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GVHD : TS.Ton That Lang

Thiet ke he thong x ly nc thai benh vien Nguyen
Trai
CHNG 1 :
M AU
1.1 AT VAN E
Tai nhng thanh pho ln cua cac nc ang phat
trien, song song vi viec phat trien kinh te la van nan o
nhiem moi trng. Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh cung khong
phai la mot trng hp ngoai le, thanh pho cang phat
trien th van e o nhiem moi trng cang kho kiem
soat. Hien nay, Thanh pho ang phai oi mat vi nhieu
van e moi trng cap bach nh : o nhiem do kh thai,
khoi thai phat sinh t cac hoat ong cong nghiep, giao
thong, o nhiem do nc thai, rac thai sinh hoat, nc
thai t cac nha may, x nghiep, benh vien Trong o,
quan ly va x ly nc thai ang la van e can c
quan tam.
Hang ngay, tai Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, mot khoi
lng ln nc thai c thai ra t nhieu nguon khac
nhau ma khong qua x ly hoac ch la x ly s bo,
khong at tieu chuan. Tuy theo tng nguon thai khac
nhau ma tnh chat nc thai cung khac nhau. Cac nguon
thai chu yeu la t cac cang, cac nha may, x nghiep,
c s san xuat, benh vien, Nc thai t cac hoat
ong cong nghiep cha nhieu kim loai nang, va cac hoa
chat oc hai khac gay nguy hiem cho moi trng.
Ben canh o, nc thai t cac benh vien, vi cac
tnh chat o nhiem ac trng, a va ang e doa en sc
khoe con ngi va moi trng. Nc thai benh vien noi
chung co tnh chat gan giong vi nc thai sinh hoat,
SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An
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nhng xet ve oc tnh th loai nc thai nay oc hai hn
nc thai sinh hoat gap nhieu lan. Trong nc thai benh
vien cha mot lng ln cac chat kh nh NH 3, CO2, H2S,
NO3-, NO2-, phenol, cac vi sinh vat gay benh nh E.Coli,
Streppococcus,
Faecalis,
Clostridium,
Perfringens,
Samonella,
Shigella va mot so vi khuan gay benh ta, l. thng

han co the lan truyen vao moi trng bat c luc nao,
anh hng en sc khoe ngi dan song trong khu vc.
Cac vi sinh vat gay benh co trong nc thai c
thai ra ngoai, khi gap ieu kien moi trng thuan li se
khong b tieu diet ma con sinh trng va phat trien
manh me hn, sc khang c manh hn va cang tr nen
kho tieu diet hn.
Nc thai o nhiem c thai trc tiep ra moi trng
lam cho moi trng khong kh xung quanh cung b anh
hng. Nc thai co ham lng hu c cao va nhieu hp
chat hoa hoc hu c, vo c khac co trong cac loai thuoc
ieu tr c thai trc tiep vao moi trng. Nhng chat
thai nh mau, dch, nc tieu co ham lng hu c cao,
phan huy nhanh, neu khong c x ly ung mc th khi
tiep xuc vi khong kh va b cac yeu to moi trng
(nang, gio, o am) tac ong se gay ra mui hoi thoi
rat kho chu, lam o nhiem khong kh trong cac khu dan
c. O nhiem khong kh va nguon nc do cac chat thai
t benh vien a gay ra nhng tac ong khong nho en
moi trng va sc khoe con ngi nhng khu vc xung
quanh.
Nguy hiem hn, trong nc thai benh vien co 20%
chat thai nguy hai neu khong c x ly triet e se la
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moi nguy hiem rat ln cho moi trng. ac biet, oi vi
cac loai thuoc ieu tr benh ung th hoac cac san pham
chuyen hoa cua chung neu xa ra ben ngoai ma khong
c x ly se co kha nang gay quai thai, ung th cho
nhng ngi tiep xuc vi chung (cac cong nhan nao
vet cong thoat nc la oi tng co nguy c b nhiem
oc loai chat thai nay nhieu nhat).
Vi toc o gia tang dan so nh hien nay, moi ngay
cac benh vien tren a ban Thanh pho phai tiep nhan
mot so lng benh nhan rat ln, cha ke en lng
benh nhan t cac benh vien tuyen di chuyen ve.
Lng nc thai, rac thai cung t o ma tang theo. Tuy
nhien, van e x ly khoi lng ln nc thai, rac thai
nay lai cha c quan tam ung mc.
Mot so benh vien va Trung tam y te a nang cong
suat phuc vu len ang ke nham ap ng nhu cau trong
viec kham cha benh tang nhanh. Do o, lng nc thai
tai mot so benh vien a vt cong suat thiet ke cua
he thong x ly. ieu nay gay anh hng khong nho
en chat lng nc thai sau x ly. V vay, viec tien
hanh nghien cu, anh gia o nhiem nguon nc thai,
thiet ke he thong x ly nc thai benh vien la cong
viec het sc can thiet.
La mot benh vien nam trung tam thanh pho
benh vien Nguyen Trai a va ang m rong quy mo hoat
ong nham ap ng c nhu cau cham soc sc khoe
cua ngi dan. Trong khi o, he thong x ly nc thai
cua benh vien a kha cu ky, va tr nen qua tai. Do
o, e tai : Thiet ke he thong x ly nc thai
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benh vien Nguyen Trai c thc hien nham thiet ke
mot he thong x ly mi phu hp hn so vi he thong
hien nay.
1.2 MUC TIEU CUA E TAI
anh gia hien trang he thong x ly nc thai cua
benh vien, t o e xuat quy trnh cong nghe va tnh
toan thiet ke he thong x ly nc thai cho benh vien
Nguyen Trai.
1.3 NOI DUNG NGHIEN CU
Tm hieu ve nguon goc phat sinh, ac tnh cung nh
nhng tac ong cua nc thai benh vien en moi
trng va i song con ngi.
Tm hieu ve cac phng phap x ly nc thai benh
vien ang c ap dung.
Tnh toan thiet ke he thong x ly nc thai cho
benh vien Nguyen Trai.
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1.4 PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU
Nghien cu t lieu : Su tam va tong hp cac tai
lieu ve nguon phat sinh, tnh chat o nhiem va cac
phng phap x ly nc thai benh vien hien nay.
Khao sat thc te tai benh vien Nguyen Trai.
Tnh toan thiet ke he thong x ly nc thai da
vao cac tai lieu tham khao khac nhau.
1.5 PHAM VI NGHIEN CU
e tai c thc hien tai benh vien Nguyen Trai
trong thi gian gan 3 thang, bat au t 1/10/2006 en
27/12/2006.
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CHNG 2 :
TONG QUAN VE NC THAI VA
CAC PHNG PHAP X LY NC THAI
2.1 TONG QUAN VE NC THAI
2.1.1 Phan loai nc thai
Nc thai la chat long c thai ra sau qua trnh s
dung cua con ngi va a b thay oi tnh chat ban au
cua chung. Thong thng nc thai c phan loai theo
nguon goc phat sinh. ay cung la c s cho viec la
chon cong nghe x ly nc thai. Theo cach phan chia
nay, co cac loai nc thai sau :
Nc thai sinh hoat :
ay la loai nc thai phat sinh t qua trnh sinh hoat
cua con ngi nh ve sinh, giat giu, che bien thc pham,
tai cac khu dan c, khu vc hoat ong thng mai, cong
s, trng hoc, benh vien va cac c s tng t khac.
Thanh phan cua loai nc thai nay tng oi n gian,
bao gom cac chat hu c de phan huy (cacbon hydrat,
protein, dau m,), chat khoang (photphat, nito, magie,)
va vi sinh vat.
Nc thai cong nghiep :
Nc thai cong nghiep la nc thai t cac nha
may cong nghiep ang hoat ong, co ca nc thai sinh
hoat nh trong o nc thai cong nghiep la chu yeu.
Thanh phan va tnh chat nc thai cong nghiep rat a
dang va phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh : nganh nghe
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san xuat, trnh o cua day chuyen san xuat, nguyen
vat lieu, lu lng,
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Nc tham qua :
ay la nc ma tham vao he thong cong bang
nhieu cach khac nhau qua cac khp noi, cac ong co
khuyet tat hoac thanh cua ho ga.
Nc thai o th :
Nc thai o th la thuat ng chung ch chat long
trong he thong cong thoat nc cua thanh pho. o la
hon hp cua cac loai nc thai tren.
2.1.2 Cac tnh chat ac trng cua nc thai
2.1.2.1 Tnh chat vat ly
Mau :
Phat sinh t nc thai sinh hoat, nc thai cong
nghiep va s phan ra t nhien cac chat hu c.
Mui :
Sinh ra do qua trnh thoi ra cac loai chat thai sinh
hoat va chat thai cong nghiep.
Chat ran :
Cac chat thai sinh hoat, xoi mon at, dong tham
chay vao he thong cong.
2.1.2.2 Thanh phan hoa hoc
Thanh phan hu c :
Thanh phan hu c chu yeu co trong nc thai la
cacbonhydrat, m, dau, dau nhn va cac chat hoat ong
be mat (sinh ra t cac chat thai sinh hoat, chat thai
cong nghiep), phenol (co trong chat thai cong nghiep),
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protein (co trong chat thai sinh hoat), thuoc tr sau (sinh ra
t chat thai nong nghiep), va mot so chat khac sinh ra
trong qua trnh phan ra t nhien cac chat hu c.
Thanh phan vo c :
Thanh phan cac chat vo c co trong nc thai bao
gom o kiem, clorua, cac kim loai nang, Nit, Photpho, Lu
huynh, cac chat oc va cac kh H 2S, CH2 , Cac thanh
phan vo c nay chu yeu sinh ra t chat thai sinh hoat,
chat thai cong nghiep, t qua trnh tham cua nc
ngam va cac chat lam mem nc
2.1.2.3 Thanh phan sinh hoc :
Bao gom cac vi sinh vat, vi khuan co trong cac dong
nc h, cac nha may x ly va chat thai sinh hoat.
Ngoai ra, co them mot so thanh phan quan trong co lien
quan ti cong nghe x ly, o la :
Cac chat l lng :
Cac chat ran l lng co the dan en viec tang
kha nang lang bun va ieu kien k kh khi thai nc
thai khong qua x ly vao moi trng.
Cac chat hu c phan huy sinh hoc :
Gom protein, cacbonhydrat va chat beo. Neu thai
trc tiep vao moi trng, qua trnh on nh sinh hoc cua
chung co the lam giam lng oxi trong nc t nhien,
lam cho nc co mui v.
Cac nhan to gay benh :
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Rat nhieu benh co the lan truyen qua cac vi khuan
gay benh trong nc thai.
Cac chat dinh dng :
Nit, Photpho va Cacbon la nhng chat dinh dng
chnh cho s phat trien cua sinh vat. Khi thai chung vao
moi trng nc, cac chat dinh dng nay co the dan
en s phat trien ngoai y muon cua vi sinh vat trong
moi trng nc.
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Cac chat hu c tr :
Cac chat hu c nay khong b phan huy bi cac
phng phap x ly nc thai thong thng.
Kim loai nang :
Cac kim loai nang thng nhiem vao nguon nc do
cac hoat ong cong nghiep, chung can c kh ra khoi
nc thai.
Cac chat ran vo c hoa tan :
Cac thanh phan vo c nh Canxi, Natri, Sunfat co mat
trong nc thai sinh hoat t qua trnh s dung nc.
2.1.3 Nguyen tac xa thai vao nguon
Nguon nc co the c coi la mot cong trnh lam
sach sinh hoc trong ieu kien t nhien bi no co kha
nang t lam sach. Tuy nhien, nguon nc cung nh bat
ky mot cong trnh x ly nao, no ch co the tai c
mot khoi lng chat nhiem ban nhat nh ma thoi. Do
o, viec xa nc thai vao nguon nc cung phai tuan
theo mot so nguyen tac nhat nh. Luat bao ve nguon
nc a ra nhng nh mc cha nc thai cua nguon
nh sau :
Bang 2.1 : Yeu cau ve nong o cho phep cua cac
thong so khi xa nc thai
vao song, ho
Ho
cha
nc
Chat
nhiem ban
1. Chat l
Loai 1
Loai 2
Loai 3
Sau khi xa nc thai vao va xao tron
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lng
ky, nong o chat l lng cua nc hon

hp cho phep tang len so vi nc nguon
khong qua :
0,25 mg/l
0,75 mg/l
1,5 mg/l
2. Mui va v

ky, th hon hp nc thai va nc nguon
khong co mui va v.
3. Oxy hoa tan
Oxy hoa tan trong nc hon hp xao tron

ky khong t hn 4mg/l
4. BOD20

ky, nhu cau oxy cho qua trnh sinh hoa
hoan toan cua nc hon hp khong qua
:
3 mg/l
5. Phan ng
6 mg/l
Khong quy
nh
Nc thai xa vao nguon khong c

lam thay oi phan ng
5,5 pH 8,5
6. Mau sac
Hon hp nc thai va nc nguon sau

khi xao tron ky phai khong co mau khi
nhn qua cot nc cao :
20 cm
7. Vi trung
gay benh
10 cm
5 cm
Cam xa vao nguon nc nhng loai

nc thai cha vi trung gay benh
8. Cac chat
oc hai
Nc thai xa vao nguon nc khong

mang tnh oc hai
(Nguon : X ly nc thai PGS.TS Hoang Hue)

