I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN IN T - VIN THNG

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: -OFDM

Nhm sinh vin: N X

N N



H Ni - 12/2013
















Trong thi i hin nay, khi m th gii ang bc vo k nguyn hi t ca
thng tin di ng v Internet. iu ny v ang to nn mt x hi a phng
tin bng rng. Cc h thng t bo hin nay (thng hiu l cc h thng 2G) tuy
c ti u ho cho cc dch v thoi thi gian thc nhng chng c kh nng
rt hn ch trong vic cung cp cc dch v a phng tin bng rng bi v chng
c tc truyn d liu chm v mn hnh hin th nh. Cc h thng 3G, ang
trong qu trnh pht trin vi tc d liu nhanh hn ln ti 384kbit/s (2Mbit/s v
sau) v c mn hnh hin th tt hn cc h thng 2G. Thng tin truyn qua Internet
s ngy cng phong ph hn. Cc dch v a phng tin bng rng chng bao lu
na s trn y trong mng c nh da trn cng ngh Internet th h tip theo.
Tuy nhin, kh nng ca cc h thng 3G khng th p ng c nhu cu ngy
cng tng ca cc dch v a phng tin bng rng. iu ny t ra l phi c mt
h thng thng tin mi c kh nng p ng c cc nhu cu ca truyn thng a
phng tin h thng di ng 4G.
Dung lng yu cu ngy cng ln, tc d liu ngy cng cao, trong khi
bng thng li c gii hn. Yu cu ny khin cho h thng a u vo - a u ra
MIMO (Multi Input- Multi Output ) c nghin cu v em li nhiu thnh
cng ng k. H thng MIMO s dng a anten pht, a anten thu, p dng k
thut phn tp v m ha nhm tng dung lng knh truyn, ci thin hiu qu ph
m khng phi tng cng sut pht hay bng thng.
Tc truyn dn tng cao, ng ngha vi vic lm tng ng k tc li
bit BER ( Bit Error Rate), nh hng ca fading la chn tn s, nhiu lin k t
ISI (Inter- Symbol Interference) Nhng nhu cu v cht lng dch v cng
khng v th m gim. gii quyt vn ny, mt k thut iu ch a sng
mang c p dng l k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
OFDM. Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM l chia dng d liu tc cao thnh cc
dng d liu tc thp hn v pht trn cc sng mang con trc giao. Nh vy,
OFDM chuyn knh truyn bng rng fading la chn tn s thnh knh truyn
fading phng bng hp v trit nhiu ISI da vo vic chn thm khong bo v.
Chnh bi nhng kh nng cung cp dch v ca h thng MIMO v OFDM
em li nhng tim nng to ln cho h thng thng tin hin nay, nn vic kt hp
chng thnh mt h thng MIMO OFDM l mt gii php v cng quan trng
cho s pht trin 4G.
V cng l l do nhm chng em la chn ti cho bi tp ln mn h thng
vin thng ca mnh l: Nghin c h hng hi ng
Wimax





1.
ti ca bi tp ln mn h thng vin thng m chng em nghin cu, tm hiu
v thc hin l : Nghin c h hng hi ng i
ti ny chng em cng tm hiu l thuyt k thut truyn dn OFDM, l thuyt
v h thng MIMO v h thng kt hp c hai k thut ny MIMO-OFDM. Bn cnh
chng em cng tm hiu tng quan v mng khng dy bng thng rng WiMX v
c th p dng h thng MIMO-OFDM cho mng WiMX.
2.
2.1. Y
ti cn thc hin bao gm cc ni dung chnh cn phi tm hiu nh:
- Hiu v cng ngh OFDM, l mt cng ngh trong k thut truyn dn s kh
ph bin hin nay.
- C kin thc v h thng a anten pht, a anten thu h thng MIMO, p dng
vo cc h thng truyn dn hin nay v hiu qu ca chng.
- Tm hiu v mng khng dy bng thng rng WorldwideInteroperability for
Microwave Access vit tt l WiMX, ng dng trong thit b mng Internet
dnh s lng ngi s dng ln thm vo gi thnh r v gii quyt tt nht
nhng vn kh khn trong vic qun l u cui.
- H thng MIMO-OFDM kt hp, v ng dng vo mng khng dy WiMX.
a ra c cc u nhc im ca tng h thng , nhn t nh gi v ng dng
cng nh hng pht trin ca l thuyt ny Vit Nam.
2.2. Y
n cnh cc l thuyt quan trng cn tm hiu ca ti, cn cn thc hin m
phng n bng mt cng c phn mm. y chng em s dng phn mm Matlab v
ngn ng lp trnh Matlab m phng ln lt ni dung lin quan n k thut
OFDM, k thut MIMO v s kt hp ca hai k thut ny thnh mt h thng hon
chnh hn, mnh m hn, u im hn. Mun vy, cn phi hc s dng thnh tho
phn mm Matlab,v ngn ng Matlab- mt ngn ng lp trnh h thng mnh m v
cng c m phng simulink kh hu dng hin nay.



1.
Tn giai on Ngy bt u Ngy kt thc Trng
thi
1. Nhn ti, phn tch ti , lp k
hoch v thc hin ci t chng
trnh m phng
12/09/2012 26/09/2012 Hon
thnh
2. Trin khai tm hiu v k thut
OFDM . Hc s dng matlab
simulink vi cc chng trnh nh.
Trin khai m phng cng ngh
OFDM bng matlab
27/09/2012 18/10/2012 Hon
thnh
3. Tm hiu v h thng MIMO. 19/10/2012 29/10/2012 Hon
thnh
4. Tm hiu v mng khng dy bng
thng rng WiMX
30/10/2012 08/11/2012 Hon
thnh
5. Tm hiu v h thng MIMO-
OFDM,p dng cho WiMX, m
phng h thng bng matlab
09/11/2012 23/11/2012 Cha
Hon
thnh
6. ng gi m phng, vit bo co v
bo v bi tp ln
24/11/2012 Cha
hon
thnh







2.


3.
Thnh vin Cng vic Trng thi
Trn Cng Nam Phn tch ti, lp k hoch cho
ti, tm hiu kin thc chung
ca ti, tng hp v vit code
matlab m phng cho h thng
mimo-ofdm
Hon thnh
Nguyn Vn Ton Tm hiu kin thc v cng ngh
OFDM, thc hin m phng
matlab cho OFDM
Hon thnh
Trn c Thng Tm hiu h thng MIMO- a
anten pht, a anten thu
Hon thnh
Nguyn Th nh Tp trung tm hiu v mng
WIMX, ng dng trong cuc
sng hin ti vin thng Vit
Nam
Hon thnh

Cc thnh vin trong nhm c phn r cng vic, v tp trung su vo nhim v
c giao . Trong giai on ca mi cng vic, cc thnh vin khc trong nhm
cng tham gia tm hiu, gip nhau v phn ca mnh. t thc mi giai on, c
bui hp nhm mi thnh vin trnh by v tin cng vic c giao, gip c
nhm tip thu cc kin thc mt cch nhanh nht. Tng kt v chuyn sang giai on
tip theo.


