii h phng trnh :
( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 1
,
1
1 2
x y
xy x y xy
x y
x y x x
x y
+
+ =
+
e
+ = +
+

Li gii. iu kin : 0 ; 0 x y xy + = =
Phng trnh u ca h phng trnh c vit li thnh :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 1
2 1 2
0 2 0
1 1 2 1 1
0
0
x y xy x y
xy x y xy xy x y
x y x y x y x y
x y x y xy x y
+ +
+ = + =
+ +
+ + + + =
+ =
+ + + = +

Vi 1 x y + = th xung phng trnh hai chng ta c :
2
2 7 1 7
3 3
3 4 1 0
2 7 1 7
3 3
x y
x x
x y
+
= =
=
+
= =

Vi
( )
2 2
x y x y + = + th xung phng trnh hai chng ta c :
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
1
1 2 2 1 0
0 1
x x
x x x y x ptvn
y x y
x y
= =

+ = + + > s

= + =
+

Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim :
( )
2 7 1 7 2 7 1 7
, ; ; ;
3 3 3 3
x y
| | | |
+ +
= | |
| |
\ . \ .

( ) ( )
( )
3 3 2
2
3 6 3 4 0
,
1 1 6 6 5 12
x y x x y
x y
x y x y x x y
+ + + =
+ + + + + = +

Li gii. iu kin : ; 1 x y e >
Phng trnh mt tng ng vi :
( ) ( )
3
3 2 3 3
3 6 4 3 1 3 1 3 1 x x x y y x x y y y x + + + = + + + + = + = +
Th vo phng trnh hai ta c :
Tuyn tp 42 H phng trnh N THI I HC 2015
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1 2 6 7 7 12
1 2 2 6 7 3 2 8
1 6
2 4 0
2 2 7 3
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
+ + + + + = + +
+ + + + + = +
| |
+ +
+ =
|
+ + + +
\ .

Do 2 x > nn
2 0
6 0
x
x
+ >
+ >
suy ra :
1 6 2 2 6 6 1
4 0
2 2
2 2 7 3 2 2 7 3 2 2
x x x x x x
x
x x x x x
| | | |
+ + + + + +
+ = + <
| |
+ + + + + + + + + + \ . \ .

T suy ra
( ) ( )
, 2, 3 x y = l nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh
( )
2 2
2 2
2 1 3 2
,
4 4 6 3 2 0
x xy x x y y x y
x y
x y xy x y
+ + + + + + = + +
+ + + =

Li gii. iu kin :
2 2
2 1 0 ; 3 0 x xy x x y y + + + > + + >
X l phng trnh hai chng ta c :
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1
4 4 6 3 2 0 2 1 2 2 0
2 2
y x
x y xy x y x y x y
y x
=
+ + + = =

=

Vi 2 2 y x = th xung phng trnh hai th :
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
3
4 1 4 2 3 3
4 1 4 2
1 1
4 1 4 2 2 4 1 3
0
2 4 1 3 1 1
4 4 1 3 1
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x
x
x x x x x
x x x x
+ + = =
+
+ = + = +
>
+ = + =
+ = +

Vi 2 1 y x = th xung phng trnh hai th :
2 2
4 1 4 3 2 3 1 x x x x + + + = + .
tng gii tng t trng hp trn ta c
2
3
x =
Do h phng trnh c nghim
( ) ( )
2 1
, 1, 0 ; ,
3 3
x y
| |
=
|
\ .

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
,
1 4
xy x y xy x y y
x y
x y xy x x
+ + = +
+ + + =

Li gii. iu kin :
( )
( )
, 0 ; 2 0 x y xy x y xy > + >
Chng ta c :
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 0
2
2 1
0
0
2
2
xy x y xy x y y xy x y xy y x y
x y
x y y xy
x y
y xy
x y
xy x y xy y x y
xy x y xy y
+ + = + + + =
=
+

+
+ =
+ =
+
+ + +
+ +

T phng trnh hai :
( )
2
2
4 4
1 1 2 2
1 1
y xy x x x x
x x
| |
+ = + = + + + >
|
+ +
\ .

Hay ni cch khc :
( )
( )
2 1
2 0 0
2
y xy
y xy
x y
xy x y xy y
+
+ > + >
+
+ +

Do t phng trnh mt 0 x y = > suy ra th xung phng trnh hai ta c :
3 2
1
0
1 17
2 3 4 0
2
x y
x y
x x x
x y
= =
= >
+ =
= =

Vy h phng trnh ban u c nghim k trn
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 1 2 2 6 2
,
1 5
x xy y y
x y
x y y
+ + = + +
+ + =

Li gii. iu kin : 1 ; 2 xy y > >
Cng cho theo v ca h phng trnh ta c :
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
5 2 1 2 2 6 2 1
5 2 1 2 2 7 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 0
1 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 2 1 2
x xy y y x y y
x xy y y x y xy y
xy y y xy xy y xy y
xy y
xy y xy y
xy y xy y
+ + + = + + + + +
+ + + = + + + + +
+ + = + + + + =
| |

| + = + =
|
+ + + + + +
\ .

Vi 1 xy y = + kt hp vi phng trnh hai chng ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1
1 1
1 5 , 2, 1 ; 1 2, 1 ; 2 1,
2 2 2
1 ; 2
xy y
x y y x y
xy y
= +
| | | |
+ + = =
| |
\ . \ .
> >

Vy h phng trnh ban u c nghim k trn
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 4 3 4 1 3 1 2
,
1 2 2 1
y xy y x y y x
x y
y y x y x
+ =
+ + = +

Li gii. iu kin : 1 ; 2 y y x > >
Bnh phng phng trnh hai ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 1 2 1 1 2
4
y y x y y x + = + =
Phng trnh mt c vit li thnh :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 3 1 4 1 3 1 1 2 y y x y y y y x + + = +
T hai iu trn suy ra :
( )
( )
2
2
1 3
2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 1
5
2
4 1
4
y
y y y y y y y
y y
=
| |
|
+ + = =

|
= +
\ .