2.2 CAC PHNG PHAP X LY NC THAI
2.2.1 Phng phap x ly c hoc
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S dung phng phap nay nham muc ch tach cac
chat khong hoa tan va mot phan cac chat dang keo ra
khoi nc thai. Nhng cong trnh x ly c hoc bao gom :
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Song chan rac :
Gom cac thanh an sap xep vi nhau tren mng
dan nc. ay la cong trnh x ly s bo chuan b ieu
kien cho viec x ly nc thai sau o, no co nhiem vu
chan gi cac can ban co kch thc ln hay dang si
c goi chung la rac.
Be lang cat :
Cat lang lai trong be lang gay kho khan cho cong
tac lay can. Hn na, trong can co cat th co the lam
cho cac ong dan bun cua cac be lang khong hoat ong
c. Do o, be lang cat c thiet ke nham tach cac
chat ban vo c co trong lng rieng ln hn nhieu so vi
trong lng rieng cua nc thai ra khoi nc thai. Co 3
loai be lang cat :
+ Be lang cat ngang nc chay thang hoac vong.
+ Be lang cat ng nc dang t di len.
+ Be lang cat nc chay xoan oc.
Be lang :
Tach cac chat l lng co trong lng rieng ln hn

trong lng rieng cua nc. Chat l lng nang hn se
lang xuong ay, con chat l lng nhe hn se noi len
tren. Be lang c phan loai theo nhieu cach khac nhau :
+ Theo chieu nc chay trong be :
Be lang ngang: nc chay theo phng t au
en cuoi be.
Be lang ng: nc chay t
di len theo
chieu thang ng.
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Be lang radian: nc chay t tam ra quanh
thanh be hoac co the ngc lai. Trong trng
hp th nhat goi la be lang li tam, trong trng
hp th hai goi la be lang hng tam.
+ Theo cong dung cua be lang trong day chuyen :
Be lang t 1 : at trc cong trnh x ly sinh
hoc.
Be lang t 2 : at sau cong trnh x ly sinh hoc.
+ Theo che o lam viec :
Be lang hoat ong gian oan
Be lang hoat ong lien tuc
Ngoai ra trong thc te ngi ta con s dung nhng
loai be lang khac nh be lang trong, be lang tam
mong
Be vt dau m :
Thng dung e x ly nc thai co cha dau m,
nham tach cac tap chat nhe . oi vi nc thai sinh
hoat, viec vt dau m c thc hien ngay be lang v
ham lng cac chat nay khong nhieu.
Be loc :
Tach cac chat trang thai l lng kch thc nho
bang cach cho nc thai i qua lp loc ac biet hoac lp
vat lieu loc. Nhng loai vat lieu loc co the s dung la
cat thach anh, than coc hoac soi nghien, tham ch ca than
nau, than bun than go. Viec chon vat lieu loc phu thuoc
vao loai nc thai va ieu kien a phng.
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Phng phap x ly c hoc co the loai bo c en
60% cac tap chat khong hoa tan co trong nc thai sinh
hoat va giam BOD en 20%.
2.2.2 Phng phap x ly hoa ly va hoa hoc
a vao nc thai cac chat phan ng nao o e
gay tac ong vi tap chat ban nh : bien oi hoa hoc,
tao thanh chat khac di dang can hoac chat hoa tan
nhng khong oc hai hay gay o nhiem moi trng.
Tuy theo ieu kien a phng va yeu cau ve sinh
ma phng phap hoa ly c chon la giai phap cuoi
cung hoac la giai oan x ly s bo cho cac giai oan x
ly tiep theo.
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2.2.2.1 Trung hoa
Nc thai thng co nhng gia tr pH khac nhau.
Muon nc thai x ly tot bang phng phap sinh hoc
phai tien hanh trung hoa va ieu chnh pH ve gia tr 6,6
7,6. Trung hoa bang cach dung cac dung dch axit hoac
muoi axit, cac dung dch kiem e trung hoa dung dch
nc thai.
2.2.2.2 Keo tu
Qua trnh ket hp cac hat l lng, khi cho cac hp
chat cao phan t vao nc, s keo tu c tien hanh
nham thuc ay qua trnh tao bong hydroxit nhom va sat
vi muc ch tao thanh nhng bong ln hn lam tang
van toc lang. Chat keo tu co the la hp chat t nhien
va tong hp.
2.2.2.3 Hap phu
Phng phap hap phu c dung e loai het cac
chat ban hoa tan trong nc ma cac phng phap x ly
sinh hoc va cac phng phap khac khong loai bo c vi
ham lng rat nho. Thong thng ay la cac loai cac
hp chat hoa tan co oc tnh cao hoac cac chat co mui
rat kho chu.
Cac chat hap phu thng dung la : than hoat tnh,
at set hoat tnh, mot so chat hon hp hoac cac chat
thai trong san xuat. Trong so nay, than a c dung pho
bien nhat. Cac chat hu c, kim loai nang va cac chat
mau de b than hap phu. Lng chat hap phu tuy thuoc
vao kha nang hap phu cua tng chat va ham lng
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chat ban co trong nc. Phng phap nay co the hap
phu c 58 96% cac chat hu c va mau.
2.2.2.4 Tuyen noi
Phng phap tuyen noi da tren nguyen tac : cac
phan t phan tan co kha nang t lang kem, nhng co
kha nang ket dnh vao cac bot kh noi len tren be mat
nc. Sau o ngi ta tach cac bot kh cung cac phan t
dnh bam ra khoi nc. Thc chat ay la qua trnh tach
bot hoac lam ac bot. Trong mot so trng hp, qua trnh
nay c dung e tach cac chat hoa tan nh cac chat
hoat ong be mat.
Tuyen noi bot nham tach cac chat l lng khong tan
va mot so chat keo hoa tan ra khoi pha long. Ky thuat
nay co the dung cho x ly nc thai o th va nhieu
lnh vc cong nghiep nh che bien dau beo, thuoc da,
che bien tht, det nhuom
2.2.2.5 Trao oi ion
Thc chat phng phap trao oi ion la mot qua trnh,
trong o cac ion tren be mat cua chat ran trao oi vi
cac ion co cung ien tch trong dung dch khi tiep xuc vi
nhau. Cac chat nay goi la cac chat trao oi ion.
Phng phap nay dung e lam sach nc noi chung
trong o co nc thai, loai ra khoi nc cac ion kim loai
nh: Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, Mn cung nh cac hp chat cha
asen, phosphor, xianua va cac chat phong xa. Phng phap
nay c dung pho bien e lam mem nc, loai ion Ca 2+,
Mg2+ ra khoi nc cng.
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Cac chat trao oi ion la hp chat hu c tong hp
rat phong phu. Chung la cac cao phan t, co be mat
rieng ln. Cac loai nha tong hp cung co tnh chat trao
oi ion.
2.2.2.6 Kh trung
Loai bo cac vi sinh vat gay benh. Cac hoa chat
thng dung la : chlorine, Dioxide, Bromide chloride, ozone,
Cac hoa chat nay tieu diet cac vi sinh vat, tao, ong
vat nguyen sinh, giun san co trong nc thai.
2.2.3 Phng phap x ly sinh hoc
X ly nc thai bang phng phap sinh hoc da tren
hoat ong song cua vi sinh vat, chu yeu la vi khuan d
dng hoai sinh co trong nc thai. Qua trnh hoat ong
cua chung lam cho cac chat hu c gay nhiem ban c
khoang hoa va tr thanh cac chat vo c, cac chat kh
c ban va nc.
Vi sinh vat co trong nc thai s dung cac hp chat
hu c va mot so chat khoang lam nguon dinh dng
va tao ra nang lng. Qua trnh dinh dng lam cho chung
sinh san, phat trien, tang so lng te bao (tang sinh
khoi), ong thi lam sach (co the la gan hoan toan)
cac chat hu c hoa tan hoac cac hat keo phan tan nho.
Cong trnh x ly sinh hoc c chia lam 2 nhom :
Cong trnh x ly sinh hoc thc hien trong ieu kien t

nhien : canh ong ti, bai loc, ho sinh hoc, Qua trnh
x ly dien ra cham, da chu yeu vao nguon oxi va vi
sinh co trong at va nc.
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Cong trnh x ly sinh hoc trong ieu kien nhan tao :

be loc sinh hoc (biophin), be lam thoang sinh hoc
(aeroten), Do cac ieu kien nhan tao ma qua trnh x
ly dien ra nhanh hn, manh hn.
2.2.3.1 Cong trnh x ly sinh hoc nc thai
trong ieu kien t nhien
C s cua phng phap nay la da vao kha nang t
lam sach cua at va nguon nc. Viec x ly nc thai

da tren cac cong trnh : canh ong ti, bai loc, ho sinh
hoc.
Canh ong ti cong cong :

Canh ong ti va bai loc la nhng lo at c
san phang hoac doc khong ang ke va c ngan cach

bang nhng b at. Nc thai c phan phoi vao
nhng o at o nh he thong mang li ti. Mang
li ti bao gom: mng chnh, mng phan phoi va he
thong mang li ti trong cac o.
Viec xac nh dien tch canh ong ti con phu
thuoc vao tieu chuan ti. Tieu chuan ti ch co the
xac nh c khi tnh en tat ca cac yeu to kh hau,
thuy van va ky thuat cay trong. Trong moi trng hp,
ieu kien ve sinh la yeu to chu ao. T yeu cau ve
bon va o am oi vi cay trong, ngi ta nh ra tieu
chuan ti va bon. Nhng so lieu xac nh tieu chuan
ti la nhng yeu cau ve chat dinh dng cua cay
trong va ham lng cac chat o trong nc thai.
Ho sinh hoc :
20
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Trai
Ho sinh hoc la ho cha dung e x ly nc thai
bang phng phap sinh hoc, chu yeu da vao qua trnh t
lam sach cua ho. Trong so nhng cong trnh x ly nc
thai trong ieu kien t nhien th ho sinh hoc c ap dung
rong rai hn.
Ngoai ra, x ly nc thai trong ho sinh hoc con em
lai nhng li ch sau:
-
Nuoi trong thuy san.
Nguon nc e ti cho cay trong.
ieu hoa dong chay nc ma trong he thong

thoat nc o th.
Khong oi hoi nhieu von au t.
Bao tr van hanh n gian, khong oi hoi co

ngi quan ly thng xuyen.
Hau het cac o th co nhieu ao ho hay khu

ruong trung eu co the tan dung lam ho sinh
hoc ma khong can xay dng them.
2.2.3.2 Cong trnh x ly sinh hoc nc thai

trong ieu kien nhan tao
Be Aeroten :
cac tram x ly nc thai, ngi ta thng xay
dng cac be Aeroten bang be tong cot thep theo hnh
khoi ch nhat hay hnh tru. Trong o hnh khoi ch nhat
c s dung rong rai hn.
Vi sinh vat trong be hieu kh tao thanh bun hoat tnh
se phan huy cac chat hu c va lam sach nc. Bun
21
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Trai
hoat tnh mot phan c hoi lu dung lam tac nhan phan
giai cho cac t sau, phan con lai c x ly roi dung
lam phan bon cho cay trong hoac cac muc ch khac.
e thoa man ieu kien hieu kh cho vi sinh vat phat
trien trong be Aeroten, ngi ta suc kh vao he thong e
cung cap oxi cho vi sinh vat bang cac he thong kh nen.
Khi cung cap kh vao be Aeroten, khong kh can phai c
cung cap ay u va eu khap be Aeroten e lam tang
hieu qua x ly.
Be loc sinh hoc Biophin :
Be Biophin la mot cong trnh x ly sinh hoc nc
thai trong ieu kien nhan tao nh cac vi sinh vat hieu kh
dnh bam.
Qua trnh x ly dien ra khi cho nc thai ti len be
mat cua be va tham qua lp vat lieu loc. be mat
cua hat vat lieu loc va gia cac khe h gia chung,
cac can ban c gi lai va tao thanh mang goi la
mang vi sinh. Lng oxy can thiet e oxy hoa cac chat
ban hu c tham nhap vao be cung vi nc thai. Vi
sinh hap thu chat hu c va nh co oxy ma qua trnh oxy
hoa c thc hien.
Nhng mang vi sinh a chet se cung vi nc thai
ra khoi be va c gi lai be lang t hai.
Vat lieu loc cua cac loai be nay thng c dung
la than a, a cuc, soi, a ong hoac bang cac vat lieu
tong hp, kch thc trung bnh vao khoang 40 80mm,
chieu cao cua lp vat lieu loc co the t 6 - 9m.
22
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Trai
a quay sinh hoc :
Vat lieu dung e lam a quay sinh hoc thng la
polyvinyl clorit va polystyren. Cac a nay c lap tren
mot truc. Truc nay la iem ta cua chung, c quay vi
toc o rat cham. Ngi ta thng cho cac he thong a
nay vao trong mot be cha nc thai. a nay ch ngap
mot phan t 2 - 4mm. Khi quay cac vat lieu cua a se
lan lt nam trong nc va phan oi dien nam trong
khong kh. Do s tiep xuc vi khong kh theo chu ky quay
nh the se xay ra qua trnh oxy hoa. Theo thi gian hoat
ong mang vi sinh se day them va en mot mc o
nhat nh se t ong tach ra khoi a va lang xuong.
Be loc k kh co lp can l lng (UASB) :
Phng phap x ly bang be loc k kh co lp can l
lng phan ng i t di len qua lp can l lng khong
s dung lp vat lieu dnh bam ma s dung lp can
luon luon ton tai trong dch len men nh he thong nc
thai chay t pha di len. He thong nay c van
hanh nh sau:
Ngi ta ieu chnh pH cho phu hp vi hoat ong
cua vi sinh vat trong he thong. Nc thai sau khi ieu
chnh pH c phan phoi eu t di be len. Khi nc
thai tiep xuc vi cac hat can bun l lng trong be se
xay ra nhng phan ng sinh hoa va phan ln cac chat
hu c c chuyen thanh kh (trong o co 70 80% la CH 4,
20 30% la CO2, phan con lai la cac kh khac). Kh tao ra
khong chuyen len tren theo be mat ngay ma dnh vao
cac hat can bun l lng, chuyen ong theo chieu hng
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Trai
len tren, tao ra s xao tron cuc bo. Khi chuyen ong len
tren, chung va vao vat chan va b v ra, kh thoat len
tren con can lang lai xuong di. Nc trong c
chuyen len tren va tap trung vao mang chuyen ra ngoai.
Hieu qua x ly chat hu c trong nc thai do he vi
sinh vat k kh co trong cac hat bun l lng quyet nh. Khi
be van hanh se hnh thanh hai lp bun ro ret. chieu
cao be ke t ay len cac hat bun s cap c hnh
thanh. Pha tren lp bun nay la nhng hat bun c tao
ra do s lang t tren xuong hoac c lay t di len.
Nong o bun ay khoang 1.000 3.000mg/l.
Hon hp vi sinh k kh tham gia phan huy chat hu c
trong be thng ton tai lan lon trong pha kh, pha long va
pha ran. Ngi ta tach chat kh ra khoi be bang cach
thiet ke cac tam vach trong be. Hon hp bun va nc
c tach ra bi ngan lang.
Be kh sinh hoc (biogas) :
Be kh sinh hoc con goi la be metan. Khi len men,
vat chat co trong be metan bien oi rat manh, tao ra
nhng lp rat ro theo chieu cao cua be.
Khi van hanh be metan, nc trong c lay ra lien
tuc va bo sung vao nc thai mi, do o lng can c
tao ra lien tuc. Co hai lp bun can: lp bun can l lng
pha tren va lp bun can c lang xuong di ay be.
Phai lay can lang ay be ra theo nh ky hoac lien
tuc e tang kha nang phan huy vat chat hu c va
tang the tch hu ch cua be.
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Trai
Cac loai be metan rat thch hp cho viec x ly nc
thai cac x nghiep chan nuoi gia suc, gia cam.
Giai oan x ly sinh hoc tien hanh sau giai oan x
ly c hoc. Qua trnh x ly sinh hoc trong ieu kien nhan
tao khong loai tr triet e cac loai vi khuan, nhat la vi
trung gay benh. Bi vay sau giai oan x ly sinh hoc can
thc hien giai oan kh trung nc thai trc khi xa vao
nguon. Trong qua trnh x ly se tao nen mot lng can
ang ke, do o phai tien hanh x ly can trc khi thai
vao nguon.
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Trai
CHNG 3 :
TONG QUAN VE NC THAI BENH VIEN VA
CAC PHNG PHAP X LY NC THAI BENH
VIEN
3.1 TONG QUAN VE NC THAI BENH VIEN
3.1.1 Nguon goc phat sinh nc thai benh vien
Trong qua trnh hoat ong cua benh vien th hau het
cac khau eu s dung nc va tat nhien se phat sinh
ra nc thai. Do ac iem cua tng bo phan s dung
nc khac nhau nen tnh chat nc thai sinh ra cung
khong giong nhau. Tuy nhien s khac biet nay cung
khong ln, do o, e n gian hoa trong qua trnh thu gom
nc thai va thuan tien cho qua trnh tnh toan thiet ke,
thong thng ngi ta xem tnh chat cua nc thai sinh ra
t cac khau trong benh vien la nh nhau. Nc thai c
thu gom bang mot cong chung va a en he thong x
ly.
Nhn chung, nc thai benh vien phat sinh t cac
nguon sau :
Nc thai phat sinh t hoat ong kham va ieu tr