FDM

1. OFDM
1.1.


K thut OFDM (vit tt ca Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) l
mt trng hp c bit ca phng php iu ch a sng mang, trong cc sng
mang ph trc giao vi nhau, nh vy ph tnh hiu cc sng mang ph cho php
chng ln ln nhau m pha thu vn c th khi phc li tn hiu ban u. S chng ln
ph tn hiu lm cho h thng OFDM c hiu sut s dng ph ln hn nhiu so vi k
thut iu ch thng thng.
Trong nhng nm gn y, Phng thc ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc
giao OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) khng ngng c nghin
cu v m rng phm vi ng dng bi nhng u im ca n trong tit kim bng tn
v kh nng chng li Fading chn lc theo tn s cng nh uyn nhiu bng hp.K
thut iu ch OFDM l mt trng hp c bit ca phung php iu ch a sng
mang trong cc sng mang ph trc giao vi nhau, nh vy ph tn hiu cc sng
mang ph cho php chng ln ln nhau m pha thu vn c th khi phc li tn hiu
ban u. S chng ln ph tn hiu lm cho h thng OFDM c hiu sut s dng ph
ln hn nhiu so vi cc k thut iu ch thng thng. Nh OFDM l chia dng
d liu tc cao thnh cc dng d liu tc thp hn v pht ng thi trn mt s
cc sng mang, ta thy rng trong mt s iu kin c th, c th tng dung lng ng
k cho h thng OFDM bng cch lm thch nghi tc d liu trn mi sng mang
tu theo t s tn trn tp SNR ca sng mang . thut OFDM do R.W Chang pht
minh nm 1966 M. Tri qua 40 nm hnh thnh v pht trin nhiu cng trnh khoa
hc v k thut ny c thc hin khp ni trn th gii. c bit l cc cng
trnh ca Weistein v Ebert, ngI chng minh rng php iu ch OFDM c th
thc hin bng php bin I IDFT v php gii iu ch bng php bin I DFT.
Pht minh ny cng vI s pht trin ca k thut s lm cho k thut iu ch OFDM
c ng dng rng ri. Thay v s dng IDFT ngi ta c th s dng php bin
i nhanh IFFT cho b iu ch OFDM, s dng FFT cho b gii iu ch OFDM.
1.2.
u im ca k thut OFDM :
H thng OFDM c th loi b hon ton nhiu phn tp a ng (ISI)
nu di chui bo v (guard interval length) ln hn tr truyn dn ln
nht ca knh.
Ph hp cho vic thit k h thng truyn dn bng rng (h thng c tc
truyn dn cao),do nh hng ca s phn tp v tn s (frequency
selectivity) i vi cht lng h thng c gim nhiu so vi h thng
truyn dn n song mang.
H thng c cu trc b thu n gin.
Nhc im ca k thut OFDM
ng bao bin ca tn hiu pht khng bng phng.iu ny gy
mo phi tuyn cc b khuch i cng sut pha pht v thu.Cho n
nay ,nhiu k thut khc nhau c a ra khc phc nhc im
ny [Pau98].
S s dng chui bo v trnh c nhiu phn tp a ng nhng li
lm gim i mt phn hiu sut ng truyn ,do bn thn chui bo v
khng mang tin c ch .
Do yu cu v iu kin trc giao gia cc sng mang ph ,h thng
OFDM rt nhay cm vi hiu ng Dopple cng nh l s dch tn
(frequency offset) v dch thi gian (time offset) do sai s ng b.
1.3.
C th ni mng internet bng rng DSL (symmetric Digital Subscriber
Line) rt quen thuc Vit Nam, nhng t ngi bit rng s nng cao tc ng
truyn trong h thng DSL chnh l nh cng ngh OFDM. Nh k thut iu ch a
sng mang v s cho php chng ph gia cc sng mang m tc truyn dn trong
h thng DSL tng ln mt cch ng k so vi cc mng cung cp dch v internet
thng thng.n cnh mng cung cp dch v DSL hin ang c s dng rt rng
ri Vit Nam hin nay, cc h thng thng tin v tuyn nh mng truyn hnh s mt
t DVT cng ang c khai thc s dng. Cc h thng pht thanh s nh D v
DRM chc chn s c khai thc s dng trong mt tng lai khng a. Cc mng v
thng tin my tnh khng dy nh HiperLN/2, IEEE 802.11a, g cng s c khai
thc mt cch rng ri Vit Nam.
1.4.
thut OFDM hin c c lm phng php iu ch s dng trong
mng thng tin thnh th bng rng Wima theo tiu chun IEEE 802.16a v h thng
thong tin di ng th h th t. Trong h thng thng tin di ng th h th t, k thut
OFDM cn c th kt hp vi cc k thut khc nh k thut a anten pht v thu
(MIMO technique) nhm nng cao dung lng knh v tuyn v kt hp vi cng
ngh CDM nhm phc v dch v a truy cp ca mng. Mt vi hng nghin cu
vi mc ch thay i php bin i FFT trong b iu ch OFDM bng php bin i
Wavelet nhm ci thin s nhy cm ca h thng i vi hiu ng dch tn do mt
ng b gy ra v gim di ti thiu ca chui bo v trong h thng OFDM. Tuy
nhin kh nng ng dng ca cng ngh ny cn phi c kim chng c th hn na
trong tng lai.

2.
2.1.

Hnh 3.1 iu din ph tn hiu trong min thi gian
Trong phng php iu ch n sng mang, dng tn hiu c truyn i trn ton
b bng tn , c ngha l tn s ly mu ca h thng bng rng bng tn v mi
tn hiu c di l
Tsc= 1/B (PT 3.1)
Trong thng tin v tuyn bng rng, knh v tuyn thng l knh ph thuc tn s
(frequency selective channel). Tc ly mu thn tin bng rng s rt ln, do
chu l ly mu Tsc s rt nh. Do phng php iu ch n sng mang c nhng
nhc im sau:
nh hng ca nhiu lin tn hiu ISI gy ra bi hiu ng phn tp a ng
i vi tn hiu thu l rt ln.iu ny c gii thch do di ca 1 mu tn
hiu Tsc l rt nh so vi trng hp iu ch a sng mang. Do vy nh hng
ca tr truyn dn c th gy nhiu lin tn hiu ISI nhiu mu tn hiu thu.
C 5 loi nhiu trong thng tin v tuyn
- Gaussian Noise
- Interchanel Interference
- Co-channel Interference
- Inter-symbol interference
- Multiple access interference
nh hng ca s ph thuc knh theo tn s l rt ln i vi h thng. Do
bng thng rng knh ph thuc vo tn s
Hai l do nu trn lm cho b cn bng knh v lc nhiu my thu l
phc tp.
Phng php iu ch n sng mang hin nay vn c s dng ch yu trong thng
tin bng hp nh h thng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM. Trong thng tin bng rng,
phng php iu ch a sng mang ra i ci thin cc nhc im trn.





2.2.