Do h phng trnh cho c nghim
( )
41 5 23
, , ; , 2
72 4 24
x y
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

( )
( )
3 1 2 2 1 8
,
5 2 9
x y x y x y
x y
x x y y
+ + =
+ + =

Li gii. iu kin : ; 2 1 x y y > >
t
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 1
2 1 3 2 2
2 1
, 0 9 4 4
a x y
x a b
x y a
b y x y b a
y b
a b x y a b
=
= + +

=

= + = + +

=

> =

khi h phng trnh tr thnh :

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1
1 2 1 2 1 8
1 2 1 2 1 8 2 1 4
a b
a a b a b a b
b a b a b a b a a b
= = + + + + + =

= + + + + + = + + =

Do suy ra :
1 2
2 1 1 1
x y x
y y
= =

= =

l nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh
( ) ( )
( )
+ =
+ = +
2 2
1 1 2
,
8 8 8
y x y x y y x
x y
x y y x

Li gii. iu kin : > > 0 x y v > 8 x

t
+ =
2 2
a x y
a b x
b y
khi phng trnh mt ca h phng trnh tr thnh :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ = + + + =
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 0 b a a b a b a b a b
Phng trnh hai ca h phng trnh c vit li thnh :
( ) ( )
( )
+ = + + + =
+ + + = + = = +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
8 8 8 8 16 8 64 8
2 8 8 0 8 0 8
x y y x x y x y y x
x x y y x y x y

Vi
=
= +
2
1
8
a
x y
ta c :
= = + =

=
= + + = +

2 2
1 1
4, 5
3, 5
8 1 8
x y x y
x
y
x y y y

Vi
=
= +
2
1
8
b
x y
ta c :
= =

=
= +

2
1
3
1
8
y
x
y
x y

Vi + + = + + = 2 0 2 0 a b x y y phng trnh v nghim v + > 0 x y y
Kt hp vi iu ta c nghim ca h phng trnh l
( ) ( )
| |
=
|
\ .
9 7
, 3, 1 ; ,
2 2
x y
( )
( )
( )
+ = + + +
+ + = + + +
2
2 2
2 4
,
8 4 1 4 1
x y x y xy
x y
xy x y x y x y y x

Li gii. iu kin : > , 1 x y

Phng trnh mt c vit li thnh :
( )
+ + = + > + + >
2 2
4 2 4 2 1 x y x y xy x y xy
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c :
( )
( )
( )
s +
+ s + + +
s +
2
2 2
2
2 2 1 4 4
4 1 4 1 4 8
2 2 1 4 4
x y x y
x y y x x y x y
y x y x

T iu trn v kt hp vi phng trnh hai a c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ + s + + + s + + + s +
2 2
8 2 4 8 6 2 16 12 2 xy x y x y x y x y xy x y x y
T
( )
1 v
( )
2 suy ra :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + + + s + s + =
2
4 12 16 0 4 0 4 x y x y x y x y x y
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
= = =
+ =
2 1
2 1 2
4
x y
y x x y
x y
( )
+ + + =
+ = +
2
2 1 5
,
2
x y y x y
x y
y xy y

Li gii. iu kin : > > 0 x y

t
+ = +
2 2
1
2 1
a x y
a b x y
b y
, khi phng trnh mt tr thnh : + + + =
2 2
4 a b a b
T cch t, ta c :
( ) ( )

= =

+ + = + + = +

=
=

2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1 2 1 2 2 2 1
2 1
2 1
a x y x y a
a b a b x y x y y xy y y
y b
b y

Mt khc , t phng trnh hai : + =
2
2 2 2 4 xy y y nn suy ra + + =
2 2 2 2
3 a b a b .
Do ta c h phng trnh :
+ + + = =

= =

= + + =

2 2
2 2 2 2
4 2
1
1 3
a b a b x
a b
y a b a b
l nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh ban u
( )
( )
( )
+ + = +
+ + =
2
2 2
1
,
3 2 2 3 1 0
x y y y x y x xy y
x y
x y x x x y

Li gii. iu kin : > > 1 x y

t
a x y
b y
khi phng trnh mt tr thnh :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ + = + + + = + + + = +
2
1 1 1 1 1 ab a b ab a b ab a b a b a b ab a b
Vi = + 1 ab a b ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
=
+ = + + = + =

= +
2 2
1
1 1 1 1 1 0
1
y
xy y x y y xy y x x y y y
x y

t = > = +
2
1 0 1 t y y t th xung phng trnh hai chng ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
+ =
+ + + = + + + = -
+ =
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2
1 3 2 2 3 0 1 3 1 2 0
1 1 1
x y
x t x x x t t x t x
x y

TH1. Vi = 1 y th vo phng trnh
( )
- ta c : = 1 x hoc = 2 x
TH2. Vi = +1 x y th vo phng trnh
( )
- ta c :

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + = + + = = =
3 2
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 y y y y y y y

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + = + + + =
3 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 y y y y y v nghim v > 0 VT
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim
( ) ( ) ( )
= , 1, 1 ; 2, 1 x y

( )
( )
( )
+ + = +
+ = + +
3
3 2 2 2
2 1 2 1
,
2 2
y y x y y
x y
y y y y y x y y x

Li gii. iu kin : > x y . Khi phng trnh hai c dng :
( )

+ =
+ + + =
+ =
2
1
2 0
2
y y x y
y y x y y y x y
y y x y

X l phng trnh mt chng ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
=
+ + + =
=
2
2
1
1 1 2 1 0
1 2
y
y y y y x y
y y x y

- Vi = 1 y th xung phng trnh hai suy ra = 0 x
- Vi =
2
1 2 y y x y ta c :
1. H phng trnh :
( ) ( )

