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84

PHN VNG SINH THI NNG NGHIP DA TRN
C TNH TI NGUYN NC MT TI TNH SC TRNG
Nguyn Th M Linh
1
, Nguyn Vn B
2
, Vn Phm ng Tr
1
, Mai Th H
1
v
Phm L M Duyn
1
1
Khoa Mi trng & Ti nguyn Thin nhin, Trng i hc Cn Th
2
Phng Hp tc Quc t, Trng i hc Cn Th
Thng tin chung:
Ngy nhn: 10/09/2013
Ngy chp nhn: 25/02/2014

Title:
Agro-ecological zoning
based on surface water
resources dynamics in the
Soc Trang province
T kha:
Vng sinh thi nng nghip,
s dng t ai, PRA, KIP,
GIS, v ti nguyn nc mt
Keywords:
Agro-ecological zones, land
use, PRA, KIP, GIS, and
(surface) water resources
ABSTRACT
Agro-ecological zoning based on the properties of surface water resources
keeps an essential role in making proper development plans of agriculture
and aquaculture sectors. The integrated approach, including the
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Key Informant Panel (KIP)
approach, field surveys and geo-spatial analysis, was applied to
understand the changes of farming systems (from 2009 to 2012) due to
impacts of surface water resources and hydrological settings changes in
the Soc Trang province. The obtained results showed that there were
existing three agro-ecological zones, including: fresh (surface) water zone,
seasonal saline (surface) water zone and permanent saline (surface) water
zone. In addition, thirty-six sub agro-ecological zones were divided with
detailed spatial surface water resources and hydrological settings,
providing a proper base for natural resources planning.
TM TT
Phn vng sinh thi nng nghip da trn c tnh ti nguyn nc mt l
c s quan trng nhm h tr cng tc qui hoch s dng t nng nghip
v nui trng thy sn. Phng php nh gi nhanh nng thn c s
tham gia ca ngi dn (PRA), phng vn nhm chuyn gia (KIP) v iu
tra thc t kt hp vi vic s dng cng ngh h thng thng tin a l
(GIS) c s dng nh gi s thay i ca cc h thng canh tc t
nm 2009 n nm 2012 di tc ng ca s bin ng ca ngun ti
nguyn nc mt v c tnh thy vn trong vng nghin cu. Kt qu
nghin cu xc nh c 3 vng sinh thi nng nghip trn a bn
tnh Sc Trng trong iu kin hin ti, bao gm: vng ngt quanh nm,
vng mn quanh nm v vng mn theo ma. Ngoi ra, 3 vng sinh thi
nng nghip chnh ny cng c chia thnh 36 tiu phn vng vi qui
m khng gian nh hn v c tnh t nhin chi tit hn - y l c s
quan trng nhm h tr cng tc qui hoch s dng ngun ti nguyn
c hiu qu hn.