Hnh 3.2 Mt ph ca tn hiu a sng mang

Hnh 3.3. H thng a sng mang
Phng php iu ch a sng mang c hiu l ton b bng tn ca h thng c
chia ra lm nhiu bng con vI cc sng mang ph cho mI bng tn con l khc
nhau. Chi tit ca phng php ny em hnh 2.2b Phng php iu ch a sng
mang cn c bit nh phng php phn knh theo tn s FDM, trong ph ca
tn hiu ca h thng chia lm Nc = 2L+1 knh song song. V vy di ca mu
tn hiu trong iu ch n sng mang :
Ts=1/Fs=Ts.Nc PT(3.2)
H qu l t s tng i gia tr truyn dn i vi di mu tn hiu trong iu
ch a sng mang cng gim i Nc ln. do vy nh hng ca nhiu lin tn hiu gy
ra bi tr truyn dn s gim ( gim nh hng ca phn tp a ng). T chng ta
c th nu ra mt s cc u im c bn ca iu ch a sng mang so vi cc phng
php iu ch n sng mang l:
nh hng ca nhiu lin tn hiu ISI (Inter-symbol Interference) gim
nh hng ca s ph thuc knh vo tn s gim do knh c chia lm nhiu
phn
( ng thng gim-> <c dn n knh t ph thuc vo tn s)
T 2 u im trn dn n phc tp ca b cn bng knh v lc nhiu cho h thng
cng gim.Tuy nhin phng php ny cn mt s nhc im c bn sau
H thng nhy cm vi hiu ng ph thuc thi gian ca knh (time
selectivity). iu ny c bit n l do di ca mt mu tn hiu tng ln (
T tn hiu tng ln-> T>Tc -> knh ph thuc thi gian). Dn n s bin i
v thi gian ca knh v tuyn c th y ra trong mt mu tn hiu.
Phng php iu ch a sng mang khng lm tng hiu qu s dng bng tn ca h
thng so vi phng php iu ch n tn, ngc li nu cc knh ph c khong
cch nht nh th s lm gim hiu qu s dng ph. va tn dng ht bng tn v
c c cc u im ca iu ch a sng mang -> ngi ta s dng phng php iu
ch OFDM vi cc sng mang ph trc giao nhau.


2.3.



Cng ngh OFDM nm trong mt lp cc k thut iu ch a sng mang trong thng
tin v tuyn. Cn trong cc h thng thng tin hu tuyn chng hn nh trong h thng
DSL, cc k thut ny thng cc nhc n di ci tn: a tn (DMT). tng
chnh trong k thut OFDM l vic chia lng d liu trc khi pht i thnh N
lung d liu song song c tc thp hn v pht mi lung d liu trn mt sng
mang con khc nhau.


3.

My pht: Chuyn lung d liu s pht thnh pha v bin sng mang con.
Cc sng mang con c ly mu trong min tn s, ph ca chng l cc im
ri rc. Sau s dng bin i Fourier ri rc ngc (IDFT) chuyn ph ca
cc sng mang con mang d liu vo min thi gian. Tuy nhin cc h thng
trong thc t dng bin i Fourier ngc nhanh (IFFT). Tn hiu OFDM trong
min thi gian c trn nng tn ln tn s truyn dn v tuyn.
My thu: Thc hin hot ng ngc li ca pha pht. Theo trc ht, trn
h tn tn hiu RF thnh tn hiu bng tn c s, sau s dng FFT phn tch
tn hiu vo min tn s. Cui cng thng tin dng bin v pha ca cc
sng mang con c gii iu ch thnh cc lung s v chuyn tr li thnh d
liu s ban u.

Hnh 3.4 S khi thu pht tn hiu OFDM

Tng chuyn i ni tip song song
Tng chuyn i ni tip sang song song chuyn lung bit u vo thnh d liu pht
trong mi k hiu OFDM, thng mi k hiu pht gm 40-4000 bit. Vic phn b d
liu pht vo mi mi k hiu ph thuc vo phng php iu ch c dng v s
lng sng mang con. V d, i vi iu ch sng mang ca16-QAM th mi sng
mang con mang 4 bit d liu, nu h thng truyn dn s dng 100 sng mang con th
s lng bit trn mi k hiu s l 400. Ti pha thu qu trnh c thc hin ngc
li, khi d liu t cc sng mang con c chuyn ngc tr li l lung d liu ni
tip ban u.
Khi tn hiu truyn trong mi trng di nh hng ca hiu ng phn tp a
ng do phadinh la chn tn s lm suy gim tn hiu thu cc tn s khc nhau cc
mc khc nhau gy ra li bit ti pha thu. Cc im trng trong p ng tn s ca knh
truyn c th lm cho thng tin trn mt s sng mang ln cn b li, kt qu l mt
cm cc bit lin nhau b li. Nu nh cm li bit ny khng qu ln th b sa li ti
pha thu vn c th khi phc c tn hiu. Trn thc t cm li bit ny thng kh
ln nn kh khn rt ln trong vic sa li. Mt gii php kh thi c t ra l lm
cho cc bit li ny phn tn th khi chuyn i song song sang ni tip th cc bit li
ny s nm ri rc trnh c cc cm bit li ln. thc hin c iu ny trong
thc t ngi ta s dng cc b xo trn bit nh l mt phn trong qu trnh chuyn i
ni tip , song songthay v truyn theo th t chui bit ta truyn khng theo th t ri
sau sp xp li chng pha thu
Tng iu ch sng mang con
Tng iu ch sng mang con lm nhim v phn phi cc bit d liu ngi dng ln
cc sng mang con, bng cch s dng mt s iu ch bin v pha. Vic sp xp
iu ch sng mang con i vi 16-QM c cho hnh 3.5(a) , mi k hiu 16-QAM
s cha 4 bit d liu, mi t hp 4 bit d liu tng ng vi mt vector IQ duy
nht.Hnh 3.5(b) m t tn hiu 16-QM di tc ng ca nhiu .

Hnh 3.5 Tn hiu pht 16-QAM s dng m ho Gray v tn hiu 16-QAM truyn
qua knh v tuyn, SNR = 18 dB
Tng chuyn i t min thi gian sang min tn s

Hnh 3.6 iu ch OFDM thc hin bng IFFT
Sau tng iu ch sng mang con, tn hiu OFDM c dng l cc mu tn s, tn hiu
OFDM mun truyn trn knh phi c dng sng trong min thi gian. Php bin i
Fourier ngc nhanh (IFFT) s chuyn tn hiu OFDM trong min tn s sang min
thi gian. Tng ng vi mi mu ca tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian (mi u ra
ca IFFT) cha tt c cc mu trong min tn s (u vo ca IFFT). Hu ht cc
sng mang con u mang d liu. Cc sng mang con vng ngoi khng mang
d liu c t bng 0.
Tng iu ch sng mang RF
u ra ca b iu ch OFDM l mt tn hiu bng tn c s, tn hiu ny c
trn nng tn ln tn s truyn dn v tuyn. C th s dng mt trong hai hai k
thut iu ch sng mang cao tn l: "tng t" c cho hnh 3.7 v "s"
c cho hnh 3.8. Tuy nhin hiu nng ca iu ch s s tt hn, do ng b
pha chnh xc cho nn s ci thin qu trnh ghp cc knh I v Q.

Hnh 3.7 iu ch cao tn s dng k thut tng t

Hnh 3.8 iu ch cao tn s dng k thut s
Hnh 3.9 m t dng sng trong min thi gian ca mt tn hiu OFDM. S lng sng
mang = 500, kch thc FFT = 2000, khong thi gian bo v = 500. Sng mang iu
ch cao tn c tn s f
c
= 10 GHz.

