Ging vin:

Trn Thanh Hng

TRNG I HC TH DU MT
KHOA KHOA HC T NHIN
--------o0o--------
TRNG TRT
PHN I TH NHNG HC
Chng 4
Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. Keo t
4.2. Kh nng hp ph ca t
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
- Keo t l nhng ht rt t tan trong nc, c
ng knh rt nh.
- C nhiu kin khc nhau v ng knh keo t:
+ Theo Garrison Sposito: 0,01 - 10 m
+ Theo Nyle C. Brady v cs : nh hn 1 m
+ Theo A.E. Vozbutskaia: nh hn 0,2 m
4.1.1. Khi nim
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.1. Khi nim
Hnh 4.1. S cu to mixen keo (theo N.I. Gorbunov)
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t
* Keo t c t din ln
- T din l tng s din tch b mt ca mt n
khi lng (g) hoc mt n v th tch (cm3).
- Keo t c kch thc rt b nn t din ca n
rt ln.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t
* Keo t c t din ln
Kch thc ht
(mm)
Hm lng
(%)
Din tch b mt
(m
2
/1g t)
% b mt tng
s
0,25 - 0,05 17 0,5 0,2
0,05 - 0,01 50 4,1 1,7
0,01 - 0,005 20 9,9 4,1
0,005 - 0,001 6 12,7 5,2
0,001 - 0,0001 3 18,8 7,8
0,0001 4 194,0 81,0
Tng s 100 240,0 100,0
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t
* Keo t c nng lng b mt
- Phn t trn b mt ht keo chu cc lc tc
ng xung quanh khc nhau.
- Do cc lc ny khng th cn bng ln nhau t
sinh ra nng lng t do, sinh ra nng lng
b mt ch tip xc gia cc ht keo vi mi
trng xung quanh.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t
* Keo t c nng lng b mt
- Thnh phn c gii t cng nng th t din
cng ln v do nng lng b mt cng ln,
kh nng hp ph vt cht cng cao.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t
* Keo t c mang in
- Tu thuc vo cu trc ca ht keo m keo t
c th mang in m hoc in dng.
- Trong t c keo m, keo dng v keo lng
tnh. Phn ln keo t mang in m.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t
* Keo t c tc dng ngng t
- Keo t c th tn ti hai trng thi khc nhau:
trng thi keo tn (sol) v trng thi keo t (gel).
- Qu trnh bin sol thnh gel gi qu trnh ngng
t.
- trng thi ngng t, keo t c ngha trong
vic ci to kt cu ca t, gi cht dinh dng
khi b ra tri, tng ph cho t.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.3. Phn loi keo t
* Da vo tnh mang in
- Keo m (asidoit)
q
Khuch
Nhn
Hnh 4.2. S cu to keo m (theo Gorbunov)
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.3. Phn loi keo t
* Da vo tnh mang in
- Keo dng (Basidoit)
Hnh 4.3. S cu to keo dng (theo Gorbunov)
q
Khuch
Nhn
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.3. Phn loi keo t
* Da vo tnh mang in
- Keo lng tnh (Ampholitoit)
+ Keo ny mang in m hay dng ph thuc
vo phn ng ca mi trng xung quanh.
+ V d: Keo Al(OH)3 khi pH < 8,1 biu hin
keo dng, khi pH >8,1 l keo m (im ng
in ca keo ti pH=8,1).
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.3. Phn loi keo t
* Da vo thnh phn ho hc
- Keo hu c
q
Khuch
Nhn
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.3. Phn loi keo t
* Da vo thnh phn ho hc
- Keo v c (keo khong)
q
Khuch
Nhn
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. KEO T
4.1.3. Phn loi keo t
* Da vo thnh phn ho hc
- Keo hu c-v c
Cc keo hu c t trng thi t do m thng
lin kt cht vi cc cht khong hoc cc keo
v c to thnh keo hu c-v c phc tp.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.1. Khi nim chung
Hp ph l c tnh ca cc ht t c th ht c
cht rn, cht lng, cht kh hoc lm tng nng
cc cht trn b mt.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
- Hp ph sinh hc
- Hp ph c hc
- Hp ph l hc (hp ph phn t)
- Hp ph ho hc
- Hp ph l ho hc (hp ph trao i)
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
* Hp ph sinh hc
- Hp ph sinh hc l kh nng sinh vt (thc vt
v vi sinh vt) ht c cation v anion trong t.
- Nhng ion d di chuyn trong t c r cy
v vi sinh vt ht bin thnh nhng cht hu c
khng b nc cun tri. R cy, thn cy sau lc
cht i s tch lu xc hu c trong t.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
* Hp ph sinh hc
- Vi sinh vt c nh m cng l mt hnh thc
hp ph sinh hc.
- Ngoi hin tng cy ht thc n di dng ion
t dung dch t, cation v anion c th i t t
vo cy theo qu trnh trao i ion.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
* Hp ph sinh hc
CO
2
H
2
O
H
2
CO
3

