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Mario Sousa, ,
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, George Hearst, ,
, San Francisco Daily Examiner.
Hearst,
. , William Hearst

, . New York Morning Journal,
Hearst .
,
, " " .
" ":
.
Hearst
. 1935 ,
$200 . Morning Journal, Hearst
. '40,
William Hearst 25 , 24 , 12
, 2 ,
, Cosmopolitan film company, . 1948
, BWAL-TV .
Hearst 13 40 .
Hearst .
, Hearst
,
.

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, ,
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50. William Hearst ,
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1934 , .
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!

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.
8 1935 Chicago American " 6
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, William Hearst, ,

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.
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, .
, 120 ,
.
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.
. 1918 1920 20
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.
,
. , '40.

 Hearst
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. .
, ,
,
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1934 1987! 50

.
Hearst 1998
William Hearst 1951 Beverly Hills, ,

. Hearst ,
100 15.000 . Hearst
, , , TV , ,
.
52

. CIA
MI5,
.
. 1953
. 'Black Deeds of the Kremlin'(
).
,
,
"".
Reagan
'80, . 1984
'Human Life in Russia' ("
" ) Hearst
1934. , 30 ,
.
: 1986 , 'Harvest of
Sorrow'(" "),
, Robert Conquest, Stamford . "
" , Conquest $80.000 .
1986 'Harvest of Despair'
(" "), , ,
Conquest.
15 !

 Hearst, ,
. , Douglas Tottle,
'Fraud, famine and fascism - the Ukrainian genocide myth from Hitler to
Harvard'(", - itler "),
1987. , Tottle
, ,
1922

1918-1921.
Tottle 1934
Hearst.

Thomas Walter,
. Louis
Fisher, The Nation, . Fisher
M. Parrott, Hearst
,
1933 . Tottle
,
"Thomas Walker", Robert Green ,
! Walker, Green,
,
.
'30, 1987!
Hearst, , Conquest
. Hearst

.
Hearst, ,
, Gestapo.
, Hearst
Gestapo , ,
, , . Gestapo ,
, CIA
.
. , Gestapo
CIA.

, ,
.
.
.
The Great Terror ( - 1969)
Harvest of Sorrow ( - 1986).

 , gulag 1936-38,

, .

1942.
Mykola Lebed,
. Lebed Lvov
1942. 1949 CIA
Lebed .
-.
The Great Terror
1932-1933 5 - 6 , .
1983, Reagan,
1937 14 !
: 1986 Reagan

(!). " "!
...
,

-
Stamford .
the Guardian 27 1978
,
(IRD). IRD 1947 (
)

,
. IRD ,
. IRD 1977,
, 100
IRD
. ,
The Financial Times, The Times, Economist, Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, The Express, The Guardian
. Guardian

.
Conquest IRD 1956. "" Conquest
" "

. IRD, Conquest
IRD, . " The Great Terror",

1937,
.

 IRD. Praeger,
CIA. Conquest
" ",
, TV, Conquest
.
Conquest
.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Alexander
Solzhenitsyn. Solzhenitsyn 1960
, Gulag. 1946 8
-
. Solzhenitsyn,

itler. Solzhenitsyn
itler ,
. Solzhenitsyn .
.
Solzhenitsyn 1962
Nikita Khrushchev.
Ivan Denisovich, . Khrushchev
Solzhenitsyn . 1970 Solzhenitsyn
Gulag.
,

.

. 1974, Solzhenitsyn
.
.
.
, Solzhenitsyn . ,
, AFL-CIO( ) 1975,
15 1975
! ,
. , .
: 40 ,
1974, Solzhenitsyn
, ,
! , Solzhenitsyn
(!).
Solzhenitsyn

 -
,
Solzhenitsyn, ! Solzhenitsyn
Rambo .

Solzhenitsyn . Solzhenitsyn
, "
, "
" , " .
Solzhenitsyn .
, .
Y
Franco 1975,
1976,
.
Franco, Juan Carlos,

, Solzhenitsyn
Directisimo , 20 1976,
prime time (. , ABC Ya 21
1976). Solzhenitsyn, ,
.
. , Solzhenitsyn
. 110
, "
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.
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Solzhenitsyn 18
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.
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.
business. Solzhenitsyn
. Solzhenitsyn
,
!
. Solzhenitsyn
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,

: William Hearst,
Robert Conquest Solzhenitsyn. Conquest ,

.
Conquest .
'70, Conquest Solzhenitsyn
Andrei Sakharov Roy Medvedev.



. Gorbachev
.




.
. !
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.
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, .