benh : nc thai t phong mo, phong hoi sc, phong
xet nghiem, phong chup X quang,
Nc thai sinh hoat cua nhan vien trong benh vien,

cua benh nhan va than nhan ngi benh.
Nc thai thoat ra t khu giat giu cua benh vien.
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Trai
Nc thai la nc ma chay tran tren toan bo

dien tch khuon vien benh vien.
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Trai
3.1.2 Tnh chat ac trng cua nc thai benh
vien
3.1.2.1 Nc thai phat sinh t hoat ong
kham va ieu tr benh
Tnh chat vat ly :
- Mau : chu yeu la mau cua cac hoa chat nh cac
dung dch thuoc dung e ieu tr benh, ac biet trong khu
vc phong mo, nc thai co mau cua mau phat sinh t
qua trnh mo va ra cac dung cu phau thuat.
- Mui : sinh ra do qua trnh thoi ra cac loai benh
pham co nguon goc hu c con sot lai do viec thu gom
chat thai khong triet e.
- Chat ran : cac loai benh pham co nguon goc hu
c con sot lai nh : bong bang, cac bo phan c the b
benh cua ngi cat loc ra (co kch thc rat nho nen
khong the thu gom c).
Thanh phan hoa hoc :
- Thanh phan hu c : thanh phan hu c chu yeu
co trong nc thai la mot so chat sinh ra trong qua trnh
phan ra t nhien cac chat hu c t cac benh pham.
- Thanh phan vo c : chu yeu la thanh phan vo c
co trong cac dung dch thuoc dung trong qua trnh ieu tr.
Thanh phan sinh hoc :
- Bao gom cac vi sinh vat, vi khuan gay benh. Rat
nhieu benh co the lan truyen qua cac vi khuan gay benh
trong nc thai.
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3.1.2.2 Nc thai sinh hoat
Cung nh nc thai sinh ra t qua trnh ieu tr benh,
nc thai sinh hoat trong benh vien cung co nhng tnh
chat vat ly, hoa hoc, sinh hoc tng t.
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Trai
Tnh chat vat ly :
- Mau : s phan ra t nhien cac chat hu c trong
qua trnh hoat ong cua con ngi (thc an, ve sinh)
- Mui : sinh ra do qua trnh thoi ra cac loai chat thai
sinh hoat.
- Chat ran : cac loai rac sinh hoat con sot lai do cha
c thu gom triet e (bao b, giay ve sinh), va cac chat
ran l lng khac.
Thanh phan hoa hoc :
- Thanh phan hu c : trong nc thai co cha cac
chat can ba, cac chat hu c hoa tan phat sinh t hoat
ong cua con ngi nh : an uong, ve sinh,
- Thanh phan vo c : Thanh phan cac chat vo c co
trong nc thai bao gom o kiem, clorua, cac kim loai
nang, Nit, Photpho, Lu huynh, cac chat oc. Ngoai ra con
co cac thanh phan vo c khac nh Canxi, Natri, Sunfat co
mat trong nc thai sinh hoat t qua trnh s dung nc.
Thanh phan sinh hoc :
- Cac vi sinh vat, vi khuan gay benh nh : ta, l. thng
han
3.1.2.3 Nc thai thoat ra t khu giat giu cua
benh vien
Cha cac hoa chat tay ra, trong o 2 nguyen to
Nit va Photpho la thanh phan chnh trong loai nc thai
nay. Chung la nguon cung cap dng chat cho vi sinh vat
trong qua trnh x ly. Tuy nhien, neu khong c x ly
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Trai
ung tieu chuan th chung se gay ra hien tng phu
dng hoa cho nguon tiep nhan.
3.1.2.4 Nc ma chay tran
ay la nc ma tham vao he thong cong hoac
chay tran tren mat at, cuon theo cac chat ban co
mat tren ng i cua chung roi o vao he thong
thoat nc. Do o, loai nc thai nay cung co nhng
tnh chat tng t nh hai loai nc thai noi tren.
3.2 MOT SO PHNG PHAP X LY NC THAI
BENH VIEN ANG C AP DUNG
Mot he thong x ly nc thai benh vien phai
am bao c cac tieu chuan sau :
- Giam nong o cac tac nhan gay o nhiem xuong
di tieu chuan cho phep.
- Phu hp vi ieu kien mat bang, dien tch cho
phep va a hnh cua benh vien so vi cac khu vc
xung quanh.
- Co kha nang au t.
Mot so phng phap x ly nc thai benh vien
tieu bieu ang c ap dung tai cac a phng :
Nc thai Sang rac ieu hoa lu lng co

suc kh Lang s cap ket hp keo tu Loc sinh hoc
Lang th cap Kh trung.
Nc thai Sang rac ieu hoa lu lng

Lang s cap (khong keo tu) Tiep xuc sinh hoc Lang
th cap Kh trung.
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Trai
Nc thai Sang rac ieu hoa lu lng

Lang s cap ket hp keo tu X ly vi sinh Aeroten
Kh trung.
Nc thai Sang rac ieu hoa lu lng co

suc kh Lang s cap (khong keo tu) X ly vi sinh
Aeroten Kh trung.
Ngoai ra, ngi ta bo sung them vao nc thai BIOWC
96 va DW 97 e ay nhanh qua trnh thuy phan cac tap

chat hu c va tang cng mat o vi sinh vat co ch cho
viec phan huy chat thai. Che pham BIOWC 96 va DW 97
la to hp vi sinh va enzime c san xuat tai Viet Nam,
co tac dung phan huy nhanh cac chat thai hu c co
trong nc thai. Mat khac, BIOWC 96 va DW 97 con co tac
dung diet trng giun san va phan ln cac vi khuan gay
hai co trong nc thai.
Cac thiet b chnh trong day chuyen x ly nc thai
benh vien :
Song chan rac :
ay la thiet b au tien trong day chuyen. Song
chan rac c at ngay sau ho thu nc thai nham loai
bo cac vat the co kch thc ln.
Be ieu hoa :
Can bang lu lng va nong do nc thai nham
am bao hieu suat cho cac cong oan x ly tiep theo.
Be lang s cap ket hp be keo tu :
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Trai
Be nay la s ket hp gia be keo tu va be lang
ng. S dung be nay cho phep tang hieu suat lang
len 30% so vi be lang n thong thng.
Thiet b x ly sinh hoc :
Phng phap x ly hieu kh bang vi sinh vat la thch
hp e giam ham lng cac chat hu c co trong nc
thai. Trong o, be loc sinh hoc cao tai la thiet b c la
chon v no phu hp vi mat bang nho hep cua cac
benh vien.
Be lang th cap :
at ngay sau thiet b loc sinh hoc, co tac dung tach
cac mang vi sinh vat l lng c tao ra trong qua trnh x
ly cac chat hu c.
Be kh trung :
Thiet b cuoi cung trong he thong x ly, c at
trc cong xa nham tieu diet cac vi sinh vat gay benh
co trong nc thai, trc khi nc thai c xa vao he
thong thoat nc chung cua thanh pho. Hoa chat s
dung e kh trung la Clo.
3.3 HIEN TRANG NC THAI BENH VIEN TREN A
BAN THANH PHO HO CH MINH
Chat thai cua cac benh vien, c s dch vu y te la
nguon gay dch benh nguy hiem, do o, phai xay dng
he thong x ly nc thai, rac thai theo ung qui nh
cua nganh y te, cung nh cam o nc thai, rac thai
cha qua x ly vao he thong thoat nc chung cua o
th, song, suoi, ao, ho va cac bai cha rac cong cong.
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Trai
Hien nay, nhieu benh vien a khan trng xay dng he
thong x ly o nhiem, nham giai quyet tnh trang o
nhiem cuc bo va cac khu vc lan can.
Theo so lieu bao cao gan ay cua cac benh vien,
cho thay cac benh vien a va ang au t xay dng he
thong x ly nc thai va chuan b a vao s dung.
Nhieu benh vien a xay dng d an kha thi e x ly o
nhiem moi trng vi cac e xuat, bien phap, cong
nghe x ly chat thai ran cung nh x ly nc thai
phu hp, trong o mot so d an a c c quan co
tham quyen phe duyet.
Tuy nhien, tren thc te, theo ket qua thanh tra cua
S Tai nguyen moi trng th ket qua rat ang lo ngai.
T thang 8/2005, S Tai nguyen moi trng a tien
hanh mot t tong kiem tra ve he thong x ly nc
thai tai cac benh vien va Trung tam y te tren toan
thanh pho. Ket qua cho thay, moi ngay co 17.276 m 3
nc thai c thai ra t 109 benh vien va Trung tam y
te. Nguon nc thai chu yeu t cac khau giai phau,
xet nghiem, kham cha benh, giat giu, ve sinh cua
nhan vien y te, benh nhan va than nhan. Ket qua phan
tch nc thai cho thay loai nc thai nay o nhiem nang
ve mat hu c va vi sinh, hau het cac ch so o nhiem
eu vt tieu chuan cho phep, trong o :
Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa (BOD 5 ) : 350 400 mg/l (tieu
chuan la 50 mg/l)
Chat ran l lng (SS) : 250 300 mg/l (tieu chuan la
100 mg/l)
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Trai
Ham lng vi sinh cao gap 100 en 1000 lan tieu
chuan cho phep.
ang chu y nhat la trong so 17.276 m 3 nc thai
hang ngay th ch co 12.925 m 3 nc thai (chiem 75%)
c x ly, tuy nhien, trong 75% nay ch co 18% (3120 m 3
nc thai) c x ly at tieu chuan moi trng.
Co nhieu nguyen nhan khien cho tnh hnh x ly
nc thai kem hieu qua :
Nhieu d an x ly o nhiem tuy a c xay

dng va phe duyet theo ung qui nh nhng cha c
xem xet, bo tr von thc hien. Cac benh vien cha co
nguon kinh ph nhat nh e au t, van hanh, quan
ly, giam sat cac he thong x ly chat thai.
Cac benh vien cha c qui hoach, phat trien

ong bo, do o, van cha xay dng c phng an
kha thi toi u cho viec quan ly nc thai. He thong
ong dan nc thai cac benh vien hau nh a
xuong cap tram trong.
Viec van hanh va bao tr he thong x ly nc

thai cha c quan tam va au t kinh ph ung mc.
Do o, nhieu he thong x ly b xuong cap hoac h
hong phai tam ngng hoat ong.
e ap ng nhu cau trong viec kham cha benh