Hnh 3.9 Dng sng tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian
Hu ht cc ng dng v tuyn, th tn hiu OFDM c to ra ti bng tn c s s
dng cc mu phc, sau chuyn ph tn hiu bng tn c s ln ph RF bng cch
dng mt b iu ch IQ, nh c cho hnh 3.7 v hnh 3.8. B iu ch IQ s dch
ph tn tn hiu OFDM t bng tn c s phc ln vng tn s v tuyn, v chuyn t
tn hiu phc sang tn hiu thc (ly phn thc). Tn hiu RF pht lun l tn hiu thc
v n ch bin i gi tr cng trng.
Mt tn hiu thc s tng ng vi mt tn hiu bng tn c s phc c tn s trung
tm l 0 Hz trn vi tn s sng mang b iu ch IQ.

off c
f
2
W
f (PT 3.3)
Trong
c
f l tn s sng mang dch tn hiu OFDM t bng tn c s phc ln tn
hiu OFDM cao tn thc, W l rng bng tn tn hiu v
off
f l tn s dch t DC.
Trong cc ng dng hu tuyn nh DSL, hu ht cc sng mang con u c tng
dch DC thp hn rng bng tn tn hiu. iu ny c ngha rng c th trc tip
to tn hiu thc bng cch s dng tng IFFT thay v phi dng b iu ch IQ
chuyn dch tn s.

Hnh 3.10 Tn hiu OFDM
to ra mt tn hiu OFDM thc ch cn mt na cc sng mang con s dng cho
iu ch d liu, mt khc na gm cc lt tn s cao ca IFFT s c gi tr bin l
lin hp phc ca na cn li gm cc lt c tn s thp hn.
4.

4.1.
Nguyn nhn v nh hng ca ISI
Nguyn nhn do tnh chn lc ca knh pha inh trong min thi gian, tnh ph
thuc thi gian ca knh pha inh, tnh bt n nh ca knh gy ra giao thoa gia cc
k hiu (ISI) truyn qua n.
Hu qu ISI: lm cho my thu quyt nh k hiu sai, kh khn trong vic khi
phc nh thi
Gii php khc phc nh hng ca ISI
Chn khong bo v


Hnh 3.11 Cu trc symbol OFDM v khong bo v
Gi thit c mt mu tn hiu OFDM c di T
S
, chui bo v l mt chui c
di T
G
. to tnh lin tc ca tn hiu OFDM khi thm khong bo v th khong bo
v trc mi k hiu OFDM c to ra bng cch sao chp phn cui k hiu ln
phn u ca cng k hiu. S d c iu ny bi v, trong phn d liu ca k hiu
OFDM s cha ton b chu k ca tt c cc sng mang con, nn vic sao chp phn
cui k hiu ln phn u s lm cho tn hiu c tnh lin tc m khng b gin on ti
im ni .S sao chp ny c tc dng chng li nhiu xuyn k hiu gy ra bi hiu
ng phn tp a ng. Hnh 3.12 minh ho cch thm khong bo v. C ch chng
nhiu c gii thch nh + Sau khi chn chui bo v tn hiu mi c chu k l
T=T+T
S
(PT 3.4)
T
G
>
max


Hnh 3.12 Chn khong bo v cho mi symbol OFDM

Khong bo v chng li ISI
Khong bo v s loi b hu ht nh hng ca ISI. Tuy nhin trong thc t, cc thnh
phn a ng c u hng suy gim chm theo thi gian, hu qu vn tn ti mt cht
ISI thm tr khi s dng khong thi gian bo v di. Hnh 2.19 l kt qu m phng
th hin hiu qu ca khong bo v chng li ISI . ng tn knh c gi nguyn
trong cc ln m phng. M phng thc hin thay i gi tr chiu di khong bo v
v kch thc FFT i vi tn hiu OFDM, v so snh SNR thu c ng vi mi ln
thay i hai thng s ny. Kt qu cho thy SNR tng khi chiu di khong bo v
cng kch thc FFT tng.
4.2.
ICI l hin tng ph bin trong cc h thng a sng mang. Trong h thng OFDM,
ICI cn c gi l nhiu giao thoa gia cc sng mang con, l hin tng nng lng
ph ca cc sng mang con chng ln qu mc ln nhau lm ph v tnh trc giao ca
cc sng mang con.
Nguyn nhn v nh hng ca ICI
ICI xy ra do tnh chn lc tn s ca knh pha inh (knh pha inh chn lc tn
s) m nguyn nhn chnh l hin tng dch tn Doppler do s dch chuyn tng i
ca my pht v my thu my thu.
Hu qu l s khng phn bit c ranh gii gia cc k hiu truyn trn cc
sng mang con, dn n pha thu s quyt nh sai k hiu mt tnh trc giao.
Gii php khc phc
C th hn ch ICI bng cch chn khong thi gian bo v mt cch tun hon, v
dng b cn bng knh c h tr bi hoa tiu (PSAM). Cc hoa tiu gip cho vic
c tnh, cn bng c thc hin b ICI .


5.

5.1.

DRM l h thng pht thanh s thay th cho h thng pht thanh iu tn truyn thng
AM.Tn s song mang cho h thng DRM tng i thp ,c th l nh hn30MHz
,ph hp cho vic truyn sng khong cch ln.
5.2. Hiper LAN/2(IEEE802.11a)

H thng HiperLN/2 tng ng vi tiu chun IEEE802.11a c thit k cho
mng my tnh khng dy WLAN.Tc truyn dn ln nht h thng c th cung cp
vo khong 54Mbit/s ty thuc vo mi truongf truyn dn.B rng bng tn s dng
l 20Mhz v c khai thc vng tn s khong 5GHz.Mi trng truyn daanxlaf
trong nh v gia cc ta nh .Khong cch truyn dn tng i nh khong vi mt
n vi trm mt.
5.3. WiMax(IEEE802.16a,e)

WiMax [IEEE-1] ra i nhm cung cp mt phng tin truy cp Internet khng dy
tng hp c th thay th cho ADSL v WLAN.H thng WiMax c kh nng cung cp
ng truyn vi tc ln n 70Mb/s v vi bn knh ph sng ca mt trm anten
pht ln n 50km.M hnh ph sng ca mng WiMa tng t nh mng t bo .
Tram pht :Ging nh cc trm BTS trong mng thng tin di ng vi cng sut
ln c th ph sng mt vng rng ti 80000 km2.
Trm thu:c th l cc anten nh nh cc Card mng cm vo hoc c thit
lp sn trn Mainboard bn trong cc my tnh,theo cch m Wlan vn dng.
6.

Qua chng ny, ta c th hiu c mt s vn c bn ca h thng
OFDM nh cu trc mt h thng OFDM, tnh trc giao ca tn hiu, cu trc tn
hiu OFDM... H thng ny gip ci thin ng k cht lng ca h thng thng
tin tc cao. Nhng vi nhu cu thng tin hin nay, khng ch i hi v cht
lng thng tin m cn i hi v c dung lng h thng. p ng c yu
cu ny, nht l trong iu kin ti nguyn tn s c hn, h thng MIMO ra i
gii quyt vn ny s c gii thiu chng 2.


MM

1.

Hnh 4.1 H thng MIMO
H thng MIMO ( Multiple Input Multiple Output) c nh ngha l h thng
thng tin im im vi a anten ti pha pht v pha thu. Nhng nghin cu gn
y cho thy h thng MIMO c th tng ng k tc truyn d liu, gim BER,
tng vng bao ph h thng v tuyn m khng cn tng cng sut pht hay bng
thng h thng. Chi ph phi tr tng tc d liu chnh l vic tng chi ph
trin khai h thng, khng gian cn thit cho h thng cng tng ln, phc tp
ca h thng x l s tn hiu nhiu chiu cng tng ln.
2.