.
, ""; Robert Conquest (
1961),6
'30. Conquest 14 1986.
gulag, , Conquest, 5
1937 ,
. ,
Conquest, 1937-38, 7 ,
1939 12 ! 12
Conquest .
, , Conquest,
. , Conquest, 25-30
.
Conquest, 1 1937
1939, 2 . Conquest,
1937-39, 9 , 3
. " "
Conquest
12 1930 1953.
'30,
Conquest 26 .
, Conquest 1950 12
.
Solzhenitsyn Conquest.
- ,
. Solzhenitsyn Conquest 6
1932-33. , 1936-39,
1 . Solzhenitsyn
1953,
66 .
44
. Solzhenitsyn '110
". , Solzhenitsyn
1953 25 .

, ,
'60,
.
, CIA MI5.

.

 . , Solzhenitsyn
"" Andrei Sakharov Roy Medvedev
, 1990.
" " Gorbachev,
, .

.
Gorbachev Conquest
Solzhenitsyn. Gorbachev
, .
,
:
.

.
.
Gorbachev
.

Zemskov, Dougin Xlevnjuk,
1990.
"
" . .
, .

, Conquest Solzhenitsyn
.
,
. ;

9.000 .
, .. Zemskov,
.. Dougin O.V. Xlevnjuk. 1990 1993
.
.
: l'Histoire 1993,
Nicholas Werth, ,
CNRS ( National de Ia Recherche Scientifique), American
Historical Review J. Arch Getty, , Riverside,
G.. Rettersporn, CNRS, , ... Zemskov,
( ). ,

. , ,
,

. .
.

Conquest, Solzhenitsyn, Medvedev ,

.

. ,
.
l'Histoire
American Historical Review.
. :
1. ;
2. - ;
3. ;
4. 1953,
1937-38;
5. ;
,

, 1930
1936-38.

. 1930
, , gulag,
.

, , .
( ) .
, ,
, .
.
.
gulag
(, , , , .....)
.
3
. ,
.


.
. .
, .
1940 53.
425 gulag.
, .
, .

.
,

,
.

.
454.000 9
, .
, gulag
( ,
, ).
American Historical Review,
20 1934,
, 1953, .
Table - The American Historical Review

USSR Custodial Population 1934-1953

Custodial
Gulag
Counter%
Gulag
%
Population Working revolution- counter- Died
Freed Escaped Labor Prisons
Total
Died
January 1 Camps
aries
revs.
Colonies
510,307
135,190
26.5 26,295 5.2 147,272 83,490
510,307
1934
725,438
118,256
16.3
28,328
3.9
211,035
67,493
240,259
965,697
1935
839,406
105,849
12.6 20,595 2.5 369,544 58,313 457,088
1,296,494
1936
820,881
104,826
12.8
25,376
3.1
364,437
58,264
375,488
1,196,369
1937
996,367
185,324
18.6 90,546 9.1 279,966 32,033 885,203
1,881,570
1938
1,317,195
454,432
34.5 50,502 3.8 223,622 12,333 355,243 350,538 2,022,976
1939
1,344,408
444,999
33.1 46,665 3.5 316,825 11,813 315,584 190,266 1,850,258
1940
1,500,524
420,293
28.7 100,997 6.7 624,276 10,592 429,205 487,739 2,417,468
1941
1,415,596
407,988
29.6 248,877 18.0 509,538 11,822 360,447 277,992 2,054,035
1942
983,974
345,397
35.6 166,967 17.0 336,135
6,242 500,208 235,313 1,719,495
1943
663,594
268,861
40.7 60,948 9.2 152,113
3,586 516,225 155,213 1,335,032
1944
715,506
283,351
41.2 43,848 6.1 336,750
2,196 745,171 279,969 1,740,646
1945
600,897
333,833
59.2
18,154
3.0
115,700
2,642 956,224 261,500 1,818,621
1946

1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953

808,839
1,108,057
1,216,361
1,416,300
1,533,767
1,711,202
1,727,970

427,653
416,156
420,696
578,912
475,976
480,766
465,256

54.3
38.0
34.9
22.7
31.0
28.1
26.9

35,668
27,605
15,739
14,703
15,587
10,604
5,825

4.4
2.5
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.6
0.3

194,886
261,148
178,449
216,210
254,269
329,446
937,352

3,779 912,794 306,163 2,027,796

4,261 1,091,478 275,850 2,475,385
2,583 1,140,324
2,356,685
2,577 1,145,051
2,561,351
2,318 994,379
2,528,146
1,253 793,312
2,504,514
785 740,554
2,468,524

, . ,
Robert Conquest.
1939 9 3
1937-1939. Conquest
! , Conquest,
, ! 1950
, Conquest, 12 .
, Conquest.
. 1939
, 2 .
454.000 , 9 Conquest .
1937 1939 160.000,
3 . 1950 578.000 , 12
. Robert Conquest
. , Robert Conquest .
Solzhenitsyn ( 60 )
. .
.

