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Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng Cn Th Bt ng thc lng gic
L Tun T olympia41124
The Inequalities Trigonometry
N M
O
O
1
O
2
C
h
a
x
y
z
N
Q
P
A
B
C
M

n
n
n
a a a
n
a a a
...
...
2 1
2 1
+ + +
2
3
cos cos cos + + C B A
R
c b a
z y x
2
2 2 2
+ +
+ +
( ) ( )( )
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2
2 2 1 1
... ... ...
n n n n
b b b a a a b a b a b a + + + + + + + + +
xyz
z y x
z
C
y
B
x
A
2
cos cos cos
2 2 2
+ +
+ +
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
cot cot cot
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
C B A
c b a
C B A
c b a
+ +
+ +
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Trung THPT chuyn L T Trng Bt ng thc lng gic
The Inequalities Trigonometry iii

Cc k hiu thng dng :

Trong chuyn ny, ta dng gn nh xuyn sut cc k hiu sau y :

ABC : tam gic ABC

C B A , , : cc gc ca tam gic ABC

c b a , , : cc cnh i din ln lt vi cc gc C B A , ,

c b a
h h h , , : cc ng cao ng vi cc cnh

c b a
m m m , , : cc ng trung tuyn ng vi cc cnh

c b a
l l l , , : cc ng phn gic ng vi cc gc

S R r p , , , na chu vi , bn knh ni tip, bn knh ngoi tip, din tch tam gic ABC

c b a
r r r , , bn knh ng trn bng tip ng vi cc gc

CMR : chng minh rng

pcm : iu phi chng minh.
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The Inequalities Trigonometry i
Mc lc

Li ni u .... 1
Chng 1 : Cc bc u c s 3
1.1. Cc bt ng thc i s c bn 4
1.1.1. Bt ng thc AM GM............................................... 4
1.1.2. Bt ng thc BCS.. 8
1.1.3. Bt ng thc Jensen.... 13
1.1.4. Bt ng thc Chebyshev..... 16
1.2. Cc ng thc, bt ng thc trong tam gic.. 19
1.2.1. ng thc... 19
1.2.2. Bt ng thc..... 21
1.3. Mt s nh l khc. 22
1.3.1. nh l Largare ... 22
1.3.2. nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai.. 25
1.3.3. nh l v hm tuyn tnh.. 28
1.4. Bi tp.. 29

Chng 2 : Cc phng php chng minh 31
2.1. Bin i lng gic tng ng ... 32
2.2. S dng cc bc u c s ... 38
2.3. a v vector v tch v hng .. 46
2.4. Kt hp cc bt ng thc c in .. 48
2.5. Tn dng tnh n iu ca hm s 57
2.6. Bi tp . 64

Chng 3 : p dng vo mt s vn khc 66
3.1. nh tnh tam gic.67
3.1.1. Tam gic u...67
3.1.2. Tam gic cn...70
3.1.3. Tam gic vung.......72
3.2. Cc tr lng gic.73
3.3. Bi tp...76

Chng 4 : Mt s chuyn bi vit hay, th v lin quan n bt ng thc v
lng gic 77
Xung quanh bi ton Ecds trong tam gic ..78
ng dng ca i s vo vic pht hin v chng minh bt ng thc trong
tam gic...82
Th tr v ci ngun ca mn Lng gic.....91
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The Inequalities Trigonometry ii
Phng php gii mt dng bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic...94

Chng 5 : Bt ng thc nh th no l hay ?
Lm sao c th sng to bt ng thc ? 99

Chng 6 : Hng dn gii bi tp 101
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The Inequalities Trigonometry 1
Li m u

Ni vt l v ho hc dng chn chnh l ni ton hc bt u

Ton hc mang mt s bao la phong ph v tn ca khoa hc t nhin. Ton hc nh
mt bu tri m thm thm y sao lp lnh. Mt trong nhng ngi sao sng nht l
ngi sao mang tn Bt ng thc lng gic.
Bt ng thc l mt lnh vc c sc ca i s. Cn lng gic li l i din xut
sc ca Hnh hc. Khi c s kt hp hon ho gia i s v Hnh hc, ta c c mt
vn ht sc th v v ng quan tm : Bt ng thc lng gic. Mt vn
mang li bao hng th cho cc nh ton hc, cho gio vin dy ton, cho hc sinh gii
ton khp mi ni. T cc quan h gc cnh cht ch trong tam gic n nhng tnh cht
diu k ca lng gic trn on ] , [ , tt c u mang nt quyn r b n c trng
ca ton hc. V vy vn hp dn ny s mi l ti nghin cu v khm ph cho
mi th h ngi hc ton trong qu kh, hin ti v tng lai.
c n y c l bn c cho rng tc gi hi qu li. Nhng s tht l vy ! Sau khi
c chuyn ny, bn c s ng vi tc gi. Chuyn Bt ng thc lng
gic s a bn c t nhng bt ng thc c bn d chng minh n nhng bi ton
gay go phc tp, t phng php c in quen thuc n phng php hin i mi m.
V vy chuyn ph hp cho mi trnh ngi c.
Chuyn Bt ng thc lng gic c chia lm 6 chng :
Chng 1: Cc bc u c s.
Chng ny tc gi trang b cho ngi c nhng vt dng cn thit cho vic
chng minh bt ng thc lng gic.
Chng 2: Cc phng php chng minh.
Chng s bao gm hu nh ton b cc phng php thng dng khi chng
minh bt ng thc lng gic.
Chng 3: p dng vo mt s vn khc.
Cc bt ng thc lng gic c vn dng gii quyt mt s vn khc
trong gii phng trnh, nh tnh tam gic, tm cc tr
Chng 4: Mt s chuyn , bi vit hay, th v lin quan n bt ng thc.
Chng 5: Bt ng thc nh th no l hay ?
Lm sao c th sng to bt ng thc?
y li l mt chng th v v quan nim bt ng thc ca tc gi v mt s
kin quan im ca gio vin ton, hc sinh gii ton quen thn vi tc gi c thu thp
v trnh by.
Chng 6: Hng dn gii bi tp.
Trong tng phn ca cc chng u c cc bi tp tng t vi bi ton c
trnh by trong chng bn c luyn tp. Chng ny s l chng trnh by
li gii hoc hng dn cho cc bi tp ny.
Mong rng chuyn Bt ng thc lng gic s tr thnh ngi bn ng hnh
trn con ng khm ph v p Ton hc mun mu ca bn c.
Cui cng tc gi chn thnh gi li cm n n cc bn L Ngc Anh, Trn ng
Khu v Nguyn Thanh T (HS chuyn ton kha 2005 2008 Trng THPT chuyn L
T Trng, Cn Th) cung cp nhng ti liu qu gi gip cho chuyn tr nn
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phong ph a dng hn. Ngoi ra tc gi cng xin cm n nhng kin ng gp nhit
tnh ca :
L Phc Duy, Hunh Hu Vinh (HS chuyn ton kha 2005 2008 Trng
THPT chuyn L T Trng, Cn Th ).
Nguyn Hunh Vnh Nghi, L Hong Anh (HS chuyn ton kha 2004 2007
Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng, Cn Th ).
V Quc B Cn (HS chuyn ton kha 2003 2006 Trng THPT chuyn L
T Trng, Cn Th ).
T Thanh Thy Tin (GV chuyn ton Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng, Cn
Th ).
hon thin chuyn ny.
Cn Th, ngy 14 thng 02 nm 2007
L Tun T
HS chuyn ton kha 2005 2008
Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng, Cn Th

Mi thc mc, kin ng gp v chuyn Bt ng thc lng gic xin gi cho
tc gi theo email : olympia41124@yahoo.com.vn hay nick olympia41124 trn
www.diendantoanhoc.net , www.mathnfriend.net v www.mathnfriend.org .

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Chng 1 :

CC BC U C S

bt u mt cuc hnh trnh, ta khng th khng chun b hnh trang ln ng.
Ton hc cng vy. Mun khm ph c ci hay v ci p ca bt ng thc lng
gic, ta cn c nhng vt dng chc chn v hu dng, chnh l chng 1: Cc
bc u c s.
Chng ny tng qut nhng kin thc c bn cn c chng minh bt ng thc
lng gic. Theo kinh nghim c nhn ca mnh, tc gi cho rng nhng kin thc ny l
y cho mt cuc hnh trnh.
Trc ht l cc bt ng thc i s c bn ( AM GM, BCS, Jensen, Chebyshev
) Tip theo l cc ng thc, bt ng thc lin quan c bn trong tam gic. Cui cng
l mt s nh l khc l cng c c lc trong vic chng minh bt ng thc (nh l
Largare, nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai, nh l v hm tuyn tnh )

Mc lc :
1.1. Cc bt ng thc i s c bn 4
1.1.1. Bt ng thc AM GM............................................... 4
1.1.2. Bt ng thc BCS.. 8
1.1.3. Bt ng thc Jensen.... 13
1.1.4. Bt ng thc Chebyshev..... 16
1.2. Cc ng thc, bt ng thc trong tam gic.. 19
1.2.1. ng thc... 19
1.2.2. Bt ng thc..... 21
1.3. Mt s nh l khc. 22
1.3.1. nh l Largare ... 22
1.3.2. nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai.. 25
1.3.3. nh l v hm tuyn tnh.. 28
1.4. Bi tp.. 29
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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
1.1. Cc bt ng thc i s c bn :

1.1.1. Bt ng thc AM GM :

Vi mi s thc khng m
n
a a a ,..., ,
2 1
ta lun c
n
n
n
a a a
n
a a a
...
...
2 1
2 1
+ + +

Bt ng thc AM GM (Arithmetic Means Geometric Means) l mt bt ng thc
quen thuc v c ng dng rt rng ri. y l bt ng thc m bn c cn ghi nh r
rng nht, n s l cng c hon ho cho vic chng minh cc bt ng thc. Sau y l
hai cch chng minh bt ng thc ny m theo kin ch quan ca mnh, tc gi cho
rng l ngn gn v hay nht.

Chng minh :

Cch 1 : Quy np kiu Cauchy

Vi 1 = n bt ng thc hin nhin ng. Khi 2 = n bt ng thc tr thnh
( ) 0
2
2
2 1 2 1
2 1

+
a a a a
a a
(ng!)
Gi s bt ng thc ng n k n = tc l :

k
k
k
a a a
k
a a a
...
...
2 1
2 1
+ + +

Ta s chng minh n ng vi k n 2 = . Tht vy ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )
k
k k k
k
k k k
k
k
k k k k
k k k k
a a a a a
k
a a a k a a a k
k
a a a a a a
k
a a a a a a
2
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 2 1
... ...
... ...
... ...
2
... ...
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
=
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

Tip theo ta s chng minh vi 1 = k n . Khi :
( )
1
1 2 1 1 2 1
1
1 2 1
1
1 2 1 1 2 1
1
1 2 1 1 2 1
... 1 ...
...
... ... ... ...
=
+ + +
=
+ + + +
k
k k
k
k
k k
k k
k
k k
a a a k a a a
a a a k
a a a a a a k a a a a a a

Nh vy bt ng thc c chng minh hon ton.
ng thc xy ra
n
a a a = = = ...
2 1

Cch 2 : ( li gii ca Polya )

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Gi
n
a a a
A
n
+ + +
=
...
2 1

Khi bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi

n
n
A a a a ...
2 1
(*)
R rng nu A a a a
n
= = = = ...
2 1
th (*) c du ng thc. Gi s chng khng bng
nhau. Nh vy phi c t nht mt s, gi s l A a <
1
v mt s khc, gi s l A a >
2

tc l
2 1
a A a < < .
Trong tch
n
a a a P ...
2 1
= ta hy thay
1
a bi A a =
1
' v thay
2
a bi A a a a + =
2 1 2
' .
Nh vy
2 1 2 1
' ' a a a a + = + m ( ) ( )( ) 0 ' '
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1
> = + = A a A a a a A a a A a a a a
2 1 2 1
' ' a a a a >
n n
a a a a a a a a ... ' ' ...
3 2 1 3 2 1
<
Trong tch
n
a a a a P ... ' ' '
3 2 1
= c thm tha s bng A. Nu trong ' P cn tha s khc
A th ta tip tc bin i c thm mt tha s na bng A. Tip tc nh vy ti a
1 n ln bin i ta thay mi tha s P bng A v c tch
n
A . V trong qu trnh
bin i tch cc tha s tng dn.
n
A P < . pcm.

V d 1.1.1.1.

Cho A,B,C l ba gc ca mt tam gic nhn. CMR :
3 3 tan tan tan + + C B A

Li gii :

V ( ) C
B A
B A
C B A tan
tan tan 1
tan tan
tan tan =
+
= +
C B A C B A tan tan tan tan tan tan = + +
Tam gic ABC nhn nn tanA,tanB,tanC dng.
Theo AM GM ta c :
( ) ( )
3 3 tan tan tan
tan tan tan 27 tan tan tan
tan tan tan 3 tan tan tan 3 tan tan tan
2
3 3
+ +
+ + + +
+ + = + +
C B A
C B A C B A
C B A C B A C B A

ng thc xy ra = = C B A ABC u.

V d 1.1.1.2.

Cho ABC nhn. CMR :
3 cot cot cot + + C B A

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Li gii :

Ta lun c : ( ) C B A cot cot = +

1 cot cot cot cot cot cot
cot
cot cot
1 cot cot
= + +
=
+
A C C B B A
C
B A
B A

Khi :
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 cot cot cot
3 cot cot cot cot cot cot 3 cot cot cot
2
2 2 2
+ +
= + + + +
+ +
C B A
A C C B B A C B A
A C C B B A

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi ABC u.

V d 1.1.1.3.

CMR vi mi ABC nhn v * N n ta lun c :

2
1
3
tan tan tan
tan tan tan

+ +
+ +
n n n n
C B A
C B A

Li gii :

Theo AM GM ta c :

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1
3
3
3
3
3 3
3 3 3 3 tan tan tan 3
tan tan tan
tan tan tan
tan tan tan 3 tan tan tan 3 tan tan tan
= + +
+ +
+ +
+ + = + +
n
n
n
n n n
n n n n n
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A C B A C B A

pcm.

V d 1.1.1.4.

Cho a,b l hai s thc tha :
0 cos cos cos cos + + b a b a
CMR : 0 cos cos + b a

Li gii :

Ta c :

( )( ) 1 cos 1 cos 1
0 cos cos cos cos
+ +
+ +
b a
b a b a

Theo AM GM th :
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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

( ) ( )
( )( )
0 cos cos
1 cos 1 cos 1
2
cos 1 cos 1
+
+ +
+ + +
b a
b a
b a

V d 1.1.1.5.

Chng minh rng vi mi ABC nhn ta c :
2
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
+ |
\
|
+ + + +
A C C B B A
A C
A C
C B
C B
B A
B A

Li gii :

Ta c

|
\
|
|
\
|
=
=
B A
B A
B A
B A
A A
A
A
cot cot
4
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos
2
cos 4
cos cos
4
3
2
cot
2
sin
2
cos 2
cos

Theo AM GM th :

|
\
|
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
cot cot
4
3
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
2
cot cot
4
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos
2
cos 4
cos cos
4
3
2

Tng t ta c :

|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
A C
A C
A C
A C
C B
C B
C B
C B
cot cot
4
3
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
cot cot
4
3
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos

Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta c :
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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
( ) A C C B B A
A C C B B A
A C
A C
C B
C B
B A
B A
cot cot cot cot cot cot
2
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
2
cos
2
cos
cos cos
+ + +
|
\
|
+ +
+ +

2
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
+
|
\
|
+ + =
A C C B B A
pcm.

Bc u ta mi ch c bt ng thc AM GM cng cc ng thc lng gic nn
sc nh hng n cc bt ng thc cn hn ch. Khi ta kt hp AM GM cng BCS,
Jensen hay Chebyshev th n thc s l mt v kh ng gm cho cc bt ng thc
lng gic.

1.1.2. Bt ng thc BCS :

Vi hai b s ( )
n
a a a ,..., ,
2 1
v ( )
n
b b b ,..., ,
2 1
ta lun c :
( ) ( )( )
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2
2 2 1 1
... ... ...
n n n n
b b b a a a b a b a b a + + + + + + + + +

Nu nh AM GM l cnh chim u n trong vic chng minh bt ng thc th
BCS (Bouniakovski Cauchy Schwartz) li l cnh tay phi ht sc c lc. Vi
AM GM ta lun phi ch iu kin cc bin l khng m, nhng i vi BCS cc
bin khng b rng buc bi iu kin , ch cn l s thc cng ng. Chng minh bt
ng thc ny cng rt n gin.

Chng minh :

Cch 1 :

Xt tam thc :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
... ) (
n n
b x a b x a b x a x f + + + =
Sau khi khai trin ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
1 2 2 1 1
2 2 2
2
2
1
... ... 2 ... ) (
n n n n
b b b x b a b a b a x a a a x f + + + + + + + + + + =
Mt khc v R x x f 0 ) ( nn :
( ) ( )( ) + + + + + + + + +
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2
2 2 1 1
... ... ... 0
n n n n f
b b b a a a b a b a b a pcm.
ng thc xy ra
n
n
b
a
b
a
b
a
= = = ...
2
2
1
1
(quy c nu 0 =
i
b th 0 =
i
a )

Cch 2 :
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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

S dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c :

( )( )
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
... ...
2
... ...
n n
i i
n
i
n
i
b b b a a a
b a
b b b
b
a a a
a
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+
+ + +

Cho i chy t 1 n n ri cng v c n bt ng thc li ta c pcm.
y cng l cch chng minh ht sc ngn gn m bn c nn ghi nh!

By gi vi s tip sc ca BCS, AM GM nh c tip thm ngun sc mnh, nh
h mc thm cnh, nh rng mc thm vy, pht huy hiu qu tm nh hng ca mnh.
Hai bt ng thc ny b p b sung h tr cho nhau trong vic chng minh bt ng
thc. Chng lng long nht th, song kim hp bch cng ph thnh cng nhiu
bi ton kh.
Trm nghe khng bng mt thy, ta hy xt cc v d thy r iu ny.

V d 1.1.2.1.

CMR vi mi , , b a ta c :
( )( )
2
2
1 cos sin cos sin
|
\
| +
+ + +
b a
b a

Li gii :

Ta c :
( )( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 cos 1 2 sin 1
2
1
2
2 cos 1
2 sin
2 2
2 cos 1
cos cos sin sin cos sin cos sin
2 2

+ + + + =
+
+
+
+
=
+ + + = + +
ab b a ab
ab
b a
ab b a b a

Theo BCS ta c :
( ) 2 cos sin
2 2
B A x B x A + +
p dng ( ) 2 ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 3 1 1 1 2 cos 1 2 sin
2 2 2 2
+ + = + + + + b a ab b a ab b a
Thay ( ) 3 vo ( ) 1 ta c :
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) 4 1 1 1
2
1
cos sin cos sin
2 2
+ + + + + + b a ab b a
Ta s chng minh bt ng thc sau y vi mi a, b :
( )( ) ( ) ( ) 5
2
1 1 1 1
2
1
2
2 2
|
\
| +
+ + + + +
b a
b a ab
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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Tht vy :

( ) ( )( )
( )( )
2
2
1 1
2 4
1 1 1
2
1
2 2
1
5
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ + + + +
b a
b a
ab b a
b a
ab

( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) 6
2
1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
+ + +
+ +
b a
b a
Theo AM GM th ( ) 6 hin nhin ng ( ) 5 ng.
T ( ) 1 v ( ) 5 suy ra vi mi , , b a ta c :
( )( )
2
2
1 cos sin cos sin
|
\
| +
+ + +
b a
b a
ng thc xy ra khi xy ra ng thi du bng ( ) 1 v ( ) 6

( )
+
=
=
+
=
=
=
+
=
Z k k
ab
b a
arctg
b a
ab
b a
tg
b a
ab b a
b a
2 1 2
1
1 2 cos
1
2 sin
2 2

V d 1.1.2.2.