ngay mot tang nhanh, mot so benh vien va trung tam
y te a nang cong suat phuc vu len ang ke, vt
qua cong suat thiet ke cua he thong x ly, lam
anh hng en chat lng nc thai sau x ly.
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Trai
Ngoai ra, mot so benh vien co he thong x ly
nc thai nhng trong qua trnh van hanh lai khong am
bao yeu cau ky thuat hoac khong tan dung c het
cong suat cua he thong.
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Trai
CHNG 4 :
TONG QUAN VE BENH VIEN NGUYEN TRAI
4.1 V TR
Benh vien toa lac tai Quan 5 mot quan trung tam
cua Thanh pho.
a ch : 314 Nguyen Trai P.8 Q.5 Tp. Ho Ch Minh.
Vi v tr nay, benh vien cung co nhng thuan li
va kho khan nh sau :
4.1.1 Thuan li
Quan 5 la quan co nhieu benh vien nhat tren toan
Thanh pho. Co en 10 benh vien tren a ban Quan, bao
gom : BV Ch Ray, BV Hung Vng, BV Nguyen Tri Phng, BV
Nguyen Trai, Quan Y vien 7A, Trong o, cac benh vien
nh Ch Ray, Nguyen Tri Phng la cac benh vien chuyen
tiep nhan benh nhan t cac benh vien tuyen di
chuyen len, do o cac benh vien nay phai chu mot ap
lc benh nhan rat ln. Trong khi o, benh vien Nguyen
Trai ch chu yeu tiep nhan cac benh nhan en ieu tr
noi tru, do o benh vien khong phai chu ap lc benh
nhan ln nh cac benh vien khac tren a ban.
4.1.2 Kho khan
Benh vien nam ngay trong khu vc ong dan c. Do
vay, chat lng moi trng cua benh vien se anh
hng rat ln oi vi sc khoe cua ngi dan.
Mac du khong la mot benh vien tuyen au, nhng
lng benh nhan ma benh vien on nhan cung khong
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Trai
phai t. Cac benh nhan en ay chu yeu e kham va
ieu tr noi tru. V vay, lng nc thai hang ngay thai
ra qua cac hoat ong kham cha benh, phau thuat, ve
sinh dung cu y te la khong nho. V vay, neu khong co
mot he thong x ly nc thai hoan chnh th lng
nc thai nay se rat de anh hng en moi trng
xung quanh, va tac ong xau en sc khoe cua ngi
dan khu vc lan can cung nh chnh sc khoe cua
benh nhan.
4.2 QUI MO BENH VIEN
Trc nam 1975, benh vien co ten la benh vien
Phuc Kien, do mot lng y ngi Hoa thanh lap. Sau nam
1975, benh vien c chuyen giao cho chnh quyen mi
quan ly. Hien nay, benh vien Nguyen Trai ang hoat ong
di s quan ly, ch ao, hng dan va kiem tra cua
S Y Te Tp.Ho Ch Minh ve chuyen mon noi rieng, va s
quan ly, ch ao cua UBND Tp.Ho Ch Minh noi chung.
Nhiem vu chu yeu cua benh vien la kham cha
benh noi, ngoai tru, cap cu, phong chong dch benh,
Benh vien a c trang b nhieu thiet b y te hien
ai giup cho cong tac chan oan va ieu tr nh : May
sieu am mau, may ien tim, may X-quang,
C cau to chc bao gom :
Ban giam oc :
1 giam oc lanh ao va ieu hanh toan bo hoat
ong cua benh vien.
2 pho giam oc giup viec cho giam oc.
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Trai
Cac khoa, phong :
Khoa Noi tong hp
cu
Khoa Ngoai
Khoa y hoc co truyen
Khoa Than kinh
Khoa Lao
Khoa
Khoa xet nghiem
Phong to chc
Phong
Ke
hoach
Tong hp
Khoa Tim mach
Khoa Hoi sc cap
Chong
nhiem
Phong
Hanh
chanh
quan tr
khuan
Vi 550 ging benh noi tru va hn 700 can bo
cong nhan vien, bao gom : Thac s, Chuyen khoa cap 1,
Bac s, Dc s, va mot so ai hoc khac
4.3 HIEN TRANG NC THAI TAI BENH VIEN
NGUYEN TRAI
4.3.1 Thanh phan va tnh chat nc thai
Bang 4.1 : Thanh phan va tnh chat nc thai
benh vien Nguyen Trai
STT
Ch tieu o nhiem
ac trng
n v
o
Nong o
6.84
pH
Can l lng (SS)
mg/l
148
Nhu cau oxi sinh hoa

(BOD5)
mg/l
126
Nhu cau oxi hoa hoc

(COD)
mg/l
178
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Trai
5
Tong Nit (tnh theo N)
mg/l
34
Tong Photpho (tnh theo

P)
mg/l
3.2
Tong Coliform
MPN/100
ml
6.5 x 104
E.Coli
MPN/100
ml
2.6 x 104
(Nguon : Benh vien Nguyen Trai)

Bang 4.2 : Tieu chuan nc thai (TCVN 5945 1995)
STT
Thong so
n v
Gia tr gii
han
A
6-9
5,5 9
5-9
pH
Can l lng (SS)
mg/l
50
100
200
Nhu cau oxi sinh hoa

(BOD5)
mg/l
20
50
100
Nhu cau oxi hoa hoc

(COD)
mg/l
50
100
400
Tong Nit (tnh theo N)
mg/l
30
60
60
Tong Photpho (tnh theo

P)
mg/l
4.0
6.0
8.0
Tong Coliform
MPN/100m
l
500
0
10000
(Trch : Tieu chuan nc thai, TCVN 5945 - 1995)

So sanh thanh phan va tnh chat nc thai benh
vien Nguyen Trai vi TCVN (5945 - 1995) co the thay
rang nc thai benh vien Nguyen Trai a vt qua
40
o an tot nghiep
Trai
tieu chuan cho phep (loai B) khi thai vao cong chung
cua thanh pho.
4.3.2 Bien phap x ly hien nay
Nam 1998, benh vien Nguyen Trai c S Y te
Tp. Ho Ch Minh au t xay dng he thong x ly nc
thai vi cong suat 400 m3/ngay em, vi quy trnh x
ly nh sau :
Nc thai theo mng dan en ho ga co at song
chan rac e loai bo cac tap chat tho co trong nc
thai nh bong bang, giay, cac mau benh pham con
sot lai, Rac c gi lai song chan rac sau o c
vt ra ngoai bang phng phap thu cong. Rac c
tap trung vao gio roi rac voi len ngay khi lay, sau o
se c Cong ty ve sinh moi trng thu gom.
Nc thai sau khi qua song chan rac c dan en
be ieu hoa. Be ieu hoa c xay chm. Be c
cung cap kh nham phan huy mot phan cac chat thai
de phan huy co trong nc.
Sau o, nc thai c bm ti be oxi hoa. pH
trong be oxi hoa c kiem soat bang he thong kiem
soat pH t ong. Dong nc thai t thiet b oxi hoa
c dan chay ngang qua he thong ong co au do pH.
Khi a chay qua au do xong, nc c tra ve be
ieu hoa (lng nc qua au do rat t, chay t do va
lien tuc trong mot ong 8cm). Tuy theo ch so pH o
c ma co bo sung them NaOH hay khong. NaOH c
bo sung vao nc bang mot bm nh lng e duy tr
pH trong be oxi hoa t 7 8,5.
41
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Tiep theo, nc thai c dan en be lang 1
nham giam lng chat ran l lng va chat hu c. T
be lang 1, nc thai c dan sang be keo tu. Tai ay,
nc c khuay tron vi chat keo tu la phen nhom
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O.
Sau khi ra khoi be keo tu, nc thai c dan en
be lang 2. Sau o, nc thai c bm en be tron
thuy lc nham giam lng chat ran l lng trc khi
a en be kh trung. Tai be kh trung, nc thai
c kh trung bang Clorua voi e tieu diet cac vi
trung gay benh co trong nc. Sau khi c kh trung,
nc thai c a vao cong thoat nc chung cua
thanh pho.
C moi 2 gi th bm xa can cho be lang 1 va be
lang 2. Khoang 24 gi th xa can 1 lan trong be keo tu.
Moi lan bm xa can keo dai 5 phut cho cac thiet b
co he thong lang can.
Bun lang c bm ve be lam kho bang cat. Be
nay co tac dung loc nc can bun lang cac thiet
b lang. Cac can bun c gi lai tren lp cat co
trai li, nc sau khi loc se c thao hoi lu ve be
ieu hoa.
Sau thi gian phi, bun a kho (de xuc, de ng,
de van chuyen) va khong con mui hoi, co the xuc
lam phan bon cay hay o bo theo rac sinh hoat.
42
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Hnh 4.1: Mat bang he thong x ly nc thai benh

vien Nguyen Trai
(Nguon : Khao sat tai benh vien
Nguyen Trai)
CHU THCH
A : Be ieu hoa
I : Be oxi hoa
B : Be lam kho
bang cat
II : Be lang 1
C : Ho ga co at
SCR
IV : Be lang 2
III : Be keo tu
V : Be tron
thuy lc
VI : Be kh
trung
D : Nha ieu
hanh
43
o an tot nghiep
Trai
44
o an tot nghiep
Trai
CHNG 5 :
TNH TOAN THIET KE HE THONG X LY
NC THAI
BENH VIEN NGUYEN TRAI
5.1 LA CHON VA THUYET MINH QUY TRNH CONG
NGHE
5.1.1 La chon quy trnh
Quy trnh cong nghe cua mot he thong x ly
nc thai c la chon sao cho phu hp vi mot trong
nhng tieu ch sau :
Lu lng, thanh phan va tnh chat nc thai.
Tieu chuan xa thai ra ngoai.
ac iem cua nguon tiep nhan nguon nc thai.
ieu kien t nhien, kh hau, kh tng, a chat

thuy van hay ieu kien xa hoi tai khu vc at tram
x ly.
Tnh kha thi cua cong trnh khi xay dng cung nh
khi hoat ong.
Quy mo va xu hng phat trien.
Kha nang ap ng thiet b cho he thong x ly.
Tnh hnh thc te va kha nang tai chnh (chi ph au

t, chi ph hoa chat, chi ph xay dng, quan ly van
hanh va bao tr,).
5.1.2 Cac phng an x ly
45
o an tot nghiep
Trai
5.1.2.1 Phng an 1
Nc thai c tap trung ve ho ga co at song
chan rac e ngan cac loai rac co kch thc ln. Sau
o, nc thai tiep tuc dan en be ieu hoa. Be
ieu hoa c lap at he thong phan phoi kh giam
bt mot phan nong o cac chat o nhiem, ong thi
tranh hien tng phan huy yem kh gay mui hoi. Hn
na, be ieu hoa co tac dung ieu chnh lu lng,
tao che o lam viec on nh cho cac cong trnh x ly
tiep theo.
T be ieu hoa, nc thai c bm trc tiep
en be Aeroten phan ln cac chat hu c b phan
huy nh cac vi sinh vat hieu kh co trong bun hoat tnh.
Sau o, nc thai c bm en be lang e lang
bun sinh ra t qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc. Phan bun
lang trong be theo nh ky, mot phan se bm hoan lu
ve be Aeroten e am bao mat o vi sinh vat trong
be, phan con lai se c bm en be on nh bun.
46
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Cuoi cung, nc thai chay sang be kh trung e
tieu diet nhng vi khuan gay benh con sot lai trong
Nc thai
Song chan
rac
nc
thai
trc
khi
Chu thch :
ng nc
ng bun can
Kh
Be ieu
hoa
Be
Aeroten
Be
lang
Clo
Be kh
trung
ng hoa chat
ng kh
Tua
n
hoa
n
Be cha
bun
Hnh 5.1 : S o
cong nghe
phng an 1
Cong thoat
nc
thai vao cong chung cua thanh pho.
5.1.2.2 Phng an 2
47
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Nc thai t chay qua song chan rac en be ieu
hoa. T be ieu hoa, nc c bm en be loc sinh
hoc. Ben trong be co cha cac vat lieu loc, vat lieu
loc la soi co ng knh 25 30 mm, nc se c phun
xuong be mat be loc qua he thong phan phoi. Trong
be nc thai c tron them oxi e oxi hoa cac hp
chat hu c. Cac chat hu c se b oxi hoa di tac
dung cua cac men vi sinh hieu kh bam tren be mat
gia the c at san ben trong be. Tiep theo, nc
thai c dan en be lang e lang cac chat l lng
Nc thai
Song chan
rac
Kh
Chu thch :
ng nc
Be ieu
hoa
ng bun can
ng hoa chat
Be loc
sinh
hoc
Be
lang
Clo
Be kh
trung
ng kh
Ca
n
Be cha
bun
Cong thoat
nc
con lai trong nc. Sau cung, nc thai t chay qua be
kh trung roi thoat ra ngoai.
48
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Hnh 5.2 : S o cong nghe phng an 2
5.2 TNH TOAN LU LNG
5.2.1 Tnh toan lu lng trung bnh
Bang 5.1 : Xac nh cong suat tram x ly
STT
Qui mo
benh vien
Di 100
Tieu chuan
dung nc
(l/ging/ngay)
Lu lng
nc thai
(m3/ngay)
700
70
700
100 200
600
200 300
600
300 450
600
Tren 500
ging
2
100 300
ging
300 500
ging
500 700
ging
Tren 700
ging
(Nguon : X ly nc thai Tran c Ha NXB Xay

dng)
Benh nhan : (600 l/ging/ngay bang 5)

550 ging
: 600 * 550 = 330.000
(l/ngay)
Than nhan + nhan vien y te : (120 l/ngi/ngay)

550 than nhan
: 120 * 550 =
66.000
(l/ngay)
49
o an tot nghiep
Trai
750 nhan vien
: 120 * 750 =
90.000
(l/ngay)
Nc giat t khu thanh trung
30.000 (l/ngay)
Nc thai t khu can tin
10.000
(l/ngay)
Cong
526.000
(l/ngay)
=
526
(m3/ngayem)
Lu lng trung bnh ngay
: Qtb.ng = 526 (m3/ng)
Lu lng trung bnh gi
: Qtb.h = 526 : 24 = 22 (m3/h)
Lu lng trung bnh giay
: Qtb.s
= 22
: 3600 = 0,006
(m3/s) = 6 (l/s)
5.2.2 Tnh toan lu lng ln nhat
Bang 5.2 : He so khong ieu hoa chung
Qtb.s
15
30
50
100
200
300
500
800
125
(l/s)
Kch
0
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,35 1,25
1,2
1,15
(Nguon : X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep

Lam Minh Triet)
Tra bang 5.3 vi lu lng trung bnh giay la 6 (l/s), ta c
Kch = 2,875.
Lu lng ln nhat gi
: Qmax.h = Qtb.h * Kch = 22 *
2,875 = 63,25 (m3/h)
50
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Lu lng ln nhat giay : Qmax.s
= 63,25 : 3600
0,017 (m3/s)
5.3 TNH TOAN CAC CONG TRNH CHNH
5.3.1 Song chan rac
5.3.1.1 Chc nang
Song chan rac c dung e gi rac va cac tap
chat ran co kch thc ln trong nc thai. Cac tap
chat nay neu khong c loai bo se gay tac nghen
ng ong, h hong bm, lam anh hng en cac
cong trnh x ly pha sau.
Rac tai song chan c vt ra ngoai bang phng
phap thu cong, sau o cong ty ve sinh moi trng se
en thu gom.
5.3.1.2 Cau tao
Song chan rac c lam bang kim loai. Li chan
rac at co nh vi goc nghieng 60 0 e thuan tien
cho viec vt rac cung nh giam c ton that ap lc
qua song chan.
Chon : be rong song chan rac BS = 0,5 m (500 mm)

thanh SCR co tiet dien hnh ch nhat, kch
thc 8 mm * 10 mm
be rong cua 1 khe h : b = 0,016 m (16 mm)
Gia s SCR co n thanh So khe h la m khe (m = n

