TI NGUYN

GIA HN HP TC X Cornell
Nit: Cc phn t thit yu
bi
Nancy M. Trautmann v Keith Porter S.
Trung tm nghin cu mi trng
v
Robert J. WageNet
Phng Nng hc
i hc Cornell
by
Nancy M. Trautmann and Keith S. Porter
Center for Environmental Research
and
Robert J. Wagenet
Dept. of Agronomy
Cornell University

S dng phn bn nit nh mt
Nm 1898, ch tch ca Hip hi Anh cho s tin b ca Khoa hc, Sir William Crookes, git mnh mt i tng khoa hc phn bit khi
ng tuyn b trong a ch tng thng ca mnh rng: "Anh v tt c cc quc gia vn minh ng trong tnh trng nguy him cht ngi
ca vic khng c thc n." Cc nguy him cht ngi m Sir William nhn thy trc c s bt lc ca ngi nng dn p
ng nhu cu ngy cng tng v thc phm c cung cp hin ti ca nit.
Ti thi im a ch Sir William, nhng ngun chnh ca phn bn nit l natri nitrat v amoni sunfat. Natri nitrat c thu thp t cc
khon tin gi ln nitrat chu lc, c gi l cht ni t rt, c pht hin Chile vo u th k XIX. Ammonium sulfate c thu
thp t kh than. Cc ngun nit bao gm nc thi, phn chim (phn chim), v phn bn, nhng ch l tm quan trng ngy cng
gim.
Sir William cho rng p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng nit trn th gii, cc nh ha hc phi pht trin cc phng php nhn to
sa cha nit trong kh quyn. Mt phn ng thnh cng vi thch thc ny c thc hin bi cc nh khoa hc ngi c Fritz
Haber. Haber to ra mt phng php tng hp amoniac t nit v hydro, m sau ny c pht trin thnh mt qu trnh cng
nghip ha hc cng nghip Carl Bosch v c gi l phng php Haber-Bosch.
Ngay t u ca cuc Chin tranh th gii th nht, vic sn xut hng nm trn th gii c tnh ca phn bn nit l khong 0,6 triu
tn, so vi sn lng th gii l 2,5 v 1,0 triu tn phn bn pht pho v kali, tng ng.Hm nay, ch yu l do qu trnh Haber-
Bosch, xu hng ny b o ngc. Hin nay, ch ring M hng nm sn xut khong 12 triu tn phn m, so vi 10 triu tn
pht pho v ch c 2 triu tn phn bn kali.
Vi u vo cao ca phn m hin nay, nng dn M thng xuyn t c mc nng sut cy trng m c th dng nh khng th
xy ra vi Sir William Crookes v cc nh khoa hc ng bo ca mnh. Trong nm mi nm qua, v d, sn lng trung bnh hng nm
ca ng ti Hoa K tng gp bn hoc nm. Tin b trong sn xut nng nghip, v vic s dng phn bn trn n ph thuc ny,
l khng th thiu nu dn s th gii s c duy tr. Tht khng may, nhng thnh tu pht sinh chi ph mi trng; mt s nit p
dng cho cc loi cy trng thot nc ngm v b mt, i khi c hu qu tai hi.
Nit trong thc vt, t, v nc ngm
Nng sut cy trng tt ph thuc vo mt ngun cung cp y m. Hu ht cc cy h u khng yu cu thm nit t c
sn lng cn thit ngy hm nay. Thiu m, cy thng tr thnh mu vng v ci cc, nh hn so vi trung bnh hoa v tri
cy. V d, cy lng thc pht trin vi nit bnh trung bnh sn xut ra mt sn lng km c hm lng protein thp. Nu khng c
phn bn nit, c tnh c khong mt phn ba sn xut nng nghip hin nay ca chng ta s b mt.