= =

+ = + =

2 2
2
1 2 1 2
2 1 0 2 2 2
y y x y y y x y
y y y y y x y

2. H phng trnh :

= =

+ + + = + =

2 2
3 2
1 2 1 2
3 4 0 2 2 4
y y x y y y x y
y y y y y x y

Kt hp vi iu kin, nghim ca h phng trnh ban u tha mn iu trn

( ) ( )
( )
+ + + =
+ + = + +
2 2
1 1 9
,
2 4 17
x x y x y x
x y
x x x xy xy y

Li gii. iu kin : > x y v > 0 x

t
a x y
b x
( ) ( )
+ + + =
2 2
1 1 9 a b b a
Mt khc phng trnh hai c biu din di dng :
( )
( )
+ + = + + + =
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 21 2 21 x xy x y ab a b
Khi h phng trnh cho tng ng
( )
( ) ( )
+ + + =
+ + + = +
2 2
9
2 21 2
ab a b a b
ab a b ab

t
= +
t a b
u ab
, do ta c :
( )
( )
( )
+ = + = =

=
+ + = + + + = +

2 2
2 2
9 1 9
2
3
2 21 2 2 21 2
ut t t u
u
t
u t u u t u

Vy nn , x y x l nghim ca phng trnh :
= = =

+ =

= = =

2
1 1 4
3 2 0
2 3 3
X x x
X X or
X y y

Da vo iu kin kt lun h phng trnh ban u c nghim
( ) ( ) ( )
= , 1, 3 ; 4, 3 x y
( )
3 3 2 2
3 2 3
3
3 3 3
,
2 1
3 36 1 27
x y x y xy x y
x y
x
x y x y
x
+ + =
+
+ = +

Li gii. iu kin : , x y e
Chng ta c :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 0
3 1 0 3 9 27
x y x y xy x y x y x y x y
x y x y x y x y x y
+ + = + + =
+ + = = = =

Th vo phng trnh hai ta c :
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 2 6 3 2 3 2 6 3 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
3 3 6 3 2 6 3 2 2 2
2
2
2
3 3 6 3 2 6 3 2 2 2 2
3 4 1 2 3 3 1 2
1 3 1
1 3 1
2 2
1 3 1 0
2 2 0
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x
x x
x x x x x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x x x x x ptvn
+ = + + + = + + +
+
+ =
+ + + + + + + +
+ =

+ + + + + + + + + =

Do h phng trnh c nghim l :
( )
1 1 1 1 1
, 1, ; , ; ,
3
3 3 3 3 3 3
x y
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
4 2 2 3 2
2 16 2
,
2 1 2 11
x x y y x
x y
x y x x y
+ = +
+ + + = + +

Li gii. iu kin : 0 ; 11 0 x x y > + + >
Phng trnh mt cho tr thnh :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
6 4 2 3 2 3 6 3 2 2 2
2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 16 2 2 8 2 0
2 2 2 4 2 0 2
x x y y x y x y x y x y
x y x x y y x y x y x y
+ = + + =
+ + + = =

Vi
2
2 x y = th xung phng trnh hai chng ta c :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 1 2 22 0
2 3 1 2 22 5
1 3
1
1 3 0
1 2 22 5
x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x
x
x x
x x x
+ + + = + + >
+ + = + +
+
+ + =
+ + + +

Mt khc :
( )
2
2 2
3 1 2 22 4 1
3 3 0 0
1 1 2 22 5 2 22 5
x x x
x x x
x x x x x x
+ + + +
+ + = + + > >
+ + + + + + + +

Do
1
1
2
x y = = l nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh
( )
( )
2
2 2
1 2 0
,
2 3 2 0
y x y x x xy
x y
x y xy x
+ + + =
+ + =

Li gii. iu kin : 2x y >
Xt phng trnh mt , ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 0 1 2 1 1 1
1 1 2 1 2 1 2
y x y x x xy y x y y x x y
y x x y x x y x x y
+ + + = + + + + = + +
+ + + = + + +

Mt khc , t phng trnh hai :
( )
2
3 2 0 0 x x y x = > > hay 1 2 0 x x y + + > suy ra
2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
x y
y x x y x y x y
x y xy x y
>
+ = + =

+ =

Kt hp vi phng trnh hai ta c :
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 3 2 0
0
; 2
x y xy x y
x
x y xy x
y
x y x y
+ =
=

+ + =

=

> >

Vy
( ) ( )
, 2, 0 x y = l nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh ban u
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2
,
4 1 6 5 1 1 1 1
y x y
x y
x y x x x y
| |
+ + = + |
\ .

Li gii. iu kin :
2
1 ; 1 x y > >
t
2 2 2
2
1 1 0
1
1 0
x a a x
y b
b y

= + = >

= +
= >

h phng trnh cho tr thnh :

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 3 2 3
3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2
2
2 3
2 3 3 2 2 3
2 3
2 2 2
4 6 5 4 3 3 5 4 5 6 5 1
3 2 3
3 0
1 2 7 5 3 0
2
a b b ab b ab b
a ab a b a ab ab b a b a b a a ab
a b ab b a
a b a b
b ab b a ab a b b
ab b

= = =

+ + = + + = + + + = +

= = =
=

= = + =
=

Vi
3
1
a
b
=
khi ta c :
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 3 10
, 10, 2 ; 10, 2
2
1 1
x x
x y
y
y

= =

=

=
=

( )
( )
( )
( )
3
2 3 3 2
2 2 1
,
8 8 2 3 8 2 3 1
x x y x y y y
x y
x y x y y x x
+ + + = +
+ + = +

Li gii. iu kin : 0 ; 0 x y y + > >
T phng trnh mt chng ta c :
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 0
2 0 1
2 0
2
2
x x y x y y y x xy y x y y
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y y
x y y
+ + + = + + + + =
=

+ + =

+ + = -
+ +

+ +

Mt khc vi iu kin : 0 ; 0 x y y + > > th
1
0
2
x y y
x y y
+ + + >
+ +
nn
( )
- v nghim
Vi 0 x y = > th phng trnh hai tr thnh :
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
8 8 3 8 2 3 1 4 2 3 1 2 1
1
3 13
2 2 3 1 1
4
1
2 2 3 1 4 1
7 1
4
x x x x x x x x x
x
x x
x x x
x
+ = + + =
= +
+ =
+ =

=

Vy h phng trnh ban u c nghim :
( )
3 13 3 13 7 1 7 1
, ; ; ;
4 4 4 4
x y
| | | |
+ +
= | |
| |
\ . \ .