,
gulag.
;
2.5 ;
.
, 2.5 .

.
,
.
,
, . .
,
. ,

 , ,
.

,
'30 160-170 ,
.
'30,
, ,
. 1931
: " 50-100 .
10 . . , 22 1941,
.
1930,

. , .
7 / 1937, 1939
. , ,
2 (1930 1940), 25
,
.

, 2.5
, 2.4% .
; ; .

, , 252 (
1996), , 60% ,
; ,

;
1997, FLT-AP
5. 5
1996. 200.000 1995
2.8% .
. 3
!
2.4% -
2.8%, !
18 1998, 1997
96.100.

 ,
, ,
, , , (290.000
). ! ,
!

3 . ;
, 5.2% 1934 0.3% 1953.
,
.
,
.
, . ,

. 4 ,
- 20
. , , 25
. 1950,
,
0.3%.

. 1953,
1937-38;
Robert Conquest 12
1930 1953. 1
1937 1938. Solzhenitsyn - 3
1937-38.
. Olga Shatunovskaya,
, 7 1937-38.

, , .

,
,

. Dimitri Volkogonov,
, 30.514
1 1936 30

 1938. KGB:
1990, 786.098
23 1930-1953.
, KGB, 681.692 1937 1938.
KGB
.
. KGB
KGB; .
KGB
23 ,
, KGB
1990.
.

1937-38 100.000,
.

. .
.
.
60 .

5: ;
.

, . .

5 .

American Historical Review . 1936

:
5 : 82.4%
5-10 : 17.6%.
10 1937.
1936 : 5
: 44.2%
5-10 50.7%.

gulag,
, 1940 5
56.8% 5-10 42.2%. 1% 10 .

 1939 .
: 5 : 95.9% 5-10 : 4% 10 : 0,1%.

,
.

.


50 . 50
, ,
.
.
,
, .

.

.
, -
.
, ,
, , .....
.
, .
, , ,
. ,
.
,
.

,
. :
'30
1936-38.
,

, 381.000 ,. 1.8
.
. ; , ,
.
120 1927, 10
110 .
.
, .
. .
,
, .

. .

, ,
.
10 , 1.8 .
,
120 .
, ,
, ;

; ,

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, 1936-38
, ,
.
,
. , , ,
, .
,
.
.
,
, .
,
- -

. ,
- '
, '
.
Trotsky, 1917.
Trotsky
.
27

 1927. ,
. . 725.000
, 6.000 , 1% .
,
,
. ,
Trotsky, .
. Zinoviev, Kamenev Zvdokine, , ,
Pyatakov, Radek, Preobrazhinsky Smirnov.

. ,

.
2 1937-38.

1934 Kirov,
,

.
1927 .
, . Trotsky,
, .
, ,
, , ,
.
1934 John
Littlepage, . Littlepage
10 - 1927-37,
. In Search of Soviet Gold, : "
,
.

." Littlepage


. 1931 Littlepage
,
. /,
Pyatakov, .
.
Littlepage
.
Littlepage
.


.
.
Trotsky ,
.

Littlepage 1931
.
Pyatakov, Littlepage
. Littlepage
, , Pyatakov
, ,

. Littlepage .

. 1937 Pyatakov,
, Littlepage
.
,
, ,
.
Zinoviev, Kamenev, Pyatakov, Radek, Tomsky, Bukharin

,

.

, ,
.

,
.

Tukhachevsky. Isaac Deutscher( ),
,
,
. , Deutscher,
Tukhachevsky Gamarnik, ,
Yakir, , Uborevich,

 , Primakov, .
Tukhachevsky ,
, . 1930 10% (
4,500) .
.
.
,
. Bukharin
1938,
, , ,
.

. Bukharin Radek,
Trotsky .
,
.
'30,

.
.
, , ,
.
.
....
, Robert Conquest,
. Conquest The Great Terror 1937
70.000 50%
(15.000 20.000 )
.
Conquest, , .
Roger Reese, ,
1937-38 .
,
, 144.300 1937, 282.300
1939. 1937-38, 34.300
. 1940, , 11.596
.
1937-38, 22.705
( 13.000 , 4.700
5.000 ), 7.7%
- 50% Conquest . 7.7%,
, ,
, .

 . 1937-38; ,
.
, , Joseph Davies,
, Bukharin
. Joseph Davies


.

,
,
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,
. .
.
.
, 50
, . :
.
,

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,,, .
.

.
, .

. .

!
,
.
Mario Sousa
mario.sousa@telia.com