Cho 0 , , > c b a v c y b x a = + cos sin . CMR :

3 3
2 2 2
1 1 sin cos
b a
c
b a b
y
a
x
+
+ +

Li gii :

Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi :

( ) *
cos sin
1 1 cos 1 sin 1
3 3
2 2 2
3 3
2 2 2
b a
c
b
y
a
x
b a
c
b a b
y
a
x
+
+
+
+

Theo BCS th :
( ) ( )( )
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 2 1 1
b b a a b a b a + + +

vi
= =
= =
b b b a a b
b
y
a
a
x
a
2 1
2 1
;
cos
;
sin

( ) ( )
2 3 3
2 2
cos sin
cos sin
y b x a b a
b
y
a
x
+ +
|
|
\
|
+
do 0
3 3
> + b a v ( ) * cos sin = + c y b x a ng pcm.
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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
h
a
x
y
z
N
Q
P
A
B
C
M
ng thc xy ra
2 2
2
2
1
1
cos sin
b
y
a
x
b
a
b
a
= =

+
=
+
=
= +
=
3 3
2
3 3
2
2 2
cos
sin
cos sin
cos sin
b a
c b
y
b a
c a
x
c y b x a
b
y
a
x

V d 1.1.2.3.

CMR vi mi ABC ta c :

R
c b a
z y x
2
2 2 2
+ +
+ +
vi z y x , , l khong cch t im M bt k nm bn trong ABC n ba cnh
AB CA BC , , .

Li gii :

Ta c :

( )
|
|
\
|
+ + + + = + +
= + +
= + +
+ + =
c b a
c b a c b a
a b c
ABC
MCA
ABC
MBC
ABC
MAB
MCA MBC MAB ABC
h
z
h
y
h
x
h h h h h h
h
x
h
y
h
z
S
S
S
S
S
S
S S S S
1
1

Theo BCS th :
( )
c b a
c b a
c b a
c
c
b
b
a
a
h h h
h
z
h
y
h
x
h h h
h
z
h
h
y
h
h
x
h z y x + + =
|
|
\
|
+ + + + + + = + +

m B a h A c h C b h C ab ah S
c b a a
sin , sin , sin sin
2
1
2
1
= = = = =
( )
R
ca
R
bc
R
ab
A c C b B a h h h
c b a
2 2 2
sin sin sin + + = + + = + +
T suy ra :

+ +
+ +
+ +
R
c b a
R
ca bc ab
z y x
2 2
2 2 2
pcm.
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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ABC
z y x
c b a

= =
= =
u v M l tm ni tip ABC .

V d 1.1.2.4.

Chng minh rng :

|
\
|
+
2
; 0 8 sin cos
4

x x x

Li gii :

p dng bt ng thc BCS lin tip 2 ln ta c :

( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
4
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
4
8 sin cos
8 sin cos 1 1 1 1
sin cos 1 1 sin cos
+
= + + +
+ + +
x x
x x
x x x x

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
4
= x .

V d 1.1.2.5.

Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a v x ta c

( )
1
1
cos 2 sin 1
2
2
+
+
x
a x a x

Li gii :

Theo BCS ta c :

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
1
cos 2 sin 1
1 cos 2 sin 1
2 1 4 2 1
cos sin 2 1 cos 2 sin 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
4 2 2 4 2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
+
+
+ +
+ + = + + =
+ + +
x
a x a a
x a x a x
x x x x x
a a x x a x a x

pcm.

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
1.1.3. Bt ng thc Jensen :

Hm s ) (x f y = lin tc trn on [ ] b a, v n im
n
x x x ,..., ,
2 1
ty trn on
[ ] b a, ta c :
i) 0 ) ( ' ' > x f trong khong ( ) b a, th :
|
\
| + + +
+ + +
n
x x x
nf x f x f x f
n
n
...
) ( ... ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1

ii) 0 ) ( ' ' < x f trong khong ( ) b a, th :
|
\
| + + +
+ + +
n
x x x
nf x f x f x f
n
n
...
) ( ... ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1

Bt ng thc AM GM v bt ng thc BCS tht s l cc i gia trong vic chng
minh bt ng thc ni chung. Nhng ring i vi chuyn mc bt ng thc lng gic
th li tr thnh sn chi ring cho bt ng thc Jensen. D c v hi kh tin nhng
l s tht, n 75% bt ng thc lng gic ta ch cn ni theo bt ng thc
Jensen hin nhin ta c pcm.
Trong pht biu ca mnh, bt ng thc Jensen c cp n o hm bc hai,
nhng l kin thc ca lp 12 THPT. V vy n s khng thch hp cho mt s i
tng bn c. Cho nn ta s pht biu bt ng thc Jensen di mt dng khc :

Cho R R f
+
: tha mn
+
|
\
| +
+ R y x
y x
f y f x f ,
2
2 ) ( ) ( Khi vi mi
+
R x x x
n
,..., ,
2 1
ta c bt ng thc :
|
\
| + + +
+ + +
n
x x x
nf x f x f x f
n
n
...
) ( ... ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1

S tht l tc gi cha tng tip xc vi mt chng minh chnh thc ca bt ng thc
Jensen trong pht biu c ) ( ' ' x f . Cn vic chng minh pht biu khng s dng o
hm th rt n gin. N s dng phng php quy np Cauchy tng t nh khi chng
minh bt ng thc AM GM. Do tc gi s khng trnh by chng minh y.

Ngoi ra, mt s ti liu c th bn c gp khi nim li lm khi nhc ti bt ng
thc Jensen. Nhng hin nay trong cng ng ton hc vn cha quy c r rng u l
li, u l lm. Cho nn bn c khng nht thit quan tm n iu . Khi chng minh
ta ch cn xt ) ( ' ' x f l s dng bt ng thc Jensen. Ok! Mc d bt ng thc
Jensen khng phi l mt bt ng thc cht, nhng khi c du hiu manh nha ca n
th bn c c ty nghi s dng .

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
V d 1.1.3.1.

Chng minh rng vi mi ABC ta c :

2
3 3
sin sin sin + + C B A

Li gii :

Xt x x f sin ) ( = vi ( ) ; 0 x
Ta c ( ) ; 0 0 sin ) ( ' ' < = x x x f . T theo Jensen th :
( ) ( ) ( ) = =
|
\
| + +
+ +
2
3 3
3
sin 3
3
3
C B A
f C f B f A f pcm.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ABC u.

V d 1.1.3.2.

Chng minh rng vi mi ABC u ta c :
3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan + +
C B A

Li gii :

Xt ( ) x x f tan = vi
|
\
|
2
; 0

x
Ta c ( )
|
\
|
> =
2
; 0 0
cos
sin 2
' '
3
x
x
x
x f . T theo Jensen th :
= =
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
3
6
sin 3
3
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
C B A
f
C
f
B
f
A
f pcm.

V d 1.1.3.3.


2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan

\
|
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
| C B A

Li gii :

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Xt ( ) ( )
2 2
tan x x f = vi
|
\
|
2
; 0

x
Ta c ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2
tan tan 2 2 tan tan 1 2 2 '
+
+ = + = x x x x x f
( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) 0 tan tan 1 1 2 2 tan tan 1 1 2 2 2 2 ' '
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
> + + + + =

x x x x x f
Theo Jensen ta c :
= |
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
2 1
2 2
3
6
3
3
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
tg
C B A
f
C
f
B
f
A
f pcm.

V d 1.1.3.4.

3
2
3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin + + + + + +
C B A C B A

Li gii :

Xt ( ) x x x f tan sin + = vi
|
\
|
2
; 0

x
Ta c ( )
( )
|
\
|
>
=
2
; 0 0
cos
cos 1 sin
' '
4
4
x
x
x x
x f
Khi theo Jensen th :
+ = |
\
|
+ =
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
3
2
3
6
tan
6
sin 3
3
2 2 2
3
2 2 2

C B A
f
C
f
B
f
A
f pcm.

V d 1.1.3.5.

Chng minh rng vi mi ABC nhn ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3
sin sin sin
3
2
sin sin sin
|
\
|
C B A
C B A

Li gii :

Ta c
www.VNMATH.com
Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
+ + + +
+ = + +
C B A C B A
C B A C B A
2 2 2
2 2 2
sin sin sin sin sin sin
cos cos cos 2 2 sin sin sin

v
2
3 3

2
3 3
sin sin sin 2 + + < C B A
Xt ( ) x x x f ln = vi ( ] 1 ; 0 x
Ta c ( ) 1 ln ' + = x x f
( ) ( ] 1 ; 0 0
1
' ' > = x
x
x f
By gi vi Jensen ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
3
2
3
2
3
2
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
3
sin sin sin
sin sin sin ln
3
sin sin sin
ln
sin ln sin ln sin ln
3
sin sin sin
ln
3
sin ln sin sin ln sin sin ln sin
3
sin sin sin
ln
3
sin sin sin
|
\
|
\
|
=
+ +
(
(
\
| + +
+ + |
\
| + +
+ +
\
| + + + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
C C B B A A C B a C B A
pcm.

1.1.4. Bt ng thc Chebyshev :

Vi hai dy s thc n iu cng chiu
n
a a a ,..., ,
2 1
v
n
b b b ,..., ,
2 1
th ta c :
( )( )
n n n n
b b b a a a
n
b a b a b a + + + + + + + + + ... ...
1
...
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1

Theo kh nng ca mnh th tc gi rt t khi s dng bt ng thc ny. V trc ht
ta cn ti chiu ca cc bin, thng phi sp li th t cc bin. Do bi ton
cn c yu cu i xng hon ton gia cc bin, vic sp xp th t s khng lm mt
tnh tng qut ca bi ton. Nhng khng v th m li ph nhn tm nh hng ca bt
ng thc Chebyshev trong vic chng minh bt ng thc lng gic, mc d n c mt
chng minh ht sc n gin v ngn gn.

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Chng minh :

Bng phn tch trc tip, ta c ng thc :
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0 ... ... ...
1 ,
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1
= + + + + + + + + +
=
n
j i
j i j i n n n n
b b a a b b b a a a b a b a b a n
V hai dy
n
a a a ,..., ,
2 1
v
n
b b b ,..., ,
2 1
n iu cng chiu nn ( )( ) 0
j i j i
b b a a

Nu 2 dy
n
a a a ,..., ,
2 1
v
n
b b b ,..., ,
2 1
n iu ngc chiu th bt ng thc i
chiu.

V d 1.1.4.1.


3
+ +
+ +
c b a
cC bB aA

Li gii :

Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s :
C B A c b a
Theo Chebyshev th :

3 3
3 3 3
=
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
\
| + +
|
\
| + +
C B A
c b a
cC bB aA
cC bB aA C B A c b a


V d 1.1.4.2.

Cho ABC khng c gc t v A, B, C o bng radian. CMR :
( ) ( )
|
\
|
+ + + + + +
C
C
B
B
A
A
C B A C B A
sin sin sin
sin sin sin 3

Li gii :

Xt ( )
x
x
x f
sin
= vi
(
\
|
2
; 0

x
Ta c ( )
( )
(
\
|

=
2
; 0 0
tan cos
'
2
x
x
x x x
x f
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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Vy ( ) x f nghch bin trn
(
\
|
2
; 0

Khng mt tng qut gi s :

C
C
B
B
A
A
C B A
sin sin sin

p dng bt ng thc Chebyshev ta c :
( ) ( ) + + |
\
|
+ + + + C B A
C
C
B
B
A
A
C B A sin sin sin 3
sin sin sin
pcm.

V d 1.1.4.3.


3
tan tan tan
cos cos cos
sin sin sin C B A
C B A
C B A
+ +
+ +

Li gii :

Khng mt tng qut gi s C B A

C B A
C B A
cos cos cos
tan tan tan

p dng Chebyshev ta c :

3
tan tan tan
cos cos cos
sin sin sin
3
cos tan cos tan cos tan
3
cos cos cos
3
tan tan tan
C B A
C B A
C B A
C C B B A A C B A C B A
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
\
| + +
|
\
| + +

M ta li c C B A C B A tan tan tan tan tan tan = + +
pcm.

V d 1.1.4.4.

( )
C B A
C B A
C B A
cos cos cos
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
2
3
sin sin sin 2
+ +
+ +
+ +

Li gii :

Khng mt tng qut gi s c b a
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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

C B A
C B A
cos cos cos
sin sin sin

Khi theo Chebyshev th :
( )
C B A
C B A
C B A
C C B B A A C B A C B A
cos cos cos
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
2
3
sin sin sin 2
3
cos sin cos sin cos sin
3
cos cos cos
3
sin sin sin
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
\
| + +
|
\
| + +

pcm.

1.2. Cc ng thc bt ng thc trong tam gic :

Sau y l hu ht nhng ng thc, bt ng thc quen thuc trong tam gic v trong
lng gic c dng trong chuyn ny hoc rt cn thit cho qu trnh hc ton ca
bn c. Cc bn c th dng phn ny nh mt t in nh tra cu khi cn thit.Hay
bn c cng c th chng minh tt c cc kt qu nh l bi tp rn luyn. Ngoi ra ti
cng xin nhc vi bn c rng nhng kin thc trong phn ny khi p dng vo bi tp
u cn thit c chng minh li.

1.2.1. ng thc :

R
C
c
B
b
A
a
2
sin sin sin
= = =

C ab b a c
B ca a c b
A bc c b a
cos 2
cos 2
cos 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ =
+ =
+ =

A b B a c
C a A c b
B c C b a
cos cos
cos cos
cos cos
+ =
+ =
+ =

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( ) c p b p a p p
r c p r b p r a p
pr C B A R
R
abc
C ab B ca A bc
h c h b h a S
c b a
c b a
=
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =
sin sin sin 2
4
sin
2
1
sin
2
1
sin
2
1
.
2
1
.
2
1
.
2
1
2

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

4
2 2
4
2 2
4
2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
c b a
m
b a c
m
a c b
m
c
b
a
+
=
+
=
+
=

b a
C
ab
l
a c
B
ca
l
c b
A
bc
l
c
b
a
+
=
+
=
+
=
2
cos 2
2
cos 2
2
cos 2

( )
( )
( )
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 4
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
C B A
R
C
c p
B
b p
A
a p r
=
=
=
=

|
\
| +
|
\
|
=
+
\
| +
|
\
|
=
+
\
| +
|
\
|
=
+
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
A C
A C
a c
a c
C B
C B
c b
c b
B A
B A
b a
b a

S
c b a
C B A
S
c b a
C
S
b a c
B
S
a c b
A
4
cot cot cot
4
cot
4
cot
4
cot
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ +
= + +
+
=
+
=
+
=

( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
ab
b p a p C
ca
a p c p B
bc
c p b p A

=

=

=
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin

( )
( )
( )
ab
c p p C
ca
b p p B
bc
a p p A
=
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos

( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( ) c p p
b p a p C
b p p
a p c p B
a p p
c p b p A

=
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan

( )
C B A C B A
R
r C B A
C B A
C B A C B A
C B A C B A
R
p C B A
C B A
cos cos cos 2 1 cos cos cos
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 4 1 cos cos cos
cos cos cos 1 2 sin sin sin
sin sin sin 4 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
2 2 2
= + +
+ = + = + +
+ = + +
= + +
= = + +

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

1
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
tan tan tan tan tan tan
= + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
A C C B B A
A C C B B A
C B A C B A
C B A C B A

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) kC kB kA kC kB kA
kC kB kA kC kB kA
C
k
B
k
A
k
C
k
B
k
A
k
A
k
C
k
C
k
B
k
B
k
A
k
kA kC kC kB kB kA
kC kB kA kC kB kA
kC kB kA kC kB kA
C
k
B
k
A
k C k B k A k
kC kB kA kC kB kA
C
k
B
k
A
k C k B k A k
k
k
k
k
k
k
cos cos cos 2 1 2 sin sin sin
cos cos cos 2 1 1 cos cos cos
2
1 2 cot
2
1 2 cot
2
1 2 cot
2
1 2 cot
2
1 2 cot
2
1 2 cot
1
2
1 2 tan
2
1 2 tan
2
1 2 tan
2
1 2 tan
2
1 2 tan
2
1 2 tan
cos cos cos 4 1 1 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos
2
1 2 sin
2
1 2 sin
2
1 2 sin 4 1 1 1 2 cos 1 2 cos 1 2 cos
sin sin sin 4 1 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
2
1 2 cos
2
1 2 cos
2
1 2 cos 4 1 1 2 sin 1 2 sin 1 2 sin
1 2 2 2
2 2 2
1
+
+
+ = + +
+ = + +
+ + + = + + + + +
= + + + + + + + +
= + +
= + +
+ = + +
+ + + + = + + + + +
= + +
+ + + = + + + + +

1.2.2. Bt ng thc :

a c b a c
c b a c b
b a c b a
+ < <
+ < <
+ < <

A C a c
C B c b
B A b a

3 cot cot cot
3 3 tan tan tan
2
3 3
sin sin sin
2
3
cos cos cos
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A

3 3
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
3 3
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

1 cot cot cot
9 tan tan tan
4
9
sin sin sin
4
3
cos cos cos
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A

2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
1
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +

3 3
1
cot cot cot
3 3 tan tan tan
8
3 3
sin sin sin
8
1
cos cos cos
C B A
C B A
C B A
C B A

3 3
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
3 3
1
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
8
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
8
3 3
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
A A A
A A A
C B A
C B A

1.3. Mt s nh l khc :

1.3.1. nh l Lagrange :

Nu hm s ( ) x f y = lin tc trn on [ ] b a; v c o hm trn khong ( ) b a;
th tn ti 1 im ( ) b a c ; sao cho :
( ) ( ) ( )( ) a b c f a f b f = '

Ni chung vi kin thc THPT, ta ch c cng nhn nh l ny m khng chng minh.
V chng minh ca n cn n mt s kin thc ca ton cao cp. Ta ch cn hiu cch
dng n cng nhng iu kin i km trong cc trng hp chng minh.

V d 1.3.1.1.

Chng minh rng b a R b a < , , th ta c :
a b a b sin sin

Li gii :

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
Xt ( ) ( ) x x f x x f cos ' sin = =
Khi theo nh l Lagrange ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a b c a b a b
c a b a f b f b a c

=
cos sin sin
cos : ;
:
pcm.

V d 1.3.1.2.

Vi b a < < 0 . CMR :

a
a b
a
b
b
a b
< <
ln

Li gii :

Xt ( ) x x f ln = , khi ( ) x f lin tc trn [ ] b a; kh vi trn ( ) b a; nn :
( ) ( )
c
c f
a b
a b
b a c
1
'
ln ln
: ; = =
v b c a < < nn
a c b
1 1 1
< <
T
< <
<
<
a
a b
a
b
b
a b
a a b
a b
b
ln
1 ln ln 1
pcm.

V d 1.3.1.3.

Cho
2
0

< < < . CMR :

2 2
cos
tan tan
cos
< <

Li gii :

Xt ( ) x x f tan = lin tc trn [ ] ; kh vi trn ( ) ; nn theo nh l Lagrange
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 1
cos
1 tan tan
' : ;
2
c
c f
f f
c =

V < < c nn ( ) 2
cos
1
cos
1
cos
1
2 2 2

< <
c

T ( )( ) 2 1 pcm.

V d 1.3.1.4.

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
CMR nu 0 > x th
x x
x x
|
\
|
+ >
|
\
|
+
+
+
1
1
1
1
1
1

Li gii :

Xt ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ln 1 ln
1
1 ln > + = |
\
|
+ = x x x x
x
x x f
Ta c ( ) ( )
1
1
ln 1 ln '
+
+ =
x
x x x f
Xt ( ) t t g ln = lin tc trn [ ] 1 ; + x x kh vi trn ( ) 1 ; + x x nn theo Lagrange th :

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 0
1
1
ln 1 ln '
1
1
'
1
ln 1 ln
: 1 ;
>
+
+ =
+
> =
+
+
+
x
x x x f
x
c g
x x
x x
x x c

vi > 0 x ( ) x f tng trn ( ) + ; 0

( ) ( )
x x
x x
x x
x x
x f x f
|
\
|
+ > |
\
|
+
+
|
\
|
+ > |
\
|
+
+ > +
+
+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 ln
1
1
1 ln 1
1
1

pcm.

V d 1.3.1.5.

Chng minh rng
+
Z n ta c :

1
1
1
1
arctan
2 2
1
2 2 2
+
|
\
|
+ +
+ + n n n n n

Li gii :

Xt ( ) x x f arctan = lin tc trn [ ] 1 ; + n n
( )
2
1
1
'
x
x f
+
= trn ( )
+
+ Z n n n 1 ;
Theo nh l Lagrange ta c :

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
|
\
|
+ +
=
+
|
|
\
|
+ +
+
= + =
+
+
+
= +
1
1
arctan
1
1
1 1
1
arctan arctan 1 arctan
1
1
1
1
' : 1 ;
2 2
2
n n c
n n
n n
n n
c
n n
n f n f
c f n n c

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
( ) 1 1 1 ; + < < + n c n n n c

( )
1
1
1
1
arctan
2 2
1
1
1
1
1
2 2
1
2 2 1 1
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+
<
|
\
|
+ +
<
+ +
+
<
+
<
+ +
+ + < + < +
+ < <
n n n n n
n c n n
n n c n
n c n

. pcm

1.3.2. nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai :

Cho tam thc ( ) ( ) 0
2
+ + = a c bx ax x f v ac b 4
2
=
- Nu 0 < th ( ) x f cng du vi h s a, vi mi s thc x.
- Nu 0 = th ( ) x f cng du vi a vi mi
a
b
x
2
.
- Nu 0 > th ( ) x f c hai nghim
2 1
, x x v gi s
2 1
x x < .Th th ( ) x f cng du
vi a vi mi x ngoi on [ ]
2 1
; x x (tc l
1
x x < hay
2
x x > ) v ( ) x f tri du vi a
khi x trong khong hai nghim (tc l
2 1
x x x < < ).