1 M U
ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL) l vng
t ngp nc ln nht Vit Nam, c tnh a dng
sinh hc cao v l mt trong cc vng nhy cm
vi s thay i ca cc yu t thi tit cc oan v
kh hu thay i (Tuan & Guido, 2007; L Anh
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85
Tun & Nguyn Vn B, 2008; Mainuddin et al.,
2010; Apel et al., 2012). Di tc ng ca bin
i kh hu, s thay i lu lng nc mt t
thng ngun sng Mekong v vic pht trin cc
h thng cng trnh thy li (phc v cho sn xut
nng nghip v nui trng thy sn trn ton ng
bng) c th lm thay i ngun ti nguyn nc
mt hin c ca ton vng (Nguyn Hiu Trung et
al., 2012). Do , kh nng cung cp nc mt
(c bit l cho cc hot ng sn xut nng
nghip v thy sn) ca ton BSCL hin ti v
trong tng lai l vn ang c quan tm.
Vic phn vng sinh thi nng nghip c
thc hin kh nhiu trn th gii trong thi gian
qua, ch yu da trn c tnh mi trng t
(Mertens & Silverman, 2005; Leopold, 2010;
Fischer et al., 2012); trong khi , cc yu t lin
quan n ng thi ngun ti nguyn nc mt
(c bit l s thay i theo cc thng trong nm)
vn cn t c quan tm. BSCL, phn vng
sinh thi nng nghip c thc hin t nhng
nm 1980; tuy nhin vic phn chia ny ch yu
da trn cc c tnh a mo (v d: V Tng
Xun & Matsui, 1998) (Hnh 1).
Sc Trng l tnh ven bin, nm pha Nam
ca sng Hu ca BSCL v c a hnh tng i
thp v bng phng. Sc Trng l vng c ngun
ti nguyn a dng, l iu kin pht trin kinh
t. Trong thi gian gn y, bt li ln nht cho
pht trin sn xut nng nghip ca tnh bao gm
s thay i bt thng ca iu kin thi tit, c
bit l tnh trng ngp cc b do tc ng ca triu
cng cng nh s suy gim ti nguyn nc mt
do cng tc xy dng cc p ngn mn. Theo kch
bn nc bin dng th Sc Trng s l mt trong
10 tnh BSCL chu tc ng nghim trng trong
tng lai; c th, nu mc nc bin dng cao 1
mt vo nm 2100, Sc Trng s b ngp khong
45% tng din tch t t nhin khi triu thp v
ngp trn 72% tng din tch t t nhin khi triu
cao (MRC, 2009; Schmitt et al., 2013).
Nghin cu ny c thc hin vi mc tiu
tng qut l xy dng bn phn vng sinh thi
nng nghip trn c s phn tch c tnh ca
ngun ti nguyn t v ng thi ca ngun ti
nguyn nc mt theo khng gian v thi gian; c
th nh sau:
Xc nh hin trng ti nguyn t, ti
nguyn nc mt v hin trng s dng t ai; v,
nh gi mi quan h gia ng thi ngun
ti nguyn nc mt v s dng t ai (trong giai
on t 2006 n 2012).