Theo hu ht cc iu kin, tuy nhin, nng dn cung cp hn gp i so vi nit yu cu ca cy trng t c nng sut tt
nht. Tht khng may, nhiu nit p dng l in thoi di ng trong t v c th c mang n nc ngm, c th gy nhim
ngun cung cp nc ung. (Xem Cornell hp tc m rng T 400,02, nh hng sc khe nitrat trong nc ung, trong mt cuc tho
lun v vn ny.) Hiu bit v ha hc ca nit trong t c th gip nng dn cung cp m cho nhu cu ca cy trng m khng
lm mt qu nhiu nc ngm bn di.
Cc hnh thc t Nit. Nit xy ra t nhin trong nhiu hnh thc. Trong t, n tn ti trong hai loi chnh ca cc hp cht:
Nit hu c, chng hn nh protein, axit amin, v ur, trong c nit c tm thy trong cc sinh vt sng v ang phn hy cc m
thc vt v ng vt.
Nit v c, bao gm amoni (NH4 +), kh amoniac (NH3), nitrite (N02), v nitrate (N03).
Trong vng hai hnh thc ny, c rt nhiu cc hp cht nit khc nhau. Mt s c th ho tan v nhng ngi khc l tng i khng
tan; mt s in thoi di ng trong t v nhng ngi khc l bt ng; v mt s c sn cho s hp thu nh my v nhng ngi
khc th khng. Nit trong t lin tc c chuyn i gia cc hnh thc khc nhau thng qua mt mng li phc tp ca vt l, ha
hc, v cc phn ng sinh hc gi chung l chu trnh nit.
Chu trnh nit. Chu trnh nit trong t bao gm cc quy trnh sau y, trong vi khun ng mt vai tr quan trng (hnh 1 Xem t):
C nh. Chn mi phn trm nit ca tri t trong bu kh quyn di dng kh init (N2). Kh nit l ha hc n nh v khng s
dng c bi hu ht cc sinh vt sinh hc. Mt s loi vi khun hp th kh init kh quyn v chuyn i n thnh amoni, m nh
my c th s dng. Qu trnh ny, c gi l c nh m, l phng tin t nhin ch yu cho nit trong kh quyn c thm vo
t.
Khong. Khi nh my v tn d hu c phn hy khc, nit c chuyn i sang amoni ca vi sinh vt t thng qua mt qu trnh
c gi l khong. R cy hp th mt s amoni, v mt s ha cht c chuyn thnh amoniac v kh thot vo kh quyn.
Nitrat ha. Vi khun bin i amoni trong t thnh nitrite v sau thnh nitrate trong mt chui cc bc c gi l qu trnh nitrat
ha.
Thc vt hp thu. Nitrate l mt anion mang in tch m v do thng vn cn trong t nc hn l hp th cc ht t. Cy d
dng hp th nitrate qua r ca chng v s dng n sn xut protein.
Ra tri. Cc nitrat khng b bt bi r cy c th t do di chuyn vi nc trong t. iu ny c th dn n lc ng k, hoc chuyn
ng ca nitrat t ti su su hn.
Kh nit. Trng hp c s thm ht oxy trong t, c gi l mt iu kin ym kh, mt s vi khun p ng nhu cu nng lng
ca h bng cch gim nitrate thnh kh init hoc oxit nit (N2O). Qu trnh sinh hc ny c gi l qu trnh kh nit. N l kt qu
trong mt mt nit trong t v s tr li ca nit trong kh quyn.
S phn ca Nit trong lnh vc
Trong t ca bt k lnh vc nng nghip, nit trong trng thi lin tc ca thng lng. Thit hi xy ra khi cy trng c loi b
cho thc n chn nui hoc thc n cho ngi, m thng c tiu th xa t m trn n c sn xut. Dng chy b mt v xi
mn t hu qu cng c th gy ra thit hi ng k nit t. Thit hi khc xy ra thng qua s bay hi amoniac v lc hoc kh
nitrate.