Trong mt s trng hp, nh l ny l mt cng c ht sc hiu qu. Ta s coi biu
thc cn chng minh l mt tam thc bc hai theo mt bin ri xt . Vi nh l trn th
cc bt ng thc thng ri vo trng hp 0 m t khi ta xt 0 > .

V d 1.3.2.1.

CMR
+
R z y x , , v ABC bt k ta c :

xyz
z y x
z
C
y
B
x
A
2
cos cos cos
2 2 2
+ +
+ +

Li gii :

( ) ( ) 0 cos 2 cos cos 2
2 2 2
+ + + A yz z y B z C y x x
Coi y nh l tam thc bc hai theo bin x.

( ) ( )
( ) 0 sin sin
cos 2 cos cos '
2
2 2 2
=
+ + =
B z C y
A yz z y B z C y

Vy bt ng thc trn ng.
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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi :
c b a C B A z y x
B z C y x
B z C y
: : sin : sin : sin : :
cos cos
sin sin
= =
+ =
=

tc z y x , , l ba cnh ca tam gic tng ng vi ABC .

V d 1.3.2.2.

CMR R x v ABC bt k ta c :
( ) C B x A x cos cos cos
2
1
1
2
+ + +

Li gii :


( )
( ) ( )
0
2
sin
2
sin 4
1
2
cos
2
sin 4
2
sin 4
2
cos
2
cos 2
cos 1 2 cos cos '
0 cos 2 2 cos cos 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
=
|
\
|

=
|
\
| +
=
+ =
+ +
C B A
C B A
A C B C B
A C B
A C B x x

Vy bt ng thc trn ng.

= =
=
+ =
=
C B x
C B
C B x cos 2 cos 2 cos cos
0

V d 1.3.2.4.

CMR trong mi ABC ta u c :

2
2 2 2
2
sin sin sin
|
\
| + +
+ +
c b a
C ca B bc A ab

Li gii :


( )
( ) ( ) B bc c b C c A b
B bc c b C c A b a a
2 cos 2 2 cos 2 cos '
0 2 cos 2 2 cos 2 cos 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ + + =
+ + + + +

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
( ) 0 2 sin 2 sin
2
+ = C c A b
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh xong.

V d 1.3.2.4.

Cho ABC bt k. CMR :

2
3

Li gii :

t ( ) B A
C B C B
C B A k +
+
= + + = cos
2
cos
2
cos 2 cos cos cos
0 1
2
cos
2
cos 2
2
cos 2
2
= +
+
+
k
B A B A B A

Do
2
cos
B A+
l nghim ca phng trnh :
0 1
2
cos 2 2
2
= +
k x
B A
x
Xt ( ) 1 2
2
cos '
2

+
= k
B A
. tn ti nghim th :

( )
2
3
cos cos cos
2
3
1
2
cos 1 2 0 '
2
+ +

C B A
k
B A
k

pcm.

V d 1.3.2.5.

CMR R y x , ta c :
( )
2
3
cos sin sin + + + y x y x

Li gii :

t ( )
2
sin 2 1
2
cos
2
sin 2 cos sin sin
2
y x y x y x
y x y x k
+
+
+
= + + + =
Khi
2
sin
y x +
l nghim ca phng trnh :
0 1
2
cos 2 2
2
= +
k x
y x
x
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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s

( )
2
3
0 1 2 1 '

=
k
k

pcm.

1.3.3. nh l v hm tuyn tnh :

Xt hm ( ) b ax x f + = xc nh trn on [ ] ;

Nu
( )
( )
( ) R k
k f
k f

th ( ) [ ] ; x k x f .

y l mt nh l kh hay. Trong mt s trng hp, khi m AM GM b tay,
BCS u hng v iu kin th nh l v hm tuyn tnh mi pht huy ht sc mnh
ca mnh. Mt pht biu ht sc n gin nhng li l li ra cho nhiu bi bt ng
thc kh.

V d 1.3.3.1.

Cho c b a , , l nhng s thc khng m tha :
4
2 2 2
= + + c b a
CMR : 8
2
1
+ + + abc c b a

Li gii :

Ta vit li bt ng thc cn chng minh di dng :
0 8
2
1
1 + + |
\
|
c b a bc
Xt ( ) 8
2
1
1 + + |
\
|
= c b a bc a f vi [ ] 2 ; 0 a .
Khi :

( ) ( )
( ) 0 8 8 8 2 8 2 2
0 8 8 8 2 8 0
2 2
= < = + + =
= = + + =
c b bc f
c b c b f

(v 0 2 = = = c b a )
Vy ( ) [ ] 2 ; 0 0 a a f pcm.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 0 , 0 = = = c b a v cc hon v.
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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
V d 1.3.3.2.

CMR c b a , , khng m ta c :
( )( ) ( )
3
2 9 7 c b a abc c b a ca bc ab + + + + + + +

Li gii :

t
c b a
c
z
c b a
b
y
c b a
a
x
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
= ; ; . Khi bi ton tr thnh :
Chng minh ( ) 2 9 7 + + + xyz zx yz xy vi 1 = + + z y x
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s { } z y x x , , max = .
Xt ( ) ( ) 2 7 9 7 7 + + = yz x yz z y x f vi
(
1 ;
3
1
x
Ta c :

( )
( )
(

< = = |
\
|
1 ;
3
1
0
0 2 1 ; 0
3
1
x x f
f f

Vy bt ng thc chng minh xong.
ng thc xy ra c b a z y x = = = = =
3
1
.

y l phn duy nht ca chuyn khng cp n lng gic. N ch mang tnh
gii thiu cho bn c mt nh l hay chng minh bt ng thc. Nhng thc ra
trong mt s bi bt ng thc lng gic, ta vn c th p dng nh l ny. Ch c iu
cc bn nn ch l du bng ca bt ng thc xy ra phi ph hp vi tp xc nh
ca cc hm lng gic.

1.4. Bi tp :

Cho ABC . CMR :

1.4.1.
3
1
cot cot cot
3 3 3
+ + C B A vi ABC nhn.
1.4.2.
2
3 2 3
4
sin
4
sin
4
sin

+ +
C B A

1.4.3. 3 2
sin
1
sin
1
sin
1
+ +
C B A

1.4.4.
8
7
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2 2 2
+ + +
C B A C B A

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Chng 1 Cc bc u c s
1.4.5.
C B A
C B A
sin sin sin 8
9
cot cot cot + +
1.4.6. C B A
A C C B B A
sin sin sin 8
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos

1.4.7. C B A C B A sin sin sin cos cos cos 1 +
1.4.8.
S
b a c a c b c b a
2
3 3 1 1 1
4
+
+
+
+
+

1.4.9. 3 2 + +
c b a
m
c
m
b
m
a

1.4.10.
2
3 3
+ +
c
m
b
m
a
m
c b a

1.4.11.
2
p l m l m l m
c c b b a a
+ +
1.4.12.
abc m c m b m a
c b a
3 1 1 1
2 2 2
> + +
1.4.13. ( )( )( )
8
abc
c p b p a p
1.4.14. r h h h
c b a
9 + +
1.4.15.
|
\
| +
|
\
| +
|
\
| +
4
3
sin
4
3
sin
4
3
sin sin sin sin
A C C B B A
C B A

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Chng 2 Cc phng php chng minh
Chng 2 :

Cc phng php chng minh

Chng minh bt ng thc i hi k nng v kinh nghim. Khng th khi khi m ta
m u vo chng minh khi gp mt bi bt ng thc. Ta s xem xt n thuc dng bi
no, nn dng phng php no chng minh. Lc vic chng minh bt ng thc
mi thnh cng c.
Nh vy, c th ng u vi cc bt ng thc lng gic, bn c cn nm vng
cc phng php chng minh. s l kim ch nam cho cc bi bt ng thc. Nhng
phng php cng rt phong ph v a dng : tng hp, phn tch, quy c ng, c
lng non gi, i bin, chn phn t cc tr Nhng theo kin ch quan ca mnh,
nhng phng php tht s cn thit v thng dng s c tc gi gii thiu trong
chng 2 : Cc phng php chng minh.

Mc lc :
2.1. Bin i lng gic tng ng ... 32
2.2. S dng cc bc u c s ... 38
2.3. a v vector v tch v hng .. 46
2.4. Kt hp cc bt ng thc c in .. 48
2.5. Tn dng tnh n diu ca hm s 57
2.6. Bi tp . 64

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2.1. Bin i lng gic tng ng :

C th ni phng php ny l mt phng php xa nh Tri t. N s dng cc
cng thc lng gic v s bin i qua li gia cc bt ng thc. c th s dng
tt phng php ny bn c cn trang b cho mnh nhng kin thc cn thit v bin i
lng gic (bn c c th tham kho thm phn 1.2. Cc ng thc,bt ng thc
trong tam gic).
Thng thng th vi phng php ny, ta s a bt ng thc cn chng minh v
dng bt ng thc ng hay quen thuc. Ngoi ra, ta cng c th s dng hai kt qu
quen thuc 1 cos ; 1 sin x x .

V d 2.1.1.

CMR :
7
cos 3
14
sin 2
14
sin 1
>

Li gii :

Ta c :

( ) 1
7
3
cos
7
2
cos
7
cos
14
sin 2
14
sin 1
7
3
cos
7
2
cos
7
cos
14
sin 2
14
5
sin
14
7
sin
14
3
sin
14
5
sin
14
sin
14
3
sin
14
sin 1

+ + =
\
|
+ + =
+ + =

Mt khc ta c :

( ) 2
7
cos
7
3
cos
7
3
cos
7
2
cos
7
2
cos
7
cos
7
2
cos
7
4
cos
7
cos
7
5
cos
7
3
cos
7
cos
2
1
7
cos

+ + =
|
\
|
+ + + + + =

t
7
3
cos ;
7
2
cos ;
7
cos

= = = z y x
Khi t ( ) ( ) 2 , 1 ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi :
( ) ( ) 3 3 zx yz xy z y x + + > + +
m 0 , , > z y x nn :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 0 3
2 2 2
> + + x z z y y x
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V z y x , , i mt khc nhau nn ( ) 4 ng pcm.

Nh vy, vi cc bt ng thc nh trn th vic bin i lng gic l quyt nh
sng cn vi vic chng minh bt ng thc. Sau khi s dng cc bin i th vic gii
quyt bt ng thc tr nn d dng thm ch l hin nhin (!).

V d 2.1.2.

CMR : ( ) x bc x ca x ab c b a sin 2 cos 3 sin 2
2 2 2
+ + +

Li gii :

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 0 cos 2 sin sin 2 cos
0 cos cos 2 sin 2 2 sin
sin 2 2 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 cos
sin 2 2 cos 2
cos 2 sin 2 cos sin 2 cos sin 2 cos 2 sin
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+
+ +
+ + +
+
+ + + + + +
x b x a c x b x a
x b x x ab x a
x bc x ca x x ab c x b x a
x bc x ca
x x x x ab c x x b x x a

Bt ng thc cui cng lun ng nn ta c pcm.

V d 2.1.3.

CMR vi ABC bt k ta c :

4
9
sin sin sin
2 2 2
+ + C B A

Li gii :


( )
( )
( )
( ) 0 sin
4
1
2
cos
cos
0
4
1
cos cos cos
0
4
1
2 cos 2 cos
2
1
cos
4
9
2
2 cos 1
2
2 cos 1
cos 1
2
2
2
2
2
+
|
\
|

+
+ + +
+
C B
C B
A
C B A A
C B A
C B
A

pcm.

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V d 2.1.4.

Cho ( ) Z k k +

2
, , l ba gc tha 1 sin sin sin
2 2 2
= + + . CMR :

2 2 2
2
tan tan tan 2 1
3

|
\
| + +

Li gii :

Ta c :

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
tan tan tan 2 1 tan tan tan tan tan tan
2
tan 1
1
tan 1
1
tan 1
1
2 cos cos cos
1 sin sin sin
= + +
=
+
+
+
+
+
= + +
= + +

Khi bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi :
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 tan tan tan tan tan tan tan tan tan tan tan tan
3
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
+ +
+ + |
\
| + +

pcm.
ng thc xy ra

tan tan tan
tan tan tan tan
tan tan tan tan
tan tan tan tan
= =
=
=
=

V d 2.1.5.

CMR trong ABC bt k ta c :

|
\
|
+ + + +
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan 3
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
C B A C B A

Li gii :

Ta c :

2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
C B A C B A
= + +
t
2
cot ;
2
cot ;
2
cot
C
z
B
y
A
x = = = th
= + +
>
xyz z y x
z y x 0 , ,

www.VNMATH.com

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
3
3
1 1 1
3
2 2 2
2
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ + + +
x z z y y x
zx yz xy z y x
xyz
zx yz xy
z y x
z y x
z y x

pcm.
ng thc xy ra C B A cot cot cot = =
C B A = =
ABC u.

V d 2.1.6.

CMR :
x x x cos 2
2
sin 3
1
sin 3
1
+
+
+

Li gii :

V 1 sin 1 x v 1 cos x nn :
0 sin 3 ; 0 sin 3 > > + x x v 0 cos 2 > +

( ) ( )
( )
( )( ) 0 2 cos 1 cos
0 4 cos 6 cos 2
cos 1 2 18 cos 6 12
sin 9 2 cos 2 6
2
2
2

+
+
+
x x
x x
x x
x x

do 1 cos x nn bt ng thc cui cng lun ng pcm.

V d 2.1.7.

CMR
2
;
3
< ta c :

|
|
\
|
|
\
|

+
1
cos
1
1
cos
1
1
cos cos
2

Li gii :

T
2
1
cos ; cos 0
2
;
3
< <

www.VNMATH.com
do
<
+ <
4
1
cos cos 0
1 cos cos 0

t cos cos ; cos cos = + = b a
Bt ng thc cho tr thnh :
( ) ( )
( )( ) 0 4 1
0 4 4
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
2 3
2 2
2

+
+
+
|
\
|
b a a
b ab a a
b a a b a
b
b a
a
a
b
b a
a
a

Bt ng thc cui cng ng v 1 a v ( ) = 0 cos cos 4
2 2
b a pcm.

V d 2.1.8.

Cho cc gc nhn a v b tha 1 sin sin
2 2
< + b a . CMR :
( ) b a b a + < +
2 2 2
sin sin sin

Li gii :

Ta c : 1
2
sin sin
2 2
= |
\
|
+ a a

nn t iu kin 1 sin sin
2 2
< + b a suy ra :

2
0 ;
2

< + < < b a a b
Mt khc ta c :
( ) b a b a a b b a b a cos cos sin sin 2 cos sin cos sin sin
2 2 2 2 2
+ + = +
nn thay b b
2 2
sin 1 cos = vo th bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi :

( ) b a
b a b a
b a b a b a
+ <
<
<
cos 0
cos cos sin sin
cos cos sin sin 2 sin sin 2
2 2

( 0 sin sin 2 > b a nn c th chia hai v cho b asin sin 2 )
Bt ng thc sau cng hin nhin ng do < + <
2
0

b a pcm.

www.VNMATH.com
V d 2.1.9.

Cho ABC khng vung. CMR :
( ) A C C B B A C B A C B A
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
tan tan tan tan tan tan 9 tan tan tan 5 tan tan tan 3 + + + + +

Li gii :

( ) ( )( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 sin cos cos 2
0 1 cos cos 4 cos 4
0 1 cos 4 cos cos 2
0 1 cos 4 2 cos 2 cos 2
4
3
cos
2
2 cos 1
2
2 cos 1
4
3
cos cos cos
cos cos cos
1
cos cos
1
cos cos
1
cos cos
1
cos cos cos
4
cos cos cos
1
8 3
cos
1
cos
1
cos
1
4 1
cos
1
1
cos
1
1
cos
1
4
tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 8 tan tan tan 4 tan tan tan 4
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+ +
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ + |
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|

+ + + + +
B A B A C
B A C C
C B A B A
C B A
C
B A
C B A
C B A A C C B B A C B A
C B A C B A C B A
C B A C B A C B A
pcm.

V d sau y, theo kin ch quan ca tc gi, th li gii ca n xng ng l bc
thy v bin i lng gic. Nhng bin i tht s lt lo kt hp cng bt ng thc
mt cch hp l ng ch mang n cho chng ta mt bi ton tht s c sc !!!

V d 2.1.10.

Cho na ng trn bn knh R , C l mt im ty trn na ng trn. Trong hai
hnh qut ni tip hai ng trn, gi M v N l hai tip im ca hai ng trn vi
ng knh ca na ng trn cho. CMR : ( ) 1 2 2 R MN

Li gii :

Gi
2 1
, O O l tm ca hai ng trn. t 2 = CON (nh vy
2
0

< < )
v
2 2 1 1
; R OO R OO = =
Ta c :

=
=
2
1
2
OM O
ON O

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N M
O
O
1
O
2
C
Vy :

cot tan cot

2
cot
2 1 2 1
R R R R ON MO MN + = + |
\
|
= + =
Trong vung MO O
1
c :

( )
( )
cos 1
cos
cos cos 1
cos
2
sin
1 1
1 1 1
+
= = +
=
|
\
|
=
R
R R R
R R O O R

Tng t :
( )

sin 1
sin
sin sin
2 2 2 2
+
= = =
R
R R R OO R
Do :

( )( )
1 cos sin
2
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
1
2
cos 2 .
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos 2
cos 1 sin 1
1 cos sin
sin 1
cos
cos 1
sin
sin
cos
sin 1
sin
cos
sin
cos 1
cos
2
2
+ +
=
|
\
|
+
=
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
=
+ +
+ +
=
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
=

R
R
R
R
R R
R R
MN

m ( ) =
+
|
\
|
+ 1 2 2
1 2
2
2
4
2 cos sin R
R
MN
pcm.
ng thc xy ra MN OC =
4
.

2.2. S dng cc bc u c s :

Cc bc u c s m tc gi mun nhc n y l phn 1.2. Cc ng thc, bt
ng thc trong tam gic. Ta s a cc bt ng thc cn chng minh v cc bt ng
thc c bn bng cch bin i v s dng cc ng thc c bn. Ngoi ra, khi tham gia
cc k thi, tc gi khuyn bn c nn chng minh cc ng thc, bt ng thc c bn
s dng nh mt b cho bi ton.
www.VNMATH.com
C
1
C
B
1
B
A
1
A

V d 2.2.1.

Cho ABC . ng phn gic trong cc gc C B A , , ct ng trn ngoi tip ABC
ln lt ti
1 1 1
, , C B A . CMR :

1 1 1
C B A ABC
S S

Li gii :

Gi R l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip ABC th n cng l bn knh ng trn
ngoi tip
1 1 1
C B A .
( ) 1 sin sin sin 2 sin sin sin 2
1 1 1
2 2
C B A R C B A R
Do
2
;
2
;
2
1 1 1
B A
C
A C
B
C B
A
+
=
+
=
+
= nn :
( )
( ) 2
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 8
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin sin sin sin 1
C B A C B A C B A
B A A C C B
C B A

+ + +

V 0
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos >
C B A
nn :
( )
8
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 2
C B A
pcm.
ng thc xy ra ABC u.

V d 2.2.2.

CMR trong mi tam gic ta u c :

2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 4
4
7
C B A
A C C B B A + + +

Li gii :

Ta c :
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 4 1 cos cos cos
C B A
C B A + = + +
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi :
( ) 1 cos cos cos
4
3
sin sin sin sin sin sin C B A A C C B B A + + + + +

m :
www.VNMATH.com

B A B A C
A C A C B
C B C B A
cos cos sin sin cos
cos cos sin sin cos
cos cos sin sin cos
=
=
=

nn :
( ) ( ) 2
4
3
cos cos cos cos cos cos 1 + + A C C B B A
Tht vy hin nhin ta c :
( ) ( ) 3 cos cos cos
3
1
cos cos cos cos cos cos
2
C B A A C C B B A + + + +
Mt khc ta c :
2
3
( ) 3 ng ( ) 2 ng pcm.