Hnh 1: Bn phn vng sinh thi nng
nghip da trn cc yu t a mo
V-Tng Xun & Matsui,1998
2 PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
2.1 Phng php thu thp s liu th cp
v phng vn nng h
Cc s liu v ngun ti nguyn nc mt v s
dng t ai c thu thp t S Ti nguyn v
Mi trng tnh Sc Trng, nin gim thng k
tnh Sc Trng t nm 2006 n 2012. Sau , cc
s liu c kim chng v b sung thng qua vic
s dng phng php nh gi nng thn c s
tham gia ca ngi dn (Participatory Rural
Appraisal - PRA) v phng vn trc tip cn b
phng Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn ti cc
huyn (KIP Key Informant Panel) (Nguyn Duy
Cn & Vromant, 2006).
i tng chnh ca PRA l nng dn sn xut
nng nghip a phng vi kinh nghim sn
xut trn 5 nm. Cc cuc PRA c thc hin
ti 09 huyn ca tnh Sc Trng (M T, M
Xuyn, Chu Thnh, Ng Nm, Trn , Long
Ph, Thnh Tr, K Sch, v Vnh Chu) vi s
tham gia ca khong 180 nng dn. Ti mi cuc
PRA, 20 nng dn (i din cho cc h trng la,
cy n qu, mu, nui trng thy sn) c chn
c iu tra chi tit hn v c tnh h thng
canh tc ca nng h cng nh s thay i ca cc
h thng canh tc ny theo thi gian.
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Ngoi ra, kt qu ca iu tra PRA cng nh
kt qu phng vn nhm KIP cng cung cp thm
thng tin kim chng v hiu chnh mt s
thng tin c cung cp t S Ti nguyn v Mi
trng tnh Sc Trng (nh: bn s dng t ai
nm 2010, hin trng phn b cng nh hot ng
ca h thng cc cng trnh thy li trn ton tnh).
2.2 Phng php x l s liu khng gian
Hiu chnh c s d liu (bn v thuc tnh)
cho cc phn vng sinh thi nng nghip trn nn
bn hin trng s dng t ai nm 2010 ca S
Ti nguyn v Mi trng tnh Sc Trng. Cc n
v bn ca bn phn vng sinh thi nng
nghip trn a bn tnh c xy dng da trn
vic chng lp cc bn thuc tnh nh: Sng /
knh hin trng c s h tng thy li, ngun
ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc mt v s dng
t ai.
3 KT QU V THO LUN
3.1 Hin trng ti nguyn nc mt v hin
trng s dng t ai
3.1.1 Hin trng ti nguyn nc mt
a. Phn b ma
Lng ma trn a bn tnh Sc Trng c
s bin ng ng k i vi cc khu vc ven
bin (in hnh l huyn Vnh Chu) v cc vng
bn trong ni ng (in hnh l huyn Ng Nm);
c th:
vng ven bin, lng ma tp trung nhiu
vo cc thng 10-11 v n thng 12 khu vc ny
vn cn ma (vi v lng thp hn); v,
khu vc ni ng ma tp trung nhiu
vo thng 9 v n thng 12 khu vc ny khng
cn ma na.
Theo Cc thng k tnh Sc Trng (2011) cng
nh kt qu iu tra PRA, trong nhng nm gn
y (2010-2013) s phn b lng ma c s bin
ng ng k c v yu t thi gian v v lng
(Hnh 2). S thay i v phn b ma gy ra
nhng nh hng tiu cc n qu trnh sn xut
nng nghip v nui trng thy sn ca ngi dn.
Ring trong nm 2010, ma ln v ko di lin tc
trong khong 21 ngy thng 9 gy ra tnh
trng ngp ng cc b v lm nh hng n nng
sut la trn a bn mt s huyn nh Ng Nm,
M Xuyn v Vnh Chu. Ngoi ra, vic ma ma
n tr dn n tnh trng thiu nc ngt v lm
nh hng n lch thi v ca v H Thu. Thm
vo , vic xut hin ma tri ma lm ngp ng
din tch hoa mu, gim nng sut ca cc hot
ng nui trng thy sn v dim nghip huyn
Vnh Chu (Phm L M Duyn ., 2012), cng
nh gim mn nc mt gy nh hng tiu cc
n hot ng nui tm nc mn Trn v
M Xuyn. Tuy nhin, i vi nhng khu vc
trng la, hoa mu (K Sch, Chu Thnh, M T
v Long Ph), ma tri ma c th gip hn ch
kh hn trong nhng thng ma kh.

Hnh 2: Tng lng ma theo thng qua cc nm 2009, 2010 v 2011 trn a bn tnh Sc Trng
Ngun: Cc thng k tnh Sc Trng, 2011

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b. H thng sng knh chi phi ngun ti
nguyn nc mt
Ngun ti nguyn nc mt trn h thng knh
rch trn a bn tnh Sc Trng chu tc ng
mnh m bi ch thy vn sng Hu v thy
triu bin ng (Hnh 3); trong :
Ngun ti nguyn nc ngt (phc v cho
hot ng sn xut nng nghip) c cung cp
ch yu t sng Hu v thng qua knh Qun L -
Phng Hip; v,
Ngun ti nguyn nc mn (phc v cho
hot ng nui trng thy sn) c cung cp t
Bc Liu (c bit l cc thng ma kh, t thng
12 n thng 4 nm sau) (thng qua knh Qun L
- Phng Hip), sng M Thanh (nc mn quanh
nm) v trc tip t bin ng.