( )
( )
2
2
1 1
,
2 1 1 0
x y x x x y
x y
x x y y x
+ + = +
+ =

Li gii. iu kin : 1 ; 1 0 x x y x > + + >
t
2
1 0 1 t x x t = > = + khi phng trnh mt tr thnh :
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
0 0
1 1 1 1
t t y t t y t t y t t y
t t y t
y t
y t y t y t y t
t t y t t t y t
+ + + = + + + + + + =
+ + + +

+ + = + + =
+ + + + + + + + + +

T phng trnh hai chng ta c :
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1 1 0 0 0;1 0 x y y x y y y y t ( + = > e + >

Do suy ra c :
( )
( )
2
1 1 1 0 y t t t y t + + + + + + + > hay ni cch khc t phng trnh mt
ta c : 1 y t y x = = th xung phng trnh hai th :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 2
3
2
1 0
1 0
5 5 5 1
, 1, 0 ; ,
2 2 2 1 0
1 0
y x
y x
x y
y y
y y y y

| | = >
= >

= |

|
+ =
+ =

\ .

Do vy h phng trnh c nghim k trn
( )
( )
( )
3
4 3 2 2
,
5 2 4 0
y y x x x
x y
x y x y y
+ + = + +
+ + =

Li gii. iu kin : ; 2 x y x > >
t
2
2
0
a x y
a b y
b x y
= +
= >
khi phng trnh hai tr thnh :

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
5 4 0 1 5 4
1 1 4 4 4
a b a b a b b b
a b b b a b x y x y
+ = + = + +
+ = + + = + + = +

Mt khc , xt phng trnh mt chng ta c :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
3 2
3
3
3
2 4 2 3 2 2
2 3 2 4 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
y y x x x
y y x x x
y y x x y x
+ = + + +
+ = + + +
+ = + + + = +

Do h phng trnh ban u tr thnh :
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
4 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 2 1 0
2 1 0
2
3 1 3 3 1 3 3
2
2 1 0
2 1 0
2 1 0
x y x y x y x y
y y y y
y x x y
x y
y
x y y y y y y y y
y
x y
x y
x y

+ = + + = + +
+ = + +

= = >
= >

= = = + = +

=
= >
= >
= >

Kt hp vi iu kin , h phng trnh c nghim duy nht
( ) ( )
, 3, 2 x y =
( )
2 2
1 2
,
4 9 16 9 7 9
x y x x y
x y
x y xy x y
+ =
+ + = + +

Li gii. iu kin : 1 x y > >

t
2 2
1
1
a x y
a b x
b y
+ + =
khi chng ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 pt a b a b + + + =
Vi iu ta t th
2 2 2
a b xy y y x = + mt khc t phng trnh hai ta c :
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
4 16 16 9 4 2 9
2 4 3 2 2 2 3
2 4 3 0 2 2 2 3 0
x x xy y y x x a b
x ab a b ab
x ab a b ab
+ = + =
= + =

+ = + + =

Nh vy h phng trnh cho tr thnh :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 0
a b a b a b a b
or
a b ab a b ab

+ + + = + + + =

+ = + + =

Gii hai h trn bng phng php n ph cho ta nghim ca h ban u l :
( ) ( ) ( )
, 2, 2 ; 2,1 x y =
( )
( )
2
3
2
8 9 12 6 1
,
2 10 6 12 2
y x xy x
x y
x y x y y x
+ + =
+ + = +

Li gii. iu kin :
2
2 ; 0 ; 8 9 x y y x > > >
X l phng trnh hai ta c :
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2 10 6 12 2 2 10 6 12 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
2 2 0 2 2 0 2 0
x y x y y x x y x y x y
x y x y x y x y x y
x y x y x y x y y x
+ + = + + + = + +
+ + + + = + + + + + =
+ = + = + = + = = + >

Vi 2 y x = + th nn phng trnh mt ta c :
3 2 2
4 13 4 12 1 2 4 x x x x x y + + = = =
S d phng trnh cui dng phng php t n ph ta s gii quyt d dng. Do h phng
trnh ban u c nghim duy nht
( ) ( )
, 2, 4 x y =
( )
2 2
1 1 1
,
16 16 12 20
x y y x
x y
x y x y xy
+ =
+ + = +

Li gii. iu kin : , 1 x y >
t
2
2
1 0 1
1
1 0
a x x a
y b
b y

= > = +

= +
= >


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 a b b a ab a b a b a b ab + + + = + + + = + + =
Xt phng trnh hai :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
16 16 12 20 2 16 1 16 2 16 1 x y x y xy xy x y xy xy xy x y + + = + + + = = +
Mt khc :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 16 1 16 a b x y xy x y a b = + = nn ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 16 2 4 1 1 2 4 xy a b xy ab a b ab = = + + =
Cui cng ta c h phng trnh :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
4 1 0, 1 , 1, 2
1, 0 1 1 , 2, 1
a b a b ab a b x y
a b a b ab x y
+ + = + = = =

= = + + = =

Vy h phng trnh c hai nghim k trn

( ) ( )
( )
2 2 3 3 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 4 2 1 7
,
x y x y x y xy x y x
x y
x y x y xy yx
+ + + + =
+ + =

Li gii. iu kin :
( )
2 2
; 0 x y xy y x > >
T phng trnh mt ta c :
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 3 3 2
2 2 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 4 2 7
2 2 0
2 2 0
2 2 0
2 0
2 0
0
0
1
x y x y x y xy x y x
x y x y x y xy x y
x y x y x y x y y x
x y x y x y y x
x y x y y x y x
x y y x x y y x
x y
x y y x x y y x
x y
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ =
+ = + =

=

TH1. Vi 0 x y + = th xung phng trnh hai ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
0
2 2 1 0 , 0, 0 ; 1, 1
1
x
x x x x x y
x
=
= = =