V d 2.2.3.

Cho ABC bt k. CMR :
1
cos cos 4 cos 2 1
1
cos cos 4 cos 2 1
1
cos cos 4 cos 2 1
1
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + A C C C B B B A A

Li gii :

t v tri bt ng thc cn chng minh l T.
Theo AM GM ta c :
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) 1 9 cos cos cos cos cos cos 4 cos cos cos 2 3 + + + + + + A C C B B A C B A T
m :
2
3
v hin nhin :
( )
4
3
3
cos cos cos
2
+ +
+ +
C B A
A C C B B A
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 9 cos cos cos cos cos cos 4 cos cos cos 2 3 + + + + + + A C C B B A C B A
T ( ) ( ) 2 , 1 suy ra 1 T pcm.

V d 2.2.4.

CMR vi mi ABC bt k, ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 4 a c c b b a S c b a + + + + +

Li gii :

www.VNMATH.com
( ) ( ) 1 3 4 2
2 2 2
c b a S ca bc ab + + + + +
Ta c :

S
c b a
C
S
b a c
B
S
a c b
A
4
cot
4
cot
4
cot
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+
=
+
=
+
=

Khi :

( ) ( )
3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
3 cot
sin
1
cot
sin
1
cot
sin
1
cot cot cot 4 3 4
sin
1
sin
1
sin
1
4 1
+ +
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|

+ + + |
\
|
+ +
C B A
C
C
B
B
A
A
C B A S S
C B A
S

pcm.

V d 2.2.5.

CMR trong mi tam gic, ta c :

R
r A C C B B A
4 8
5
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin + + +

Li gii :

p dng cng thc :
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 4
C B A
R r = , ta a bt ng thc cho v dng
tng ng sau :
( ) 1
8
5
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin + +
C B A A C C B B A

Ta c :
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 4 1 cos cos cos
C B A
C B A + = + +
Do :
( ) ( ) ( ) 2
8
5
1 cos cos cos
4
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 1 + + + + C B A
A C C B B A

Theo AM GM, ta c :

2
sin
2
sin 2
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
sin
2
sin 2
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
B A
A
B
B
A
B A
A
B
B
A
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
www.VNMATH.com

|
\
|
+
2
tan sin
2
tan sin
2
1
2
sin
2
sin 2
A
B
B
A
B A

Tng t ta c :

|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
2
tan sin
2
tan sin
2
1
2
sin
2
sin 2
2
tan sin
2
tan sin
2
1
2
sin
2
sin 2
C
A
A
C
A C
B
C
C
B
C B

T suy ra :
( ) ( ) ( )
(
+ + + + +
|
\
|
+ +
B A
C
A C
B
C B
A
A C C B B A
sin sin
2
tan sin sin
2
tan sin sin
2
tan
2
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 2

|
\
|
+ + + +
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 2 cos cos cos
A C C B B A
C B A
Khi :
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
4
1
cos cos cos
4
1
1 cos cos cos
4
1
cos cos cos
2
1
1 cos cos cos
4
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
= + + = + + + +
+ + + +
C B A C B A C B A
C B A
A C C B B A

m
2
3
( )
8
5
1 cos cos cos
4
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin + + + + C B A
A C C B B A

( ) 2 ngpcm.

V d 2.2.6.

Cho ABC bt k. CMR :

2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
cot cot cot
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
C B A
c b a
C B A
c b a
|
|
\
|
+ +
+ +

Li gii :

Ta c :
S
C B A
c b a
4
cot cot cot
2 2 2
=
+ +
+ +

nn bt ng thc cho tng ng vi :
www.VNMATH.com
( ) 1
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
64
2 2 2
3
C B A
c b a
S
Mt khc ta cng c :

2
sin 4
cos 2 2 cos 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
A
bc a
A bc bc a A bc c b a

+ =

S A bc
A
A
bc
A
a
4 sin 2
2
tan
2
sin 4
2
tan
2
2
= =
Tng t ta cng c :
S
C
c
S
B
b
4
2
tan
; 4
2
tan
2 2

( ) 1 ng pcm.

V d 2.2.7.

CMR trong mi tam gic ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 cos 1 cos 1 cos 1 + + + + + + + + C ab b a B ca a c A bc c b

Li gii :

Ta c v tri ca bt ng thc cn chng minh bng :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) B ca A bc C ab C b a B a c A c b C B A cos cos cos cos cos cos cos cos cos + + + + + + + + + +
t :
( ) ( ) ( )
B ca A bc C ab R
C b a B a c A c b Q
C B A P
cos cos cos
cos cos cos
cos cos cos
+ + =
+ + + + + =
+ + =

D thy
2
3
P
Mt khc ta c :
( ) ( ) a A R C B R B C C B R B c C b = = + = + = + sin 2 sin 2 cos sin cos sin 2 cos cos
Tng t :

c b a Q
c A b B a
b C a A c
+ + =
= +
= +
cos cos
cos cos

V ta li c :
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2
2 2 2
cos cos cos
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c b a
R
b a c a c b c b a
B ca A bc C ab
+ +
=
+
+
+
+
+
= + +

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
1 1 1
3
2 2
3
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ +
=
+ +
+ + + + +
c b a c b a
c b a R Q P
pcm.

V d 2.2.8.

Cho ABC bt k. CMR :
S r R
4
3 +

Li gii :

Ta c :

( ) C B A
C B A
C B A R
S
p
S
r
C B A
S C B A R
S
abc
R
sin sin sin
sin sin sin 2 8
sin sin sin
sin sin sin 2 8
sin sin sin 2
4
3
+ +
=
+ +
= =
= = =

Vy :

C B A
C B A
C B A
S
C B A
S
r R
sin sin sin
sin sin sin 2 8
sin sin sin 2 2
1
sin sin sin 2 2
1
+ +
+ + = +
Theo AM GM ta c :

( )
3
sin sin sin sin sin sin 8
sin sin sin
3 C B A C B A
C B A S S r R
+ +
+

m :

8
3 3
sin sin sin
2
3 3
sin sin sin
+ +
C B A
C B A

= + S
S S
r R
4
3
4
3
3 3 . 27 4
4
pcm.

V d 2.2.9.

www.VNMATH.com

2 2
3
8
2 3
8
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
+
\
|
R
S
a c
ca ca
c b
bc bc
b a
ab ab
r
S

Li gii :

Theo AM GM ta c :

2
ca bc ab
a c
ca ca
c b
bc bc
b a
ab ab + +
+
+
+
+
+

Do
( )
6 2 3
8
2
2
c b a
r
S
pr S
+ +
=
|
\
|
=
Li c :

( )
6 2
2
c b a ca bc ab + +
+ +

+
+
+
+
+
\
|
a c
ca ca
c b
bc bc
b a
ab ab
r
S
2
2 3
8
v tri c chng minh xong.
Ta c :

( )
3 3
2
3 3
sin sin sin
sin sin sin 2
R c b a
C B A
C B A R c b a
+ +
+ +
+ + = + +

Theo AM GM ta c :
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
8
2
abc
p a p c p c p b p b p a p p S =

( ) ( ) ( ) a c c b b a
abc
c b a
abc
c b a
abc
p
R
S
+ + + + +
=
+ +
=
|
|
\
| + +

|
\
|
9
2
9
3 3
8
3
8
3
8
2
2

Mt ln na theo AM GM ta c :

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )
a c
ca ca
c b
bc bc
b a
ab ab
a c c b b a
abc
a c c b b a
abc
+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+ + + + +
3
. 3
9 9

v phi chng minh xongBt ng thc c chng minh hon ton.

V d 2.2.10.

Cho ABC bt k. CMR :

4
2
8
2
8
2
8
3
6
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
|
|
\
|
+ +
R
abc
C
c
B
b
A
a

www.VNMATH.com
Li gii :

p dng BCS ta c :

( )
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2 2 2
2
4 4 4
2
8
2
8
2
8
C B A
c b a
C
c
B
b
A
a
+ +
+ +
+ +
m :

( )
2
2
4
2 2 2
16
4
9
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
S
R
abc
C B A
=
|
\
|
+ +

V th ta ch cn chng minh :
2 4 4 4
16S c b a + +
Trc ht ra c : ( ) ( ) 1
4 4 4
c b a abc c b a + + + +
Tht vy : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + ab c c ca b b bc a a
( ) [ ]( ) ( ) [ ]( ) ( ) [ ]( ) 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + b a b a c a c a c b c b c b a (ng!)
Mt khc ta cng c :
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )( ) ( ) 2 16 16
2
b a c a c b c b a c b a c p b p a p p S + + + + + = =
T ( ) ( ) 2 , 1 th suy ra ta phi chng minh : ( )( )( ) ( ) 3 b a c a c b c b a abc + + +
t :

b a c z
a c b y
c b a x
+ =
+ =
+ =

v c b a , , l ba cnh ca mt tam gic nn 0 , , > z y x
Khi theo AM GM th :
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( ) b a c a c b c b a xyz
zx yz xy x z z y y x
abc + + + = =
+ + +
=
8
2 2 2
8

( ) 3 ng pcm.

2.3 a v vector v tch v hng :

Phng php ny lun a ra cho bn c nhng li gii bt ng v th v. N c
trng cho s kt hp hon gia i s v hnh hc. Nhng tnh cht ca vector li mang
n li gii tht sng sa v p mt. Nhng s lng cc bi ton ca phng php ny
khng nhiu.

V d 2.3.1.

www.VNMATH.com
A
B
C
e
e
e
1
2
3
O
A
B
C

2
3

Li gii :

Ly cc vector n v
3 2 1
, , e e e ln lt trn cc cnh CA BC AB , , .
Hin nhin ta c :

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
3
cos cos cos
0 cos cos cos 2 3
0 , cos 2 , cos 2 , cos 2 3
0
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3 2 1
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
C B A
C B A
e e e e e e
e e e

pcm.

V d 2.3.2.

Cho ABC nhn. CMR :

2
3
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos + + C B A

Li gii :

Gi O, G ln lt l tm ng trn ngoi tip v trng tm ABC .
Ta c : OG OC OB OA 3 = + +
Hin nhin :
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
2
3
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos
0 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 3
0 , cos , cos , cos 2 3
0
2 2
2 2
2
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
C B A
B A C R R
OA OC OC OB OB OA R R
OC OB OA

pcm.
ng thc xy ra ABC G O OG OC OB OA = = + + 0 0 u.

V d 2.3.3.

www.VNMATH.com
O
A
B
C
Cho ABC nhn. CMR R z y x , , ta c :
( )
2 2 2
2
1
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos z y x C xy B zx A yz + + + +

Li gii :

Gi O l tm ng trn ngoi tip ABC .
Ta c :
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
1
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos
0 2 cos 2 2 cos 2 2 cos 2
0 . 2 . 2 . 2
0
z y x C xy B zx A yz
B zx A yz C xy z y x
OA OC zx OC OB yz OB OA xy z y x
OC z OB y OA x
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ +

pcm.

2.4. Kt hp cc bt ng thc c in :

V ni dung cng nh cch thc s dng cc bt ng thc chng ta bn chng
1: Cc bc u c s. V th phn ny, ta s khng nhc li m xt thm mt s v
d phc tp hn, th v hn.

V d 2.4.1.

CMR ABC ta c :

2
3 9
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ +
C B A C B A

Li gii :

Theo AM GM ta c :

3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
C B A
C B A
+ +

Mt khc :

2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
C B A
C B A
C B A C B A
= = + +

www.VNMATH.com

( )
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 2
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
sin sin sin
4
1
3
C B A
C C B B A A
C B A
C C B B A A
C B A
C B A

+ +
=
+ +
=

Suy ra :

( ) 1
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
9
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
9
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
3
3
C B A
C B A
C C B B A A C B A
C B A C B A
=

|
\
|
+ + |
\
|
+ +

m ta cng c : 3 3
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
C B A

( ) 2
2
3 9
3 3
2
9
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
9
3
3
=
C B A

T ( ) 1 v ( ) 2 :

2
3 9
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ +
C B A C B A

pcm.

V d 2.4.2.

Cho ABC nhn. CMR :
( )( )
2
3 9
tan tan tan cos cos cos + + + + C B A C B A

Li gii :

V ABC nhn nn C B A C B A tan , tan , tan , cos , cos , cos u dng.
Theo AM GM ta c :
3
cos cos cos
3
cos cos cos
C B A
C B A
+ +

C B A
C B A
C B A C B A
cos cos cos
sin sin sin
tan tan tan tan tan tan = = + +

www.VNMATH.com

( )
C B A
C C B B A A
C B A
C C B B A A
C B A
C B A
cos cos cos 2
2
3
cos cos cos 2
cos cos cos
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
4
1
3

+ +
=
+ +
=

Suy ra :
( )( )
( ) 1 tan tan tan
2
9
cos cos cos
cos sin cos sin cos sin cos cos cos
2
9
tan tan tan cos cos cos
3
3
C B A
C B A
C C B B A A C B A
C B A C B A
=
+ + + +

Mt khc : 3 3 tan tan tan C B A
( ) 2
2
3 9
3 3
2
9
tan tan tan
2
9
3 3
= C B A
T ( ) 1 v ( ) 2 suy ra :
( )( )
2
3 9
tan tan tan cos cos cos + + + + C B A C B A
pcm.

V d 2.4.3.

Cho ABC ty . CMR :
3 4
2
tan
1
2
tan
2
tan
1
2
tan
2
tan
1
2
tan
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
C
C
B
B
A
A

Li gii :

Xt ( )
|
\
|
=
2
; 0 tan

x x x f
Khi : ( ) = x f ' '
Theo Jensen th : ( ) 1 3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan + +
C B A

Xt ( )
|
\
|
=
2
; 0 cot

x x x g
V ( ) ( )
|
\
|
> + =
2
; 0 0 cot cot 1 2 ' '
2

x x x x g
Theo Jensen th : ( ) 2 3 3
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot + +
C B A

Vy ( ) ( ) + 2 1 pcm.
www.VNMATH.com
V d 2.4.4.


3
3
2
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
C B A

Li gii :

Ta s dng b sau :
B : Cho 0 , , > z y x v S z y x + + th :
( ) 1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
S z y x

Chng minh b :
Ta c :
( ) ( ) 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
xyz zx yz xy z y x
VT +
|
|
\
|
+ + +
|
|
\
|
+ + + =
Theo AM GM ta c :
( ) 3
9 9 1 1 1
S z y x z y x
+ +
+ +
Du bng xy ra trong ( )
3
3
S
z y x = = =
Tip tc theo AM GM th :

3
3 xyz z y x S + +
( ) 4
27 1
27
3
3
S xyz
xyz
S

Du bng trong ( ) 4 xy ra
3
S
z y x = = =
Vn theo AM GM ta li c :
( ) 5
1
3
1 1 1
3
2
|
|
\
|
+ +
xyz zx yz xy

Du bng trong ( ) 5 xy ra
3
S
z y x = = =
T ( )( ) 5 4 suy ra :
( ) 6
27 1 1 1
2
S zx yz xy
+ +
Du bng trong ( ) 6 xy ra ng thi c du bng trong ( )( )
3
5 4
S
z y x = = =
T ( )( )( )( ) 6 4 3 2 ta c :
www.VNMATH.com
( )
3
3 2
3
1
27 27 9
1 1
|
\
|
+ = + + +
S S S S
VT
B c chng minh. Du bng xy ra ng thi c du bng trong ( )( )( ) 6 4 3

3
S
z y x = = =
p dng vi 0 sin , 0 sin , 0 sin > = > = > = C z B y A x
m ta c
2
3 3
sin sin sin + + C B A vy y
2
3 3
= S
Theo b suy ra ngay :

3
3
2
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
C B A

Du bng xy ra
2
3
sin sin sin = = = C B A
ABC u.

V d 2.4.5.

3 p l l l
c b a
+ +

Li gii :

Ta c :
( )
( ) ( ) 1
2 2
2
cos 2
a p p
c b
bc
bc
a p p
c b
bc
c b
A
bc
l
a

+
=
+
=
+
=
Theo AM GM ta c 1
2
+ c b
bc
nn t ( ) 1 suy ra :
( ) ( ) 2 a p p l
a

Du bng trong ( ) 2 xy ra c b =
Hon ton tng t ta c :

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 4
3
c p p l
b p p l
c
b

Du bng trong ( )( ) 4 3 tng ng xy ra c b a = =
T ( )( )( ) 4 3 2 suy ra :
( ) ( ) 5 c p b p a p p l l l
c b a
+ + + +
Du bng trong ( ) 5 xy ra ng thi c du bng trong ( )( )( ) c b a = = 4 3 2
p dng BCS ta c :
www.VNMATH.com

( ) ( )
( ) 6 3
3 3
2
p c p b p a p
c b a p c p b p a p
+ +
+ +

Du bng trong ( ) 6 xy ra c b a = =
T ( )( ) 6 5 ta c : ( ) 7 3 p l l l
c b a
+ +
ng thc trong ( ) 7 xy ra ng thi c du bng trong ( )( ) c b a = = 6 5
ABC u.

V d 2.4.6.

Cho ABC bt k. CMR :

R
r
abc
c b a 2
4
3 3 3

+ +

Li gii :

Ta c : ( )( )( ) c p b p a p p pr
R
abc
S = = =
4

( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( )
abc
abc c b a ca a c bc c b ab b a
abc
c b a b a c a c b
abc
c p b p a p
pabc
c p b p a p p
pabc
S
R
r
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 2
3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
+ + + + +
=
+ + +
=

=

= =

abc
c b a
c
a
a
c
b
c
c
b
a
b
b
a
abc
c b a
R
r
3 3 3 3 3 3
6
2
4
+ +
\
|
+ + + + + +
+ +
=
pcm.

V d 2.4.7.

Cho ABC nhn. CMR :
abc b
A
a
C
c
a
C
c
B
b
c
B
b
A
a
27
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+

Li gii :

C B A B
A
A
C
C
A
C
C
B
B
C
B
B
A
A
sin sin sin 27 sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+

www.VNMATH.com
27
cos cos
cos cos 1
cos cos
cos cos 1
cos cos
cos cos 1
sin sin sin 27 sin
cos cos
sin
sin
cos cos
sin
sin
cos cos
sin
\
|

|
\
|

|
\
|

A C
A C
C B
C B
B A
B A
C B A B
A C
B
A
C B
A
C
B A
C

t
=
+
=
+
< <
=
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
cos
1
1
cos
1
1
cos
1 , , 0
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
z
z
C
y
y
B
x
x
A
z y x
C
z
B
y
A
x
v
=
2
2
2
1
2
tan
1
2
tan
1
2
tan
z
z
C
y
y
B
x
x
A

Ta c :
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
2
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
cos cos
cos cos 1
y x
y x
y x
y x
y x
y x
B A
B A

+
=
+ +

+ +

Mt khc ta c : xy y x 2
2 2
+
( ) 1 tan tan
1
2
1
2
cos cos
cos cos 1
2 2
B A
y
y
x
x
B A
B A
=

Tng t : ( ) 2 tan tan
cos cos
cos cos 1
C B
C B
C B

( ) 3 tan tan
cos cos
cos cos 1
A C
A C
A C

Nhn v theo v ba bt ng thc ( )( )( ) 3 2 1 ta c :
C B A
A C
A C
C B
C B
B A
B A
2 2 2
tan tan tan
cos cos
cos cos 1
cos cos
cos cos 1
cos cos
cos cos 1

Ta bit : 27 tan tan tan 3 3 tan tan tan
2 2 2
C B A C B A
Suy ra :
27
cos cos
cos cos 1
cos cos
cos cos 1
cos cos
cos cos 1
A C
A C
C B
C B
B A
B A

pcm.

V d 2.4.8.

CMR ABC ta c :

|
|
\
|
+ + +
p
abc
p c b a
2 2 2 2
35
36

www.VNMATH.com
Li gii :

Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng dng vi :

( )
( ) ( )
c b a
abc
c b a c b a
c b a
abc c b a
c b a
+ +
+ + + + +
|
|
\
|
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
72
9 35
2
4 35
36
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2

Theo BCS th : ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
3 c b a c b a + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 27 9
2 2 2 2
c b a c b a + + + +
Li c :
+ +
+ +
3 2 2 2
2 2 2
3
3
3
c b a
c b a
abc
c b a

( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) 2
72
8
72 8
9
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
c b a
abc
c b a
abc c b a c b a
abc c b a c b a
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +

Ly ( ) 1 cng ( ) 2 ta c :

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
c b a
abc
c b a c b a
c b a
abc
c b a c b a c b a
+ +
+ + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + +
72
9 35
72
9 8 27
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

pcm.