Ba loi nguyn liu u vo c th b p cho cc khon l nit trong cc lnh vc nng nghip: (1) th tinh, (2) c nh m ca u,
v (3) b sung vi phn hoc cht hu c khc cao trong nit. Qun l trang tri ca nit t ph thuc vo s hiu bit v cc yu t
u vo v u ra nhu cu ca cy trng c th c p ng y m khng lm mt qu nhiu nit cho mi trng.
Thit hi ca kh nit. Trong lnh vc trng, nit c chuyn i thnh kh v thi vo khng kh bng hai cch.u tin, khi ur v cc
hnh thc amoni phn bn (nh ammonia khan, amoni nitrat, amoni sunfat, pht pht v ammoniated) c lng ng trn b mt m
t, h c th tri qua mt lot cc chuyn i ha hc amoniac.Kh amoniac sau thot vo kh quyn hn l tr thnh mt cht
dinh dng thc vt. S mt mt ny, gi l bay hi, gim phn bn nu c ra sch vo t do ma hoc ti hoc nu phn bn
c khoan vo t su ca mt inch tr ln.
Con ng th hai m nit b mt vo kh quyn l thng qua qu trnh kh nit. Nu ti trong t tr nn bo ha vi nc oxy c
loi tr, vi khun kh Nit c th lm gim nitrat init hoc kh nit oxit. Kh cn v t nng c bit d b kh nit, v mt s
lng ng k ca nit p dng c th b mt vo kh quyn.
Trong mt s trng hp phi nng nghip, qu trnh kh nit l c li. Trong b t hoi v cc lnh vc lc, v d, kh nit pht hnh
trong khng kh nh mt cht kh, gim lng nitrat c sn cho nhim tim nng ca t v nc b mt.
Chuyn i Nit cho mt mu thc vt c sn. Ch nit v c c th c hp th bi cc nh my. Phn ln nit trong lnh vc ny, tuy
nhin, thng dng hu c nh protein v axit amin. Trong iu kin bnh thng Bc bn cu, ch c khong 2 hoc 3 phn trm ca
nit hu c trong t c chuyn thnh nit v c mi nm. S phn r t nhin ca vt cht hu c cung cp mt ngun cung cp
chm nhng lin tc ca nit, m c xu hng c a ln bi cc nh my ch khng phi l b mt vo khng kh hoc nc.
Cc loi u c th b sung ngun cung cp nit t bng cch sa cha nit t kh quyn. iu ny c thc hin bi vi khun c nh
m sng trong nt trn r cy.
R r Nitrat. Nitrate khng hp th mnh vo cc phn t t. Nu khng c a ln bi cc nh my, nitrat s l mt trong hai
denitrified hoc thc hin di vng r, c l vo nc ngm. Cc yu t xc nh nitrat s t ngm bao gm:
lng nitrat trong t, s lng v thi gian ca lng ma, thy li, nng lc ca t gi nc, s hin din v mt ca cc nh
my, t l thm thu v thm nc qua t, t l bc hi nc so vi lng ma v thy li, v nhit t.
min ng Hoa K, c hi cho lc nitrat l ln nht vo u ma xun v ma thu. Lng ma c xu hng thng xuyn v nng n
trong nhng ma gii, v t l thp trong trng cy v bc hi nc cho php nhiu thm nc thm thu xung nc ngm. Thc vt
hp thu cc cht dinh dng ha tan cng thp trong giai on ny, v vy thit hi lc c xu hng cao. Loi t l mt yu t chnh nh
hng n mc nitrat b mt nc ngm.Ct hoc t rt tt ro nc khc d b tn thng nht i vi l lc.
Nng dn c th khng lm g thay i tnh cht ca t trong cc lnh vc ca h. Tng t nh vy, h khng c quyn kim sot
cc thay i bt thng ca thi tit. G, sau , nng dn c th lm bo tn mt cht dinh dng cy trng c gi tr ng thi gim
thiu nhim nitrat trong nc ngm?