TH2. Vi 1 y x = + th xung phng trnh hai ta c :
2 2
2 1 2 2 1 x x x x x ptvn + + + = +
Phng trnh trn d dng chng minh v nghim bng phng php bnh phng hai ln do h
phng trnh cho c hai nghim k trn
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
7 7 8 2
,
2 1 2 1 2 1
x y x y x y xy x y
x y
y x x x y
+ + + = +
+ + + =

Li gii. iu kin : 2 1 ; 0 x y > >
Phng trnh mt cho tr thnh :
( ) ( )
7 7
8 2 6 6 8 2
x y y x x y y x y x
y x y x x y
y x y x x y
+ + + +
+ = + + + =
+ +
+ +

t
2 2
; 1
x y x y
a b a b
y x
+ +
= = + = do ta c :
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
6 8 2 1
2
a b
a b
x y x y
a b x y
y x ab a b a b ab a b

+ =
+ =
+ +
= = = =

+ + + = + =

Vi x y = v 0 1 x s = th xung phng trnh hai ta c :
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2
2 1 2 5 2 5
2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 1 2
2 5 2 2 1 0 6 1
x x
x x x x x x x
x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x x x y

+ = + =
+ +
+ = =

+ +
+ + + = = =

Vy nn h phng trnh c nghim duy nht
( )
( )
, 6 1, 6 1 x y =
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
1 1 1
,
3
x x x y y y
x y
x y
+ + + + + + =
+ =

Trc ht 1 x = nhn xt khng l nghim ca h phng trnh , do ta c :
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x y y y x y y y x x x + + + + + + = + + + + = + +
Chia c hai v ca phng trnh cho 1 x + ta c :
( )
2
2
1
1
1 1
x x x
y y y
x x
| | + +
+ + + = + -
|
+ +
\ .

R rng n y s xy ra hai tnh hung :
a) Nu 1 0 x + > chng ta c :
( )
2
2
1 1
1 1 1
x x x
y y y
x x x
| | | | | |
- + + + = + +
| | |
+ + +
\ . \ . \ .

n y xt hm s
( )
2
1 f t t t t = + + + l hm s n iu trn v
( )
1
x
f y f
x
| |
=
|
+
\ .
suy ra
( )
1 0 x y x + + = kt hp vi phng trnh hai th :
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
1 0
1 5 1 5
2 2
1 0
1 1
1 5 1 5
3
2 2
x
x y
x y x
x y
x y

+ >
= = +

+ + =

= + =
+ =

b) Vi trng hp 1 0 x + < ta cng s khng nh c
( )
1 x y x + =
Tm li t phng trnh mt chng ta c :
( )
1
1 0
x
y x x
=
+ + =
do h phng trnh ban u c hai

nghim
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
, 1 5 ; 1 5 ; 1 5 ; 1 5
2 2 2 2
x y
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 4 3
,
1 2 1 1
xy y x x y
x y
y x y y x
+ = +
+ + + =

Li gii. iu kin :
2 2
4 3 ; 1 0 x y x + > + >
Phng trnh hai ca h phng trnh c vit li thnh :
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
y x f y f x y x
y
x
+ = + + + = + + = +
+
+ +

S d c iu trn l ta i xt hm s
( )
1
f t t
t
= l hm s ng bin trn tp xc nh ca n.
Vi 1 y x = + th vo phng trnh mt chng ta c :
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 2
1 2 2 4 1
2 2 4 1
3 2
2 2 4 1
3 2
0
6 16 16 0
x x x x x
x x x x x
x
x x x x x
x
x
x x x
+ + = + + +
+ + = + + +
>

+ + = + + +
>
+ + =

Do h phng trnh ban u c nghim duy nht
( ) ( )
, 0,1 x y =
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
3 3 2
4 1
2 3 4 2 3 2
,
2 2
2 3 2
2 1
x
x x x y y
x
x y
x x x
y
x
+
+ = +
+ + +
+

Li gii. iu kin :
1 1 3
0 ; ;
2 2 2
x x y
= = s s
Vi iu kin 0 x = th phng trnh mt tr thnh :
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 3
2 3
3
3
4 1
2 3 4 2 3 2
3 4 1
2 4 2 3 2
3 3 1 1
1 1 1 3 2 3 2
1 1
1 1 3 2 3 2
x
x x x y y
x
y y
x x x
y y
x x x x
y y
x x
+
+ = +
+ = + +
+ + = +
| | | |
+ = + -
| |
\ . \ .

t
1
1 ; 3 2 a b y
x
= = phng trnh
( )
- c vit li thnh :
( )
2
2
3 3 2 2
1 3
1 0
2 4
1
1 0 1 3 2
a b b
a a b b a b a ab b a b y
x
| |
+ + + >
|
\ .
| |
|
|
+ = + + + + = = =
|
|
\ .

Vi
1
2 3 2 1 y
x
= + th xung phng trnh hai chng ta c :
( )
3 3 2
3 3 2
3 3
3 3 3
1 2 2 1
2 1 1 2 2
2 1
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x x x x x
+ + + +
= + + = + + +
+
| | | |
| |
+ + = + + + + + + = + + + | |
|
| |
\ .
\ . \ .

Lp lun tng t nh trn hoc xt hm s
( )
3
f t t t = + trn d dng cho ta :
3 2
3
1 2 1 2 5 1 3 5
1 1 1 1
2 4
x y
x x x x
| | | | +
+ = + + = + = =
| |
\ . \ .