V d 2.4.9.

CMR trong ABC ta c :
6
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
C
B A
B
A C
A
C B

Li gii :

Theo AM GM ta c :
( ) 1
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
3
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
3
C
B A
B
A C
A
C B
C
B A
B
A C
A
C B

www.VNMATH.com
m :
( )( )( )
C B A
B A A C C B
C C
B A B A
B B
A C A C
A A
C B C B
C
B A
B
A C
A
C B
sin sin sin
2
sin
2
cos 2
2
cos
2
sin 2
2
sin
2
cos 2
2
cos
2
sin 2
2
sin
2
cos 2
2
cos
2
sin 2
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
+ + +
=
+
+
=
Li theo AM GM ta c :

+
+
+
A C A C
C B C B
B A B A
sin sin 2 sin sin
sin sin 2 sin sin
sin sin 2 sin sin

( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( ) 2 8
sin sin sin
sin sin sin 8 sin sin sin sin sin sin
+ + +
+ + +
C B A
B A A C C B
C B A B A A C C B

T ( )( ) 2 1 suy ra :
6 8 3
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
3
=
C
B A
B
A C
A
C B

pcm.

V d 2.4.10.

CMR trong mi ABC ta c :

2
9 sin sin sin sin sin sin
|
\
|
+ +
R
r
A C C B B A

Li gii :


2
2
2
36
9
2 2 2 2 2 2
9 sin sin sin sin sin sin
r ca bc ab
r
a c c b b a
r A C R C B R B A R
+ +
+ +
+ +

Theo cng thc hnh chiu :

|
\
|
+ = |
\
|
+ = |
\
|
+ =
a
B A
r c
a
A C
r b
a
C B
r a cot
2
cot ; cot
2
cot ; cot
2
cot
www.VNMATH.com
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ +
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ + |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ = + +
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
2 2
C B B A
r
B A A C
r
A C C B
r ca bc ab

Theo AM GM ta c :
( ) 1 cot cot cot 4
2
cot
2
cot 2
2
cot
2
cot 2
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
B A C
A C C B A C C B
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
Tng t :

( )
( ) 3 cot cot cot 4
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2 cot cot cot 4
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
2
A C B
C B B A
C B A
B A A C
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+

T ( )( )( ) 3 2 1 suy ra :

( ) 4
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot 12
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
3
2 2 2
C B A B A A C
B A A C B A A C
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ +
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ + |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+

Mt khc ta c : ( ) 5 27
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot 3 3
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2 2 2

C B A C B A

T ( )( ) 5 4 suy ra : ( ) 6 36 3 . 12
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot 12
3
2 2 2
=
C B A

T ( )( ) 6 4 suy ra pcm.

2.5. Tn dng tnh n iu ca hm s :

Chng ny khi c th bn c cn c kin thc c bn v o hm, kho st hm s
ca chng trnh 12 THPT. Phng php ny thc s c hiu qu trong cc bi bt ng
thc lng gic. c th s dng tt phng php ny th bn c cn n nhng kinh
nghim gii ton cc phng php nu cc phn trc.

V d 2.5.1.

CMR :
x
x
2
sin > vi
|
\
|
2
; 0

x

Li gii :
www.VNMATH.com
Xt ( )
2 sin
=
x
x
x f vi
|
\
|
2
; 0

x
( )
2
sin cos
'
x
x x x
x f

=
Xt ( ) x x x x g sin cos = vi
|
\
|
2
; 0

x
( ) ( ) x g x x x x g |
\
|
< =
2
; 0 0 sin '

nghch bin trn khong .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = |
\
|
> < = < 0
2
0 ' 0 0

f x f x f g x g pcm.

V d 2.5.2.

CMR : x
x
x
cos
sin
3
>
|
\
|
vi
|
\
|
2
; 0

Li gii :


( )
( ) 0 cos sin
cos
sin
3
1
3
1
>
>
x x
x
x

Xt ( ) ( ) x x x x f =

3
1
cos sin vi
|
\
|
2
; 0

x
Ta c : ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 cos sin
3
1
cos ' 3
4
2
3
2
=

x x x x f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
|
\
|
> + =

2
; 0 0 cos sin
9
4
sin 1 cos
3
2
' ' 4
7
3
3
1
x x x x x x f
( ) x f ' ng bin trong khong ( ) ( ) 0 0 ' ' = > f x f
( ) x f cng ng bin trong khong ( ) ( ) = > 0 0 f x f pcm.

V d 2.5.3.

CMR nu a l gc nhn hay 0 = a th ta c :

1 tan sin
2 2 2
+
+
a a a

Li gii :

www.VNMATH.com
p dng AM GM cho hai s dng
a sin
2 v
a tan
2 ta c :

a a a a a a tan sin tan sin tan sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+
= +
Nh vy ta ch cn chng minh : a a a 2 tan sin > + vi
2
0

< < a
Xt ( ) x x x x f 2 tan sin + = vi
|
\
|
2
; 0

x
Ta c :
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
|
\
|
>
+
=
+
= + =
2
; 0 0
cos
cos 1 cos 1 cos 1
cos
1 cos 2 cos
2
cos
1
cos '
2 2
2 3
2
x
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x x f

( ) x f ng bin trn khong ( ) ( ) 0 f a f > vi a a a a 2 tan sin
2
; 0 > + |
\
|

1 2 tan sin
2 2 2 2 2
+ +
=
a a a a

1 tan sin
2 2 2
+
+
a a a
(khi 0 = a ta c du ng thc xy ra).

V d 2.5.4.

CMR trong mi tam gic ta u c :
( ) C B A C B A B A B A B A cos cos cos cos cos cos
12
13
cos cos cos cos cos cos 1 + + + + + +

Li gii :

( ) ( ) C B A B A B A B A C B A cos cos cos
6
13
1 cos cos cos cos cos cos 2 cos cos cos 2 1 + + + + + +
( ) ( ) C B A B A B A B A C B A cos cos cos
6
13
1 cos cos cos cos cos cos 2 cos cos cos
2 2 2
+ + + + + + + +
( ) ( ) C B A C B A cos cos cos
6
13
1 cos cos cos
2
+ + + + +
6
13
cos cos cos
1
cos cos cos
+ +
+ + +
C B A
C B A
t
2
3
1 cos cos cos < + + = t C B A t
Xt hm c trng : ( )
t
t t f
1
+ = vi
(
\
|
2
3
; 1 t
Ta c : ( ) ( ) x f t
x
x f
(
\
|
> =
2
3
; 1 0
1
1 '
2
ng bin trn khong .
( ) = |
\
|

6
13
2
3
f x f pcm.
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V d 2.5.5.

Cho ABC c chu vi bng 3. CMR :
( )
2
2 2 2
4
13
sin sin sin 8 sin sin sin 3
R
C B A R C B A + + +

Li gii :

( )( )( ) 13 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 4 sin 4 . 3 sin 4 . 3 sin 4 . 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + C R B R A R C R B R A R
13 4 3 3 3
2 2 2
+ + + abc c b a
Do vai tr ca c b a , , l nh nhau nn ta c th gi s c b a
Theo gi thit :
2
3
1 3 3 < > > + = + + c c c c b a c b a
Ta bin i :

( )
( ) [ ]
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) c ab c c
c ab c c
ab abc c c
abc c ab b a
abc c b a
abc c b a T
2 3 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 3 3 3
6 4 3 3 3
4 3 2 3
4 3 3
4 3 3 3
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =

v 0 2 3 0 3 2
2
3
> < < c c c
v
2 2 2
2
3
2 2
2
3
2
|
\
|

|
\
|
=
|
\
| +
c
ab
c b a
ab
Do : ( ) ( ) c
c
c c T 2 3
2
3
2 3 3 3
2
2 2
\
|
+
( ) c f c c = + =
2
27
2
3
2 3

Xt ( )
2
27
2
3
2 3
+ = c c c f vi
2
3
1 < c
( ) ( ) c f c c c c f |
=
2
3
; 1 0 3 3 '
2
ng bin trn khong .
( ) ( ) = 13 1 f c f pcm.

V d 2.5.6.
Cho ABC bt k. CMR :
3 3
28
2
+
r
p
S
r

www.VNMATH.com
Li gii :

Ta c :

( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
p
c p
p
b p
p
a p C B A
c p p
b p a p C
b p p
a p c p B
a p p
c p b p A

=
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan

v
( )( )( )
p
c p
p
b p
p
a p
p
c p b p a p p
p
S
S
r
=

= =
2 2
2

Do :
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
C B A
S
r
=
Mt khc :

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cos
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
tan sin sin sin 2
sin sin sin 2
2
tan
2
tan 2
C B A
A
A
C B A
C B A
A
A C B R
C B A R
A
a c b
c b a
A
a p
c b a
r
p
= =
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
=
+ +
=


3 3
28
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
1
3 3
28
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
+
+
C B A
C B A
C B A C B A

t 3 3
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot = t
C B A
t
Xt ( )
t
t t f
1
+ = vi 3 3 t
( ) 3 3 0
1
1 '
2
> = t
t
t f
( ) ( ) = + = =
3 3
28
3 3
1
3 3 3 3 min f t f pcm.

V d 2.5.7.
www.VNMATH.com
CMR vi mi ABC ta c :
( )( )( )
2
3 3
3
8 2 2 2 e R c R b R a R < + + +

Li gii :


( )( )( )
2
3 3
2
3 3
2
3 3
sin 1 sin 1 sin 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
e C B A
e
R
c
R
b
R
a
e
R
c R
R
b R
R
a R
< + + +
< |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
<
+
+

Xt ( ) ( ) x x x f + = 1 ln vi 1 0 < < x
( ) ( ) 1 ; 0 0
1
1
1
1
' <
+
=
+
= x
x
x
x
x f
( ) x f nghch bin trn khong ( ) ( ) 0 0 = < f x f
( ) x x < + 1 ln
Ln lt thay { } C B A x sin , sin , sin = vo bt ng thc trn ri cng li ta c :

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( ) [ ]
( )( )( )
C B A
e C B A
C B A C B A
C B A C B A
sin sin sin
sin 1 sin 1 sin 1
sin sin sin sin 1 sin 1 sin 1 ln
sin sin sin sin 1 ln sin 1 ln sin 1 ln
+ +
< + + +
+ + < + + +
+ + < + + + + +

m ( )( )( ) < + + + + +
2
3 3
sin 1 sin 1 sin 1
2
3 3
sin sin sin e C B A C B A pcm.

V d 2.5.8.

Cho ABC . CMR :
( )( )( )
16
125
cos 1 cos 1 cos 1
2 2 2
+ + + C B A

Li gii :

Khng mt tng qut gi s { } C B A C , , min = .Ta c :
( )( )
|
\
| +
+ |
\
| +
+ = + +
2
2 cos 1
1
2
2 cos 1
1 cos 1 cos 1
2 2
B A
B A
Xt ( )( ) ( )( ) B A B A P 2 cos 3 2 cos 3 cos 1 cos 1 4
2 2
+ + = + + =
( ) B A B A P 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 3 9 + + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] B A B A B A B A 2 2 cos 2 2 cos
2
1
cos cos 6 9 + + + + + =
www.VNMATH.com

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) 1 cos cos cos cos 6 9
2 cos 2 cos 2
2
1
cos cos 6 9
2 2
2 2
+ + + =
+ + + + =
B A C B A C
B A B A B A C

do ( ) 1 cos B A
( )
2 2
cos 3 cos cos 6 9 C C C P = +
m 0 cos > C
( ) ( ) ( ) C C C P
2 2 2
cos 1 cos 3 cos 1 + +
Mt khc ta c :
2
1
cos 60 0
0
< C C
Xt ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 3 x x x f + = vi
|
1 ;
2
1
x
( ) ( )( )( )
|
= 1 ;
2
1
0 1 2 1 3 2 ' x x x x x f
( ) x f ng bin trn khong .
( ) ( )( )( ) + + + = |
\
|

16
125
cos 1 cos 1 cos 1
16
125
2
1
2 2 2
C B A f x f pcm.

V d 2.5.9.

Cho ABC bt k. CMR :
( ) 3 2 cot cot
sin
1
sin
1
2 + |
\
|
+ C B
C B

Li gii :

Xt ( ) x
x
x f cot
sin
2
= vi ( ) ; 0 x
( ) ( )
3
0 '
sin
cos 2 1
sin
1
sin
cos 2
'
2 2 2
= =
= + = x x f
x
x
x x
x
x f
( ) 3 cot
sin
2
3
3
max = |
\
|
= x
x
f x f

Thay x bi C B, trong bt ng thc trn ta c :

3 cot
sin
2
3 cot
sin
2
C
C
B
B
pcm.

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V d 2.5.10.

CMR :
20
7
20 sin
3
1
0
< <

Li gii :

t
2
1
0 30 sin 0 20 sin
0 0
< < < < = a a a
Ta c :
2
3
4 3 20 sin 4 20 sin 3 20 . 3 sin 60 sin
2
3
3 0 3 0 0 0
= = = = a a
a a a = + 0
2
3
3 4
3
l nghim ca phng trnh : 0
2
3
3 4
3
= + x x
Xt a thc : ( )
2
3
3 4
3
+ = x x x f
Ta c : ( ) 0
2
2 3
2
3
1 1 <
= + = f
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 1 0
2
3
0 < > = f f f Bi v ( ) x f lin tc trn ton trc s .Do a thc
( ) x f c mt nghim thc trn khong ( ) 0 ; 1
Li c : 0
20
7
3
1
0
2000
1757 3 1000
20
7
0
54
46 3 27
3
1
< |
\
|
|
\
|
<
= |
\
|
>
= |
\
|
f f
f
f

a thc ( ) x f c mt nghim thc trn khong
|
\
|
20
7
;
3
1

Li c : 0
2
2 3
2
1
<
=
|
\
|
f v ( ) ( ) 0 1
2
1
0
2
2 3
1 <
|
\
|
>
+
= f f f
a thc ( ) x f c mt nghim thc trn khong
|
\
|
1 ;
2
1

Bi v a a |
\
|
2
1
; 0 l nghim thc trn khong |
\
|
20
7
;
3
1
pcm.

2.6. Bi tp :

Cho ABC . CMR :

www.VNMATH.com
2.6.1. ( )
2
5
cos 2 cos 2 cos 3 + B C A
2.6.2. 4 2 cos 3 2 2 cos 2 2 cos 3 + + C B A
2.6.3. ( )( ) ( ) 5 4 2 cos 5 3 2 cos 2 cos 1 5 + + + + C B A
2.6.4. 3 4
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan + +
C B A
vi ABC c mt gc
3
2

2.6.5.
2 2 2 2
4
1 1 1 1
r c b a
+ +
2.6.6.
c b a
r
c
r
b
r
a
r
abc
3 3 3
+ +
2.6.7.
( )( )( )
2
3
<
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
+ a c c b b a
abc
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a

2.6.8. C B A
C B A
tan tan tan
2
1
2
3
2 sin
1
2 sin
1
2 sin
1
+ + +
2.6.9.
3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
c b a C
c
B
b
A
a
+ +
+ +
2.6.10.
( ) 3 6
1
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
2

+ + C B A
C B A

2.6.11.
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 9 cos cos cos 1
C B A
C B A +
2.6.12. r R m m m
c b a
+ + + 4
2.6.13.
2
p h h h h h h
a c c b b a
+ +
2.6.14. ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2 2
R p b p a p c a p c p b c p b p a + +
2.6.15. ( )( )( ) C B A C B A cos cos cos cos 1 cos 1 cos 1

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Chng 3 p dng vo mt s vn khc
Chng 3 :

p dng vo mt s vn khc

C hc th phi c hnh

Sau khi xem xt cc bt ng thc lng gic cng cc phng php chng minh
th ta phi bit vn dng nhng kt qu vo cc vn khc.
Trong cc chng trc ta c cc v d v bt ng thc lng gic m du bng
thng xy ra trng hp c bit : tam gic u, cn hay vung V th li pht sinh
ra mt dng bi mi : nh tnh tam gic da vo iu kin cho trc.
Mt khc vi nhng kt qu ca cc chng trc ta cng c th dn n dng ton
tm cc tr lng gic nh bt ng thc. Dng bi ny rt hay : kt qu c giu i,
bt buc ngi lm phi t m mm i tm p n cho ring mnh. Cng vic tht
th v ! V tt nhin mun gii quyt tt vn ny th ta cn c mt vn bt ng thc
kha kh.
By gi chng ta s cng kim tra hiu qu ca cc bt ng thc lng gic trong
chng 3 : p dng vo mt s vn khc

Mc lc :
3.1. nh tnh tam gic67
3.1.1. Tam gic u..67
3.1.2. Tam gic cn..70
3.1.3. Tam gic vung..72
3.2. Cc tr lng gic.....73
3.3. Bi tp...76
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3.1. nh tnh tam gic :

3.1.1. Tam gic u :

Tam gic u c th ni l tam gic p nht trong cc tam gic. n ta c c s
ng nht gia cc tnh cht ca cc ng cao, ng trung tuyn, ng phn gic,
tm ngoi tip, tm ni tip, tm bng tip tam gic V cc d kin li cng trng
hp vi iu kin xy ra du bng cc bt ng thc lng gic i xng trong tam
gic. Do sau khi gii c cc bt ng thc lng gic th ta cn phi ngh n vic
vn dng n tr thnh mt phng php khi nhn dng tam gic u.

V d 3.1.1.1.

CMR ABC u khi tha : R m m m
c b a
2
9
= + +

Li gii :

Theo BCS ta c :

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) C B A R m m m
c b a m m m
m m m m m m
c b a
c b a
c b a c b a
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
sin sin sin 9
4
9
3
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +

m :
4
9
sin sin sin
2 2 2
+ + C B A

( )
R m m m
R R m m m
c b a
c b a
2
9
4
81
4
9
9
2 2 2
+ +
= + +

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ABC u pcm.

V d 3.1.1.2.

CMR nu tha
c
ab B A
4 2
sin
2
sin = th ABC u.

Li gii :

Ta c :
www.VNMATH.com
( )
2
cos 8
1
2
sin 8
2
cos
2
cos
2
sin 2 . 8 . 2
2
cos
2
sin 2 . 2
sin 8 . 2
sin sin 2
8 4
B A C
B A
C C
R
B A B A
R
C R
B A R
c
b a
c
ab
+
=
+
=
+
=
+

0
2
sin
2
cos
2
cos 2
0 1
2
cos
2
cos 4
2
cos 4
0 1
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos 4
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
cos 8
2
cos 8
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
2
2
+ |
\
|
+
+
\
| +
+

B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A
B A
B A

pcm.

V d 3.1.1.3.

CMR ABC u khi n tha : ( ) ( ) 3 2 c b a h h h
c b a
+ + = + +

Li gii :

iu kin bi tng ng vi :

( )
2
3
2
cot
2
cot
1
2
cot
2
cot
1
2
cot
2
cot
1
2
3
3 2 . 2
=
+
+
+
+
+
= + +
+ + = |
\
|
+ +
A C C B B A
c
r
b
r
a
r
c b a
c
r
b
r
a
r
p

Mt khc ta c :
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
2
tan
2
tan
4
1
2
cot
1
2
cot
1
4
1
2
cot
2
cot
1 B A
B A B A

Tng t :
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|
\
|
+
+
|
\
|
+
+
2
tan
2
tan
4
1
2
cot
2
cot
1
2
tan
2
tan
4
1
2
cot
2
cot
1
A C
A C
C B
C B

3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
1
2
3
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
1
2
cot
2
cot
1
2
cot
2
cot
1
2
cot
2
cot
1
+ +
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
C B A C B A
C B A
A C C B B A

pcm.

V d 3.1.1.4.

CMR nu tha
2
3
3Rr S = th ABC u.

Li gii :

Ta c :

Rr R r
C B A
R r
C B A
R
C B A
R
C B A C B A
R C B A R S
2
3 3
8
3 3
4
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos 4
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos 4
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 4
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 sin sin sin 2
2 2
=
= =
= =

pcm.

V d 3.1.1.5.

CMR ABC u khi n tha pS m m m
c b a
=

Li gii :

Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2
cos cos 1
2
1
cos 2
4
1
2 2
4
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A
bc A bc A bc c b a c b m
a
= + + + = + =
m :
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( ) ( )
( ) a p p m
bc
a p p
bc
a c b
bc
bc a c b
A
bc
a c b A
bc
a c b
A
a

=
+
=
+ +
=
+
=
+
=
4 4
2
cos
2
1
2
cos 2
2
cos
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2

Tng t :

( )
( )
( )( )( ) pS c p b p a p p p m m m
c p p m
b p p m
c b a
c
b
=

pcm.