Bn cy trng, Khng nc ngm
s dng phn m mt cch chnh xc, thc hin cc bc sau y cy h u khng:
1. Thit lp mt mc tiu thc t cho nng sut cy trng, v t mc tiu ny c tnh s lng nit v phi tch ly.
2. c tnh lng nit s c cung cp bi cc khong nit hu c t v hoa mu d.
3. S dng bt k phn bn nit c sn b sung vo ngun cung cp t v hoa mu cn li.
4. Nu cn thit, b sung cc ngun nit c phn bn p ng cc mc tiu nng sut cho cy trng c th.
5. p dng bt k phn bn cn thit ngay trc khi giai on hp thu cy trng nhanh nht gim thiu lc v kh nit.
Cc bc ny c m t y trong cy trng Cornell Dng v S tay t, nm 1990 Cornell Khuyn co cho cy trng trng, v hai
t bi Klausner v Bouldin (xem " c thm" cho thng tin tham kho).
Mt phng php nng cao hiu qu s dng phn bn v gim s tin b mt nc ngm l tr hon mt phn ca ng dng nit cho
n khi cy trng ang pht trin ch khng phi p dng tt c ti thi im trng (hnh. 2 Xem t). Th nghim ch ra rng cc ng
dng phn tch c th lm tng hiu qu s dng nit, duy tr nng sut cy trng v gim chi ph phn bn.
Mt k thut p ng nhu cu ma v trong khi gim l lc l cung cp nit dng hu c nh phn bn hoc d lng cy h
u. Bi v nit hu c ang dn chuyn i thnh nit v c, ch mt lng nh dng ha tan d b ra tri ti mt thi im. Ngi ta
c tnh rng lng nit trong kh quyn a ln bi cc loi u gn bng s lng loi b bng cch thu hoch. Nu hay thu hoch
c ly ra t cc trang tri, sau nit t nn vn cn khong khng i. Nu hay c a vo ng vt trong trang tri, khong
mt na ca nit c th c tr li cho cc lnh vc nu phn c x l cn thn.
trnh thit hi qu nhiu nit thng qua bc hi, thot nc v lc, hy lm theo cc th tc trong vic x l phn:
Thu thp phn cng sm cng tt sau khi n c gi, v bo tn phn cht lng.
Ca hng phn bn trong iu kin ngn chn hoc lm kh h thng thot nc
p dng phn bn cho cc lnh vc gn vi thi im trng, do nit c sn s c a ln bi cc nh my hn l ra tri,
b mt vo kh quyn, hoc chuyn i sang hnh thc hu c.
Cy phn theo cng sm cng tt sau khi ly lan gim thiu amoniac bay hi.
(Xem hai t bi Klausner v Bouldin bit thm thng tin v qun l phn bn.)
Kt lun
Nit c th s thiu cho sn xut nng nghip, tr khi b sung bi tn d cy trng h u hoc bng cch p dng phn bn, phn,
hoc cc vt liu cao cp nit khc. Nit sa cha b sung vi khun nit t bng cch chuyn i nit tng i tr ca kh quyn thnh
mt dng c th c s dng bi cc sinh vt sng. K t khi nh hnh sinh hc ca nit khng phi l thng p ng nhu cu
ca sn xut nng nghip thm canh, tuy nhin, c th cn ngun b sung.
Chng trnh th tinh cn c thit k p ng nhu cu nit cy trng m khng lm mt qu nhiu nit nc ngm. iu ny
c thc hin bng cch c lng nhu cu nit v p ng nhng nhu cu ny cng nhiu cng tt vi phn hu c hoc cc ngun
khc.
