MIMO Wireless Communications

Speaker: Sau-Hsuan Wu
Date: 2008 / 07 / 1
Department of Communication Engineering, NCTU
2 2
2
Outline

MIMO !ireless c"annels

MIMO transcei#er

MIMO preco$er
% %
%
Outline

MIMO !ireless c"annels

MIMO transcei#er

MIMO preco$er
& &
&
C"aracteristics o' Wireless C"annels

Main c"aracteristics o' !ireless c"annels

The channel strength varies with time, frequency and
space

(ar)e-scale 'a$in):
Path loss : a function of distance
Shadowing : due to large objects between transmitter and
receiver

Small scale 'a$in):

Multipath effect : interferences of multiple signal paths
Doppler effect : relative speed between transmitter and the
receiver

Multiple Input Multiple Output C"annel

multiple input multiple output !M"M#$ system with M transmit elements
and N receive elements
* *
*
MIMO C"annel Mo$el

+or t"e a,o#e MIMO c"annel- t"e ,ase,an$ input-output

relations"ip can ,e e.presse$ as

I' t"e si)nal ,an$!i$t" is su''icientl/ narro! suc" t"at t"e

c"annel can ,e treate$ as appro.imatel/ constant o#er t"e
operatin) 're0uenc/ 1're0uenc/ 'lat c"annel2- t"e correspon$in)
input-output relations"ip simpli'ies to
%here &!t$ is a ' by M channel
impulse response matri(
%here & is the narrowband
M"M# channel matri(
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y t H t s t n t = +
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) y t H t s t n t = +
7 7
7
MIMO C"annel Mo$elin)

3"e mo$elin) o' t"e c"annel impulse response H1t2

or c"annel matri. H is critical 'or t"e simulation o'
t"e MIMO communication s/stems

Due to insu''icient spacin) ,et!een antenna

elements an$ limite$ scatterin) in t"e en#ironment-
t"e elements o' t"e c"annel matri. are not al!a/s
in$epen$ent

W"en mo$elin) t"e MIMO c"annels- t"ese e''ects

s"oul$ ,e taken into account
8 8
8
Mo$el Classi'ication

Se#eral classi'ications o' t"e MIMO c"annel mo$els

are )i#en ,elo!
24 Wi$e,an$ Mo$els #s4 5arro!,an$ Mo$els
Wi$e,an$ Mo$els
The wideband models treat the propagation channel as
frequency selective) different frequency sub*bands have
different channel responses
5arro!,an$ Mo$els
The narrowband models assume that the channel has
frequency non*selective fading and thus the channel has
the same response over the entire system bandwidth
6 6
6
Mo$el Classi'ication
14 +iel$ Measurements #s4 Scatterer Mo$els
+iel$ Measurements
Measure the M"M# channel responses through field
measurements
Some important characteristics of the M"M# channel can
be obtained by investigating the recorded data
Scatterer Mo$els
Postulating a model !usually involving distributed
scatterers$ to capture the channel characteristics
s long as the constructed scattering environment is
reasonable, such a model can often capture the essential
characteristics of the M"M# channel
10 10
10
Mo$el Classi'ication
14 5on-p"/sical Mo$els #s4 7"/sical Mo$els
5on-p"/sical Mo$els
The non*physical models are derived from the statistical
characteristics of the M"M# channel
They are easy to simulate but give limited insight to the
propagation characteristics of the M"M# channels
7"/sical Mo$els
The physical models choose some crucial physical
parameters !#, #D, T#, etc+$ to describe the M"M#
channels
Such a model provides reasonable description of the
M"M# channel characteristics and the surrounding
scattering environment
11 11
11
5on-7"/sical MIMO C"annel Mo$els 1I2
8uropean 9nion IS3 M83:; 1Multi-8lement 3ransmit
:ecei#e ;ntennas2 7ro<ect =2>