Hnh 3: Bn hng nc mt trn h thng cc sng/knh chnh ca tnh Sc Trng nm 2013
Vo ma kh (t thng 12 nm trc n thng
4 nm sau), nc t thng ngun v t kt hp
vi thy triu dng cao dn n tnh trng nc
mn xm nhp su vo ni a. Thi gian mn bt
u t thng 1 v kt thc vo thng 4 (vi nh
mn l vo thng 2). T nm 2000 tr li y, tnh
hnh xm nhp mn tng dn (c v phm vi nh
hng v nng mn). C th, vo nm 2013,
nc mn t mc 3,8 4,0 theo sng Hu xm
nhp vo th trn K Sch.
Nhm gia tng din tch sn xut la v 3, h
thng bao ven sng (dc sng Hu v sng M
Thanh) c pht trin lm gim ng k tnh
trng nhim mn trn ton tnh. Tuy nhin, di
tc ng ca vic pht trin cc h thng bao
ny nn vo ma ma, mt s vng thp ca huyn
Ng Nm, Chu Thnh v Long Ph thng b
ngp (do cc h thng ny lm cn tr vic thot
nc).
3.1.2 Hin trng s dng t ai
a. c tnh t trn a bn tnh Sc Trng
t trn a bn tnh Sc Trng c hm lng
st cao, cha nhiu cht hu c. Do nm trong
vng nh hng mn vi c tnh trng/thp v
kh tiu thot, nn phn ln t trn a bn vng
nghin cu b nhim mnhoc phn; iu ny lm
hn ch cc hot ng sn xut nng nghip v
nui trng thy sn trn ton tnh (c bit l thi
k u ma ma). Hnh 4 th hin s phn b ca
4 nhm t chnh trn a bn tnh Sc Trng:
Nhm t ph sa c bi p bi trm
tch sng Hu.
Nhm t phn c c trng bi tng
phn hot ng su, tp trung ch yu cc vng
trng phn b vng ng Bc ca tnh.
Nhm t mn bao gm cc dng t b
nhim mn t, trung bnh v nhiu; nhm t ny
chim khong 2/3 din tch ca ton tnh.
t ging ct c c trng bi cc
di t ging ct, tp trung phn nhiu vng
ven bin.

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Hnh 4: Bn cc nhm t chnh trn a bn tnh Sc Trng (c cp nht nm 2013)
b. Kiu s dng t
Di tc ng ca ngun ti nguyn t v
nc (bao gm c ngun ti nguyn nc mt v
ma), cc kiu s dng t ai trn a bn tnh
Sc Trng (Hnh 5) cng c s thay i; trong ,
cc kiu s dng t ai chnh trong hin ti bao
gm: Thm canh la, v nui trng thy sn nc
l / mn.

Hnh 5: Bn s dng t tnh Sc Trng nm 2013

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3.2 Phn vng sinh thi nng nghip
c tnh sinh thi nng nghip trn a bn tnh
Sc Trng c phn chia thnh 3 vng khc nhau,
bao gm: Vng mn quanh nm, vng mn theo
ma, v vng ngt quanh nm. (Bng 1 v Hnh 6).
Vng 1 c din tch khong 43.613 ha
(khong 14,83% din tch ton tnh) vi c tnh
ngun ti nguyn nc mt b nhim mn quanh
nm. Kiu s dng t ai chnh ca vng l: la
mt v, chuyn mu, nui trng thy sn mn,
trng v lm mui.
Vng 2 c din tch khong 112.433 ha
(khong 38,23% din tch ca ton tnh). y l
vng c ngun ti nguyn nc mt thay i theo
cc thng trong nm (nc ngt tn ti t thng 8
n cui thng 1 nm sau v cc thng cn li
trong nm l nc mn). Kiu s dng t ai
chnh ca vng l: la 2 v, chuyn mu, nui
trng thy sn nc l, mt phn nh din tch
trng cy lu nm v rng.
Vng 3 c din tch khong 432.147 ha
(khong 46,94% din tch ton tnh). Vi li th
nc ngt tn ti quanh nm, y l vng pht
trin nng nghip thun li, ph hp vi nhiu m
hnh canh tc. Kiu s dng t ai chnh ca vng
l: chuyn la (2 v hoc 3 v), nui trng thy
sn nc ngt, cy n qu v chuyn mu.
Bng 1: Kt qu phn vng sinh thi nng nghip tnh Sc Trng nm 2012
Vng
(%) din
tch
Loi s dng t Loi t