Tim nng ln nht cho lc nitrate xy ra nu phn bn c p dng ti mt thi im khi khng c cy trng ang pht trin, chng
hn nh trong qu trnh trng cy ma xun hoc vo ma thu sau khi thu hoch. L lc c th c gim bng cch p dng nit trong
tng bc trong giai on pht trin ca cy nhanh chng. S dng phn hoc phn pht hnh slow- cng hn ch leaching.losses v nh
my c sn (v leachable) nit c cung cp dn dn ch khng phi l tt c cng mt lc. Ngay c vi nhng ngun khc nhau, tuy
nhin, thm thu c th xy ra nu nit cung cp vt qu kh nng ca cy trng s dng n.
Trng cy h u v s dng ci to t hu c lm giu cho t vi nit hu c, khng thm v cung cp mt ngun cung cp lin tc
cy sn nit v n t t phn hy. Thm cht hu c cho t cung cp li ch b sung bng cch tng cng kh nng ca t gi
nc v cht dinh dng ha tan trong vng r ni h c sn cho cc nh my. Bo v lp t mt hu c xi mn, cung cp ci to t
hu c, v qun l cc ng dng nc v phn bn cho cy trng hp thu ti a s dn n s dng phn bn hiu qu v bo v cht
lng nc ngm.
c thm
Hi ng Khoa hc v cng ngh nng nghip. 1985 Nng nghip v cht lng nc ngm. Bo co s 103 i hc Iowa, Ames. (C sn
t CAST, PO Box 1550, Trm i hc bang Iowa, Ames, Iowa, 50010- 1550)
Hauck, RD 1984 nit trong sn xut cy trng. Madison, Wisconsin .: Hip hi nng hc M, Ct Hip hi khoa hc M, t Hip hi khoa
hc M.
Klausner, S. v D. Bouldin. 1983 Qun l ng vt Phn bn l mt ti nguyn. Phn 1: Nguyn tc c bn. T 101 Ithaca, NY: Cornell
hp tc m rng. (C sn t:
Trung tm ti nguyn
PO Box 3884
Ithaca, NY 14.852-3.884
Fax: 607-255-9946
Email n t hng: resctr@cornell.edu
n t hng trc tuyn: http://www.cce.cornell.edu/store )
Klausner, S. v D. Bouldin. 1983 Qun l ng vt Phn bn l mt ti nguyn. Phn 2: Qun l Dng. T 102 Ithaca, NY: Cornell hp
tc m rng. (C sn t Trung tm ti nguyn.)
New York State College Nng nghip v khoa hc i sng. 1990. 1990 Cornell Khuyn co cho cy trng Field.Ithaca, NY: Cornell hp
tc m rng. (C sn t Trung tm ti nguyn.)
New York State College Nng nghip v khoa hc i sng. 1978 cy trng Cornell Dng v S tay t. Ithaca, NY: Cornell hp tc m
rng. (C sn t Trung tm ti nguyn.)
Stevenson, FJ, ed. 1982 Nit trong t nng nghip. Nng hc Dng khng. 22 Madison, Wisconsin .: Hip hi nng hc, Inc M, Ct
Hip hi khoa hc M, Inc v t Hip hi khoa hc M, Inc
T khc trong lot bi ny bao gm:
Nng nghip hin i. nh hng ca n i vi mi trng (400 01) Nitrate: nh hng sc khe trong nc ung (400,02) Thuc tr
su: nh hng sc khe trong ung nc (400,03) nc ngm: N l g v nh th no bo v N (400,04) nc v t (400,05)
Thuc tr su v nc ngm: Hng dn cho ngi dng thuc tr su (400,07)
Li cm n: Minh ha c v bng Christine Cleveland v Donna Curtin, v Mary Jane Porter tng l tr l sn xut. Kinh ph c cung
cp bi Qu Nng dn New York. Nhiu c nhn xem xt d tho ban u, bao gm i hc Cornell ging vin, cc i l Cornell hp tc
m rng pha ng bc, v cc nhn vin ca B Nng nghip M v kho st a cht M. c bit cm n do Gio s David Bouldin cho
u vo k thut v nh gi ca mnh.