+ 1), ta co moi lien he gia be rong song chan rac
va so khe h nh sau :
BS
= d * n + b * (n + 1)
51
o an tot nghiep
Trai
500 = 8 * n + 16 * (n + 1)
= 20,1 Chon n = 20 thanh m = 21 khe
So khe h cua SCR c tnh bang cong thc :

m =
Qmax .s
* kz (X ly nc thai o th va cong
v *h*b
nghiep Lam Minh Triet)

h=
Qmax .s * k z
0,017 * 1,05
= 0,7 * 0,016 * 21 = 0,076 (m)
v *b * m
Trong o :
: o sau nc chan song
chan
Qmax.s
kz
: lu lng ln nhat giay

: he so tnh en s thu hep dong
chay
chon kz = 1,05
m
: so khe h cua SCR
: chieu rong cua 1 khe h
: toc o nc chay qua SCR, chon v
= 0,7 (m/s)
(X ly nc thai Hoang Hue
NXB Xay dng)
52
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Chieu rong mng dan trc SCR :

Ta co :
Qmax.s
Bk
= v * h * Bk
=
0,017
Qmax . z
= 0,7 * 0,076 = 0,32 (m)
v*h
Chieu dai oan m trc song chan :

Chon = 20o
l1 =
0,5 0,32
B s Bk
= 2tg 20 o = 0,25(m)
2tg
Chieu dai oan m sau song chan :

l2 = 0,5 * l1 = 0,5 * 0,25 = 0,125 (m)
Chieu dai xay dng cua phan mng lap at song

chan :
L = l1 + l2 + ls = 0,25 + 0,125 + 1,3 = 1,625 (m)
Vi :
ls : chieu dai phan mng at SCR, chon l s
= 1,3 (m)
Ton that qua song chan :

v
hc = *
2g
*k
= 0,825 *
(0,7) 2
*3
2 * 9,81
= 0,062 (m)
Trong o :
v : van toc nc chay trc song chan
k : he so s tang ton that ap lc do rac
mac vao SCR (k = 2I3)
chon k = 3
: he so sc can cuc bo cua song chan, tnh

bang :
53
o an tot nghiep
Trai
=
Vi :
4
3
* sin
0,008
0,016
2,42 *
4
3
* sin 60 o
= 0,825
: goc nghieng cua SCR so vi hng
dong chay
( = 60o)
: he so phu thuoc tiet dien ngang cua
thanh song
chan, tiet dien hnh
ch nhat (loai 1) = 2,42

d : be rong cua thanh chan (d = 0,008 m)
b : be rong cua 1 khe h (b = 0,016 m)
Chieu sau xay dng :
54
o an tot nghiep
Trai
H = h + hc + 0,3 = 0,076 + 0,062 + 0,3 = 0,44
0,45
Hnh 5.3 : Kch thc song chan rac

(m)
55
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Ham lng chat ban trong nc thai sau khi ra khoi
song chan rac :
Ham lng chat l lng sau khi qua song chan rac
giam 4% :
S = S * (100% 4%) = 148 * (100% 4%) = 142,08
(mg/l)
BOD giam 4% :
B = B * (100% 4%) = 126 * (100% 4%) = 120,96
(mg/l)
Bang 5.3 : Cac thong so thiet ke song chan rac
STT
Ten thong so
Ky
hieu
Kch
thc
Kch thc thanh chan

Be day
10 mm
Be rong
8 mm
16 mm
20 thanh
60o
0,7 m/s
Dai
1,625 m
Rong
BS
0,5 m
Sau
0,45m
Khoang cach
cac thanh
So thanh chan
Goc nghieng
song chan
Van toc dong chay
Kch thc song chan rac
gia
cua
56
o an tot nghiep
Trai
7
Be rong mng dan
BK
0,32 m
57
o an tot nghiep
Trai
5.3.2 Be ieu hoa

5.3.2.1 Chc nang
S dao ong ve lu lng va tnh chat nc thai se
gay anh hng xau en cac hieu qua x ly cua
cac cong trnh pha sau, ac biet la cong trnh x ly
sinh hoc.
oi vi cac cong trnh x ly sinh hoc, che o lam
viec cua he thong se khong on nh neu lu lng va
chat lng nc thng xuyen b thay oi. Hn na,
ham lng chat ban trong nc thai luc tang, luc
giam se lam giam hieu suat x ly cua he thong.
oi vi cac cong trnh x ly hoa hoc, khi lu lng va
tnh chat nc thai thay oi th phai tang hoac giam
nong o, lieu lng hoa chat cham vao. ieu nay rat
kho thc hien khi ieu kien t ong hoa cha cho
phep.
Do o, e toan bo he thong x ly hoat ong tot
va on nh, at hieu suat toi a th can phai xay dng
be ieu hoa. Be nay co chc nang ieu chnh lu
lng nc thai on nh trc khi a en cong trnh
x ly sinh hoc, hoa hoc.
5.3.2.2 Cau tao
Be ieu hoa co dang hnh vuong hoac hnh ch
nhat. Trong be ieu hoa lap at mot he thong suc kh
dang ong dan khoan lo cung cap oxi nham tranh cho
nc thai khong b phan huy yem kh gay mui hoi,
58
o an tot nghiep
Trai
ong thi viec suc kh nay cung lam giam mot phan
cac chat o nhiem co trong nc thai.
Kch thc be :
+ The tch be ieu hoa :
W = Qmax.h * t = 63,25 * 2 = 126,5 (m3) 127 (m3)
Vi : t la thi gian lu nuc thai trong be , chon t
= 2 (h).
+ Chon chieu cao cua be la h = 3,5 m
+ Dien tch be :
F=
127
W
= 3,5 = 36,28 (m2)
h
Kch thc be ieu hoa : B * L = 7,3 * 5

+ Chon chieu cao bao ve la 0,5 m
Chieu cao tong cong : H = h + 0,5 = 3,5 + 0,5
= 4 (m)
The tch xay dng be ieu hoa la :
B * L * H = 5 * 7,3 * 4 = 146 (m3)
59
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Hnh5.4 :Kch thc be ieu hoa
Lu lng kh can cap cho be ieu hoa :

Ta can cung cap oxi cho be ieu hoa e nc thai
khong phan huy trong ieu kien yem kh, gay mui hoi.
e cung cap kh cho be ieu hoa, ta dung he thong
suc kh, lng khong kh can cung cap cho be ieu hoa
la t 0,01 en 0,015 m 3/1 m3 dung tch be/1 phut (Tnh
toan thiet ke cac cong trnh X ly nc thai Trnh
Xuan Lai).
Lng khong kh can cap cho be ieu hoa :
Qkk = 0,015 * 127 = 1,91 (m3/ m3 nc thai/phut)
= 114,6 (m3/h) = 0,032 (m3/s)
Bo tr he thong suc kh :
Kh c phan phoi trc tiep vao nc bang he
thong ong dan khoan lo, vi ng knh lo 5 mm.
60
o an tot nghiep
Trai
+ Dien tch be mat cua 1 lo :
f=
* d 2 * (5.10 3 ) 2
= 1,9 * 10-5 (m2)

4
4
+ Cng o kh cua 1 lo :
q = f * v = 1,9. 10-5 * 10 = 1,9 * 10-4 (m3/s)
Vi : v la van toc kh ra khoi lo (v = 5 10 m/s)
Chon v = 10 m/s
(Tnh toan thiet ke cac cong trnh x ly nc thai
Trnh Xuan Lai)
+ e cap u lng kh can thiet cho be ieu hoa
th can co :
N=
Q kk
0,032
= 168,4 169 (lo)

q
1,9.10 4
Thiet ke 1 ong dan kh chnh at doc theo chieu

rong be, 3 ong nhanh
khoan lo at vuong goc va
chay doc theo chieu dai be, moi ong khoan lo dai 7,2
m.
+ So lo tren 1 ong nhanh : 169 / 3 = 56 (lo)
+ Khoang cach gia 2 lo :
7,2 (56 * 5.10 3 )

57
120
(mm)
Van toc kh trong ong : chon v = 15 m/s
+ ng knh ong kh chnh :
D1 =
4 * Ok
4 * 0,032
= 0,05 (m) = 50 (mm)

V *
15 *
+ ng knh ong khoan lo :
61
o an tot nghiep
Trai
D2 =
4 * Ok
4 * 0,032
= 0,03 (m) = 30 (mm)

V * * 3
15 * * 3
+ Khoang cach gia 2 ong khoan lo :
5 (0,03 * 3)
=
4
1,23 (m)
Ap lc can thiet cho he thong kh nen :

Hc = hd + hc + hf + H = 0,4 + 0,5 + 4 = 4,9 (m)
Vi :
hd : ton that ap lc theo chieu dai tren
ng ong dan
hc : ton that qua thiet b phan phoi
(hd + hc khong vt qua 0,4)
hf : ton that cuc bo cuaong phan phoi kh
(khong vt qua 0,5)
Ap lc khong kh :
10,33 H c
10,33
p =
(Cong thc 149 X ly nc thai
Hoang Hue)
=
10,33 4,9
10,33
= 1,47 (atm)
Cong suat may nen :

N =
34.400 * p 0, 29 1 * q
102 *
34.400 * 1,470 , 29 1 * 0,064

102 * 0,7
= 3,64
(kw)
Vi q : lu lng khong kh can cung cap
q = 2 * Okk = 2 * 0,032 = 0,064 (m3/s)
p : ap lc kh nen
62
o an tot nghiep
Trai
: hieu suat may bm, chon = 0,7
Bang 5.4 : Cac thong so thiet ke be ieu hoa
STT
1
2
3
4
Cac thong so
Ky
hieu
Kch
thc
Kch thc be ieu hoa

L
7,3 m
Dai
B
5m
Rong
H
4m
Cao
Thi gian lu nc
t
2 gi
Lng khong kh can cap cho
Qkk
114,6
be ieu hoa
m3/h
He thong suc kh : 1 ong chnh, 4 ong phan phoi
D
100 mm
ng knh ong kh chnh
d
50 mm
ng knh ong phan
phoi
7m
Chieu dai ong phan
phoi
5 mm
ng knh lo
Cong suat may nen
N
3,64 kw
Ham lng cac chat ban con lai sau khi ra khoi be
ieu hoa :
Ham lng chat l lng sau khi qua be ieu hoa
giam 4% :
S = S * (100% 4%) = 142,08 * (100% 4%) =
136,39 (mg/l)
BOD giam 25% :
B = B * (100% 25%) = 120,96 * (100% 25%) =
90,72 (mg/l)
COD giam 5% :
63
o an tot nghiep
Trai
C = C * (100% 25%) = 178 * (100% 5%) = 169,1
(mg/l)
64
o an tot nghiep
Trai
5.3.3 Be Aeroten (phng an 1)

5.3.3.1 Chc nang
Trong be Aeroten, cac chat l lng la ni e vi sinh
vat c tru, sinh san va phat trien dan len, hnh thanh
cac bong can goi la bun hoat tnh. Vi sinh vat s dung
chat hu c, chat dinh dng co trong nc thai lam
thc an, nh o lam giam mc o o nhiem hu c
cua nc thai.
5.2.3.2 Cau tao
Trong be Aeroten co gan thiet b suc kh dang ong
dan khoan lo. He thong suc kh nay cung cap oxi cho s
song cua vi sinh vat, ong thi tranh hien tng sa
lang can.
He thong khong b tat trt, khong oi hoi trnh o
quan ly cao, phu hp vi cac he thong x ly nc
thai cong suat va va nho.
Cac thong so thiet ke :

+ Lu lng nc thai : Q = 526 m3/ngayem
+ Nhiet o nc thai : t = 20oC
+ BOD au vao = BOD au ra cua be ieu hoa So
= 90,72 (mg/l)
+ Ham lng chat l lng SS vao be Aeroten : C vao =
136,39 (mg/l)
+
BOD5
= 0,7
COD
65
o an tot nghiep
Trai
+ BOD20 trong nc thai can at sau x ly : L ra = 20
(mg/l)
+ SS trong nc thai can at sau x ly : C ra = 22 (mg/l)
(tieu chuan nc thai loai A)
Gia s ham lng chat ran l lng trong nc
thai au ra la chat ran sinh hoc (bun hoat tnh) trong
o co 80% la chat de bay hi va 60% la chat co the
phan huy sinh hoc.
+ Bun hoat tnh trong nc thai au vao = 0
+ o tro cua bun hoat tnh : z = 0,2
Tnh nong o BOD5 hoa tan trong nc au ra :

+ Lng BOD cha trong can l lng ra khoi be lang :
a = 0,6 * 22 = 13,2 (mg/l can se b phan huy
tiep tuc)
+ Lng BOD khi b oxi hoa het, chuyen thanh can
tang len 1,42 lan (1mg BOD tieu thu 1,42 mg O2).
b = 13,2 * 1,42 = 18,47 (mg/l)
+ Lng BOD5 cha trong can l lng au ra :
c = 18,47 * 0,7 = 12,93 (mg/l)
+ Lng BOD5 hoa tan con lai trong nc khi ra khoi be
lang :
S = 20 12,93 = 7,07 (mg/l)
Tnh hieu qua x ly :

+ Theo BOD5 :
66
o an tot nghiep
Trai
E=
So S
* 100
So
90,72 7,07
*100
90,72
= 92%
+ Theo COD :
E=
CODv CODr
169,1 20
*100
*100 = 88%
CODv
169,1
67
o an tot nghiep
Trai
The tch be :
W =
c * Q * Y ( So S )
7 * 526 * 0,6(90,72 7,26)
=
= 64,9 m3 65
2000(1 0,06 * 7)
X (1 K d * c )
m3
Trong o :
c : thi gian lu bun (c = 5 15 ngay) chon c
= 7 ngay
Q
lu
lng
trung
bnh
ngay
(Q
526
m3/ngayem)
Y : he so san lng bun (Y = 0,4 0,8)
chon Y = 0,6 mgVSS/mgBOD5
So : BOD5 au vao (So = 90,72 mg/l)
S : BOD hoa tan ra khoi be (S = 7,26 mg/l)
X : nong o chat l lng de bay hi trong hon
hp bun hoat tnh.
lay X = 2000 mg/l
Kd : he so phan huy noi bao, lay K d = 0,06
ngay-1
(X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Lam Minh
Triet)
Kch thc be :
+ Chon chieu sau be la 2,5m va chieu cao bao ve
la 0,5 m.
chieu sau xay dng : H = 2,5 + 0,5 = 3m
68
o an tot nghiep
Trai
+ Dien tch mat thoang cua be :
F=
65
V
= 2,5 = 26 (m2)
H
Kch thc be : L * B * H = 6,5 * 4 * 3
Hnh 5.5 : Kch thc be Aeroten
Thi gian lu nc :
=
V
Q
65
= 0.15 ngay = 3,6 gi 4 gi
526
Lu lng can d phai xa moi ngay sau khi he

thong hoat ong on nh :
+ He so tao can t BOD5 :
Y
Yb = 1 * K =
c
d
0,6
1 7 * 0,06
= 0,42
+ Lng bun hoat tnh sinh ra trong ngay :