- Nm 1994: Paulrai & aailath gii thiu k thut phn chia mt t, nu ra khi
nim hp knh khng gian vi Patent US nm 1994 nhn mnh vic ng dng
cho pht thanh qung b.
- Nm 1996: Foschini gii thiu k thut BLAST nhm hp cc lung truyn trn
knh fading nhanh.
- Nm 1997: Winter trnh by cc kt qu nghin cu tng qut u tin v dung
nng knh MIMO, chng minh tim nng pht trin ca n.
- Nm 1998, sn phm mu hp knh u tin cho tc truyn dn cao c
lm bi Bell labs.
- Nm 2001, sn phm thng mi u tin ca hng Jospan Wireless Inc dng
cng ngh MIMO-OFDMA h tr c m phn tp v hp knh khng gian.
SDM l gii php ha hn cho vic tng ng k dung lng truyn v hiu sut
bng thng. Thut ton SDM khai thc ht mc knh wireless phn tp nh s dng
cc anten thu pht.

3.
3.1.
K thut phn tp c s dng rng ri lm gim nh hng ca fading
a ng v ci thin tin cy ca knh truyn m khng yu cu tng cng sut
pht hoc bng tn cn thit. Ti pha thu s c nhiu bn sao tn hiu, tt c mang
cng mt thng tin nhng c s tng quan rt nh trong mi trng fading.
tng c bn ca phn tp l nu ni thu nhn c hai hay nhiu bn sao
tn hiu mt cch c lp th cc bn sao tn hiu ny cng b suy gim c lp vi
nhau. Nn nu mt ng tn hiu c th b suy gim th ng tn hiu khc c th
khng b suy gim. V vy, s kt hp hp l ca cc phin bn khc nhau s lm
gim nh hng ca fading v ci thin tin cy ca ng truyn.
Phn tp c th p dng c cho c pha pht v pha thu. Phn tp pha
pht lin quan n m khng gian thi gian, bn sao tn hiu c truyn i t cc
anten khc nhau. Cn phn tp pha thu cho php thu c nhiu bn sao ca cng
mt tn hiu truyn. Cc bn sao ny cha cng mt thng tin nhng c t s tng
quan v fading. Chng c kt hp mt cch hon ho tng SNR ca tn hiu
thu.
Trong thc t, k thut phn tp c th c ng dng trong min khng
gian, s phn cc ca anten, min tn s v min thi gian.
Phn tp tn s
Trong phn tp tn s, s dng cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau pht cng
mt thng tin. Cc tn s cn c phn chia m bo b nh hng ca fading
mt cch c lp. Khong cch gia cc tn s phi ln hn vi ln bng thng nht
qun m bo rng fading trn cc tn s khc nhau l khng tng quan vi
nhau.
Phn tp thi gian
Phn tp thi gian c th hiu mt cch trc quan l ta pht tn hiu cc
khong thi gian khc nhau thng qua vic m ha v xen knh. Phn tp thi gian
c th t c bng cch truyn cc tn hiu ging nhau qua cc khe thi gian khc
nhau. Khong thi gian ny t nht phi bng thi gian nht qun ca knh truyn.

Hnh 4.2 Minh ha phn tp thi gian
Theo hnh v trn, ta c th d dng nhn thy u im khi ta pht xen knh
so vi khi ta truyn k hiu lin tip. Khi truyn khng xen knh, t m x2 b trit
tiu bi fading. Nhng ta vn c th phc hi tn hiu li trong trng hp pht xen
knh.Do tn thi gian cho b xen knh dn n tr hon trong vic gii m, k thut
ny thng hiu qu trong mi trng fading nhanh, thi gian nht qun ca
knh truyn nh
Phn tp khng gian
Phn tp khng gian cn gi l phn tp anten, s dng ph bin trong
truyn thng khng dy dng sng viba. Phn tp khng gian s dng nhiu anten
hoc chui anten c sp xp trong khng gian ti pha pht hoc pha thu.
Khong cch gia cc anten c phn chia nhng khong cch ln sao cho
tn hiu khng tng quan vi nhau. Yu cu v khong cch cc anten ph thuc
vo cao anten, mi trng lan truyn v tn s lm vic. Khong cch in hnh
l khong vi bc sng l cc tn hiu khng tng quan vi nhau.
Trong phn tp khng gian, cc phin bn ca tn hiu c truyn t ni
pht n ni thu to nn s d tha trong min thi gian. Khng ging nh trong
phn tp thi gian v phn tp tn s, phn tp khng gian khng lm gim hiu
sut bng thng. c tnh ny rt quan trng trong truyn thng khng dy tc
cao.
3.2.

Cc h thng MIMO s dng a anten pht v thu c th cung cp 3 li
l: li beamforming, li ghp knh khng gian v li phn tp khng
gian.
li beamforming:
li beamforming gip h thng tp trung nng lng bc x theo hng
mong mun, gip tng hiu qu cng sut, gim can nhiu v trnh c cc nhiu
t cc hng khng mong mun, t gip ci thin cht lng knh truyn v
tng bao ph ca h thng. th thc hin c Beamforming, khong cch
gia cc anten trong h thng MIMO thng phi nh hn bc sng l , thng
thng l l /2. eamforming thng c thc hin trong mi trng t tn x.
li phn tp khng gian
Tn dng cc knh truyn song song c c t a anten pha pht v pha
thu trong h thng MIMO, tn hiu s c pht c lp v ng thi qua cc anten,
nhm tng dung lng h thng m khng cn tng cng sut pht hay tng bng
thng h thng. Dung lng h thng s tng tuyn tnh theo s cc knh truyn
song song trong h thng. Thut ton V-BLAST ( Vertical- Bell Laboratories
Layered Space-Time) thng c p dng t c li cc i v ghp
knh khng gian.

Hnh 4.3 Ghp knh tng tc truyn dn
li phn tp:
Trong truyn dn v tuyn, tn hiu lun lun thay i, b fading lin tc theo
khng gian, thi gian v tn s, khin cho tn hiu ti ni thu khng n nh. Vic
phn tp cung cp cho cc b thu cc bn sao tn hiu ging nhau qua cc knh
truyn chu nh hng fading khc nhau. B thu c th la chn hay kt hp cc tn
hiu ny gim thiu tc li bit BER, chng fading qua tng tin cy
cho h thng. t li phn tp cc i, gim BER, chng fading, thut ton
STBC ( Space-Time Block Code) v STTC (Space-Time Trellis Code) c p
dng.


Hnh 4.4 li khng gian gip ci thin cht lng h thng
Thc t, h thng c dung lng cao, BER thp, chng c fading th ta
phi c s cn i gia li phn tp v li ghp knh trong thit k h thng.