Kt hp vi iu kin suy ra
( )
5 1 3 5
, ,
2 4
x y
| |
+
= |
|
\ .
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 2 1
,
1 4 2
2 2
1
x y xy xy y x
x y
x
x
y
x
+ = +

=

Li gii. iu kin : 1 ; 0 x y > =
Phng trnh mt chia c hai v cho 1 y x ta c :
( )
1 2
2 2 3
1 1
x x
y
x x
+ = +

Ly
( ) ( )
2 3 pt pt + chng ta c :
( )
1 4 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
1 4 2 1 2
4
1 1 1 1
4 4
4 4 0 4
1 1 1
x x x
x
y y
x x x
x x x
x
y y
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x
+ + = + +

+ + + = +

+ = + = =

T d dng tm c nghim ca h phng trnh ban u
( )
( )
2
2
4 1
,
2 6 2 4 1
x y x y
x y
x y x y y x
+ =
+ + = +

Li gii. iu kin : 0 ; 4 0 x y > > >
Ta s i x l phng trnh hai nh sau :
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 6 2 4 1
2 4 2 6 2 4 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 1 2 1
2 1 1 0 1 0
x y x y y x
x xy y x y y x y x
x y x y x y y x
x y x y y x
+ + = + +
+ + + = + + + +
(
+ + + + + + = +
(

+ + + = = + >

Vi 1 0 y x = + > thay vo phng trnh mt ta c :
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
3 2
1 2 3 3 1 0
3 1 3 1
3 1 0
1 2 3
1 1
3 1 1 0
1 2 3
1
3 1 0 3 5
2
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x x
+ =
+ + + =
+ +
+ + + =
+ +
| |
+ + + =
|
+ + \ .
+ = =

T suy ra h phng trnh c nghim
( )
3 5 5 5 3 5 5 5
, , ; ,
2 2 2 2
x y
| | | |
+ +
= | |
| |
\ . \ .

Phn II. Cc bi ton s dng phng php nh gi.

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 4 2 4 2 4
2
3 3 2
3 2 1 2
,
1 1 2
x y x y x x y
x y
x y x x x y
+ + =
+ + = +

Vit h phng trnh cho li thnh :
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 6 4 4
2
3 3 2
4 1 2
1 1 2
x y x x y
x y x x x y
= +
+ + = +

Ly phng trnh hai tr cho phng trnh mt ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 3 2
2 2
2
2
4 1 1 1 0
4 1 1 1 1
1
x y x y x y
x y
x y x y x y
x y
+ = >
=
> + + = =

Th li , suy ra 1 x y = = l nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
3
2
4 1 4 8 1
,
40 14 1
y x x x
x y
x x y x
+ = +
+ =

Li gii. iu kin : 14 1 ; x y > e
Chng ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
3
4 8 1 2 14 1 4 1 2 40 x x y x y x x x + + = + + +
Mt khc theo bt ng thc AM GM ta c :
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
3
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
8 1
4 8 1 2 14 1 8 . .1 2 14 1
2
1 8 1
8 1 14 1
3 2
3
4 1 2 40 8 1
2
4 1 2 40
x
x x y x x y x
x
x y x
y x x x x
y x x x
+
+ + = +
| | +
s + + + +
|
\ .
s + + +
s + + +

Do du = xy ra khi v ch khi
1 3
;
8 2
x y = = y cng l nghim duy nht ca h ban u
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
1 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
,
2
1 2 1 2
9
xy x y
x y
x x y y
+ =
+ + +
e
+ =

Li gii. iu kin :
1
0 ,
2
x y s s
Trc ht , ta i chng minh bt ng thc :
2 2
1 1 2
2 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
xy
xy x y
+ s s
+ + +

Tht vy , theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki chng ta c :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 4
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
2 2 1
1 1 2
0 0
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
xy x y
x y
x y xy
xy x y x y xy
| |
| |
| + s + s
|
| + + +
\ . + +
\ .

+ s s
+ + + + + +

Du = t c khi v ch khi x y = vy th nhim v cn li khng h kh khn vi phng trnh
hai :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 9 73 9 73 9 73 9 73 9 73
1 2 1 2 , , ; ,
9 36 36 36 36 36
x x x x x x y
| | | |
+ +
+ = = = | |
| |
\ . \ .

Do h phng trnh cho c hai nghim k trn

( )
2 2
2
2 2 4 2
,
6 11 10 4 2 0
x x y y
x y
x y x x
+ =
+ =

Li gii. iu kin :
2 2
4 2 0 ; 2 4 10 0 y y x x + + s + >
p dng bt ng thc AM GM chng ta c :
( )
2
2
2
4 10 4 2
14 4 2
6 11 10 4 2
2 4
x x
x x
y x x x

+ = = s
Rt gn ta c :
( )
2 2
4 6 11 14 4 2 10 2 15 0 y x x x x x y + s + + s
Tip tc cho phng trnh mt chng ta c :
2
2 2 2 2
4 2
2 2 4 2 2 4 4 3 0
2
y y
x x y y x x y y

+ = s + + + s
Cng v vi v ca hai phng trnh trn ta c :
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1
3 6 6 12 0 3 1 3 0
3
x
x x y y x y
y
=
+ + + s + + s

=

Kt hp vi iu kin suy ra h phng trnh c nghim duy nht k trn
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
3
, 2
1
1 2 1
x xy y y xy
x y x
y
x y
+ =
+ =
+ +

Li gii. iu kin : 2 0 ; 0 x y > > >
Nhn xt 0 y = khng l nghim ca h phng trnh nn chng ta c :
( )
2
1 3 1
x x x x
pt x y
y y y y
| |
+ + = = =
|
\ .

Vi x y = th vo phng trnh hai ta c :
( )
2
2
2
1
1 2 1
x
x
x x
+ =
+ +

Theo bt ng thc AM GM :
( )
1 2
2
2
x
x
+
s v vy ta c :
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
25 1
2 1 9 1 9
1 1
5 2 8 2 8
8 5
1 2
1 9 1 9
2 1 2 1 1
2 8 2 8
x
x x
g x x x
x
x
x
g x g x x x
= > = + + > +

+
+ > + + + =

Du = xy ra khi 1 x = suy ra 1 x y = = l nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh
( )
( )
2
2
2 24
4 1 0
,
2 1
5 5 1 6
y
x x y
x y
y
x y x y
+ =
e

+ + + =

Li gii. iu kin :
2
1 ; 5 5 0 ; 2 1 ; 1 x x y y x y > + > = >
t 1 0 t x = > , trc ht ta c nh gi sau :
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
49 49
2 0 4 4 4 4 4
2 1 2 1
2 1 0
2 1 4 49
2 1 4 49 5
2 1 0
2 1 4 49
t t t t t y y
y y
y
y y
y y y
y
y y
> > = > >

>
s s
>

Ta vit phng trnh hai li thnh :
2 2
5 6 t y y t + + = , theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki ta c :
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
5 5 5 5 1 .6 36 5 6
5
5
t y y t t y y t y t y y t
| | | |
+ + = + + s + s + + s
| |
\ . \ .