Px = Yb * Q * (So S)
69
o an tot nghiep
Trai
= 0,42 * 526 * (90,72 7,26) = 18.438 18,44
(kg/ngay)
70
o an tot nghiep
Trai
+ Tong lng can sinh ra trong ngay :
Px(SS) =
Px
=
1 z
18,44
0,8
= 23,05 (kg/ngay)
Lng can d hang ngay phai xa i :

Pxa = Px(SS) Q * 22 * 10 -3 =23,05 526 * 22 * 10 -3 = 11,48
(kg/ngay)
Lu lng bun thai :

T cong thc :
V *X
c = Q * C Q * C Qx =
x
t
r
ra
V * X Qr * C ra * c
Ct * c
Trong o :
Qx : lu lng bun thai
V : The tch be (V = 65 m3)
Qr = Qvao = 526 m3/ngayem
X : nong o chat l lng de bay hi trong hon
hp bun hoat tnh
(X = 2000 mg/l)
c : thi gian lu bun (7 ngay)
Ct : nong o chat l lng bay hi trong dong
tuan hoan
Ct = 0,8 * 10.000 = 8.000 (mg/l)
Trnh Xuan Lai)
Qx =
65 * 2000 526 * 22 * 7
= 0,44 (m3/ngay)
8000 * 7
71
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Tnh he so tuan hoan bo qua lng bun hoat tnh

tang len trong be :
Da vao phng trnh can bang vat chat cho be
Aeroten :
Q * X0 + Qth * Ct = (Q + Qth) * X
Vi :
Q : lu lng nc thai
Qth : lu lng bun hoat tnh tuan hoan
X : nong o chat l lng de bay hi trong be
Aeroten
Ct : nong o chat l lng de bay hi trong bun
tuan hoan
X0 : nong o chat l lng de bay hi trong nc
thai au vao.
X0 thng rat nho so vi X va X th. Do o, phng
trnh can bang vat chat tren co the bo qua gia tr Q *
X0. Khi o, phng trnh co dang :
Qth * Ct = (Q + Qth) * X
Chia 2 ve cua phng trnh cho Q, ta c :
Qth
Q
* Ct X th * X
Q
Q
Qth
Q
* Ct th * X
Q
Q
Qth
(C t X )
Q
72
o an tot nghiep
Trai
at
Qth
=
Q
X = (Ct X)
Qth
= 0,33
Q
Qth = 0,33 * Q = 0,33 * 526 = 173,58 (m 3/ngay)
X
2000
= 0,33
Ct X 8000 2000
Kiem tra t so F/M va tai trong the tch :

+ T so F/M :
Gii han cho phep : F / M = 0,2 0,6 kg/kg.ngay
So
F
90,72
= 0,38 (ngay-1)
M * X 0,12 * 2000
+ Tai trong the tch :

Gii han cho phep : 0,8 1,92 kgBOD 5/m3.ngay
L
S o Q 90,72 * 526 *10 3
0,75 (kgBOD5/m3.ngay)
V
65
(X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep Lam Minh

Triet)
Xac nh lng oxi can thiet cho be :

+ Lng oxi can thiet (theo ly thuyet) :
(Cong thc 6.15-Tnh toan thiet ke cac cong trnh x ly

nc thai Trnh Xuan Lai)
OC0 =
Q * ( So S )
1000 * f
1,42 * Px
4,57 * Q * ( N 0 N )
1000
Trong o :
73
o an tot nghiep
Trai
OC0 : lng oxi can thiet theo ieu kien tieu chuan
cua phan ng
Q : lu lng nc thai can x ly (Q = 526 m3/ngay)
S0 : nong o BOD5 au vao (S0 = 90,72 mg/l)
S : nong o BOD5 au ra ( S = 7,26 mg/l)
f =
BOD5
= 0,7
COD
Px : lng bun hoat tnh sinh ra trong ngay (P x = 18,44

kg/ngay)
1,42 : he so chuyen oi t te bao sang COD
N0 : tong ham lng nit au vao (N0 = 34 mg/l)
N : tong ham lng nit au ra (N = 28 mg/l)
4,57 : he so s dung oxi khi oxi hoa NH4+ thanh NO3 OC0 =
526 * (90,72 7,07)

4,57 * 526 * (34 28)
1,42 *18,44
1000 * 0,7
1000
= 52,09 (kgO2/ngay)
+ Lng oxi can thiet trong ieu kien thc te :
Cs
1
1
*
*
(T 20 )
C s C 1,024
OCt = OC 0 *
OC0 : lng oxi can thiet theo ieu kien tieu chuan
cua phan ng
Cs : nong o oxi bao hoa Cs = 9,08 (mg/l)
C : lng oxi can duy tr trong be (C = 1,5 2) chon C
=2 (mg/l)
T : nhiet o nc thai (T = 20oC)
74
o an tot nghiep
Trai
: he so giam nang suat hoa tan oxi do anh
hng cua can va cac chat hoat ong be mat,
loai thiet b lam thoang, ( = 0,6 0,94)
chon thiet b phan phoi bot kh mn = 0,7
(theo bang 8).
75
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Bang 5.5 : Cong suat hoa tan oxi vao nc cua
thiet b phan phoi
bot kh mn
ieu kien th
nghiem
ieu kien
toi u
ieu kien
trung bnh
gO2/m3.
m
kgO2/K
W
gO2/m3.
m
kgO2/KW
Nc sach T = 20oC
12
2,2
10
1,7
Nc thai T = 20oC ;
= 0,7
8,5
1,5
1,2
(Nguon : Tnh toan thiet ke cac cong trnh x ly nc

thai Trnh Xuan Lai)
OCt = 52,8 * 9,08 2 * 1,024 20 20 * 0,7 = 96,73 (kgO2/ngay) =
9,08
4,03 kgO2/h
+ Lng khong kh can thiet cho be :
96,73
OC t
* 1,5 = 9068,44 (m3/ngay) = 0,105
*f =
0
,
016
OU
Ok =
(m3/s)
Vi :
OCt
: Lng oxi can thiet trong ieu kien thc te
: he so an toan ( f = 1,5 2) chon f = 1,5
OU
= Ou * h = 7 * 2,3 = 16 (gO2/m3)
= 0,016 (kgO2/m3)
Ou : cong suat hoa tan kh trong thiet b phan
phoi
chon Ou = 7 (theo bang 9)
76
o an tot nghiep
Trai
h : o sau ngap nc cua thiet b phan phoi
kh (h = 2,3 m)
He thong phan phoi kh :

+ Chon thiet b lam thoang gom cac a xop,
ng knh 300 mm, dien tch be mat f = 0,07 m 2, cng

o kh 1,4 l/s cho 1 a.
+ So lng a phan phoi kh trong be :
N=
Ok 9068,44 * 1000
= 74,9 75 (a)
1,4
1,4 * 86400
+ Vi cac so lieu a tnh nh tren, he thong

phan phoi kh bao gom 4 ong nhanh, at doc theo chieu
dai be, chieu dai ong nhanh la 6,3 m. Moi nhanh co
19 a.
Khoang cach gia 2 a :
6,3 (19 * 0,3)

= 0,03 (m)
20
30(mm)
+ Van toc kh trong ong : 15 m/s
SVTH : Nguyen
Ngoc
Hnh 5.6
: SThu
oAn
bo tr he thong phan phoi kh
77
o an tot nghiep
Trai
+ ng knh ong kh chnh :

D1 =
4 * Ok
V *
4 * 0,105
= 0,09 (m) = 90 (mm)
15 *
+ ng knh ong nhanh :

D2 =
4 * Ok
4 * 0,105
= 0,05 (m) = 50 (mm)

V * * 4
15 * * 4
Ap lc can thiet cho he thong kh nen :

Hc = hd + hc + hf + H = 0,4 + 0,5 + 3 = 3,9 (m)
Trong o :
hd : ton that ap lc theo chieu dai tren ng
ong dan
hc : ton that qua thiet b phan phoi
(hd + hc khong vt qua 0,4)
hf : ton that cuc bo cua ong phan phoi kh
(khong vt qua 0,5)
Ap lc khong kh :
p =
10,33 H c
10,33
(Cong thc 149 X ly nc thai
Hoang Hue)
=
10,33 3,9
10,33
= 1,37 (atm)
Cong suat may nen :
78
o an tot nghiep
Trai
N =
34.400 * p 0, 29 1 * q
102 *
34.400 * 1,37 0, 29 1 * 0,28

102 * 0,7
= 12,9
(kw/h)
Vi :
q : lu lng khong kh can cung cap (m3/s)
q = 2 * Ok = 2 * 0,14 = 0,28
p : ap lc kh nen
: hieu suat may bm, chon = 0,7
be Aeroten :
BOD giam 92 % :
B = B * (100% 92%) = 90,72 * (100% 92%) =
7,25 (mg/l)
COD giam 88 % :
C = C * (100% 88%) = 169,1 * (100% 88%) =
20,3 (mg/l)
Bang 5.6 : Cac thong so thiet ke be Aeroten
ST
T
Ten thong so
Kch thc be :
Dai
Rong
Cao
Thi gian lu bun
Thi gian lu nc
Lng khong kh can cap cho
be Aeroten
Cong suat may nen
2
3
4
6
Ky
hieu
Kch
thc
L
B
H
Ok
6,5 m
4m
3m
7 ngay
4 gi
0,14 m3/s
12,9 kw/h
79
o an tot nghiep
Trai
5.3.4 Be loc sinh hoc (phng an 2)
5.3.4.1 Chc nang
Nc thai c ti len be mat cua be va
tham qua lp vat lieu loc. Cac can ban co trong nc
thai se c gi lai tren be mat cua hat vat lieu loc
cung nh trong cac khe h gia cac hat vat lieu, hnh
thanh nen mot lp mang goi la mang vi sinh. Oxi
c cung cap vao be giup vi sinh vat hap thu va oxi
hoa cac chat hu c co trong nc thai.
5.3.4.2 Cau tao
Be loc sinh hoc c xay dng co dang hnh tron,
ay kep. ay tren la ta, an lp vat lieu loc,
ay di lien khoi, khong tham nc.
Cac thong so tnh toan :
+ Cong suat : 526 m3/ngay em
+ BOD5 sau be ieu hoa : S0 = 90,72 mg/l
+ Vat lieu loc : soi ( d = 25 30 mm)
+ Be day lp vat lieu loc : h2 = 2 m
+ He so tuan hoan :
R=
QT
Q
=1
(Bang 11.1 Phan biet tai trong trong cac be loc sinh
hoc nho giot Tnh toan thiet ke cac cong trnh x ly
nc thai Trnh Xuan Lai)
+ Nhiet o nc thai : T = 20o C
+ Hieu qua x ly BOD au ra can at E = 90%
80
o an tot nghiep
Trai
So S
So
BOD au ra : E =
S = So (E * So)
= 90,72 (0,9 * 90,72) = 9,072
(mg/l)
The tch lp vat lieu loc :

100
Ap dung cong thc : E = 1 0,4433
W
F *V
E : hieu qua kh BOD cua be loc va lang 2 khi co

tuan hoan, 20oC
W : tong lng BOD5 can kh (kg/ngay)
V : the tch vat lieu loc (m3)
F : thong so tuan hoan nc tnh theo phng trnh :
1 R
F =
10
vi R la he so tuan
hoan
(Cong thc 11 1, Tnh toan thiet ke cac cong trnh
x ly nc thai Trnh Xuan Lai)
+ Tong lng BOD5 can kh trong ngay :
W = Q * (So S) = 526 * (90,72 9,072) = 43 (kg/ngay)
+ Thong so tuan hoan nc :
1 R
F =
10
11
2
= 1 1
= 1,65
10
The tch lp vat lieu loc :
81
o an tot nghiep
Trai
100
100
E = 1 0,4433
W
F *V
90 = 1 0,4433
43
1,65 * V
V = 52
( m 3)
Dien tch be loc :

V
52
S = h 2 = 26 (m2)
2
ng knh be loc :
D=
4*S
4 * 26
= 5,75 (m)
Chieu cao be loc :

H = h1 + h2 + h3 + h4 = 0,5 + 2 + 0,7 + 1 = 4,2 (m)
h1 : khoang cach t be mat lp vat lieu loc en
mep tren cung cua thanh be h1 = 0,5 m (ieu 6.14.4

TCXD 51-84)
h2 : chieu cao lp vat lieu loc (h2 = 2m)
h3 : chieu cao san vat lieu loc (h3 = 0,6 0,8)
h3 = 0,7 m
h4 : chieu cao phan ay be loc, o doc i = 1% h4
= 1m
82
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Hnh 5.7 : Kch thc be loc sinh hoc
Tai trong thuy lc :

a=
Q QT 526 526
= 40,5 (m3/m2.ngay)
S
26
Tai trong chat hu c tnh cho 1 m3 vat lieu :

b=
W
43
= 0,83 (kgBOD5/m3.ngay)
V
52
+ Lu lng ln nhat chay vao be la loc : 17 (l/s)
He thong voi phun :