3.3.
H thng SISO:
H thng SISO (Single Input Single Output ) l h thng truyn thng ch s
dng mt anten pht v mt anten thu. My pht v my thu ch c mt b cao tn
v mt b iu ch, gii iu ch. H thng SISO thng dng trong pht thanh,
pht hnh hay cc k thut truyn dn v tuyn c nhn nh Wifi, luetooth
Dung lng h thng ph thuc vo t s tn hiu trn nhiu c c nh theo
cng thc Shanon:
C = log2(1+SNR) bit/s/Hz
H thng MISO:
H thng MISO (Multi Input Single Output) s dng nhiu anten pht v mt
anten thu. H thng ny c th cung cp phn tp pht thng qua k thut Alamouti
t ci thin cht lng tn hiu hoc s dng eamforming tng hiu sut
pht v vng bao ph. Khi my pht bit c thng tin knh truyn, dung lng h
thng tng ln theo hm logarit ca s anten pht v c th c nh c gn ng
theo cng thc sau:
C = log2(1+N.SNR)
H thng SIMO:
H thng ny s dng mt anten pht v a anten thu. My thu ca h thng
ny c th la chn hoc kt hp tn hiu t cc anten thu nhm ti a t s tn hiu
trn nhiu thng qua cc gii thut Beamforming hoc MMRC (Maximal Ratio
Receive Combining). Khi my thu bit thng tin knh truyn, dung lng h thng
tng theo hm logarit ca s anten thu, c th xp x theo cng thc sau:
C = log2(1+N.SNR)
H thng MIMO:
H thng ny kt hp s dng a anten c pha pht v pha thu. H thng
c th cung cp phn tp pht nh a anten pht, phn tp thu nh a anten thu
nhm tng cht lng h thng hoc thc hin Beamforming ti ni pht v ni thu
tng hiu sut s dng cng sut, trit can nhiu. Dung lng h thng ny cn
c ci thin ng k nh vo li ghp knh cung cp bi k thut m ha
khng gian thi gian VBLAST. Khi thng tin knh truyn c bit ti c ni
pht v ni thu, h thng c th cung cp li phn cc cao v li ghp knh
cc i, dung lng h thng trong trng hp phn tp cc i c th c xc
nh theo cng thc:
C = log2(1+NT.NR.SNR)
Dung lng h thng trong trng hp t li ghp knh cc i c th
c nh theo cng thc sau:
C = min(NT,NR). log2(1+SNR)

4.

Chng ta bt u t trng hp n gin l knh truyn c h s truyn c nh
(khng c fading m ch c h s suy gim v n) v c bit trc qua php c
lng knh, bng tn hp bt bin vi thi gian. Mt h thng gm N anten pht v M
anten thng c gi l h thng MIMO MxN. Mt h thng nh vy thng c
m t mi quan h ng vo - ng ra nh sau:
1. y = Hs + z
trong :
z l thnh phn tp m;
H l ma trn cc c tnh knh truyn nh thng tin v ln, v pha ca ng
truyn gia N anetn pht v M anten thu.
M hnh ton hc c din t nh sau:

Hnh 4.5 Quan h gia ng vo v ng ra ca h thng MIMO
Ma trn H c dng:
H = [

]
Cc vecto pht, thu v tp m tng ng l:
s = [

y = [

z = [

Phng trnh tng qut:

= H

Mi quan h gia tn hiu pht v tn hiu thu biu din qua phng trnh h thng:
y =

Hs + z
vi P
T
l tng cng sut pht t N anten pht.

5.

Kt qu nghin cu v dung lng knh truyn MIMO thc y mt ln sng
nghin cu cc k thut truyn dn nhm t c dung lng l thuyt mong mun.
Tip theo cng trnh chung vi Gans , Foschini xut mt h thng truyn dn theo
lp kt hp vi m ha nhm t c dung lng knh truyn mong mun nh kt
qu cng thc trn. Tuy nhin, kt qu nghin cu ca Foschini cho thy dung lng
knh truyn MIMO thc t ch l mt ng gii hn trn c th t c nh kt
hp cc phng php m ha v thut ton c phc tp hay gi chm khng c gii
hn. V vy, c c cc h thng truyn dn MIMO hiu qu c th ng dng
trong thc t, cc cng trnh nghin cu v MIMO tp trung vo vic xut cc
phng php truyn dn tha mn c s cn bng gia li thu c t knh
MIMO v phc tp cn thit. Cc phng php truyn dn ny c th phn loi
thnh hai nhm sau: Phn knh theo khng gian (SDM: Spatial Division Multiplexing)
v m ha khng gian thi gian (STC: Space-Time Coding).

Hnh 4.6 : Biu din dung lng knh MIMO theo r = min(M,N)
5.1. Phn knh theo khng gian:

Hnh 4.7 : S phn knh theo khng gian
s phn knh theo khng gian, dng d liu pht, sau khi c nh x thnh
cc du (symbol) ca mt b tn hiu (constellation) c phn (DEMUX) thnh N
lung song song v truyn ng thi qua N anten pht. V vy, tc truyn dn tng
N ln so vi h thng s dng mt anten pht, mt anten thu (SISO) thng thng. Tuy
nhin, do cc lung d liu thu c ti my thu b nhiu ln nhau nn tng s lng
anten pht N ng ngha vi vic tng nhiu ng knh gia cc lung tn hiu, v v
vy lm tng ER. gim nh BER ca h thng my thu s dng M N anten v
mt b tch tn hiu hiu qu thc hin tch ring tng lung tn hiu.

Hnh 4.8 : So snh phm cht BER ca cc b tch tn hiu khc nhau

Hnh 4.8 so snh phm cht BER ca mt s b tch tn hiu bng m phng s dng
iu ch BPSK v M=N=4. Chng ta c th nhn thy phm cht vt tri ca V-
BLAST so vi cc b tch tn hiu tuyn tnh hay QR.
5.2. -

M ha khng gian - thi gian l phng php m ha cho cc h thng phn tp
pht. Phng php m ha khng gian-thi gian a ng thi tng quan trong c hai
min khng gian v thi gian vo trong tn hiu pht, kt hp vi k thut tch tn hiu
my thu nhm t c li phn tp v c th c li m ha. M khng gian -
thi gian c th c phn loi thnh hai loi: m khi khng gian - thi gian (STBC:
Space-Time lock Code) v m li khng gian - thi gian (STTC: Space-Time Trellis
Code). M STC c u im thit k v gii m n gin. Tuy nhin, m STBC li ch
cung cp li phn tp pht m khng cung cp li m ha. Ngc li, m STTC
cho php thu c c li phn tp v m ha, nhng vic thit k v gii m li phc
tp. Trong cc s m ha khng gian - thi gian th phng php STC do lamouti
xut nm 1998 c nh gi l phng php hiu qu nht. Phng php ca
Alamouti s dng phng php m ha v gii m n gin, tuy nhin li cho php t
c y c tc m v phn tp cho cc b tn hiu phc.

Hnh 4.9: S h thng MIMO s dng m STBC ca Alamouti
Hnh 4.9 m t cu hnh mt h thng MIMO s dng m STBC ca Alamouti s
dng hai anten pht v hai anten thu. S lng anten pht b gii hn bng N =2 trong
khi s anten pht M c th tng ln bt k thu c li phn tp tt hn. Nguyn
l, m ha ca lamouti nh sau: ti thi im k, anten pht th nht pht i sk trong
khi anten pht th hai pht i s
k+1
, vi du * biu din php ton ly lin hp phc. Ti
thi im tip theo, anten pht th nht pht i

, trong khi anten pht th hai pht

i

Do tn hiu pht i t hai anten pht trc giao vi nhau nn vic gii m c n
gin ha nh s dng cc b kt hp (combiner) tuyn tnh kt hp vi tch tn hiu
hp l ti a (MLD: Maimum Likelihood Detector).