Du = t c khi v ch khi :
( )
2 2
2 5
5 5
5 5
5
t x
t y y t
y y
y
= =
+ =

= =
=

l nghim duy nht

ca h phng trnh ban u
( )
2
2
4
5 3
,
4 3 8 5 5
x x
x y
x y
y x xy y
+
| |
+ = +
|
e
+
\ .
+ + = +


S dng cc nh gi cho phng trnh mt th :
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
4 4 2 4 8
5 2 1 2 2 2
4
4
4 8
5 3 2 3 4 2 4 8
4
4 3 3 12 2 2 8 8 0 3 4 0 *
x x x x x
x y x y x y
x y
x y
x x x x x y x x y
x y x y
x xy x x y x xy x x xy x y
| |
| | | |
| + = + + > + = + > +
| |
|
+ + + +
+ \ . \ . +
\ .
| |
+ = + > + + + + > + + +
|
+ + +
\ .
+ + + + + > + + >

Phng trnh hai thun tin nh gi th a thnh :
( )
2
5 5 4 3 8 0 ** xy y y x + =
Ly
( ) ( )
* * * + suy ra :
( )
2
2 2
3 4 5 5 4 3 8 0 2 2 0 2 2 x xy x y xy y y x x y x y + + + + > + s =
Vi iu kin bt ng thc xy ra th 2 x y = = l nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
4 4
2 2
7 1
1 2
2
,
3 3
x x y
x y x y
x x y
+ + = +
+ e
+ + =

p dng nh gi ca bt ng thc AM GM ta c :
( )
( )
2
2 2
4 4
4 4 2
2 2
1 2
2
x y
x y
x y
x y
+
+ > s
+
+

Do t phng trnh mt ta c :
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 4 4
2 2
2 7 7 1 7
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
x y x y x y x y
x y
x y
+ > + > + + + > + + s
+
+

Bnh phng phng trnh hai :
2 2
2 2 2 2
3 3
3 3
3 6 9 3 2
x x
x x y
x y x x y x
s s

+ + =

+ = + =

Kt hp vi nh gi :
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 3 2 1 0 1 x y x x x x + s + s = =
i chiu vi tt c iu kin du = xy ra suy ra 1 x y = = l nghim duy nht ca h ban u
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
3
2 2
1 2 1
,
1
3
2
x y x x
x y
x x y x x
+
+ = +
+ = +


H phng trnh cho tng ng vi :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2 3
3
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1
1 2 1
1
3 5 1 2
2
x y x x
x y x x
x x y x x x x y x x

+ = +
+ = +

+ = + + = +

p dng bt ng thc AM GM chng ta c :
( )
2 2
3
2 2 2 2
2 1 4 2 2 1
2.4 . 2 1 2 1 2 1
3 2
2 4 2 2 2 1 2 6 1 2 0
x x x
x x x x x y
x x y x x x y
+ + + +
+ s = + + + s
+ + s + + + s

V t phng trnh hai ta c iu sau :
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
5 1 2 5 3 1 0 x x y x x y x x x x y + = + s + + + s
Do vy
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 3
2. 5 3 1 2 6 1 2 0 2 1 0 .
2 2
x x y x x y x x y + + + + s s = = l
nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
2 4 2 3
4 1
,
1 3 2 5 2 3 3
x y
x y
xy y x
x y
x xy x y x x y x y
| | +
= +
|
\ . e
+ + + + + + = + +

Li gii. iu kin :
{ }
0 ; 3 0 x y > > =
Phng trnh mt ca h cho tng ng vi :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 4 4 2 3
4 4 2 3 4 2 3
4 4 2 3 0
x xy y x y x x y y
xy y x xy x xy xy y
xy y x xy
+ + = +
+ + = +
+ =

Phng trnh hai c vit li thnh :
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
3 2 3 3 2 3
3 2 3 2 3 3 0
x x y x y x y x y
x y x x y x y x y
+ + + + = + + > + +
+ + + + + > + + + s

Kt hp hai iu trn suy ra
( ) ( )
, 4, 1 x y = l nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh
Phn III. Phn tch tng hai bi ton khi A v B nm 2014

Khi A.2014. Gii h phng trnh :
( )
( )
2
3
12 12 12
,
8 1 2 1
x y y x
x y
x x y
+ =

Li gii. Ni chung trn mng xut hin kh nhiu li gii cho bi ny nhng bi vit ny l ca
ring ti nn ti s em nhng g m mnh phi i mt vi cu h ny trong phng thi. V hi vng
n c ch cho cc bn khi c bi bit ny. Trc ht , khi nhn cu h ny ti phi mt ti 1,2 pht
nh hng cn phi lm g. Cc bn cng vy , hy dnh vi pht nhp n. Vic quan trng u
tin l tm iu kin ca bi ton :
2
12 2 3 2 3 ; 1 x x y s s s > mt cng vic nh nhng
cho ta 0,25 im u tin. Tip theo ta nn lm g, l quan st tng phng trnh v r rng
phng trnh hai khng h c mi lin h g nn ti tm hng phng trnh mt. y l mt
phng trnh i xng l v con s 12 ng thi cng nh hai bin , x y u c s xut hin
2
, x x v
, y y nn nu t z y = th phng trnh mt tr thnh :
2 2
12 12 12 x z z x + =

n y th ti ngh ngay n tng ca bt ng thc AM GM m khng quan tm iu g khc
c bit l iu kin dng bt ng thc :
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
12
12
12 12
2
12 12 12
12 2 2
12
2
x z
x z
x z z x
x z z x
z x
z x
+
s
+ +
+ s + =