3.1.2. Tam gic cn :

Sau tam gic u th tam gic cn cng p khng km. V y th chng ta s xt
nhng bt ng thc c du bng xy ra khi hai bin bng nhau v khc bin th ba. V
d
3
2
;
6

= = = C B A . V th n kh hn trng hp xc nh tam gic u.

V d 3.1.2.1.

CMR ABC cn khi n tha iu kin
2
tan 2 tan tan
2 2 2
B A
B A
+
= + v nhn.

Li gii :

Ta c :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) C B A
C
B A B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
cos cos
sin 2
cos cos
sin 2
cos cos
sin
tan tan

=
+ +
+
=
+
= +
v ( ) ( )
2
sin 2 cos 1 cos cos 1 cos
2
C
C C B A B A =
( )
2
tan 2 tan tan
2
tan 2
2
cot 2
2
sin 2
2
cos
2
sin 4
2
sin 2
sin 2
cos cos
sin 2
2 2
B A
B A
B A C
C
C C
C
C
C B A
C
+
+
+
= = =

T gi thit :
2
2 2 2
2
tan tan
2
2
tan 2 tan tan
|
\
| +
+
= +
B A B A
B A
( ) B A B A B A tan tan 2 tan tan tan tan 2
2 2 2 2
+ + +
www.VNMATH.com

( )
B A
B A
B A
=
=

tan tan
0 tan tan
2

pcm.

V d 3.1.2.2.

CMR ABC cn khi tha
2
cos
A
bc h
a
=

Li gii :

Trong mi tam gic ta lun c :
2
cos
2 A
c b
bc
l h
a a
+
=
m bc
bc
bc
c b
bc
bc c b =
+
+
2
2

2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2 A
bc h
A
bc
A
c b
bc
a

+

ng thc xy ra khi ABC cn pcm.

V d 3.1.2.3.

CMR nu tha
2
sin 4
B
R r r
a
= + th ABC cn.

Li gii :

Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
sin 4
2
cos
2
sin 4
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
cos 4
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin 4
2
cos
2
sin
sin sin 2
2
tan
2
tan 2
2
tan
2
tan
B
R
C A B
R
B
B
C A B
R
B
B
C A C A
R
B
B
C A R
B
c a
B
b p
B
p
B
b p r r
a
=
+
=
+ = + = = + = +

2
sin 4
B
R r r
a
+ ng thc xy ra khi ABC cn pcm.

www.VNMATH.com
V d 3.1.2.4.

CMR nu ( )
2 2
4
1
b a S + = th ABC cn.

Li gii :

Ta c : ( ) S C ab ab b a ab b a = + + sin
2
1
2
1
4
1
2
2 2 2 2

( ) + S b a
2 2
4
1
ABC cn nu tha iu kin bi.

V d 3.1.2.5.

CMR ABC cn khi tha
4
9
cos cos cos 2 = + + C B A

Li gii :

Ta c :
4
9
4
9
2
sin
4
1
2
cos
2
1
2
sin 2
4
9
4
1
2
cos
4
1
2
cos
2
1
2
sin 2
4
9
4
1
2
cos
2
sin 2
2
sin 4
2
cos
2
cos 2
2
sin 2 1 2 cos cos cos 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
+
\
|
=
+
+ |
\
|
= +
+ =
+
+ |
\
|
= + +
C B C B A
C B C B A C B A A
C B C B A
C B A
ng thc xy ra khi = C B pcm.

3.1.3. Tam gic vung :

Cui cng ta xt n tam gic vung, i din kh tnh nht ca tam gic i vi bt
ng thc lng gic. Dng nh khi nhn din tam gic vung, phng php bin i
tng ng cc ng thc l c dng hn c. V ta him khi gp bi ton nhn din
tam gic vung m cn dng n bt ng thc lng gic.

V d 3.1.3.1.

CMR ABC vung khi tha 15 cos 8 sin 4 sin 6 cos 3 = + + + C B C B

Li gii :
www.VNMATH.com
Theo BCS ta c :

( )( )
( )( )
= + + +
= + + +
10 cos sin 8 6 cos 8 sin 6
5 sin cos 4 3 sin 4 cos 3
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
C C C C
B B B B

15 cos 8 sin 6 sin 4 cos 3 + + + C C B B
2
cot tan
3
4
cot
3
4
tan
8
cos
6
sin
4
sin
3
cos
10 cos 8 sin 6
5 sin 4 cos 3

= + =
=
=
=
=
= +
= +
C B C B
C
B
C C
B B
C C
B B

pcm.

3.2. Cc tr lng gic :

y l lnh vc vn dng thnh cng v trit bt ng thc lng gic vo gii
ton. c bit trong dng bi ny, gn nh ta l ngi i trong sa mc khng bit
phng hng ng i, ta s khng bit trc kt qu m phi t mnh dng cc bt
ng thc bit tm ra p n cui cng. V l m dng ton ny thng rt kh
xi, n i hi ta phi bit kho lo s dng cc bt ng thc cng nh cn mt vn
ling kinh nghim v bt ng thc khng nh.

V d 3.2.1.

Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s :
( )
y d x c
y b x a
y d x c
y b x a
y x f
2 2
4 4
2 2
4 4
sin cos
sin cos
cos sin
cos sin
,
+
+
+
+
+
=
vi d c b a , , , l cc hng s dng.

Li gii :

t ( )
2 1
, bf af y x f + = vi
y d x c
x
y d x c
x
f
2 2
4
2 2
4
1
sin cos
cos
cos sin
sin
+
+
+
=

y d x c
x
y d x c
x
f
2 2
4
2 2
4
2
sin cos
sin
cos sin
cos
+
+
+
=
Ta c : ( ) ( ) y y d x x c d c
2 2 2 2
cos sin cos sin + + + = +
Do :
www.VNMATH.com
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
1
sin cos
cos
sin cos
cos sin
sin
cos sin
sin cos
cos
cos sin
sin
sin cos cos sin
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
4
2 2
4
2 2 2 2
1
=
|
|
\
|
+
+ +
+
+
(
+
+
+
+ + + = +
y d x c
x
y d x c
y d x c
x
y d x c
y d x c
x
y d x c
x
y d x c y d x c f d c

d c
f
+

1
1
Tng t :
d c
f
+
1
2
. Vy ( )
d c
b a
bf af y x f
+
+
+ =
2 1
,

V d 3.2.2.

Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc :
C B A P 3 cos 3 cos 3 cos + =

Li gii :

Ta c : ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) B A B A B A C + = + = + = 3 cos 3 3 cos 3 cos 3 cos nn
( ) 1
2
3 cos 2
2
3 cos
2
3 cos 2 3 cos 3 cos 3 cos
2
|
\
| +
+ |
\
|
|
\
| +
= + + + =
B A B A B A
B A B A P
( ) y x f
B A B A B A
P ,
2
1
2
3 cos
2
3 cos 2
2
3 cos 2
2
3
2
= + |
\
| +
|
\
|
+ |
\
| +
= +

2
3
0 1
2
3 cos '
2
|
\
|
= P
B A

=
=
=
=
=
\
|
= |
\
| +
=
|
\
|
\
|
= |
\
| +
=
=
9
4
9
2
2
1
3 cos
2
3 cos
2
1
2
3 cos
1
2
3 cos
2
3 cos
2
1
2
3 cos
0 '
2
3
2
A
A
B A
A
B A
B A B A
B A
B A B A
P

Vy
= = =
= = =
=
9
,
9
4
9
5
,
9
2
2
3
min

C B A
C B A
P
www.VNMATH.com
V d 3.2.3.

Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc :

C B A
C B A
P
2 2 2
2 2 2
cos cos cos
sin sin sin
+ +
+ +
=

Li gii :

Ta c :

( )
3 1
4
9
3
3
1
sin sin sin 3
3
1
cos cos cos
3
2 2 2
2 2 2
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
C B A
C B A
P

Do : ABC P = 3
max
u.

V d 3.2.4.

Tm gi tr ln nht nh nht ca x x y cos sin
4
=

Li gii :

iu kin : 0 cos , 0 sin x x
Ta c : 1 sin cos sin
4 4
= x x x y
Du bng xy ra
2
2 0 cos
1 sin
k x
x
x
+ =
=
=

Mt khc : 1 cos cos sin
4
= x x x y
Du bng xy ra 2
1 cos
0 sin
k x
x
x
=
=
=

Vy
= =
+ = =
2 1
2
2
1
min
max
k x y
k x y

V d 3.2.5.
Cho hm s
2 cos sin
cos 2
+
+
=
x x
x
y . Hy tm Max y trn min xc nh ca n.

www.VNMATH.com
Li gii :

V sinx v cosx khng ng thi bng 1 nn y xc nh trn R.

0
Y thuc min gi tr ca hm s khi v ch khi
2 cos sin
cos 2
0
+
+
=
x x
x
Y c nghim.
( ) 2 2 cos 1 sin
0 0 0
+ = + Y x Y x Y c nghim.

( ) ( )
2
19 5
2
19 5
0 3 10 2
1 2 2
0
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
+

+ +
+ +
Y
Y Y
Y Y Y

Vy
2
19 5
max
+
= y

3.3. Bi tp :

CMR ABC u nu n tha mt trong cc ng thc sau :

3.3.1.
4
3
cos cos cos cos cos cos = + + A C C B B A
3.3.2. C B A C B A sin sin sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin + + = + +
3.3.3. C B A
C B A
tan tan tan
2
1
2
3
2 sin
1
2 sin
1
2 sin
1
+ = + +
3.3.4.
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
cot cot cot
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
C B A
c b a
C B A
c b a
=
|
|
\
|
+ +
+ +

3.3.5.
2
1 cos cos cos
=
+ +
+ +
c b a
C c B b A a

3.3.6.
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
C B A
abc m m m
c b a
=
3.3.7.
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
C B A
abc l l l
c b a
=
3.3.8. S
C
ab
B
ca
A
bc 12
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot = + +
3.3.9.
9
3 26
5
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1 + =
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
C B A

3.3.10.
( ) 3 6
1
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
2
=
+ + C B A
C B A

www.VNMATH.com
Trung THPT chuyn L T Trng Cn Th Bt ng thc lng gic
Chng 4 Mt s chuyn bi vit hay,th v
lin quan n bt ng thc v lng gic
Chng 4 :

Mt s chuyn bi vit hay,
th v lin quan n bt ng thc v
lng gic

ng nh tn gi ca mnh, chng ny s bao gm cc bi vit chuyn v bt ng
thc v lng gic. Tc gi ca chng u l cc gio vin, hc sinh gii ton m tc gi
nh gi rt cao. Ni dung ca cc bi vit chuyn u d hiu v mch lc. Bn c
c th tham kho nhiu kin thc b ch t chng. V khun kh chuyn nn tc gi
ch tp hp c mt s bi vit tht s l hay v th v :

Mc lc :

Xung quanh bi ton Ecds trong tam gic .78
ng dng ca i s vo vic pht hin v chng minh bt ng thc trong tam
gic82
Th tr v ci ngun ca mn Lng gic...............91
Phng php gii mt dng bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic.............94

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Xung quanh bi ton Ecds trong tam gic
Nguyn Vn Hin
(Thi Bnh)

Bt ng thc trong tam gic lun l ti rt hay. Trong bi vit nh ny, chng ta
cng trao i v mt bt ng thc quen thuc : Bt ng thc Ecds.
Bi ton 1 : Cho mt im M trong ABC . Gi
c b a
R R R , , l khong cch t M n
C B A , , v
c b a
d d d , , l khong cch t M n AB CA BC , , th :
( ) ( ) E d d d R R R
c b a c b a
+ + + + 2
Gii : Ta c :

a
bd cd
a
S S
a
S S
d h R
b c
AMC AMB
BMC ABC
a a a
+
=
+
=
=
2 2
2 2

Bng cch ly i xng M qua phn gic gc A
Tng t : ( ) 1
+

c
bd ad
R
b
cd ad
R
a
cd bd
R
a b
c
a c
b
b c
a

( ) + + |
\
|
+ + |
\
|
+ + |
\
|
+ + +
c b a c b a c b a
d d d
a
b
b
a
d
a
c
c
a
d
b
c
c
b
d R R R 2 pcm.
Thc ra ( ) E ch l trng hp ring ca tng qut sau :
Bi ton 2 : Chng minh rng :
( ) ( ) 2 2
k
c
k
b
k
a
k k
c
k
b
k
a
d d d R R R + + + +
vi 0 1 > k
Gii : Trc ht ta chng minh :
B 1 : 0 , > y x v 0 1 > k th :
( ) ( ) ( ) H y x y x
k k k k
+ +
1
2
Chng minh :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1 2 1 1 2 1
1 1
+ + =
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
k k k
k
k
k
k
a a a f
y
x
y
x
H vi 0 > = a
y
x

V ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 0 2 1 '
1 1
= + =
k k
a a k a f 1 = a hoc 1 = k . Vi 1 = k th ( ) H l ng thc
ng.
Do 0 > a v 0 1 > > k th ta c :
( ) 0 0 > a a f v 0 1 > > k
www.VNMATH.com
( ) H c chng minh.
Tr li bi ton 2 :
T h ( ) 1 ta c :
(
(
\
|
+ |
\
|
|
\
|
+

k
b
k
c k
k
b c
k
a
a
cd
a
bd
a
cd
a
bd
R
1
2
( p dng b ( ) H vi
a
cd
y
a
bd
x
b c
= = ; )
Tng t :
(
(
\
|
+ |
\
|
(
(
\
|
+ |
\
|
k
a
k
b k k
c
k
a
k
c k k
b
c
bd
c
ad
R
b
cd
b
ad
R
1
1
2
2

( )
k
c
k
b
k
a
k
k k
k
c
k k
k
b
k k
k
a
k k
c
k
b
k
a
d d d
a
b
b
a
d
a
c
c
a
d
b
c
c
b
d R R R
+ +
(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ +

2
2
1

pcm.
ng thc xy ra khi ABC u v M l tm tam gic. p dng ( ) E ta chng minh
c bi ton sau :
( ) 3
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
|
|
\
|
+ + + +
c b a c b a
R R R d d d

Gii : Thc hin php nghch o tm M, phng tch n v ta c :
=
=
=
c
b
a
R
MC
R
MB
R
MA
1
*
1
*
1
*
v
=
=
=
c
b
a
d
MC
d
MB
d
MA
1
' '
1
' '
1
' '

p dng ( ) E trong ' ' ' ' ' ' C B A :
( )
|
|
\
|
+ + + +
+ + + +
c b a c b a
R R R d d d
MC MB MA MC MB MA
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
* * * 2 ' ' ' ' ' '

pcm.
M rng kt qu ny ta c bi ton sau :
( ) ( ) 4 2
k
c
k
b
k
a
k
c
k
b
k
a
k
R R R d d d + + + +
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vi 1 0 > k
Hng dn cch gii : Ta thy ( ) 4 d dng c chng minh nh p dng ( ) 2 trong
php bin hnh nghch o tm M, phng tch n v. ng thc xy ra khi ABC u
v M l tm tam gic.
By gi vi 1 > k th t h ( ) 1 ta thu c ngay :
( ) ( ) 5 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
c b a c b a
d d d R R R + + > + +
Xut pht t bi ton ny, ta thu c nhng kt qu tng qut sau :
( ) ( ) 6 2
k
c
k
b
k
a
k
c
k
b
k
a
d d d R R R + + > + +
vi 1 > k
Gii : Chng ta cng chng minh mt b :
B 2 : 0 , > y x v 1 > k th :
( ) ( ) G y x y x
k k k
+ +
Chng minh :
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1 1 1 1 > + = + >
|
|
\
|
+
k k
k
k
k
a a a g
y
x
y
x
G (t 0 > = a
y
x
)
V ( ) ( ) [ ] 1 ; 0 0 1 '
1 1
> > > + =

k a a a k a g
k k

( ) 1 ; 0 0 > > > k a a g
( ) G c chng minh xong.
S dng b ( ) G vo bi ton ( ) 6 :
T h ( ) 1 :
k
b
k
c
k
b c
k
a
a
cd
a
bd
a
cd
a
bd
R |
\
|
+ |
\
|
> |
\
|
+ (t
a
cd
y
a
bd
x
b c
= = ; )
Tng t :

k
a
k
b
k
c
k
a
k
c
k
b
c
bd
c
ad
R
b
cd
b
ad
R
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
>
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
>

( )
k
c
k
b
k
a
k k
k
c
k k
k
b
k k
k
a
k
c
k
b
k
a
d d d
a
b
b
a
d
a
c
c
a
d
b
c
c
b
d R R R
+ +
(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
(
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
> + +
2

pcm.
( ) ( ) 7 2
k
a
k
a
k
a
k
a
k
a
k
a
R R R d d d + + > + +
vi 1 < k
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Hng dn cch gii : Ta thy ( ) 7 cng c chng minh d dng nh p dng ( ) 6
trong php bin hnh nghch o tm M, phng tch n v. ng thc khng th xy ra
trong ( ) 6 v ( ) 7 .
Xt v quan h gia ( )
c b a
R R R , , vi ( )
c b a
d d d , , ngoi bt ng thc ( ) E v nhng m
rng ca n, chng ta cn gp mt s bt ng thc rt hay sau y. Vic chng minh
chng xin dnh cho bn c :

( )( )( )
( )( )( )
c c b b c c a a b b a a c b a
c b c a b a c b a
c
b a
b
c a
a
c b
c b a c b a
d R d R d R d R d R d R R R R
d d d d d d R R R
R
d d
R
d d
R
d d
d d d R R R
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
2 2 2
) 4
) 3
3 ) 2
8 ) 1

www.VNMATH.com
ng dng ca i s vo vic pht hin v chng
minh bt ng thc trong tam gic
L Ngc Anh
(HS chuyn ton kha 2005 2008
Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng, Cn Th)

1/ Chng ta i t bi ton i s sau: Vi
| |
|
\
x

0, 0, 0, 0,
2 22 2
ta lun c:

x x 2x
< tg < < sinx < x
2 2
.
Chng minh: Ta chng minh 2 bt ng thc:
2
sin
x
x
> v
2
2
x x
tg
< .
t
1
( ) sin f x x
x
= l hm s xc nh v lin tc trong 0,
2
| (
(
\
.
Ta c:
2
os x- sin x
'( )
xc
f x
x
= . t ( ) os x- sin x g x xc = trong 0,
2
| (
(
\
khi
( ) ( ) ' sin 0 g x x x g x = nghch bin trong on 0,
2
(
(

nn ( ) ( ) 0 g x g < =0 vi
0,
2
x
| (
(
\
. Do ( ) ' 0 f x < vi 0,
2
x
| (

(
\
suy ra ( )
2
2
f x f

| |
> =
|
\
hay
2
sin
x
x
>
vi 0,
2
x
| |

|
\
.
t ( )
1
h x tgx
x
= xc nh v lin tc trn 0,
2
| (
(
\
.
Ta c ( )
2 2
sin
' 0
2 os
2
x x
h x
x
x c
= > 0,
2
x
| |

|
\
nn hm s ( ) h x ng bin, do
( )
2 2
x
h x h
| |
< =
|
\
hay
2
2
x x
tg
< vi 0,
2
x
| |

|
\
.
Cn 2 bt ng thc
2 2
x x
tg > v sin x x < dnh cho bn c t chng minh.
By gi mi l phn ng ch :
Xt ABC : BC = a , BC = b , AC = b . Gi A, B, C l ln cc gc bng radian;
r, R, p, S ln lt l bn knh ng trn ni tip, bn knh ng trn ngoi tip, na
chu vi v din tch tam gic; l
a
, h
a
, m
a
, r
a
, tng ng l di ng phn gic, ng
cao, ng trung tuyn v bn knh ng trn bng tip ng vi nh A...
Bi ton 1: Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC nhn ta lun c:
2 2 2
os os os
4
p p
Ac x Bc B Cc C
R R
< + + <
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Nhn xt:
T nh l hm s sin quen thuc trong tam gic ta c: sin sin sin
p
A B B
R
+ + = v
bi ton i s ta d dng a ra bin i sau
2 2 2
4
os 2 os sin os
2
A
Ac A tg c A A Ac A
< = < , t
a n li gii nh sau.
Li gii:
Ta c:
2 2 2
4
os 2 os sin os
2
A
Ac A tg c A A Ac A
< = <
2
os sin
p
Ac A A
R
< =

v
2 2
4
os sin os
4
p p
Ac A A Ac A
R R
> = >

. T y suy ra pcm.
Trong mt tam gic ta c nhn xt sau: 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
tg tg tg tg tg tg + + = kt hp
vi
2
2
x x
tg
< nn ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A A B B C C A
tg tg tg tg tg tg