+ Chon : Loai voi phun co ng knh mieng voi phun
la 25,4 mm.
Ap lc tnh au voi : 2 m
Ton that ap lc trong mang li phan phoi =
30 % ton that tong cong.
Ap lc t do ln nhat au voi phun :
83
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Hmax =
100 30
= 0,7 (m)
100
+ ng knh vong ti c xac nh theo bieu o

hnh 8a, phu thuoc vao:
- Ap lc t do ln nhat : Hmax = 0,7 m
- ng knh mieng voi phun : d = 25,4mm
Hnh 5.8a : Bieu o xac nh ng knh

vong ti
(Nguon : X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep
Lam Minh Triet)
ng knh vong ti : D = 2,6 m
84
o an tot nghiep
Trai
+ Lu lng ti cua moi voi phun c xac nh theo
bieu o hnh 8b.
Hnh 5.8b : Bieu o xac nh lu lng ti cua

voi phun
Lu lng ti ln nhat cua 1 voi phun la 70 l/phut

(hay 1,17 l/s)
+ He thong co 9
voi phun. Cac voi
phun c bo tr xen
ke,
chong
nhau.
Theo cach nay, cac

voi phun c bo tr
nh hnh ben.
Ham lng chat
ban trong nc
thai sau khi ra
khoi be loc sinh
hoc :
Hnh 5.9 : S o bo tr cac voi phun
BOD5 giam 90% :
85
o an tot nghiep
Trai
B = B * (100% 90%)
= 90,72 * (100% 90%) = 9,072 (mg/l)
86
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Bang 5.7 : Cac thong so thiet ke be loc sinh hoc
ST
T
1
Ten thong so
Ky
hieu
Kch
thc
D
H
-
5,75 m
4,2 m
1,48 gi
Kch thc be :
ng knh
Cao
Thi gian lang
5.3.5 Be lang
5.3.5.1 Chc nang
Be lang co nhiem vu lang trong nc e xa ra

nguon tiep nhan va e co ac bun hoat tnh en
nong o nhat nh e bm tuan hoan ve be Aeroten.
5.2.5.2 Cau tao
La chon be lang la be lang ng co dang hnh
tron.
Dien tch mat bang cua be lang :

S=
Q * (1 ) * C o 22 * (1 0,33) * 2500
= 14,29 (m2) 14,3 (m2)

Ct * VL
8000 * 0,64
Vi :
S : dien tch mat bang cua be lang
Q : lu lng nc thai a vao x ly ( Qtb.h =
22 m3/h)
: he so tuan hoan ( = 0,33)
Co : nong o bun hoat tnh trong Aeroten
Co
X
2000
2500 (g/m3)
0,8
0,8
87
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Ct : nong o bun trong dong tuan hoan (Ct =
8000 g/m3)
VL : van toc lang cua mat phan chia phu
thuoc vao nong o can va tnh chat can, c xac
nh bang cong thc thc nghiem sau :
6
VL Vmax * e KCL 10 = 7 * e 600*4000*10 = 0,64 m/h

6
Vmax = 7 m/h
CL = 1/ 2 Ct = 1/ 2 * 8000 = 4000 (g/m3)
K = 600
Trnh Xuan Lai)
Neu ke ca dien tch buong phan phoi trung tam :

Sbe = 1,1 * S = 1,1 * 14,3 = 15,73 (m2) 16 (m3)
ng knh be :
D=
4* S
4 *16
= 4,5 (m)
ng knh buong phan phoi trung tam :

d = 0,25 * D = 0,25 * 4,5 = 1,125 (m)
Dien tch buong phan phoi trung tam :

* d 2 * (1,125) 2
f=
= 0,99 (m2) 1 (m2)
4
4
Dien tch vung lang cua be :

S = Sbe f = 16 1 = 15 (m2)
Tai trong thuy lc :
88
o an tot nghiep
Trai
a=
Q 526
= 35,07 (m3/m2 ngay)

S
15
89
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Van toc i len cua dong nc trong be :

V=
35,07
=1,46 (m/h)
24
Mang thu nc at vong tron co ng knh 0,8

lan ng knh be :
Dm = 0,8 * 4,5 = 3,6 (m)
Chieu dai mang thu nc :

L = * Dm = * 3,6 = 11,3 (m)
Tai trong thu nc tren 1m dai cua mang :

aL =
Q
526
L
11,3
= 46,55 (m3/m dai.ngay)
Tai trong bun :

Q * (1 ) * Co 526 * (1 0,33) * 2500 *10 3
B=
= 4,55 kg/m3.h
24 * S b
24 *16
Xac nh chieu cao be :

H = h1 + h2 + h3 + h4
Vi : h1 : chieu cao d tr , chon h1 = 0,5 m
h2 : chieu cao phan nc trong ( 2 6 m) chon
h2 = 3 m
h3 : chieu cao phan chop cua ay, o doc i =
2%
h3 = i * r = 2% * 2,25 = 0,045 (m)
h4 : chieu cao phan bun, phu thuoc lng bun
cua cong trnh sinh hoc
90
o an tot nghiep
Trai
h4 =
vbun 0,44 * 7
= 0,2 (m)
Sbe
16
H = 0,5 + 3 + 0,045 + 0,2 = 3,7 (m) H = 4 (m)

The tch phan cha bun :
Vb = Sb * h4 = 16 * 0,2 = 3,2 (m3)
Hnh 5.10 : Kch thc be lang 2
Nong o bun trung bnh trong be :

Ctb =
C L * Ct 4000 8000
= 6000 (g/m3) = 6 (kg/m3)

2
2

Trnh Xuan Lai)
Lng bun cha trong be lang :

Gbun = Vb * Ctb = 3,2 * 6 = 19,2 (kg)
91
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Thi gian lu nc trong be lang :

- Dung tch be lang :
V = H * Sb = 3,2 * 16 = 51,2 (m3)
- Nc i vao be lang :
Qt = (1 + ) * Q = (1 + 0,33) * 526 = 699,58
(m3/ngayem) = 29,15 (m3/h)

- Thi gian lang :
V
51,2
T = Q 29,15 = 1,8 gi 2 gi
t
be lang 2 :
Ham lng chat l lng sau khi qua be lang 2 giam
95% :
S = S * (100% 95%) = 136,39 * (100% 95%) =
6,82 (mg/l)
Bang 5.8 : Cac thong so thiet ke be lang
ST
T
1
2
3
4
Ten thong so
Kch thc be :
ng knh
Cao
ng knh ong trung tam
ng knh mang thu nc
Thi gian lang
Ky
hieu
Kch
thc
D
H
d
Dm
4,5 m
4m
1,125 m
3,6 m
2 gi
5.3.6 Be kh trung
5.3.6.1 Chc nang
92
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Kh trung nc thai, tieu diet cac vi sinh vat co trong
nc thai bang hoa chat, trc khi thai vao he thong
cong chung.
5.3.6.2 Cau tao
Be co dang hnh ch nhat, chia lam nhieu ngan.
Cac vach ngan c xep so le nhau, e oi hng di
chuyen cua dong chay, tang thi gian tiep xuc gia
nc thai va hoa chat, e nc thai co the c
kh trung hoan toan.
Kch thc be :
+ The tch be :
V = Qtb.h * t = 22 *
30
= 11 (m3)
60
Vi : t la thi gian lu nc, chon t = 30 phut (Theo X

ly nc thai Hoang Hue)
+ Chon chieu cao be
: h = 1,1 m
chieu cao bao ve : hbv = 0,4 m

+ Dien tch be mat :
F=
11
V
= 1,1 = 10 (m2)
h
+ Chon chieu dai be : 4 m

Chieu rong be : B =
F
10
=
= 2,5 (m)
4
L
+ Chon be co 4 ngan, so vach ngan la 3, chieu

day moi vach ngan d = 10 cm.
Chieu rong cua 1 ngan :
4 (0,1 * 2)
= 0,93 (m)
3
93
o an tot nghiep
Trai
+ Chieu dai vach ngan lay bang 2/3 chieu dai be.
Chieu dai vach ngan :
2
* 2,5 = 1,67 (m)
3
94
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Hnh 5.11 : Kch thc be kh trung
Lng Clorua voi can s dung :

M = a * Q (a : lieu lng clo hoat tnh)
Lieu lng clo can thiet la 2 8 mg/l nc thai oi
vi nc thai saucong trnh x ly sinh hoc. (Theo Waste
water Engineering : Treatment, Reuse, Disposal, 1991) Chon
a = 5 (mg/l)
M = 5 * 526 = 2,63 (kg/m3.ngay)
Dung clorua voi co hieu suat s dung la 30%.
Lng clorua voi s dung la :
2,63 : 0,3 = 8,76 (kg/ngay) 8,8 (kg/ngay)
95
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Bang 5.9 : Cac thong so thiet ke be kh trung
ST
T
1
2
3
4
Ten thong so
Ky
hieu
Kch
thc
L
B
H
-
4m
2,5 m
1,5 m
0,93 m
1,67 m
8,8
kg/ngay
Kch thc be :
Dai
Rong
Cao
Chieu rong ngan
Chieu dai vach ngan
Lng clorua voi s dung
5.3.7 Be cha bun
5.3.7.1 Chc nang
Cha va on nh can nham giam tac nhan gay

benh co trong bun can, giam mui hoi thoi.
5.3.7.2 Cau tao
Be co dang hnh ch nhat. Chia lam 3 ngan. C 10
ngay, bun lai c bm vao 1 ngan. en ngay th 30
th em bun ngan au tien i o bo.
Tong lng can tch luy sau 1 ngay :

19,2 (0,33 * 19,2 ) = 12,9 (kg/ngay)
Trong o :
19,2: lng bun can trong be lang 2
0,33 * 19,2: lng bun tuan hoan lai be Aeroten
The tch can a ve be on nh :

Qc =
12.9
1,005 * 0,01
= 1,3 (m3/ngay)
96
o an tot nghiep
Trai
1,005 : t trong can ; 1% : nong o can
Chon thi gian u bun la 30 ngay cho moi lan lay

bun em thai bo.
The tch toi thieu cua be cha bun la : 1,3 * 30 =

39 (m3)
Kch thc xay dng be : L * B * H = 5 * 4 * 2
Hnh 5.12 : Kch thc be cha bun
Nong o can i vao be on nh :

G
9,02
X = Q 2,5 = 3,61 (kg/m3) = 3610 (mg/l)

C
G : lng can can x ly
QC : the tch can
97
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Bang 5.10 : Cac thong so thiet ke be on nh
bun
ST
T
1
Ten thong so
Ky
hieu
Kch
thc
L
B
H
-
5m
4m
2m
30 ngay
Kch thc be :
Dai
Rong
Cao
Thi gian cha bun
5.4 TNH TOAN CAC CONG TRNH PHU

5.4.1 ng knh ong dan nc trong he thong
Ong dan nc thai bang nha PVC, ng knh xac
nh bang cong thc :
Q
0,785 * V nuoc
22
0,785 * 0,7 * 3600
= 0,1 m = 100 mm
Vi :
Vnc : van toc nc chay trong ong (0,7m/s 1
m/s)
chon Vnc = 0,7 m/s
Q
: lu lng trung bnh nc thai (m3/h)
5.4.2 Tnh toan bon pha hoa chat

Dung tch bon pha hoa chat :
Q * t * C 22 * 12 * 4,4 * 103
Wh =
= 23 (m3)
P *
0,05 * 106
Trong o :
Wh
: dung tch bon pha hoa chat
98
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Q
: lu lng nc thai em x ly (Qtb.h = 22
: thi gian gia 2 lan pha hoa chat
m3/h)
chon t = 12h
C
: lieu lng clo s dung trong 12 gi
: nong o dung dch clo trong thung pha
: khoi lng rieng cua dung dch Ca(ClO)2,
tron
= 106 g/m3
5.5 TNH TOAN GIA THANH
5.5.1 Phng an 1
5.5.1.1 Cac hang muc xay dng
STT
1
Cong trnh
So lng
(m3 be
tong)
1 bo
Song chan
rac
Be ieu
hoa
Be Aeroten
Be lang
26
Be kh
trung
Be on
nh bun
Nha ieu
hanh
29
6
7
50
30
30
-
n gia
(ong)
Thanh
tien
(ong)
5.000.000 5.000.000
3.000.000 150.000.0
00
3.000.000 90.000.00
0
3.000.000 78.400.00
0
3.000.000 87.000.00
0
3.000.000 90.000.00
0
30.000.00
0
Tong (A1) : 530.000.000
5.5.1.2 Cac hang muc lap at

ST
T
Thiet b
So
lng
n gia
(ong)
Thanh
tien
99
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Bm nc thai
2 cai
Bm bun
2 cai
He thong ien va tu
ieu khien
May nen kh (cong
suat 3,64 kw)
May nen kh (cong
suat 12,9 kw)
Thung ng hoa chat
Val, phu tung ng
ong, ong PVC ( 100),
ong khoan lo
Cac dung cu pha che
hoa chat
May khuay
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Bm nh lng hoa
chat
2 cai
2 cai
1 cai
2 cai
2 cai
15.000.00
0
20.000.00
0
15.000.00
0
10.000.00
0
16.000.00
0
8.000.000
15.000.00
0
14.000.00
0
(ong)
30.000.00
0
40.000.00
0
15.000.00
0
20.000.00
0
32.000.00
0
8.000.000
50.000.00
0
20.000.00
0
30.000.00
0
28.000.00
0
100
o an tot nghiep
Trai
11
a phan phoi kh
76
cai
12
Hanh lang, cau thang
13
Dung cu gap rac, cao

bun, ong dan bun
750.000
57.000.00
0
50.000.00 50.000.00
0
0
15.000.00 15.000.00
0
0
Tong (A2) :395.000.000
5.5.1.3 Cac chi ph khac

ST
T
1
2
3
4
Hang muc
Cach tnh
Chi ph thiet ke
ky thuat
Chi ph khao sat
va phan tch
mau
Chi ph chuyen
giao cong nghe
Chi ph ao at
A = 2,5%A1 +
2,1%A2
Thanh
tien
(ong)
21.545.00
0
8.000.000
3,5% (A1+ A2)
32.375.00
0
15.000.00
0
Tong (A3) : 77.000.000
5.5.1.4 Tong kinh ph au t

A = A1 + A2 + A3 = 530.000.000 + 377.000.000 +
77.000.000
= 1.007.000.000 (ong)
5.5.1.5 Chi ph x ly 1 m3 nc thai
Chi ph x ly cho 1 m3 nc thai bao gom cac chi
ph sau :
Chi ph ien nang :

Vi 1 bm nc thai t be ieu hoa en be
Aeroten, 1 bm bun tai be lang, 2 may nen kh (1 be

ieu hoa, 1 Aeroten), 1 bm nh lng hoa chat va 1
101
o an tot nghiep
Trai
may khuay, c tnh lng ien nang tieu thu moi
ngay la 500 (kw/ngay). Mc gia ien la 2000 (ong/kw)
Chi ph ien cho 1 ngay : 2000 * 500 = 1.000.000
(ong)
Chi ph ien cho 1 nam : 1.000.000 * 365 =
365.000.000 (ong)
Chi ph hoa chat :

Lng clo dung cho kh trung la 8,8 kg/m 3.ngay.
Gia 1 kg Clorua voi la 10.000 ong.