Lch thi v
Mn
quanh
nm
1a 9.83
Nui thy sn (tm,
cua, c ko, trng
actemia)
t mn - Quanh nm
1b 0.53
La, mu, tm,
mui
t ging
ct
- V tm t thng 4 thng 7;
- La 1 v t thng 8 thng 11.
- Mu: t thng 12 thng 3
- Mui: t thng 3- thng 6.
1c 1.20
La, mu, tm,
mui
t mn
- V tm t thng 5 thng 8;
- La 1 v t thng 9 thng 12.
- Mu: t thng 1 thng 3
- Mui: t thng 3- thng 6.
1d 1.33 Rng, nui thy sn t mn
1e 0.69 La, mu, tm
t ging
ct
- 1 v La: thng 9 thng 12.
- 1 v Mu: thng 12 thng 2.
- Tm: 4 thng 7.
1f 1.25 La, mu, tm t mn
- 1 v La: thng 9 thng 12.
- Mu: thng 1 - 3
- Tm; thng 4 7.
Mn
theo
ma
2a 1.37 Trng cy lu nm t ph sa
2b 0.30 Chuyn la
t ging
ct
- Vng canh tc 3 v la: : V 1 (H -
Thu): T thng 4 thng 7; V 2 (ng -
Xun): T thng 8 thng 11; V 3 (Xun
- H): T thng 12 thng 4.
2c 8.93 Chuyn la t mn
- Vng canh tc 3 v la: : V 1 (H -
Thu): T thng 4 thng 7; V 2 (ng -
Xun): T thng 8 thng 11; V 3 (Xun
- H): T thng 12 thng 4.
2d 7.01 Chuyn la t phn
- Vng canh tc 3 v la: : V 1 (H -
Thu): T thng 4 thng 7; V 2 (ng -
Xun): T thng 8 thng 11; V 3 (Xun
- H): T thng 12 thng 4.
2e 7.01 Chuyn la t ph sa
- Vng canh tc 3 v la: : V 1 (H -
Thu): t thng 5 thng 7; V 2 (ng -
Xun): T thng 9 thng 12; V 3 (Xun
- H): T thng 1 thng 4.
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2f 0.50 Chuyn la t khc
- Vng canh tc 3 v la: : V 1 (H -
Thu): T thng 3 thng 6; V 2 (ng -
Xun): T thng 7 thng 10; V 3 (Xun
- H): T thng 11 thng 2.
2g 0.03 Rng
t ging
ct

2h 0.09 Rng + cy lu nm t khc
2i 0.23 Rng t phn
2k 0.11 Chuyn mu
t ging
ct
Trng quanh nm
2l 0.10 Chuyn mu t mn Trng quanh nm
2m 1.28 Chuyn mu t ph sa Trng quanh nm
2n 9.46
La v nui thy
sn
t mn
- Vng canh tc 2 v la - c: V 1 (H -
Thu): T thng 5 thng 8; cui thng 8 l
bt u th c; v 2 (Xun - H): T thng
01 thng 04.
- Vng sn xut 2 v la - tm: V 1
(H Thu): thng 5 - thng 9; V 2 (ng -
Xun): cui thng 9-thng 12; thi gian
cn li nui tm.
2o 1.81 Nui thy sn t mn - Thng 3 thng 7; thng 8 - thng 12.
Ngt
quanh
nm
3a 2.05 Trng cy lu nm t ph sa
3b 0.31 Trng cy lu nm t khc
3c 0.38 Chuyn la
t ging
ct
- Vng canh tc 3 v la: : V 1 (H -
Thu): T thng 5 thng 8; V 2 (ng -
Xun): T thng 9 thng 12; V 3 (Xun
- H): T thng 1 thng 4.
3d 14.96 Chuyn la t mn
- Vng canh tc 3 v la: : V 1 (H -
Thu): T thng 4 thng 7; V 2 (ng -
Xun): T thng 8 thng 11; V 3 (Xun
- H): T thng 12 thng 4.
3e 17.46 Chuyn la t phn
- Vng canh tc 3 v la: : V 1 (H -
Thu): T thng 3 thng 6; V 2 (ng -
Xun): T thng 7 thng 10; V 3 (Xun
- H): T thng 11 thng 2.
3f 2.64 Chuyn la t ph sa
- Vng canh tc 3 v la: V 1 (H -
Thu): t thng 5 thng 7; V 2 (ng -
Xun): T thng 9 thng 12; V 3 (Xun
- H): T thng 1 thng 4.
3g 1.22 Trng la v mu t phn
- Vng canh tc 2 v la 1 v mu: V
1 (H - Thu): t thng 5 thng 7; V 2
(ng - Xun): T thng 9 thng 12; V
mu: T thng 1 thng 4.
3h 1.54 Trng la v mu t ph sa
- Vng canh tc 2 v la 1 v mu: V
1 (H - Thu): t thng 4 thng 8; V 2
(ng - Xun): T thng 8 thng 12; V
mu: T thng 1 thng 3.
3i 1.00 Trng la v mu t khc
- Vng canh tc 2 v la 1 v mu: V
1 (H - Thu): t thng 5 thng 8; V 2
(ng - Xun): T thng 9 thng 12; V
mu: T thng 1 thng 3.
3k 0.03 Rng t mn
3l 1.25 Rng t phn
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3m 0.02 Chuyn mu t mn Quanh nm
3n 0.46 Chuyn mu t phn Quanh nm
3o 0.77
La v nui thy
sn
t phn
- Vng sn xut 2 v la - tm: V 1
(H Thu): thng 5- thng 9; V 2 (ng -
Xun): 9-thng 12; thi gian cn li nui
tm.
3p 1.91
La, mu, nui thy
sn
t phn
- 1 v La: thng 9 thng 12.
- 1 v Mu: thng 12 thng 2.
- Tm: 4 thng 7.
3q 0.93 Phi nng nghip
t ging
ct