+ + > + + =
2
. . .
4
A B BC C A

+ + > (1). Mt khc
2 2
x x
tg > nn ta cng d dng c
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A A B B C C A
tg tg tg tg tg tg + + < + + = t y ta li c
. . . 4 A B BC C A + + < (2). T (1) v (2) ta c bi ton mi.
2
. . . 4
4
AB BC C A
< + + <
Lu : Khi dng cch ny sng to bi ton mi th ton l ABC phi l nhn
v trong bi ton i s th 0,
2
x
| |

|
\
. Li gii bi ton tng t nh nhn xt trn.
Mt khc, p dng bt ng thc
( )
2
3
a b c
ab bc ca
+ +
+ + th ta c ngay
( )
2
2
. . .
3 3
A B C
A B BC C A

+ +
+ + = . T y ta c bi ton cht hn v p hn:
2 2
. . .
4 3
A B BC C A

+ +
By gi ta th i t cng thc l
a
, h
a
, m
a
, r
a
tm ra cc cng thc mi.
Trong ABC ta lun c: 2 sin sin sin
2 2
a a
A A
S bc A cl bl = = +
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1 1 1 1
A
2 2
2 os
2
a
b c b c
l bc b c
bcc
+ + | |
= > = +
|
\

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 sin sin sin
a b c
l l l a b c R A B C
| |
+ + > + + > + +
|
\

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
a b c
l l l R A B C
| |
+ + > + +
|
\
.
Nh vy chng ta c Bi ton 3.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
a b c
l l l R A B C
| |
+ + > + +
|
\

Mt khc, ta li c
( ) 2 sin sin
A
2 os 2sin
2 2 2
a
R B C
bc b c
A l
c

+
+
= =
| |
|
\
. p dng bi ton i s ta
c:
( )
( ) 2
2 2
a
B C
R
R B C
bc
A
A l
+
+
> >
( ) ( )
( )
4
a
R B C R B C bc
B C l B C
+ +
> >
+ +
4
a
bc R
R
l
> > .
Hon ton tng t ta c:
4
c
ab R
R
l
> > v
4
b
ca R
R
l
> > . T y, cng 3 chui bt

ng thc ta c:
12
3
c a b
R ab bc ca
R
l l l
< + + <
Trong tam gic ta c kt qu sin
b c
h h
A
c b
= = , sin
c a
h h
B
a c
= = v sin
a b
h h
C
b a
= = ,
m t kt qu ca bi ton i s ta d dng c 2 sin sin sin A B C < + + < , m
( )
1 1
2 sin sin sin
a
A B C h
b c
| |
+ + = +
|
\

1 1 1 1
b c
h h
c a a b
| | | |
+ + + +
| |
\ \
, t y ta c c Bi
ton 5.
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 2
a b c
h h h
b c c a a b
| | | | | |
< + + + + + <
| | |
\ \ \

Ta xt tip bi ton sau:
Bi ton 6: Chng minh rng trong tam gic nhn ta lun c:
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
4
3
a b c
m m m
A B C A B C
R
+ +
+ + < < + +
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Nhn xt:Lin h vi
2
a
m trong tam gic ta c
2 2 2
2
2 4
a
b c a
m
+
= , t ta suy ra
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3
3 sin sin sin
4
a b c
m m m a b c R A B C + + = + + = + + v t a n li gii.
Li gii:
p dng bi ton i s ta c:
2
2 2
2
4
sin
x
x x
< < ta ln lt c:
2
2 2
2
4
sin
A
A A
< < ,
2
2 2
2
4
sin
B
B B
< < v
2
2 2
2
4
sin
C
C C
< < .
Cng 3 chui bt ng thc trn ta c:

( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
4
sin sin sin A B C A B C A B C
+ + < + + < + + , m ta c:
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 sin sin sin
a b c
m m m R A B C + + = + +
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
sin sin sin ,
3
a b c
m m m
A B C
R
+ +
= + + t
y ta c:
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
4
3
a b c
m m m
A B C A B C
R
+ +
+ + < < + + (pcm).
By gi ta th sng to mt bt ng thc lin quan ti r
a
, ta c cng thc tnh r
a
l
2
a
A
r ptg = , t bi ton i s
2
2 2
x x x
tg
< < chc chn ta d dng tm thy

2
2
a
r A A
p
< <
, tng t ta cng c
2
2
a
r B B
p
< < v
2
2
a
r C C
p
< < , cng 3 chui bt
ng thc ta thu c
( ) 2
2
a b c
A B C r r r A B C
p
+ + + + + +
< < v ta thu c Bi ton 7.
( ) 2
2
a b c
A B C r r r A B C
p
+ + + + + +
< <
Ta tm hiu bi ton sau:
( ) ( ) 2 4 2 R r aA bB cC R r < + + <
Nhn xt: Ta c cc kt qu:
2
a
A
r ptg = ,
2
b
B
r ptg = ,
2
c
C
r ptg = , ( )
2
A
r p a tg = =
( ) ( )
2 2
B C
p b tg p c tg = = dn n
2
a
A
r r atg = + ,
2
b
B
r r btg = + ,
2
c
C
r r ctg = + v
4
a b c
r r r R r + + = + (cc kt qu ny bn c t chng minh), t ta suy ra
4 3
2 2 2
A A A
R r r ptg ptg ptg + = + + + v nh kt qu ny ta d dng nh gi tng
aA bB cC + + t bi ton i s nn ta d c li gii nh sau.
Li gii:
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Ta c:
2
a
A
r ptg = ,
2
b
B
r ptg = ,
2
c
C
r ptg = , ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
A B C
r p a tg p b tg p c tg = = = , t
dn n
2
a
A
r r atg = + ,
2
b
B
r r btg = + ,
2
c
C
r r ctg = + . M ta li c: 4
a b c
r r r R r + + = +
suy ra 4 3
2 2 2
A A A
R r r ptg ptg ptg + = + + + . p dng bi ton i s ta c:
( )
2
4 3 3
2 2 2
A A A
R r r ptg ptg ptg r aA bB cC
+ = + + + < + + +
( ) 2R r aA bB cC < + +
( )
1
4 3 3
2 2 2 2
A A A
R r r ptg ptg ptg r aA bB cC + = + + + > + + +
( ) 4 2R r aA bB cC > + +
Kt hp 2 iu trn ta c iu phi chng minh.
Sau y l cc bi ton c hnh thnh t cc cng thc quen thuc cc bn luyn
tp:
Bi ton: Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC nhn ta lun c:
a/ ( ) ( ) 2 8 2 2 p R r aA bB cC p R r + < + + < + .
b/ ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) 2
2
S
p a p b p b p c p c p a S
< + + < .
c/ ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
abc a p a b p b c p c abc
< + + < .
d/
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 2
a b c
l l l
b c c a a b
| | | | | |
< + + + + + <
| | |
\ \ \
.

2/Chng ta xt hm: ( )
in
x
f x =
s x
vi ( ) x 0, .
Ta c ( ) f x l hm s xc nh v lin tc trong ( ) 0, v ( )
'
2
sinx-xcosx
sin
f x
x
= . t
( ) sinx-xcosx g x = , ( ) 0, x , ta c ( ) ' sin 0 g x x x = ( ) g x ng bin trong on
( ) 0, ( ) ( ) 0 0 g x g > = ( )
'
0 f x > nn hm ( ) f x ng bin .
Ch 3 bt ng thc i s:
1.Bt ng thc AM-GM:
Cho n s thc dng
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a , ta lun c:
1 2
1 2
...
...
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +

Du = xy ra
1 2
...
n
a a a = = = .
2.Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz:
Cho 2 b n s ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a v ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
b b b trong 0, 1,
i
b i n > = . Ta lun c:
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( )
2
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
...
...
...
n n
n n
a a a a a a
b b b b b b
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

Du = xy ra
1 2
1 2
...
n
n
a a a
b b b
= = = .

3.Bt ng thc Cheb yshev:
Cho 2 dy ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a v ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
b b b cng tng hoc cng gim, tc l:

1 2
1 2
...
...
n
n
a a a
b b b

hoc
1 2
1 2
...
...
n
n
a a a
b b b

, th ta c:
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
... ... ...
.
n n n n
a b a b a b a a a b b b
n n n
+ + + + + + + + +

Du = xy ra
1 2
1 2
...
...
n
n
a a a
b b b
= = =
= = =
.
Nu 2 dy n iu ngc chiu th i chiu du bt ng thc.
Xt trong tam gic ABC c A B (A,B s o hai gc A,B ca tam gic theo
radian).
A B
sin sin
A B
A B
( theo chng minh trn th hm ( )
x
f x =
sinx
)
2 2
A B
a b
R R

A a
B b
, m A B a b . Nh vy ta suy ra nu a b th
A a
B b

(i).
Hon ton tng t : a b c
A B C
a b c
v nh vy ta c
( )
A
0
B
a b
a b
| |

|
\
, ( ) 0
B C
b c
b c
| |

|
\
v ( ) 0
C A
c a
c a
| |

|
\
.Cng 3
bt ng thc ta c ( ) 0
cyc
A B
a b
a b
| |

|
\
( ) ( ) 2
cyc
A
A B C b c
a
+ + +
(1).
- Cng A B C + + vo 2 v ca (1) ta thu c:
( ) ( ) 3
A B C
A B C a b c
a b c
| |
+ + + + + +
|
\
(2)
- Tr A B C + + vo 2 v ca (1) ta thu c: ( ) ( ) 2
cyc
A
A B C p a
a
+ +
(3).
Ch rng A B C + + = v 2 a b c p + + = nn (2) 3 2
cyc
A
p
a

3
2
cyc
A
a p
(ii), v (3) ( )
2
cyc
A
p a
a
(iii).
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Mt khc ta c th p dng bt ng thc Chebyshev cho 2 b s
, ,
A B C
a b c
| |
|
\
v ( ) , , . p a p b p c Ta c: a b c
A B C
a b c
p a p b p c

( )
( )
3 3 3
cyc
A
A B C
p a
p a p b p c a
a b c
| |
+ +
|
+ +
\

( )
3
cyc
cyc
A
p
a A
p a
a

. M
3
2
cyc
A
a p
ta suy ra: ( )
3
2
3 3
cyc
cyc
A
p
p
a A p
p a
a
hay ( )
3 2
cyc
cyc
A
p
a A
p a
a
(iv).
Ta ch n hai bt ng thc (ii) v (iii):
-p dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho 3 s , ,
A B C
a b c
ta c:
1
3
. .
3
. .
cyc
A ABC
a a b c
| |
|
\
kt
hp vi bt ng thc (ii) ta suy ra
1
3
. . 3
3
. . 2
ABC
a b c p
| |

|
\

3
. . 2
. .
a b c p
A BC
| |
|
\
(v). Mt
khc, ta li c
1
3
. .
3
. .
cyc
a a b c
A ABC
| |
|
\
, m theo (v) ta d dng suy ra

1
3
. . 2
. .
abc p
ABC
| |

|
\
, t ta
c bt ng thc
6
cyc
a p
A
(vi).
-p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz , ta c :
( )
2
2 2
cyc cyc
A B C
A A
a aA Aa Bb Cc Aa Bb Cc
+ +
= =
+ + + +

(vii), m ta tm c
( ) ( ) 2 8 2 2 p R r Aa Bb Cc p R r + < + + < + (bi tp a/ phn trc) nn
( )
2
2
cyc
A
a p R r
>

(viii) (ch ng vi tam gic nhn).

-p dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho 3 s ( ) ( ) ( ) , ,
A B C
p a p b p c
a b c
ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
3 3 3
. . . . . . .
3 3 3
. . 4 . 4 .
A B C ABC S ABC S ABC
p a p b p c p a p b p c
a b c abc p S R p R
+ + = =
( )
2
3
. .
3
4 .
cyc
A S A BC
p a
a p S R

(4)m ( )
3 2
cyc
cyc
A
p
a A
p a
a
(theo iv) nn t (4)

3
2
4
3
. . 729 . . .
3
4 . 3 2 4
cyc
cyc
A
p
a S ABC S ABC A
p
p S R R a
| |

|
\

3
4
729 . . . 3
4 2
S ABC
p
R p
| |
|
\

3
54 . . . . . S ABC p R (ix).
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Xt tng
2 2 2
y y x z x z
T
b By a Ax a Ax c Cz c Cz b By
| | | | | |
= + + + + +
| | |
| | |
\ \ \
.
Ta c: 0 T

2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
. . . 2 0
y z z x x y
x a A y b B z c C ab AB bc BC ca CA
+ + + | |
+ + + +
|
\
.
. . . 2 0
y z bc z x ca x y ab c a b
x aA y bB z cC AB BC CA
+ + + | |
+ + + +
|
\

. . . 2
y z bc z x ca x y ab a b c
x aA y bB z cC BC CA AB
+ + + | |
+ + + +
|
\
(5).
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
1
3
6
3
a b c abc p
ABC BC CA AB
| |
+ +
|
\
(6).
T (5) v (6) ta c:
6
. . .
y z bc z x ca x y ab p
x aA y bB z cC
+ + +
+ + (7).
Thay (x, y, z) trong (7) bng (p-a, p-b, p-c) ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
12 bc ca ab p
A p a B p b C p c
+ +

(x)
Thay (x, y, z) trong (7) bng (bc, ca, ab) ta c:
12 b c c a a b p
A B C
+ + +
+ + (xi).
3/ Chng ta xt bt ng thc sau:
2x
sinx
vi
(
(

x

0, 0, 0, 0,
2 22 2
(phn chng minh bt
ng thc ny dnh cho bn c).
Theo nh l hm s sin ta c sin
2
a
A
R
= v kt hp vi bt ng thc trn ta c
2 4
2
a A a R
R A
, t ta d dng suy ra
12
cyc
a R
A
>
.
4/ Bt ng thc:
2 2
2 2
sin x - x
x + x
vi ( ] x 0, 0, 0, 0, (bt ng thc ny xem nh bi
tp dnh cho bn c).
Bt ng thc trn tng ng
2
2 2
sin 2
1
x x
x x

+

3
2 2
2
sin
x
x x
x

+
(1).
Trong tam gic ta c:
3 3
sin sin sin
2
A B C + + (2) (bn c t chng minh).T (1)
v (2) ta thu c
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
sin 2
2
cyc
A B C
A A B C
A B C
| |
> + + + +
|
+ + +
\

3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
2
2
A B C
A B C

| |
> + +
|
+ + +
\

3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
2 4
A B C
A B C

+ + >
+ + +
.
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Mt khc, p dng bt ng thc cho 3 gc A, B, C ta thu c
2 2
2 2
sin A A
A A
>
+
,
2 2
2 2
sin B B
B B
>
+
v
2 2
2 2
sinC C
C C
>
+
, cng cc bt ng thc ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin sin sin A B C A B C
A B C A B C

+ + > + +
+ + +
, t y p dng nh l hm s sin
sin
2
a
A
R
= ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c
A B C
R R R
A B C A B C

+ + > + +
+ + +
hay
2 2
2 2
2
cyc
a A
R
A A
>
+

.
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Th tr v ci ngun ca mn lng gic
L Quc Hn
i hc S phm Vinh

Lng gic hc c ngun gc t Hnh hc. Tuy nhin phn ln hc sinh khi hc
mn Lng gic hc (gii phng trnh lng gic, hm s lng gic ), li thy n
nh l mt b phn ca mn i s hc, hoc nh mt cng c gii cc bi ton hnh
hc (phn tam gic lng) m khng thy mi lin h hai chiu gia cc b mn y.
Trong bi vit ny, ti hy vng phn no c th cho cc bn mt cch nhn mi :
dng hnh hc gii cc bi ton lng gic.
Trc ht, ta ly mt kt qu quen thuc trong hnh hc s cp : Nu G l trng tm
tam gic ABC v M l mt im ty trong mt phng cha tam gic th :
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
9
1
3
1
c b a MC MB MA MG + + + + = (nh l Lp-nt)
Nu O M l tm ng trn ngoi tip ABC th
2 2 2 2
3R MB MB MA = + + nn p
dng nh l hm s sin, ta suy ra : ( ) C B A R R OG
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin sin sin
9
4
+ + =
( ) ( ) 1 sin sin sin
4
9
9
4
2 2 2 2 2
|
\
|
+ + = C B A R OG
T ng thc ( ) 1 , suy ra :
( ) 2
4
9
sin sin sin
2 2 2
+ + C B A
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi O G , tc l khi v ch khi ABC u.
Nh vy, vi mt kin thc hnh hc lp 10 ta pht hin v chng minh c bt ng
thc ( ) 2 . Ngoi ra, h thc ( ) 1 cn cho ta mt ngun gc hnh hc ca bt ng thc
( ) 2 , iu m t ngi ngh n. Bng cch tng t, ta hy tnh khong cch gia O v
trc tm H ca ABC . Xt trng hp ABC c 3 gc nhn. Gi E l giao im ca
AH vi ng trn ngoi tip ABC . Th th :
( )
HA HE R OH
O H
.
2 2
/
= =
Do : ( ) * .
2 2
HE AH R OH =
vi :
A R
C
A
C R
C
A
AB
C
AF
AH cos 2
sin
cos
sin 2
sin
cos
.
sin
= = = =
v C B AB C BK HK HE cot cos 2 cot 2 2 = = =
C B R
C
C
B C R cos cos 4
sin
cos
cos sin 2 . 2 = =
Thay vo ( ) * ta c :
( ) 3 cos cos cos
8
1
8
2 2
|
\
|
= C B A R OH
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Nu
0
90 = BAC chng hn, th
( ) 3
l hin nhin. Gi s ABC c gc A t. Khi
( )
HE HA OH R
O H
.
2 2
/
= = trong A R AH cos 2 = nn ta cng suy ra ( ) 3 .
T cng thc ( ) 3 , ta suy ra :
( ) 4
8
1
cos cos cos C B A
(Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
ABC
u). Cng
nh bt ng thc ( ) 2 , bt ng thc ( ) 4 c pht
hin v chng minh ch vi kin thc lp 10 v c mt
ngun gc hnh hc kh p. Cn nh rng, xa
nay cha ni n vic pht hin, ch ring vic chng
minh cc bt ng thc , ngi ta thng phi dng
cc cng thc lng gic (chng trnh lng gic lp
11) v nh l v du tam thc bc hai.
C c ( ) 1 v ( ) 3 , ta tip tc tin ti. Ta th s dng ng thng le.
Nu O, G, H l tm ng trn ngoi tip, trng tm v trc tm ABC th O, G, H
thng hng v : OH OG
3
1
= . T
2 2
9
1
OH OG = .
T ( )( ) 3 1 ta c :
( ) ( ) C B A C B A cos cos cos 8 1
4
1
sin sin sin
4
9
2 2 2
= + +
hay C B A C B A cos cos cos 2 2 sin sin sin
2 2 2
+ = + +
Thay
2
sin bng
2
cos 1 vo ng thc cui cng, ta c kt qu quen thuc :
( ) 5 1 cos cos cos 2 cos cos cos
2 2 2
= + + + C B A C B A
Cha ni n vic pht hin ra ( ) 5 , ch ring vic chng minh lm nhc c khng
bit bao nhiu bn tr mi lm quen vi lng gic. Qua mt vi v d trn y, hn cc
bn thy vai tr ca hnh hc trong vic pht hin v chng minh cc h thc thun
ty lng gic. Mt khc, n cng nu ln cho chng ta mt cu hi : Phi chng cc h
thc lng gic trong mt tam gic khi no cng c mt ngun gc hnh hc lm bn
ng ? Mi cc bn gii vi bi tp sau y cng c nim tin ca mnh.
1. Chng minh rng, trong mt tam gic ta c
|
\
|
=
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 8 1
2 2
C B A
R d trong
d l khong cch gia ng trn tm ngoi tip v ni tip tam gic .
T hy suy ra bt ng thc quen thuc tng ng.
2. Cho ABC . Dng trong mt phng ABC cc im
1
O v
2
O sao cho cc tam
gic AB O
1
v AC O
2
l nhng tam gic cn nh
2 1
, O O vi gc y bng
0
30 v
sao cho
1
O v C cng mt na mt phng b AB,
2
O v B cng mt na mt
phng b AC.
a) Chng minh :
( ) S c b a O O 3 4
6
1
2 2 2 2
2 1
+ + =
b) Suy ra bt ng thc tng ng :
www.VNMATH.com
C B A C B A sin sin sin 3 2 sin sin sin
2 2 2
+ +
3. Chng minh rng nu
ABC
c 3 gc nhn, th :
2
cos cos cos
sin sin sin
<
+ +
+ +
C B A
C B A