H
+

HCO
3
-

R cy
K-Ca
2+

K-NO
3
-

Ca
2+

NO
3
-

K-2H
+

K-HCO
3
-

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
* Hp ph c hc
- Hp ph c hc l c tnh ca t c th gi li
nhng vt cht nh trong khe h ca t.
- Hin tng ny thy r nht khi ma, nc ma
c do ln ct, st... nhng khi thm su xung
cc tng t di, nc mch chy vo ging,
nc tr nn trong.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
* Hp ph c hc
- Nguyn nhn ca hp ph c hc:
+ Kch thc khe h trong t b hn kch thc
cc vt cht
+ B khe h g gh lm cn tr s di chuyn cc ht
+ Cc vt cht mang in tri du vi b khe h nn
b ht gi li.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
* Hp ph c hc
- Tc dng:
+ Lm xut hin trong t nhng lp qu nhiu keo
st, t tr ln cht do l tnh xu
+ Gip cc phn t t khng b ra tri xung su.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
* Hp ph l hc (hp ph phn t)
- Hp ph l hc l s thay i nng ca cc
phn t cht tan trn b mt cc ht t.
- Nguyn nhn ca hin tng hp ph l hc do tc
dng ca nng lng b mt pht sinh ch tip xc
gia cc ht t vi dung dch t (hoc khng kh).
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
* Hp ph l hc (hp ph phn t)
- Nng lng b mt ph thuc sc cng b mt v
din tch b mt.
- Vt cht no lm gim sc cng mt ngoi ca
dung dch t s tp trung trn mt ht keo, y l s
hp ph dng. V d: axit axetic
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
* Hp ph l hc (hp ph phn t)
- Vt cht no lm tng sc cng mt ngoi ca
dung dch t th b y ra khi keo t i vo
dung dch, s hp ph ny gi l hp ph m.V d
phn t ng.
Ti sao khi phn chung ngi ta
thng trn thm t bt?
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
* Hp ph ho hc
- Hp ph ho hc l s to thnh trong t nhng
mui khng tan t nhng mui d tan.
Na
2
SO
4
+ CaCl
2
CaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
Fe3+ + PO43- FePO4
- Hp ph ho hc l nguyn nhn tch lu P v S
trong t.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
* Hp ph l ho hc
- Hp ph l ho hc l c tnh ca t c th trao
i ion trong phc h hp ph vi ion ca dung dch
t tip xc.
- Trong t c keo m v keo dng nn t c kh
nng hp ph c cation v anion.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH
4.3.1. Quan h gia keo t vi qu trnh hnh thnh t
- Kaolinit l keo st in hnh cho qu trnh hnh
thnh t nhit i m, montmorilonit c trng
cho qu trnh hnh thnh t n i.
- Cng ln cao nhit cng gim, cng ph
hu gim, qu trnh hnh thnh t cng thay
i, t l keo st gim nhng t l keo hu c tng.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH
4.3.1. Quan h gia keo t vi l tnh t
nh hng ca hin tng t keo v tn keo n
trng thi kt cu t:
+ Keo t lm cho t c kt cu bn
+ Keo tn lm ph v kt cu ca t
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH
4.3.1. Quan h gia keo t vi l tnh t
nh hng ca thnh phn cation hp ph n kt
cu t:
+ Keo hp ph nhiu cation ho tr 1 th t l cc
ht kt kch thc b t 0,005 - 0,002mm tng
ln nhiu.
+ Keo hp ph nhiu cation ho tr 2 th t l cc
ht kt c kch thc ln t 0,02 - 0,25mm tng
ln rt nhiu
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH
4.3.1. Quan h gia keo t vi l tnh t
nh hng ca tnh trng, co ca keo t n l
tnh t:
+ Lm cho th tch t b thay i, t b nt n
khi kh v nho nhot khi ma
+ T nh hng n ch nc v ch
kh trong t cng nh s pht trin ca b r
cy.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH
4.3.2. Quan h gia keo t vi ho tnh t
+ Nhng t giu Ca2+ v Mg2+ c phn ng trung
tnh hi kim v no baz cao
+ Nhng t cha nhiu H+ v Al3+ trong thnh
phn cation hp ph s c phn ng chua, no
baz thp
+ Nhng t c nhiu Na+ trong thnh phn cation
hp ph s c tnh kim
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH
4.3.4. Quan h gia kh nng hp ph ca t vi
ch bn phn v ci to t
* Vi ch bn phn
+ t c kh nng hp ph cao, khi bn phn c
th tp trung bn lt, bn lng phn ln.
+ t c kh nng hp ph nh khng nn bn lt
nng, cn bn thc vo cc giai on sinh trng
cy cn nhiu dinh dng.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH
4.3.4. Quan h gia kh nng hp ph ca t vi
ch bn phn v ci to t
* Vi cc bin php ci to t
+ Phn ng trao i cation ca keo t l c s
khoa hc ca bin php ho hc ci to t.
[K]2H
+
+ CaCO
3
[K]Ca
2+
+ H
2
O + CO
2
+ S dng nc ngt ci to cc t mn (ra Cl-,
SO42-).
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.4. BIN PHP DUY TR V NNG CAO KH
NNG HP PH CA T
Mun bo v v nng cao ph t cn tm
cch duy tr, tng cng v thay i thnh
phn, s lng keo t.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.4. BIN PHP DUY TR V NNG CAO KH
NNG HP PH CA T
- t c thnh phn c gii qu nh cn bn st kt
hp vi phn hu c, ti ph sa sng, ...
- t thnh phn c gii qu nng c th ci to
bng cch bn ct, bn t ph sa th, bn nhiu
phn hu c v trng cy phn xanh.
Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.4. BIN PHP DUY TR V NNG CAO KH
NNG HP PH CA T
- Bn phn hu c v v c l bin php thay i
thnh phn ion hp ph ca keo.
- i vi nhng loi t c kh nng hp ph thp
c th bn vo t cc khong vt c dung tch trao
i cation cao nh bentonit, zeolit nng cao
dung tch hp ph cho t.