Du = s xy ra khi v ch khi :
2 2 2
12 12 x z y x + = = th xung phng trnh hai ta c :
3 2
8 1 2 10 x x x =
n y li khai thc mt trong nhng k nng gii h phng trnh l nhm nghim. R rng
iu ti ngh n lun l cn phi l mt s chnh phng cng l kinh nghim i thi. Ta cn x l
sao cho
2
10 x l mt s chnh phng. Vy th c th xy ra hai trng hp sau :
2 2
1 ; 9 x x = =
v th li gi tr ca bin s thy 3 x = tha mn nn ti s ngh n vic lin hp nh sau :
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 2 3 2
2
2
2
2
8 1 2 10 8 3 2 10 1
2 3 3
3 3 1 0
10 1
2 6
3 3 1 0
10 1
x x x x x x
x x
x x x
x
x
x x x
x
= =
+
+ + + =
+
| |
+
+ + + =
|
|
+ \ .

Nn ci phng trnh cn li s v nghim l v :
2
3 1 0 x x + + > nhng suy ra n v nghim ch
t ti cn iu kin 3 0 x + > nhng bc u tin ti lm ch c : 2 3 0 x + > nn bi lm ca ti
n y c vn . Vn ch iu kin cht ca x ti kim tra li v du hi c t ra cho
ti l : Cha c 0 x > th lm sao m c th p dng bt ng thc AM GM v nu chng minh
c 0 x > th ti gn nh hon thnh bi ton. Tht vy :
( ) ( )
2 2
12 12 12 12 12 12 0 0 y y x x y y x x s s = > >
Vy l mi chuyn coi nh xong. Trnh by vo giy thi cn thn. Ti c im trn vn cho bi
ton ny

Khi B.2014 . Gii h phng trnh :
( ) ( )
( )
2
1 2 1
,
2 3 6 1 2 2 4 5 3
y x y x x y y
x y
y x y x y x y
+ = +
+ + =

Li gii. Trc ht , ta nn tm iu kin ca bi ton l : 0 ; 2 ; 4 5 3 x y x y x y > > > > .
Tip tc ta s i phn tch bi ton. Quan st tng phng trnh mt v nhn thy s c bit
phng trnh hai. N khng qu rc ri nh phng trnh hai nn ti hi vng s tm ra c iu g
. phng trnh mt xut hin hai cn thc ; x y y nn tng ca ti s l a
nhng ci phc tp v n gin qua php n ph ph cn thc. t
a x y
b y
v mt im ng
ch y l hng t x ng mt mnh nn ti s a mi lin h gia , a b v x th tht tnh c ta
c c :
2 2
a b x + = do phng trnh mt c vit li thnh :
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 b a a b a b + + = +
Oh, mt phng trnh hai n , a b c s i xng r rng nn ta s tip tc i tm nhn t hay chnh l
khm ph mi quan h gia , a b . lm cng vic ny , ti ngh rng kiu g n cng c dng :
b ma n = + nn vi mi a b do s i tm c , m n . u tin n gin chn 1 a = hay 1 b =
th tht tnh c y ti li c iu lun ng. Ak ra phng trnh kia s c vit di dng :
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 , 0 a b f a b = nhng ti cha bit
( )
, f a b nh th no c. V cng da phng trnh
kho lo nhm li c nh sau :
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 0 a b a b + + = . V , 0 a b > nn 2 0 a b + + = s v
nghim v ch cn hai trng hp sau :

TH1. Ta nn i t ci n gin trc l vi 1 1 b y = = th xung phng trnh hai. D dng
thy
( ) ( )
, 3,1 x y = l nghim ca h phng trnh
TH2. Vi 1 1 1 a x y x y = = = + th xung phng trnh hai ta c :
2
2 3 2 1 y y y + =
n y mi chuyn phc tp hn rt nhiu v khng c nghim p. Thc s l mt im
nhn ca bi ton ny. Bi ti i thi khng th hon thnh c n , ng bun. Nu c lm li
ti s lm nh sau : trc ht vic c my tnh cm tay ti s dng chc nng SHIFT SOLVE th ra
nghim kh xu. Tht th v khi ti gp cu chuyn nh th ny. l ra phng thi v v ni tr ti
c hi ngi xem x l on ny th no. V ti bt ng khi chng kin cu tr li l khi bm
my tnh ra s quen thuc :
( )
1
5 1 0, 61803...
2
y = ~ v hm s
( )
2
2 3 2 1 f y y y y = +
ng bin trn 0;1 (

nn n c nghim duy nht. iu ny th chng ai bo sai nhng ti xp n vo
dng may mn. Nhng chng ta cn tm mt cch t nhin cho n. l : h s trc cc hng t c
iu c bit 2,3,2,1 mt khc 2 + 1 = 3 nn nu tch 3 2 y y y = + th ta s nhm c nh sau :
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2
2 3 2 1 2 1 1 0
1
2 1 0 1 0
1
y y y y y y y
y y
y y y y
y y
+ = + + =
+
+ + = + =
+

Bi ton n y coi nh kt thc

Li kt : Ti liu trn l ti vit tng mt ngi con gi tn Nguyn Th Thu Hin , ngi con gi c
ngha quan trng vi cuc i ca ti cng thay cho li chc c y c th hon thnh c m
ca ti cng nh ca c y l thi I HC S PHM NM 2015 . Bn cnh hi vng cc bn c
mt ti liu va trang b cho mnh nhiu kin thc. Ni chung n khng th trnh khi sai xt
nn nu sai u hi vng bn c thng cm v c gng khc phc gip tc gi. Cho thn i !!!

Th Trn Cn Hi Hu Nam nh , 08/09/2014

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H Phng Trnh

khi h phng trnh tr thnh :

h phng trnh cho tr thnh :

khi phng trnh hai tr thnh :

khi phng trnh mt tr thnh :

do h phng trnh ban u c hai

l nghim duy nht

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