;n in$oor measurement campai)n carrie$ out in ;al,or)-

Denmark at a carrier 're0uenc/ o' 240 ?H@4

; stoc"astic mo$el 'or non-line-o'-si)"t 15(OS2 scenarios

Aase$ on t"e po!er correlation matri. o' t"e MIMO ra$io

c"annel

(et M ,e t"e num,er o' transmit antennas an$ 5 ,e t"e num,er

o' recei#e antennas4 In t"e propose$ !i$e,an$ mo$el- t"e
MIMO c"annel !it"out noise is e.presse$ as
where &!,$ is the '(M matri( of channel impulse responses
12 12
12
M83:; MIMO C"annel Mo$el
&
l
is the matri( of comple( channel coefficients at time delay ,
l
ssume
- .oefficients are /ero mean comple( 0aussian
- The same average power p
l
is assumed for the coefficients
- .oefficients are independent from one time delay to another
1% 1%
1%
M83:; MIMO C"annel Mo$el

3"e correlation ,et!een $i''erent pairs o' comple. transmission

coe''icients nee$ to ,e taken into account
3"e spatial po!er correlation coe''icients at t"e transmitter
3"e spatial po!er correlation coe''icients at t"e recei#er
It is claime$ t"at t"e spatial cross correlation coe''icients =1>
W"ere
1& 1&
1&
M83:; MIMO C"annel Mo$el

In matri. 'orm t"is can ,e !ritten as

?i#en 7
H
vec!H
l
$ 1 p
l
C a
l
a
l
~ CN!2,"$ : MN1
3CC
T
4
i,j
1 3P
&
4
i,j
567
p
l
is determined by the power delay profile
P
&
: The power correlation matri( of the M"M# channel
P
T(
&
: The power correlation matrices seen from the transmitter
P
8(
&
: The power correlation matrices seen from the receiver
: The 9ronec:er product
1 1
1
M83:; MIMO C"annel Mo$el

One $ra!,ack o' t"e a,o#e mo$el is t"at t"e p"ase relations"ip
,et!een transmission coe''icients is lost

So it !as su))este$ in =2> to multipl/ a p"ase steerin) $ia)onal

matri. a'ter t"e con#olution ,et!een t"e MIMO
c"annel impulse response an$ t"e transmitte$ si)nal
The received signal without noise can be written as
where the diagonal elements of provide the average phase shift information
relative to the first receive element and is the mean a/imuth #
1* 1*
1*
5on-7"/sical MIMO C"annel Mo$els 1II2
89 IS3 S;39:5 1Smart ;ntenna 3ec"nolo)/ in
9ni#ersal ,:oa$,an$ !ireless 5et!ork2 7ro<ect

;n in$oor measurement campai)n carrie$ out in Aristol

+or non-line-o'-si)"t 15(OS2 scenarios

Aase$ on t"e 'irst an$ secon$ or$er moments o' t"e measure$
$ata

(et M ,e t"e num,er o' transmit antennas an$ 5 ,e t"e num,er

o' recei#e antennas

It !as 'oun$ =%> t"at in t"e t/pical 5(OS scenarios- t"e c"annel
coe''icients are @ero mean comple. ?aussian

+urt"ermore- it !as reporte$ t"at t"e c"annel co#ariance matri.

can ,e !ell appro.imate$ ,/ t"e Bronecker pro$uct o' t"e
co#ariance matrices seen 'rom ,ot" en$s
17 17
17
S;39:5 MIMO C"annel Mo$el
i+e
+
where h
i
is the i-th row of &, h
j
is the j-th column of & and
! $
&
is comple( conjugate transpose
"t is easy to show that
where 0 is a stochastic ' by M matri( with ""D CN!2,5$ elements and
! $
567
denotes any matri( square root such that 8
567
!8
567
$
&
1 8
18 18
18
5on-7"/sical MIMO C"annel Mo$els
Compare M83:; 7ro<ect !it" S;39:5 7ro<ect