Chi ph hoa chat trong 1 nam la :
8,8 * 365 * 10.000 = 32.120.000 ong/nam
Chi ph nhan cong :

e quan ly va van hanh tot he thong, can 1
ky s va 1 cong nhan.
+ Ky s : 2.000.000 ong/thang 24.000.000
ong/ nam
+
Cong
nhan
1.500.000
ong/thang
18.000.000 ong/ nam

Chi ph nhan cong : 24.000.000 + 18.000.000 =
42.000.000 ong/ nam
Chi ph sa cha nh ky : 20.000.000 ong/nam
Tong chi ph x ly :
S
32.120.000
365.000.000
42.000.000
20.000.000
= 459.120.000 (ong)
102
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Chi ph x ly cho 1 m3 nc thai trong 1 ngay :
459.120.000
= 2298.6 2300 (ong/ngay)
365 * 526
103
o an tot nghiep
Trai
5.5.2 Phng an 2
5.5.2.1 Cac hang muc xay dng
ST
T
Cong trnh
So
lng
Song chan
rac
Be ieu
hoa
Be loc sinh
hoc
Be lang
1 bo
2
3
4
5
6
7
Be kh
trung
Be on
nh bun
Nha ieu
hanh
50
35
26
29
30
n gia
(ong)
Thanh
tien
(ong)
5.000.000 5.000.000
3.000.000 150.000.0
00
3.000.000 105.000.0
00
3.000.000 78.000.00
0
3.000.000 87.000.00
0
3.000.000 90.000.00
0
30.000.00
0
Tong (B1) : 545.000.000
5.5.2.2 Cac hang muc lap at

ST
T
Thiet b
So
lng
n gia
(ong)
1 cai
15.000.00
0
20.000.00
0
15.000.00
0
10.000.00
0
8.000.000
2 cai
20.000.00
0
15.000.00 30.000.00
Bm nc thai
2 cai
Bm bun
2 cai
He thong ien va tu
ieu khien
May nen kh (cong
suat 3,64 kw)
Thung ng hoa chat
Val, phu tung ng
ong, ong PVC ( 100),
ong khoan lo
Cac dung cu pha che
hoa chat
May khuay
4
6
7
8
9
2 cai
Thanh
tien
(ong)
30.000.00
0
40.000.00
0
15.000.00
0
20.000.00
0
8.000.000
50.000.00
0
104
o an tot nghiep
Trai
10
11
12
Bm nh lng hoa
chat
Vat lieu loc
13
He thong voi phun

(be loc sinh hoc)
San uc lo thu nc
14
Hanh lang, cau thang
15
Dung cu gap rac, cao

bun, ong dan bun
0
0
2 cai 14.000.00 28.000.00
0
0
15.000.00
0
1 bo
30.000.00 30.000.00
0
0
50.000.00 50.000.00
0
0
50.000.00 50.000.00
0
0
15.000.00 15.000.00
0
0
Tong (B2) : 401.000.000
5.5.2.3 Cac chi ph khac

ST
T
1
2
3
4
Hang muc
Chi ph thiet ke
ky thuat
Chi ph khao sat
va phan tch
mau
Chi ph chuyen
giao cong nghe
Chi ph ao at
Cach tnh
B = 2,5%B1 +
2,1%B2
Thanh
tien
(ong)
22.046.00
0
8.000.000
3,5% (B1 + B2)
33.110.00
0
15.000.00
0
Tong (B3): 78.200.000
5.5.2.4 Tong kinh ph au t

B = B1 + B2 + B3 = 545.000.000 + 401.000.000 +
78.200.000
= 1.024.200.000 (ong)
5.5.2.5 Chi ph x ly 1 m3 nc thai
Chi ph x ly cho 1 m3 nc thai bao gom cac chi ph sau
:
105
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Chi ph ien nang :

Vi 1 bm nc thai t be ieu hoa en be loc
sinh hoc, 1 bm bun tai be lang 2, 1 may nen kh be

ieu hoa, 1 bm nh lng hoa chat va 1 may khuay,
c tnh lng ien nang tieu thu moi ngay la 480
(kw/ngay). Mc gia ien la 2000 (ong/kw)
Chi ph ien cho 1 ngay : 2000 * 480 = 960.000
(ong)
Chi ph ien cho 1 nam : 960.000 * 365 =
351.000.000 (ong)
Chi ph hoa chat :

Lng clo dung trong tram x ly la 8,8 kg/m 3.ngay.
Gia 1 kg Clorua voi la 10.000 ong.
Chi ph hoa chat trong 1 nam la :

8,8 * 365 * 10.000 = 32.120.000 ong/nam
Chi ph nhan cong :

e quan ly va van hanh tot he thong, can 1
ky s va 1 cong nhan.
+ Ky s : 2.000.000 ong/thang 24.000.000
ong/ nam
+
Cong
nhan
1.500.000
ong/thang
18.000.000 ong/ nam

Chi ph nhan cong : 24.000.000 + 18.000.000 =
42.000.000 ong/ nam
106
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Chi ph sa cha nh ky : 40.000.000 ong/nam
Tong chi ph x ly :
S = 32.120.000 + 351.000.000 + 42.000.000 + 40.000.000 =

465.120.000
Chi ph x ly cho 1 m3 nc thai trong 1 ngay :
465.120.000
= 2493.5 2500 (ong/ngay)
365 * 526
107
o an tot nghiep
Trai
CHNG 6 :
PHAN TCH TNH KINH TE KY THUAT MOI
TRNG
Ca hai phng an thiet ke he thong x ly nc
thai benh vien Nguyen Trai eu ap dung phng phap
x ly sinh hoc. Ca hai phng an eu co cac cong trnh
x ly c hoc tng t nhau, con cong trnh x ly sinh
hoc th khac nhau. Cu the la : phng an 1, cong trnh
x ly sinh hoc c s dung la be Aeroten, phng
an 2 be Aeroten c thay the bang be loc sinh hoc.
6.1 TNH KINH TE
6.1.1 Phng an 1
Be Aeroten co cau tao la hnh khoi ch nhat, xay
dng bang be tong cot thep, dien tch mat bang F =
26 m2. D toan gia thanh xay dng va thiet b trong be
khoang 1 ty 7 trieu ong.
6.1.2 Phng an 2
Be loc sinh hoc co tiet dien hnh tron, xay dng
bang be tong cot thep, dien tch mat bang F = 26 m 2.
D toan gia thanh xay dng va thiet b trong be
khoang tren 1 ty 24 trieu ong.
6.1.3 Nhan xet
Xet ve dien tch mat bang xay dng th hai phng
an e xuat eu chiem dien tch mat bang nh nhau.
Tuy nhien, xet ve gia thanh cua hai phng an, ta thay
phng an 1 co gia thanh thap hn so vi phng an 2.
108
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Do o, ve mat kinh te th phng an 1 la phng an
c u tien la chon.
109
o an tot nghiep
Trai
6.2 TNH KY THUAT
6.2.1 Phng an 1
Be Aeroten co cau tao hnh ch nhat, trong be co
lap at mot he thong phan phoi kh. He thong nay
la cac ong dan khoan lo at ay be. Kh se c
suc vao be qua cac ong khoan lo. Di tac dung cua
qua trnh suc kh, cac chat hu c trong nc thai tao
thanh nhng bong bun hoat tnh va ket lang be
lang.
6.2.2 Phng an 2
Be loc sinh hoc co tiet dien tron, ay be doc.
Trong be la mot lp vat lieu loc (soi d = 30 mm) day
2m. Nc c phan phoi vao be theo hng t tren
xuong di bang he thong phan phoi nc. He thong
gom ong dan nc vao tam be, cac ong nhanh
lap cac voi phun co tac dung ti eu nc thai len
lp vat lieu loc. Di lp vat lieu loc la san
bang be tong uc lo va lam nhiem vu thu nc, va
co tac dung lam thoang cho be loc.
6.2.3 Nhan xet
Xet ve ky thuat xay dng th be Aeroten co cau
tao kha n gian, do o viec thi cong xay dng cung
de dang hn so vi be loc sinh hoc. Ve ky thuat lap
at thiet b, van hanh va bao tr he thong th phng
an 1 n gian hn nhieu so vi phng an 2. ac iem
nay c anh gia cao v hien nay tai benh vien cha
110
o an tot nghiep
Trai
co can bo chuyen mon e bao tr nhng thiet b
phc tap.
6.3 TNH MOI TRNG
6.3.1 Phng an 1
Hieu suat lam viec cua be Aeroten khoang 90%.
Nc thai sau khi ra khoi be Aeroten at tieu chuan moi
trng theo TCVN 1945 1995 (loai A).
6.3.2 Phng an 2
Hieu suat lam viec cua be Aeroten khoang 90%.
Nc thai sau khi ra khoi be Aeroten at tieu chuan moi
trng theo TCVN 1945 1995 (loai A).
6.3.3 Nhan xet
Xet ve chat lng nc thai thai vao he thong
cong chung cua thanh pho th ca hai phng an eu
ap ng c yeu cau cua tieu chuan.
6.4 NHAN XET CHUNG
Xet ca ba mat ve kinh te, ky thuat va moi trng
th ta eu thay be Aeroten th van co nhieu u iem hn
so vi be loc sinh hoc. ong thi, vi mc o o
nhiem cua nc thai benh vien th viec s dung bien
phap x ly sinh hoc bang be Aeroten cung kha thch
hp. Nh vay be Aeroten (phng an 1) c chon e
thiet ke cho he thong x ly nc thai benh vien
Nguyen Trai.
Bang 6.1 : Tom tat hieu qua x ly nc thai
cua he thong
111
o an tot nghiep
Trai
Cong trnh
n v
Song chan
rac
Be
COD (mg/l)
a Hie a
u
u
u ra
va sua
o
t
178
178
BOD (mg/l)
au Hie au
vao
u
ra
sua
t
126
4% 120,9
SS (mg/l)
au Hieu
au
vao
suat
ra
148
4%
142,08
142,0
4%
136,39
178
5%
169,
120,9
6
25% 90,72
hoa
Be
169,
88
1
20,3
6
90,72
92%
7,3
8
136,3
136,39
Aeroten
Be lang
1
90,7
%
-
20,3
7,3
7,3
9
136,3
95%
6,82
2
kh 20,3
20,3
7,3
7,3
9
136,3
6,82
ieu
Be
trung
(Nguon : Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment

Technologies CHEREMISINOFF, N.P 2002)
112
o an tot nghiep
Trai
CHNG 7 :
KET LUAN VA KIEN NGH
7.1 KET LUAN
e tai Thiet ke he thong x ly nc thai
benh vien Nguyen Trai a giai quyet nhng noi
dung sau :
Tm hieu ve thanh phan, tnh chat, cac phng

phap x ly nc thai benh vien, cung nh hien
trang quan ly nguon thai nay tren a ban thanh
pho.
Tm hieu ve benh vien Nguyen Trai nh : qui mo

benh vien, dien tch mat bang, va he thong x
ly nc thai ang c s dung tai benh vien nay.
Tnh toan lu lng va e xuat phng an x ly

thch hp.
Tnh toan cac cong trnh x ly, bao gom : song

chan rac, be ieu hoa, be bun hoat tnh, be lang,
be kh trung, be cha bun va mot so cong trnh
phu khac. Vi he thong x ly nay, nc thai au
ra at loai A (TCVN 1945 1995).
7.2 KIEN NGH

Sau 3 thang khao sat nghien cu, em xin e xuat mot
so kien ngh nh sau :
Benh vien nen co mot bo phan chuyen trach

ve quan ly moi trng, bo phan nay co nhiem
vu van hanh he thong x ly, kiem tra o ac cac
113
Be
kh
trung
o an tot nghiep
Trai
ch tieu chat lng nc au vao va au ra cua
he thong, khac phuc nhng s co trong qua trnh
van hanh he thong x ly.
M rong them dien tch mat bang phuc vu cong

tac x ly nc thai, thu gom rac thai.
114

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o an tot nghiep

GVHD : TS.Ton That Lang

Shigella va mot so vi khuan gay benh ta, l. thng

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

Sau khi xa nc thai vao va xao tron

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

ky, nong o chat l lng cua nc hon

Sau khi xa nc thai vao va xao tron

3. Oxy hoa tan

Oxy hoa tan trong nc hon hp xao tron

Sau khi xa nc thai vao va xao tron

Nc thai xa vao nguon khong c

Hon hp nc thai va nc nguon sau

Cam xa vao nguon nc nhng loai

Nc thai xa vao nguon nc khong

(Nguon : X ly nc thai PGS.TS Hoang Hue)

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

Tach cac chat l lng co trong lng rieng ln hn

chieu thang ng.

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

Cong trnh x ly sinh hoc thc hien trong ieu kien t

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

Cong trnh x ly sinh hoc trong ieu kien nhan tao :

lam sach cua at va nguon nc. Viec x ly nc thai

Canh ong ti cong cong :

san phang hoac doc khong ang ke va c ngan cach

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

Nuoi trong thuy san.

Nguon nc e ti cho cay trong.

ieu hoa dong chay nc ma trong he thong

Khong oi hoi nhieu von au t.

Bao tr van hanh n gian, khong oi hoi co

Hau het cac o th co nhieu ao ho hay khu

2.2.3.2 Cong trnh x ly sinh hoc nc thai

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

Nc thai phat sinh t hoat ong kham va ieu tr

Nc thai sinh hoat cua nhan vien trong benh vien,

Nc thai thoat ra t khu giat giu cua benh vien.

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

Nc thai la nc ma chay tran tren toan bo

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

Nc thai Sang rac ieu hoa lu lng co

Nc thai Sang rac ieu hoa lu lng

SVTH : Nguyen Ngoc Thu An

Nc thai Sang rac ieu hoa lu lng

Nc thai Sang rac ieu hoa lu lng co

96 va DW 97 e ay nhanh qua trnh thuy phan cac tap