Hnh 6: Bn phn vng sinh thi nng nghip tnh Sc Trng nm 2012
4 KT LUN V XUT
4.1 Kt lun
Kt qu phn vng sinh thi nng nghip da
trn c tnh ti nguyn nc mt ca tnh Sc
Trng xc nh c 03 vng sinh thi nng
nghip chnh: vng mn quanh nm, vng mn
theo ma v vng ngt quanh nm; bn cnh , 36
tiu vng cng c xc nh. Ngoi ra, vic
xc nh phn vng sinh thi nng nghip da trn
s bin ng ca c tnh ti nguyn nc mt theo
khng gian v thi gian gip cho vic nh hng
xy dng qui hoch s dng t nng nghip v
nui trng thy sn y l nn tng quan trng h
tr pht trin kinh t x hi ca tng vng sinh
thi, cng nh ton tnh Sc Trng theo hng n
nh v bn vng.
Phng php nghin cu tng hp (bao gm:
(i) nh gi nhanh nng thn c s tham gia ca
ngi dn (PRA), phng vn nhm chuyn gia
(KIP) v iu tra nng h c s dng thu thp
thng tin t chnh quyn v ngi dn a phng;
v, (ii) H thng thng tin a l (GIS) c s
dng th hin cc thng tin c thu thp v
mt khng gian) c xc nh l phng php
nghin cu hiu qu v p ng yu cu ca mc
tiu c t ra.
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4.2 xut
Trong nghin cu ny, cc phn vng sinh thi
nng nghip c phn chia da vo cc iu kin
t nhin v h thng canh tc trong iu kin hin
ti. Trong tng lai, khi c tnh ca ngun ti
nguyn nc (bao gm c ti nguyn nc mt,
nc di t v ma) c s thay i, c tnh ca
tng phn vng ny s c s thay i ng k, v
do vy cn c nhng nghin cu v sau m
phng s thay i ca cc phn vng sinh thi
nng nghip hin c.
Trong nghin cu ny, yu t nc di t
cha c a vo nh mt phn quan trng ca
phn vng sinh thi nng nghip; nhng nghin
cu trong thi gian sp ti cn nh gi su hn v
s thay i tnh cht ca nc di t ln h
thng sn xut nng nghip v thy sn tng
phn vng ny. Ngoi ra, cn c nhng nghin cu
su hn v quy hoch s dng cc tiu vng sinh
thi v c nhng nghin cu thc nghim
xut nh hng cho cc hot ng sn xut nng
nghip v thy sn hp l hn i vi tng tiu
vng sinh thi.
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