It can ,e seen t"at t"e e.pression in S;39:5 7ro<ect is

#er/ close to t"e mo$el in M83:; 7ro<ect

In S;39:5 7ro<ect- t"e c"annel co#ariance matri. is use$

instea$ o' t"e po!er correlation matri. in M83:; 7ro<ect

3"ere'ore S;39:5 7ro<ect pro#i$es t"e p"ase

in'ormation o' t"e MIMO propa)ation c"annel

3"e structure in S;39:5 7ro<ect !as also $iscusse$ in

t"e %?77 1%
r$
?eneration 7artners"ip 7ro<ect2 meetin)
16 16
16
7"/sical MIMO C"annel Mo$els
One-rin) mo$el
3"e ,ase station 1AS2 is not o,structe$ ,/ local scatterin) !"ile
t"e mo,ile station 1MS2 is surroun$e$ ,/ scatterers

5o line-o'-si)"t 1(OS2 is assume$ ,et!een t"e AS an$ MS

3p is t"e pt" antenna element at t"e AS- :n is t"e nt" antenna

element at t"e MS

D is t"e $istance ,et!een t"e AS an$ MS- : is t"e ra$ius o' t"e
rin) o' scatterers
20 20
20
One-:in) MIMO C"annel Mo$el

Denote t"e e''ecti#e scatterer on t"e rin) ,/ S1C2 an$ let C ,e t"e
an)le ,et!een t"e scatterer an$ t"e arra/ at t"e MS

In t"e mo$el- it is assume$ t"at S1C2 is uni'orml/ $istri,ute$ in C

3"e p"ase s"i't- 1C2- associate$ !it" eac" scatterer- S1C2 - is

$istri,ute$ uni'orml/ o#er =-D- D2 an$ IID in C

8ac" ra/ is 'urt"er assume$ to ,e re'lecte$ onl/ once

;ll ra/s reac" t"e recei#e arra/ !it" t"e same po!er
21 21
21
One-:in) MIMO C"annel Mo$el
Suppose t"ere are B e''ecti#e scatterers S1C
k
2- k E 1-2-F-B
$istri,ute$ on t"e rin)

3"e comple. c"annel coe''icient ,et!een t"e p-t" elements at

t"e AS an$ n-t" element at t"e MS can ,e e.presse$ as
3"e co#ariance ,et!een H
p-n
an$ H
0-m
is )i#en ,/
where
D
;<
denotes the distance
between ; and <
= is the wavelength
22 22
22
3!o-:in) MIMO C"annel Mo$el
3!o-rin) mo$el

3"e t!o-rin) mo$el assumes t"at ,ot" t"e AS an$ MS are

surroun$e$ ,/ scatterers

8ac" ra/ is re'lecte$ t!ice

3"is can ,e t"e case 'or in$oor !ireless communications

2% 2%
2%
3!o-:in) MIMO C"annel Mo$el

3"e c"annel coe''icient 'or t"e t!o-rin) mo$el is

3"e $i''icult/ in t"is mo$el is t"at t"e si)nals re'lecte$ ,/ t"e

scatterers at t"e recei#e si$e are possi,l/ not in$epen$ent
8#en i' t"e num,ers o' scatterers- B
1
an$ B
2
)o to in'init/- t"e
c"annel coe''icient is still not @ero mean comple. ?aussian

3"ere'ore- t"e c"annel co#ariance matri. can not completel/

$escri,e t"e MIMO c"annel
2& 2&
2&
Distri,ute$ Scatterin) MIMO C"annel Mo$el
Distri,ute$ Scatterin) mo$el
- This narrowband model was proposed to
describe outdoor M"M# propagation
channels

ssume there are M transmit

elements and ' receive
elements

>oth the transmitter and receiver are

obstructed by the surrounding scatterers
2 2
2
MIMO C"annel Mo$elin)