Hnh 4.10 Phm cht BER ca STBC ca Alamouti so vi phng php MRC
Hnh 4.10 so snh phm cht BER ca STBC Alamouti vi h thng khng s
dng phn tp (SISO) v h thng phn tp thu (SIMO) s dng kt hp t l ti a
(MRC: Maximum Ratio Combining). T hnh v chng ta c th thy rng s STBC
ca Alamouti cho php ci thin ER ng k so vi h thng SISO. So vi h thng s
dng phn tp thu SIMO MRC, s ca lamouti cho php thu c cng cp
phn tp (cng dc), tuy nhin b thit hi 3dB v cng sut do iu kin chun ha
cng sut pht sao cho tng cng sut pht t 2 anten pht bng vi cng sut pht trn
mt anten ca h thng SIMO MRC.
6.
Vi cc u im v hiu sut, kh nng trit can nhiu, dung lng v cht lng
thng tin c nng cao, h thng MIMO ang c nghin cu ng dng vo
cc h thng thng tin tng lai. Tuy nhin, h thng MIMO khng c kh nng
chng li fading chn lc tn s. Chnh v vy, vic kt hp hai h thng MIMO v
OFDM s c tm hiu chng sau nhm a ra mt h thng thng tin m bo
v c cht lng v dung lng.

MM-OFDM

1. -OFDM

Cu trc h thng gm c h thng MIMO gm NT anten pht v NR anten
thu, k thut OFDM s dng N sng mang ph c minh ha nh hnh 4.2 . Chi
tit tng khi ny c trnh by cc phn trc.

Hnh 5.1 h thng MIMO OFDM
Symbol thu c t anten thu th i, ti sng mang ph th k ca symbol
OFDM c th biu din nh sau:

Vi Xj (k) l cc symbol pht trn sng mang th k trong symbol OFDM
Vi(k) l nhiu Gaussian ti anten thu th i trong min tn s, tc l N-FFT ca
nhiu trong min thi gian vi(t).
ij
(k)

l li knh truyn t anten pht th j ti
anten thu th I ti sng mang ph th n.
ij
(k)

chnh l N-FFT cu p ng knh truyn
c (t) ij t anten pht th j ti anten thu th i. Nu my thu c th c lng chnh xc
trng thi knh
truyn th
ij
(k) s bit c chnh xc ng vi mi symbol OFDM.
Knh truyn ca h thng MIMO-OFDM c th m t thng qua ma trn H nh
sau:



Hnh sau y m t r hn ma trn H, k thut OFDM c tc dng chia knh
truyn chn lc tn s thnh N knh truyn con fading phng. H thng MIMOOFDM
tng ng vi h thng MIMO.

Hnh 5.2 Ma trn knh truyn MIMO OFDM



2. -OFDM

2.1.

S lamouti c p dng nhm t c li phn tp ln nht trong
mi trng fading chn lc tn s vi cacsu trc phn cng kh n gin.

Hnh 5.3 My pht MIMO_OFDM Alamouti

Hnh 5.4 My thu MIMO_OFDM Alamouti

2.2. -OFDM V-BLAST


Hnh 5.5 : My pht MIMO-OFDM V-BLAST


Hnh 5.6 my thu MIMO-OFDM V-BLAST





3. -

H thng MIMO OFDM Alamouti cho php cung cp li phn tp,
nhng khng cung cp li m. thu c thng tin c cht lng cao hn,
Ngi ta s dng h thng MIMO OFDM Trellis c th c c c li phn
tp v li m. Hnh v sau y minh ha cc khi c bn nht ca h thng.

Hnh 5.7 S khi h thng pht MIMO-OFDM Trellis

Ti pha pht, d liu nh phn sau khi i qua b iu ch QAM, s c
a qua b iu ch STTC. Qua b iu ch ny, s c NT dng d liu ni tip
c a ra NT b iu ch OFDM . y, tn hiu s c bin i ni tip sang
song song, iu ch sng mang con, IFFT, chn khong bo v, chn t ng b
khung, iu ch sng mang cao tn ri a ra anten pht
Ti pha thu, sau mi anten, tn hiu c gii iu ch OFDM, to ra chui
ni tip cc k hiu QAM. Tt c cc chui k hiu ni tip ny, c a vo b
gii iu ch STTC. Trong b gii iu ch STTC, gii thut Viterbi c s dng
tm ra ng m c metric tch ly nh nht gii iu ch QAM, thnh chui
bt nh phn cn thu.


Hnh 5.8 S khi h thng thu MIMO-OFDM Trellis

4.


H thng MIMO-OFDM thc s l mt h thng em li cht lng tt em li
nhiu tim nng, nn trong tng lai chc chn s c pht trin rng ri.



M M


1.

WiMax ( Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.) l mt mng khng
dy bng thng rng WiMax ng dng trong thit b mng Internet dnh s lng
ngi s dng ln thm vo gi thnh r.
WiMax l h thng truy nhp vi ba c tnh tng thch ton cu da trn c s tiu
chun IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Area Network). H 802.16
ny a ra nhng tiu chun, ch tiu k thut nhm tp trung gii quyt cc vn
trong mng v tuyn bng rng im a im v giao din v tuyn bao gm: Lp
iu khin truy cp mi trng (MAC) v lp vt l (PHY). WiMa gii quyt tt
nht nhng vn kh khn trong vic qun l u cui.
WiMax s dng k thut sng v tuyn kt ni cc my tnh trong mngInternet
thay v dng dy kt ni nh DSL hay cp modem. WiMa nh mt tng i trong
vng ln cn hp l n mt trm ch m n c yu cu thit lp mt ng d liu
n Internet. Ngi s dng trong phm vi t 3 n 5 dm so vi trm ch sc thit
lp mt ng dn cng ngh NLOS (Non-Line-Of-Sight) vi tc truyn d liu rt
cao l 75Mbps. Cn nu ngi s dng trong phm vi ln hn 30 dm so vi trm ch
th s c anten s dng cng ngh LOS (Line-Of- Sight) vi tc truyn d liu gn
bng 280Mbps. WiMAX l mt chun khng dy ang pht trin rt nhanh, ha hn
to ra kh nng kt ni bng thng rng tc cao cho c mng c nh ln mng
khng dy di ng, phm vi ph sng c m rng.
2.

WiMX c thit k ch trng vo nhng thch thc gn vi cc loi trin khai
truy nhp c dy truyn thng nh:
Backhaul. S dng cc anten im im ni nhiu hotspot vi nhau v n cc
trm gc qua nhng khong cc di (ng kt ni gia im truy nhp WLAN v
mng bng rng c nh).
Last mile. S dng cc anten im a im ni cc thu bao thuc nh ring hoc
doanh nghip ti trm gc.
3.

WiMX c pht trin vi nhiu mc tiu quan tm nh:
-Cu trc mm do : WiMAX h tr cc cu trc h thng bao gm im, a im,
cng ngh li v ph sng khp mi ni
-Cht lng dch v QoS : WiMAX c th c ti u ng i vi hn hp lu
lng s c mang. C 4 loi dch vc h tr: dch v cp pht t nguyn (UGS),
dch v hi vng thi gian thc (rtPS), dch v hi vng khng thi gian thc (nrtPS),
n lc tt nht (BE).
- Trin khai nhanh
- Dch v a mc
-Tnh tng thch
- Hot ng NLOS: Kh nng hat ng ca mng WiMX m khng i hi tm
nhn thng gia BS v MS. Kh nng ny ca n gip cc sn phm WiMAX phn
phut di thng rng trong mt mi trng NLOS.
-Ph sng rng hn: WiMX h tr ng nhiu mc iu ch, bao gm BPSK,
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM. Khi yu cu vi b khuch i cng sut cao v hot ng
vi iu ch mc thp (v d BPSK hoc QPSK).
-Dung lng cao: C tht c dung lng 75 Mbit/s cho cc trm gc vi mt
knh 20 MHz trong cc iu kin truyn sng tt nht.
-Tnh m rng. Chun 802.16 -2004 h tr cc di thng knh tn s v tuyn(RF)
mm do v s dng li cc knh tn s ny nh l mt cch tng dung lng
mng. Chun c thit k t t l ln ti hng trm thm ch hng nghn ngi
s dng trong mt knh RF.
- Bo mt: Bng cch mt ha cc lin kt v tuyn gia BS v MS, s dng chun
mt ha tin tin AES ch CCM, m bo s ton vn ca d liu trao i qua
giao din v tuyn. Cung cp cho cc nh vn hnh vi s bo v mnh chng li
nhng hnh vi nh cp dch v.




