CHAPTER

Modulation
Chapter Objectives
Explain amplitude, frequency and
phase shift modulation
Give an example of a modulation
technique used in modems
Discuss modem standards
Communication, compression etc.

Continued
Continuation of Chapter
Objectives
Differentiate between bps and Baud
that are units used for measuring
communication speed
Describe analog-to-digital modulation
Explain digital-to-digital interface
Summarize the different types of signal
conversions
Digital-to-analog, analog-to-digital, analog-
to-analog and digital-to-digital
Chapter Modules
Amplitude modulation
Frequency and phase shift modulation
Modems and modulation
FM modulation in modems
Speed of modulated signals
Analog-to-digital modulation
Digital-to-digital interfacing

Overview
Digital-to-analog modulation
Computer-to-telephone interface
Analog-to-digital modulation
Digitization of audio
Digital-to-digital interface
Computer-to-ISDN interface
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Overview of Modulation
Computer
Modem
Serial link
RS -232
Phone
Line
RJ-11
Digital
Analog
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
1
0
1
0
Amp. 1
Amp. 2
1 = Amp. 1
0 = Amp. 2
A B
Characteristics of Amplitude
Modulation
Amplitude of the analog signal is
modulated
One amplitude represents a 0
Another amplitude represents a 1
Frequency remains unchanged in both
cases
Signals that are modulated at one end
are demodulated at the other end
Usage
Amplitude is susceptible to interference
This technique in not normally used in
modems
A variation of this technique is used in
AM radio transmission
Analog-to-analog modulation takes place
AM and Radio Transmission
Modulated Amplitude
Voice
Carrier
Wave
End of Module
Module
Frequency Modulation
Frequency Modulation (FM)
1
0
1
0
Freq. 1
Freq. 2
1 = Frequency F1
0 = Frequency F2
Characteristics of Frequency
Modulation
Frequency is modulated
Frequency f1
Represents 1
Frequency f2
Represents 0
The amplitude remains unaltered in
both cases
Usage
Variations in frequency are easy to
detect
They are less susceptible to interference
FM and variations of this technique are
used in modems
Easy to implement full duplex
transmission under FM
A variation of the FM technique
described here is used in FM radio
transmission
Use of FM in Early Day Modems
F1
0
F2
1
F3
0
F4
1
Voice
Band-
Width
Full-duplex Communication
A
B
Modulation in Modern Day
Modems
Modern day modems may not use the
FM technique for modulation
They may be using a technique known
as Phase Shift Modulation (or Phase
Shift Keying)
End of Module
Module
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Modulation
Phase of an Analog Signal
Y
Strength
X
Time Frame
0 90 180 270 360
The Concept of Phase Shift
90 degrees phase shift
180 degrees phase shift
0 90
0
180
Phase Modulation Technique
1
0
90 Degrees
phase shift
0 Degree
phase shift
This is also known as phase shift keying.
Characteristics of Phase Shift
Modulation
Phase is modulated
Phase shift of 0 represents a 0
Phase shift of 90 degrees represents a 1
Both amplitude and frequency remain
unaltered is both cases
Also known as Phase Shift Keying, it is
used in a number of modern modems
as well
End of Module
Module
FM Modulation in Modems
Module Objectives
Explain the basic concept of modem
communication
Provide an example of frequency
modulation used in modems
Discuss the importance of call mode
setting
Call mode and receive mode settings

Basic Concepts of Modem
Communication
F1
0
F2
1
F3
0
F4
1
Voice
Band-
Width
Full-duplex Communication
A
B
FM Details
Different frequencies are used for
transmission
At node A
F1 for 0
F2 for 1
At node B
F3 for 0
F4 for 1
Call and Receive Modes
Setting for communication
Set one side on call mode
Set the other side on receive mode
The above would ensures proper
assignment of frequencies
Mode Setting Rule
Calling mainframes or on-line services
Set the calling computer on call mode
In general
Set the home computer on the call mode
Fortunately, in a number of cases, the
modems poll and set themselves
dynamically for communication
between the receiver and the sender
End of Module
Module
Terms Used in Measuring the
Communication speed
Overview
In general, the terms used for
measuring speed are bps and Baud
The former is being used more widely
than the latter
bps is the accurate measure of the
speed of communication
In the past, Baud was being used
interchangeable with bps
Both are not interchangeable
Only in certain circumstances they
amount to the same
Definition of bps and Baud
bps represents the number of bits
transmitted per second
Baud represents the number of times
the signal changes its state during a
given period of time