4. Cho t din OABC c gc tam din nh O ba mt vung, OC OB OA + = .
Chng minh rng :
( ) BAC OAC OAB = + cos sin
(Hy dng phng php ghp hnh)
www.VNMATH.com
Phng php gii mt dng bt ng thc lng
gic trong tam gic
Nguyn Li
GV THPT Lng Vn Chnh Ph Yn

Gi s ( ) C B A f , , l biu thc cha cc hm s lng gic ca cc gc trong ABC
Gi s cc gc C B A , , tha mn hai iu kin :
1) ( ) ( )
|
\
| +
+
2
2
B A
f B f A f hoc ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
2
2
|
\
| +
B A
f B f A f
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi B A =
2) ( )
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
2
3
2
3
C
f f C f hoc ( ) ( ) 2
2
3
3
2
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|

C
f f C f
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
3
= C Khi cng hoc nhn ( )( ) 2 1 ta s c bt

ng thc :
( ) ( ) ( )
|
\
|
+ +
3
3

f C f B f A f hoc ( ) ( ) ( )
|
\
|
3
3

f C f B f A f
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi C B A = = . Tng t ta cng c bt ng thc vi chiu
ngc li. minh ha cho phng php trn ta xt cc bi ton sau y :
Th d 1. Chng minh rng vi mi ABC ta lun c :

4
3 2
2 3
sin 1
1
sin 1
1
sin 1
1
+
+
+
+
+
+ C B A

Li gii. Ta c :
( )
2
sin 1
2
sin sin 2 2
4
sin sin 2
4
sin 1
1
sin 1
1
B A B A B A B A +
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
+

( ) 3
2
sin 1
2
sin 1
1
sin 1
1
B A B A +
+
+
+
+

Tng t ta c : ( ) 4
2
3
sin 1
2
3
sin 1
1
sin 1
1

+
+
+
+
+
C
C

Cng theo v ( ) 3 v ( ) 4 ta c :
www.VNMATH.com
3
sin 1
4
2
3
sin 1
1
2
sin 1
1
2
3
sin 1
1
sin 1
1
sin 1
1
sin 1
1

+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
C
B A C B A

4
3 2
2 3
sin 1
1
sin 1
1
sin 1
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
C B A

Th d 2. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC ta lun c :

3
3
2
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
C B A

Li gii. Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
2
2
sin
1
1
cos 1
2
1
cos cos
2
1
sin sin
1
1
sin sin
1
sin sin
2
1
sin sin
1
sin
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+ =
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
\
|
+
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ + + + + = |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
B A
B A B A B A B A
B A B A
B A B A B A

( ) 5
2
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
2
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
B A
B A

Tng t : ( ) 6
2
3
sin
1
1
3
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+

C
C

Nhn theo v ca ( ) 5 v ( ) 6 ta c :
4
2
2
3
sin
1
1
2
3
sin
1
1
2
sin
1
1
3
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+

C
B A
C B A

www.VNMATH.com

3
3
2
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
C B A

Th d 3. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC ta c :

64
3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
6 6 6
+ +
C B A

Li gii. Trng hp tam gic ABC t hoc vung.
Gi s { }
2
, , max

= C B A A , lc 0
2
cos >
B A
v 0
2
3
cos >
|
|
|
|
\
|
+

C
.
Ta c :
( ) 7
4
sin 2
2
sin
2
sin
4
sin
2
cos 1
8
1
2
cos
2
cos 1
8
1
2
cos cos
1
8
1
2
2
sin
2
sin
2
2
sin
2
sin
6 6 6 6
3
3
3
2 2 6 6
B A B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A
+
+
+
= |
\
| +

|
\
| +
=
|
\
| +
=
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+

Tng t ta c : ( ) 8
4
3
sin 2
2
3
sin
2
sin
6 6 6

+
+
C
C

Cng theo v ca ( ) 7 v ( ) 8 ta c :
( ) 9
64
3
6
sin 3
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
8
3
sin 4
4
3
sin
4
sin 2
2
3
sin
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
6 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
= + +
+ + +
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
+
+ + +

C B A
C B A C
B A C B A
Trng hp tam gic ABC nhn, cc bt ng thc ( ) ( ) ( ) 9 , 8 , 7 lun ng.
Th d 4. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC ta lun c :
( )( )( )
3
4
6
4
2
2 2 sin cos sin cos sin cos
|
|
\
|
+ + + + C C B B A A
Li gii. Ta c :
( )( )( )
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= + + +
4
cos
4
cos
4
cos 2 2 sin cos sin cos sin cos

C B A C C B B A A
nn bt ng thc cho tng ng vi :
www.VNMATH.com
( ) *
4
6
4
2
4
cos
4
cos
4
cos
3
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|

|
\
|

|
\
|

C B A
- Nu { }
4
3
, , max

C B A th v tri ca ( ) * khng dng nn bt ng thc cho
lun ng.
- Nu { }
4
3
, , max

< C B A th : 0
4
cos , 0
4
cos , 0
4
cos > |
\
|
> |
\
|
> |
\
|

C B A
nn ( )
(
+ |
\
|
+ = |
\
|
|
\
|
B A B A B A cos
2
cos
2
1
4
cos
4
cos

( ) 10
4 2
cos
4
cos
4
cos
4 2
cos
2
cos 1
2
1
2
2
|
\
|

+
\
|

|
\
|

|
\
|

+
\
|
+ +

B A
B A
B A
B A

Tng t :
( ) 11
4 2
3
cos
4 3
cos
4
cos
2
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
|
\
|

C
C
Do nhn theo v ca ( ) 10 v ( ) 11 ta s c :
|
\
|

|
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|

+
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|

4 3
cos
4 2
3
cos
4 2
cos
4 3
cos
4
cos
4
cos
4
cos
4 2 2

C
B A
C B A

3
3
4
6
4
2
4 3
cos
4
cos
4
cos
4
cos
|
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|

|
\
|

|
\
|

|
\
|

C B A
Do :
( )( )( )
3
4
6
4
2
2 2 sin cos sin cos sin cos
|
|
\
|
+ + + + C C B B A A
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic ABC u.
Mi cc bn tip tc gii cc bi ton sau y theo phng php trn.

Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC, ta c :
( ) N n
C B A
C B A
n
n n n
+ +
+ +
2 . 3
2
sin
1
2
sin
1
2
sin
1
) 2
3
1
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan ) 1
3 3 3

www.VNMATH.com
( ) 3 1
4
2
4
cos
4
cos
4
cos ) 3 + + +
C
C
B
B
A
A
( ) C B A C B A cos cos cos 3 1
2 2
1
4
cos
4
cos
4
cos ) 4
3
+ |
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|

vi ABC nhn.

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 Bt ng thc nh th no l hay ?
Lm sao c th sng to bt ng thc ?
Chng 5 :

Bt ng thc nh th no l hay ?

Bn c lm quen vi bt ng thc t THCS. Bc u cc bn c th ch hc cc
bt ng thc kinh in : AM GM, BCS, Jensen, Chebyshev, hay bt u c SOS,
ABC,Vy bao gi bn c t hi Bt ng thc nh th no l hay? Lm sao c
th sng to bt ng thc ? thc s l nhng vn th v ng quan tm v
bnh lun. Sau y l mt s kin ca gio vin ton, hc sinh chuyn ton v vn
ny :

Thy ng Bo Ha (GV chuyn ton Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng, Cn Th) :

Bt k bt ng thc no cng u c ci hay v ci p ring ca n. c bit nhng
bt ng thc vn dng nhiu kha cnh ca ci bt bin trong bt ng thc l bt ng
thc hay!!!

Thy Trn Diu Minh (GV chuyn ton Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng, Cn Th) :

T bt ng thc ban u m suy ra c nhiu bt ng thc khc l bt ng thc
hay!!!

C T Thanh Thy Tin(GV chuyn ton Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng, Cn Th)

Bt ng thc l mt trong nhng ti c nhiu ngi quan tm nht. Quan h ca
chng rt rng, i su vo l rt kh.Vic chng minh bt ng thc lng l tng i d,
cn vic lm cht chng mi l mt cng vic kh khn v y k th!!!

Thy Trn Phng (G Trung tm h tr nghin cu v pht trin cc sn phm tr
tu, l tc gi nhiu cun sch hay v ton hc s cp) :

Chng minh bt ng thc l cng vic i hi tr thng minh sng to v s kho lo.

Phm Kim Hng (SV kha 9 C nhn ti nng Trng HKHTN HQGHN, l tc
gi cun sch Secrets in Inequalities(Sng to bt ng thc) ni ting) :
www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 Bt ng thc nh th no l hay ?

iu kh khn nht khi chng ta tip cn vi bt ng thc l s khng nh n c ng
hay khng. Thc t th khi gii mt bi ton mang tnh gi thuyt l mt vic kh mo
him v mt nhiu thi gian, thm ch sau nhng c gng nh vy th kt qu thu c
ch l mt phn v d chng minh bt ng thc sai. Nhng trong ton hc th nhng iu
nh th ny hon ton rt bnh thng v cc bn khng cn phi e ngi khi t ph nh
mt bi ton mnh t ra nh vy c, v s l bc u tin bn sng to ra c
mt bi ton hay v c ngha.

L Hong Anh (HS chuyn ton kha 2004 2007 Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng,
Cn Th ) :

Bt ng thc l mt mng ton rt kh, nhng li l sn chi cho nhng hc sinh gii
ton th hin nng lc ca mnh.

Nguyn Hunh Vnh Nghi (HS chuyn ton kha 2004 2007 Trng THPT chuyn L
T Trng, Cn Th ) :

Bt ng thc hay l bt ng thc c nhng pht biu p v cch chng minh tht c
sc, c th khi gi trong nhng hc sinh gii ton pht trin v tng qut bi ton.

L Ngc Anh (HS chuyn ton kha 2005 2008 Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng,
Cn Th ) :

Sng to bt ng thc l tp hp cc nghin cu ri rc, cc bt ng thc n l ri
bin ho ra mt bt ng thc mi. Khi ta s cng ngy cng lm cht n hn. Cui
cng ta s c mt bt ng thc nhn vo l ht bit ng lm.

Trn ng Khu (HS chuyn ton kha 2005 2008 Trng THPT chuyn L T
Trng, Cn Th ) :

Ly tng t mt bt ng thc khc (kh!) v pht biu di mt cch khc sau khi
p dng mt s b .Tt nhin khi trnh phi cao hn, cch lm phi kh hn, th
mi l sng to !!!

L Phc Duy (HS chuyn ton kha 2005 2008 Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng,
Cn Th ) :

Bt ng thc c tnh tng qut, kh, p l bt ng thc hay!!!

Hunh Hu Vinh (HS chuyn ton kha 2005 2008 Trng THPT chuyn L T
Trng, Cn Th ) :

Nhng bt ng thc dng tng qut m trng hp c bit ca n l nhng bt ng
thc c bn, quen thuc l bt ng thc hay!!!

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 6 Hng dn gii bi tp
Chng 6 :

Hng dn gii bi tp

1.4.1.
Chng minh
( )
9
cot cot cot
cot cot cot
3
3 3 3
C B A
C B A
+ +
+ +
v 3 cot cot cot + + C B A

1.4.2.

Xt hm ( )
4
sin
x
x f = vi ( ) ; 0 x
Chng minh ( ) 0 ' ' < x f v
2
3 2
12
sin

=

Cui cng s dng Jensen.

1.4.3.

Ta c :
2
3 3
v theo AM GM th : ( ) 9
sin
1
sin
1
sin
1
sin sin sin |
\
|
+ + + +
C B A
C B A

1.4.4


( )
8
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
4
7
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 2 cos cos cos 3

+ + +
C B A
C B A
C B A

1.4.5.

www.VNMATH.com
Chng minh
C B A
C B A
C B A
sin sin sin 2
sin sin sin
cot cot cot
2 2 2
+ +
= + + +
v
4
9
sin sin sin
2 2 2
+ + C B A

1.4.6.

0
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos >
C B A
nn bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi :

( )( )( ) C B A A C C B B A
C B A
A C C B B A C B A
sin sin sin 8 sin sin sin sin sin sin
sin sin sin 8
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos 8
+ + +

Tip theo dng AM GM chng minh tip.

1.4.7.

t 1
2
tan ;
2
tan ;
2
tan = + + = = = zx yz xy
C
z
B
y
A
x
Theo BCS th : ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 zx yz xy x z z y y x + + + +
( ) 1
3
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + x z z y y x
Theo AM GM th :
( ) 2 1 3 3
3 3
1
3
3
2 2 2

+ +
xyz xyz z y x
zx yz xy

T ( ) 1 suy ra :
3
4
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + x z z y y x v theo ( ) 2 c xyz 3 4
3
4

Dn n :

( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
C B A C B A
z
z
y
y
x
x
z
z
y
y
x
x
xyz z y x z y x
xyz x z z y y x
xyz x z z y y x
sin sin sin 3 cos cos cos 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3 8 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 8 2 2
3 4 1
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
+
+
+
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +

1.4.8.

Theo AM GM chng minh c :

|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
p c p b p a p c p b p a p
3 1 1 1
3
1 1 1
4
www.VNMATH.com
v
|
|
\
|
+
+
S p c p b p a p
3
3 4 3 1 1 1
3 pcm.

1.4.9. & 1.4.10.

Ta c : ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2
2 3 2 c b a a m
a
+ + = +

3 2
1
3 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
c b a
am
c b a
am
a
a
+ +

+ +

( )
( )
+ +
+ +
2
3 2
1
3 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
c b a
m
a
m
c b a
a
m
a
a a
a

Tng t ( ) 1 :

2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
3 2
3 2
c b a
c
m
c
c b a
b
m
b
c
b
+ +
+ +
3 2 + +
c b a
m
c
m
b
m
a

Tng t ( ) 2 :

2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
3 2
3 2
c b a
m
c
m
c b a
m
b
m
c c
b b
+ +
+ +

2
3 3
+ +
c
m
b
m
a
m
c b a

1.4.11.

Chng minh :
( )( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2
c b
bc a c b a p
l m
a a
+
+
=
v ( )
( ) ( )
4
2 2
2 2 4
2 2 2
c b a c b
bc a c b
+ +
+
( ) a p p l m
a a

Tng t cho
b b
l m v
c c
l m ri cng cc bt ng thc li pcm.

1.4.12.

www.VNMATH.com
Ta c :
2
1
1
2
2
2
c b
a
m a
c b
m
a
a
+
>
+
<

+
+
+
+
+
|
\
|
+ +
> + +
abc
b a a c c b
c b a
m c m b m a
c b a
3
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
pcm.

1.4.13.

Theo AM GM th : ( )( )
4
2
c
b p a p pcm.

1.4.14.

Chng minh :
r h h h
a a a
1 1 1 1
= + + ri dng AM GM.

1.4.15.

Xt hm ( ) ( ) ; 0 sin = x x x f c ( ) 0 ' ' < x f
p dng Jensen th :
4
sin 3 sin
4
3
sin
B A B A +
+

p dng AM GM th :
4 3
sin sin
4
sin 3 sin
B A
B A
+

T suy ra pcm.

2.6.1.

Ch ( ) 0 3
2
+ OC OB OA vi O l tm ng trn ngoi tip ABC .

2.6.2.

Ch ( ) 0 3 2
2
+ + OC OB OA

2.6.3.

Ch ( ) ( ) 0 2 1 5
2
+ + OC OB OA

2.6.4.
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Gi s
3
2
A
Chng minh :
|
\
|
+ + +
4 4
tan 2
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
A A C B A

Xt ( )
|
\
|
+ =
4 4
tan 2
2
tan
A A
A f

D thy : ( ) ( ) x f x f > 0 ' ' ng bin trn
|
;
3
2

m ( ) 3 4
3
2
3 2
12
tan 2 = |
\
|
=

f A f

2.6.5.

D thy :
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
1 1 1
16
4
4
1
a c b c b a b a c
b a c a c b c b a
b a c a c b c b a
S
p
r
+

+

=
+ + +
+ + + + +
= =

pcm.

2.6.6.

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0
2 2 2
+ + b c a c c a b c b b c a b a a

2.6.7.

( )( )( ) 0 > + + + b a c a c b c b a

2.6.8.

3 cot cot cot + + C B A

2.6.9

Chng minh ( ) x x f tan = tng trn
|
\
|
2
; 0

2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
C B A
c b a

Tip theo s dng Chebyshev pcm.

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2.6.10.


3 3
1
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
C B A

2.6.11.

( )( ) abc c b a c b a 9
2 2 2
+ + + +

2.6.12.

Ta c : ( ) ( ) ( ) A A R A C B A R m
a
2 2 2 2 2
cos cos 2 1 cos cos cos 2 1 + + + + =
( ) A R m
a
cos 1+
( ) r R C B A R R m m m
c b a
+ = + + + + + 4 cos cos cos 3

2.6.13.


8
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
C B A

2.6.14.

( ) 0 2 cos 2 2 cos 2 cos 2
2 2 2
+ + + + z y A yz B z C y x x
vi c p z b p y a p x = = = , ,
Xt ' pcm.

2.6.15.


( ) *
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan tan tan tan
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot tan tan tan
B A A C C B
C B A
C B A
C B A
+
+
+
+
+
+ +

Xt ( )
|
\
|
=
2
; 0 tan

x x x f
Theo Jensen th :
+
+
2
tan tan
2
tan
B A B A
pcm.
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Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau ri xt khi du bng xy ra :
3.3.1.
4
3
cos cos cos cos cos cos + + A C C B B A
3.3.2. C B A C B A sin sin sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin + + + +
3.3.3. C B A
C B A
tan tan tan
2
1
2
3
2 sin
1
2 sin
1
2 sin
1
+ + +
3.3.4.
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
cot cot cot
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
C B A
c b a
C B A
c b a
|
|
\
|
+ +
+ +

3.3.5.
2
1 cos cos cos
+ +
+ +
c b a
C c B b A a

3.3.6.
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
C B A
abc m m m
c b a

3.3.7.
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
C B A
abc l l l
c b a

3.3.8. S
C
ab
B
ca
A
bc 12
2
cot
2
cot
2
cot + +
3.3.9.
9
3 26
5
sin
1
1
sin
1
1
sin
1
1 +
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
C B A

3.3.10.
( ) 3 6
1
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
2

+ + C B A
C B A

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The Inequalities Trigonometry iv
Ti liu tham kho :

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www.diendantoanhoc.net
www.toanthpt.net
Tp ch Ton hc & Tui tr (NXB Gio dc)
Tp ch Ton tui th 2 (NXB gio dc)
Tuyn tp 5 nm tp ch Ton hc & Tui tr (NXB gio dc)
Tuyn tp 30 nm tp ch Ton hc & Tui tr (NXB gio dc)
Tuyn tp Olympiad 30/4
Tuyn tp cc chuyn luyn thi i hc mn Ton H thc lng gic (Trn
Phng)
10000 bi ton s cp Tp 2 : Bt ng thc i s (Phan Huy Khi)
10000 bi ton s cp Tp 3 : Bt ng thc hnh hc (Phan Huy Khi)
Bt ng thc hnh hc (V nh Ha)
Cc phng php chng minh bt ng thc (Trn Tun Anh)
Sng to bt ng thc (Phm Kim Hng)
23 phng php chuyn bt ng thc v cc tr lng gic (Nguyn c ng
Nguyn Vn Vnh)
Tuyn tp 200 bi thi v nh ton Tp 6 : Lng gic
Ton nng cao lng gic THPT (Phan Huy Khi)
263 bi ton bt ng thc chn lc (Nguyn V Thanh)
Bt ng thc v mt s vn lin quan (Nguyn Vn Mu)
Phng php gii ton bt ng thc cc tr (Nguyn Vn Nho Nguyn Tin Dng
Nguyn Vit H)
Phng php gii 555 bi ton bt ng thc i s (Nguyn c ng Nguyn Vn
Vnh)
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Trng THPT chuyn L T Trng Cn Th Bt ng thc lng gic

cot tan cot

> > . T y, cng 3 chui bt

< < chc chn ta d dng tm thy

, m theo (v) ta d dng suy ra

(viii) (ch ng vi tam gic nhn).

(theo iv) nn t (4)

= C Khi cng hoc nhn ( )( ) 2 1 ta s c bt

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