;ssume t"ere are S scatterers on ,ot" t"e transmitter an$

recei#er

3"e scatterers at t"e recei#e si$e can ,e seen as a #irtual arra/

,et!een t"e transmitter an$ recei#er
The M"M# channel transfer function is given by
1/G
S
is a normali@ation 'actor
?
t
1S ,/ M2 an$ ?
r
15 ,/ S2 are ran$om matrices !it" IID @ero
mean comple. ?aussian elements
:
Ct-$t
- :
Cs-2Dr/S
- :
Cr-$r
are t"e correlation matrices seen 'rom t"e
transmitter- #irtual arra/ an$ recei#er respecti#el/
2* 2*
2*
MIMO C"annel Mo$elin)

+or uni'orml/ $istri,ute$ ;O;s- t"e 1m-k2t" element o' t"e

correlation matri. can ,e e.presse$ as
%here
S should be odd
d is the array element distance
?
i
is the AOA of the ith scaterer
27 27
27
%?77 Spatial C"annel Mo$el
%?77 Spatial C"annel Mo$el 1SCM2

+rom %?77 3: 2466* #ersion *4140 :elease *

3"e %?77 SCM is an out$oor c"annel mo$el 'or a MH@

,an$!i$t" CDM; s/stem in t"e 2?H@ ,an$

It $e'ins t"ree en#ironments 1Su,ur,an Macro- 9r,an

Macro- an$ 9r,an Micro2

3"ere is a 'i.e$ num,er o' * Hpat"sI in e#er/ scenario an$

eac" is ma$e up o' 20 spatiall/ separate$ Hsu,-pat"sI

7at" po!ers- pat" $ela/s- an$ an)ular properties 'or ,ot"

si$es o' t"e link are mo$ele$ as ran$om #aria,les
28 28
28
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el

3"ese * multipat"s are $e'ine$ ,/ po!ers an$ $ela/s an$ are

c"osen ran$oml/ accor$in) to t"e c"annel )eneration
proce$ure4 8ac" pat" consists o' 20 su,pat"s
26 26
26
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el

SCM 'or simulations

%0 %0
%0
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el

Spatial parameters 'or t"e AS an$ t"e MS

;rra/ topolo)ies
ntenna spacing
MS : t"e re'erence element spacin) is 04J
AS : t"ree #alues 'or re'erence element spacin) are
$e'ine$: 04J- &J- an$ 10J
7er-pat" an)le sprea$ 1;S2
The >S !or MS$ per*path angle spread is defined as the root
mean square !8MS$ of angles with which an arriving !or incident$
path@s power is received by the >S !or MS$ array
%1 %1
%1
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el
AS :
;S E 2 $e)rees at ;oD 0 $e)rees
;S E $e)rees at ;oD 20 $e)rees
MS :
;S E 10& $e)rees 1results 'rom a uni'orm o#er %*0 $e)ree 7;S2
;S E % $e)rees 'or a (aplacian 7;S !it" a certain pat"
speci'ic ;n)le o' ;rri#al 1;o;2
7er-pat" ;O;/;OD
AS :
;oD: 0 $e)rees 1!it" t"e :MS ;S o' 2 $e)rees2
;oD: 20 $e)rees 1!it" t"e :MS ;S o' $e)rees2
MS :
;OD : -*74- K*74- K224 $e)rees 1!it" t"e :MS ;S o' 2 $e)rees2
%2 %2
%2
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el
7er-pat" po!er a@imut" spectrum
AS :
3"e 7o!er ;@imut" Spectrum 17;S2 o' a pat" arri#in) at t"e
,ase station is assume$ to "a#e a (aplacian $istri,ution
MS :
3"e (aplacian $istri,ution an$ t"e 9ni'orm $istri,ution are use$
to mo$el t"e per-pat" 7;S at t"e MS
%% %%
%%
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el