Example Where bps and Baud
Represent the Same
1
0
1 Second
F1
F2
bps = 1
Baud = 1
Example Where bps and Baud are
Different
0
0
01
10
11
bps = 2
Baud = 1
1 second
Frequency Representation
00 1

01 2

10 3

11 4

Bits
Frequency
In Summary
bps measures the speed of
communication correctly in bits per
second
Baud indicates he number of times the
state of a signal changes in one second
End of Module
Module
Modem Standards
Modem Standardization
The International body that
standardizes the modulation technique
is known as the ITU
ITU is also responsible for setting
standards pertaining to:
Error correction
Data compression
Sample ITU Specifications
Modulation
ITU V.34
Error correction
ITU V.42
MNP 5
Data compression
ITU V.42 bis
MNP 2 to 4
Bell Standard and its
Implications
At 1200 bps and below there were two
standards
CCITT (ITU at present)
Bell
A Bell modem cannot communicate
with a CCITT modem
Bell standard at that time was used
predominantly in the US
Today, all modems fall under the ITU
specifications
Sample Protocols and Speed
V.92 for 56,000 bps
V.90 for 56,000 bps
V.34 for 28,800 bps
V.32 bis for 14,400 bps
V.32 for 9,600 bps
A high speed modem could also operate at
the lower speed
High speed modems can thus communicate with a
low speed modems
A Note on the Protocol Used in
the Faster 56K Modems
When the 56K modems were first
introduced there were two competing
standards
One was the X2 standard proposed by
US Robotics that is now part of 3Com
The competing protocol was knows as
the Kflex56 standard
A joint effort between Lucent and Rockwell
ITU Standard for 56K Modems
Both standards have now been
superceded by the ITU V.90 standard
The vendors now produce modems that
operate under the ITU V.90 protocol
The vendors also offer upgrades to the
older X2 and Kflex modems so that they
could operate under V.90
In Summary
ITU specified protocols with respect to
modems exist for the following.
Modulation
Error correction
Data compression
Different protocols apply to different
speeds of communication
A high speed modem can communicate
with a low speed modem
End of Module
Module
Analog-to-Digital Mapping
An Overview of Analog-to-
Digital Modulation
Representation of analog signals by
digital signals is known as analog-to-
digital modulation
Often the digitized information is
further coded into binary form for
computer processing
Sample applications include the
encoding of audio for computer
processing
Steps Involved in the Representation
of Analog Signals by Digital Signals
Analog Signals
PAM or PDM
PCM
Computer
Processing
* See earlier slides for
details on PAM and PCM
Digitize
Encode
Modulation Techniques
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM)
Pulse Duration Modulation
1 6
Note: pulse duration is proportional to
The height of the analog wave
5
110 001 101
Salient Points of Pulse
Duration Modulation
Sample the analog signal at
predetermined time intervals
Sampling rate
Generate digital pulses of duration
proportional to the amplitude of the
analog signal at the sampling point
Encode the information into binary
form
Reference
More information on Asynchronous
Transmission

End of Module
Digital-to-Digital Interfacing
Module
Module Objectives
Explain the difference between signal
modulation (conversion) and digital-to-
digital signal transformation
Explain the concept of digital-to-digital
interfacing using ISDN as an example
Provide a summary of the different
modulation processes

Overview
Analog-to-Digital signal conversion requires
modulation
Digital-to-Digital interfacing
Requires conversion and not modulation
In this case, digital signals are converted
from one digital format to another digital
format
Hence, the need for an interface unit even
though the signals at both ends are
represented in digital form
An example is the Computer-to-ISDN link
Digital-to-Digital Interfacing
Computer
ISDN
Adapter
Digital
RS232C
Adapter Converts
From Computer To
ISDN Format
Digital
ISDN
Phone
Line
Summary of Modulation
Digital-to-analog
FM used in modems
Analog-to-digital
PAM and PCM used in the digitization of audio
Analog-to-analog
AM used in radio transmission
Digital-to-digital
This is not a modulation process
Used by the ISDN interface to the computer
Used in DSL communication
End of Modulation
END OF CHAPTER