?eneral assumptions an$ parameters

Aor an S-element >S array and a U-element MS array, the
channel is given by an U * by* S matri( of comple( amplitudes
Denote the channel matri( for the n*th multipath component !n 1
5,B,6$ as H
n
!t $
1,1, 1, ,
,1, , ,
( )
n s n
n
u n u s n
h h
H t
h h

K
M O M
L
%& %&
%&
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el

3"ese * multipat"s are $e'ine$ ,/ po!ers an$ $ela/s an$ are

c"osen ran$oml/ accor$in) to t"e c"annel )eneration
proce$ure4 8ac" pat" consists o' 20 su,pat"s
% %
%
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el
%* %*
%*
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el

?eneratin) c"annel coe''icients

0iven the user parameters generated, we use them to
generate the channel coefficients
The !u,s$th component !s 1 5,B,S ) u 1 5,B,U$ of H
n
!t $ is
%7 %7
%7
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el

Spatial cross-correlation 'unction 1CC+2 'or SCM

To calculate the ..A, we use a simplified version of the
e(pression h
u,s,n
!t$ by neglecting the shadowing factor
SF
and
assuming that the antenna gains of each array element
G
BS
!
n,m,Ao
$ 1 G
MS
!
n,m,AoA
$ 1 5
The normali/ed comple( spatial temporal correlation function
between two arbitrary channel coefficients connecting two
different sets of antenna elements is defined as
%8 %8
%8
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el
Substitution h
u,s,n
!t$ into the coorelation function
Aor spatial ..As, by imposing ,1 2
where C!s 1 " !
s5
* !
s7
D and C!u 1 D !
u5
* !
u7
D denote the relative
>S and MS antenna element spacings, respectively
%6 %6
%6
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el

Some special cases :

i2 Lds = 0, results in t"e spatial CC+ o,ser#e$ at t"e MS
ii2 Ldu = 0, results in t"e spatial CC+ o,ser#e$ at t"e AS
'ote that the spatial ..A in !E$ cannot simply be bro:en down into the
multiplication of a receive term !F$ and a transmit term !G$+ This indicates
that the spatial ..A of the H0PP S.M is in general not separable
&0 &0
&0
Spatial cross-correlation 'unction 1CC+2 'or SCM
iii2 M M- 'rom 1*2
where #
us
!$
n,Ao
,$
n,AoA
$ represents the joint probability
density function !PDA$ of the oD and o+
&1 &1
&1
Spatial cross-correlation 'unction 1CC+2 'or SCM
&2 &2
&2
SCM MIMO C"annel Mo$el

+or temporal ;C+- let Lds = 0 and Ldu = 0 in (5)

'ote that
The comparison of !I$, !E$, and !57$ clearly tells us that the spatial
temporal correlation functionJ
s5u5
s7u7
!C!s , %!u, & $ is not simply the
product of the spatial..A J
s5u5
s7u7
!C!s , %!u$ and the temporal .A
r !& $+ Therefore, the spatial temporal correlation of the S.M is in
general not separable as well+
&% &%
&%
:e'erences
=1> B4 Nu an$ A4 Otteresten- HMo$els 'or MIMO
propa)ation c"annel- ; rei#e!-I Wiel/ Oournal on
Wireless Communications an$ Mo,ile Computin)
=2> B4 I4 7e$ersen- O4 A4 ;n$ersen- O4 74 Bermoal an$ 74
Mo)ensen-I; stoc"astic multiple-input-multiple-
output ra$io c"annel mo$el 'or e#aluation o' space-
time co$in) al)orit"ms-I in 7roc4 I888 P3C +all- 2000
=%> B4 Nu- M4 Aen)tsson- A4 Ottersten- D4 Mc5amara- 74
Barlsson an$ M4 Aeac"- HSecon$ or$er statistics 'o
5(OS in$oor MIMO c"annels ,ase$ on 42 ?H@
measurements-I in 7roc4 I888 ?lo,ecom- 5o#4 2001