4. X
4.1. Chun IEEE 802.16 2001.
Chun IEEE 802.16-2001 c hon thnh vo thng 10/2001 v c cng b vo
4/2002, nh ngha c t k thut giao din khng gian WirelessMN cho cc
mng vng th. c im chnh ca IEEE 802.16 2001 :Giao din khng gian cho
h thng truy nhp khng dy bng rng c nh hat ng di tn 10 66 GHz, cn
tha mn tm nhn thng.
- Lp vt l PHY: WirelessMAN-SC.
- Tc bit: 32 134 Mbps vi knh 28 MHz.
- iu ch QPSK, 16 QAM v 64 QAM.
- Cc di thng knh 20 MHz, 25 MHz, 28 MHz.
- Bn knh cell: 2 5 km.
- Kt ni c nh hng, MAC TDM/TDMA, QoS, bo mt.
4.2. Chun IEEE 802.16a.
V nhng kh khn trong trin khai chun IEEE 802.16, hng vo vic s dng tn
s t 10 66 GHz, mt d n sa i c tn IEEE 802.16a c hon thnh vo
thng 11/2002 v c cng b vo thng 4/2003. Chun ny c m rng h tr
giao din khng gian cho nhng tn s trong bng tn 211 GHz, bao gm c nhng
ph cp php v khng cp php v khng cn tho mn iu kin tm nhn thng. c
im chnh ca IEEE 802.16a nh sau:
- B sung 802.16, cc hiu chnh MC v cc c im PHY thm vo cho di 2
11 GHz (NLOS).
- Tc bit : ti 75Mbps vi knh 20 MHz.
- iu ch OFDMA vi 2048 sng mang, OFDM 256 sng mang, QPSK, 16
QAM, 64 QAM.
- Di thng knh c th thay i gia 1,25MHz v 20MHz.
- Bn knh cell: 6 9 km.
- Lp vt l PHY: WirelessMAN-OFDM, OFDMA, SCa.
- Cc chc nng MC thm vo: h tr PHY OFDM v OFDMA, h tr cng
ngh Mesh, ARQ.
4.3. Chun IEEE 802.16 2004.
Thng 7/2004, chun IEEE 802.16 2004 hay IEEE 802.16d c chp nhn thng
qua, kt hp ca cc chun IEEE 802.16 2001, IEEE 802.16a, ng dng LOS di
tn s 10- 66 GHz v NLOS di 2- 11 GHz. Kh nng v tuyn b sung nh l
beam forming v knh con OFDM.
4.4. Chun IEEE 802.16e.
WiMAX 802.16e c h tr handoff v roaming. S dng SOFDMA, mt cng ngh
iu ch a sng mang. Cc nh cung cp dch v m trin khai 802.16e cng c th s
dng mng cung cp dch v c nh. 802.16e h tr cho SOFDMA cho php s
sng mang thay i, ngoi cc m hnh OFDM v OFDMA.
5. X
ng tn 2,3-2,4GHz (2,3GHz and) : c xut s dng cho
Mobile WiMAX. Ti Hn Quc bng ny c trin khai cho WBA
(WiBro).
ng tn 2,4-2,4835GHz: c xut s dng cho WiMX trong tng lai .
ng tn 2,5-2,69GHz (2,5GHz and): c xut s dng cho WiMAX di
ng trong giai on u .
ng tn 3,3-3,4GHz (3,3GHz and): c xut s dng cho WiMAX c
nh.
ng tn 3,4-3,6GHz (3,5GHz Band): c xut s dng cho WiMAX c
nh trong giai on u :FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)/WBA
(WideBand Access).
ng tn 3,6-3,8GHz: c xut s dng cho WiMAX cnh (WBA) v cp
cho Chu u. Tuy nhin, bng 3,7-3,8 GHz c dung cho v tinh vin
thng Chu , nn bng tn ny khng c s dng cho Wimax Chu .
ng tn 5,725-5,850GHz: c xut s dng cho WiMAX c nh trong
giai on u.
Ngoi ra, mt s bng tn khc phn b cho W cng c mt s nc xem
xt cho BWA/WiMax l: bng tn 700-800MHz (< 1GHz), bng 4,9-5,1GHz.

6.

Trong khi nhiu cng ngh hin ang tn ti cho khng dy bng rng ch c th
cung cp ph sng LOS, cng ngh WiMX c ti u cung cp ph sng NLOS.
Cng ngh tin tin ca WiMAX cung cp tt nht cho c hai. C LOS v NLOS b
nh hng bi cc c tnh ng truyn mi trng ca chng, tn tht ng dn, v
ngn qu kt ni v tuyn.
Cng ngh NLOS v nhng tnh nng c nng cao trong WiMAX to kh
nng s dng thit b pha u khch hng (CPE) trong nh.
Cng ngh WiMAX, gii quyt v gim nh cc vn do bi cc iu kin
NLOS bng cch s dng: cng ngh OFDM, OFDM, iu ch thch nghi, cc
cng ngh sa li, cc cng ngh anten, iu khin cng sut, knh con.
6.1. Cng ngh OFDM.
Cng ngh OFDM (ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao), da vo FDM l cng
ngh m s dng nhiu tn s truyn ng thi nhiu tn hiu song song, tng tc
truyn dn. Mi tn hiu c di tn s ring (sng mang con) m sau c iu ch
theo d liu. Mi sng mang con c tch bit bi mt di bo v m bo rng
chng khng chng ln nhau. Nhng sng mang ny sau c gii iu ch my
thu s dng cc b lc tch ring cc di.
OFDM nn nhiu sng mang c iu ch cht ch cng nhau, gim di khng
yu cu nhng gi cc tn hiu c iu ch trc giao chng khng gy ra nhiu
ln nhau. N cung cp cc hot ng vi mt phng thc hiu qu khc phc cc tr
ngi ca truyn sng NLOS. Dng sng OFDM WiMAX cung cp thun li l c th
hot ng vi khong tr ln hn mi trng NLOS.
Kh nng khc phc khong tr, a ng, v ISI theo cch hiu qu cho php thng
lng tc d liu cao.
6.2. Cng ngh OFDMA.
Cng ngh OFDMA cho php mt vi sng mang con c gn ti nhng ngi
dng khc nhau. V d cc sng mang con 1, 3 v 7 c th c gn cho ngi dng 1,
v cc sng mang con 2, 5 v 9 cho ngi dng 2. Nhng nhm sng mang con ny
c em nh cc knh con. OFDM m rng c cho php cc kch thc FFT nh
hn ci thin cht lng i vi cc knh di thng thp hn.

7.
7.1.
WiMAX tch hp hon ton vo cc mng c nh v di ng ang tn ti, b sung
chng khi cn thit. WiMAX l mt chun khng dy ang pht trin rt nhanh, ha
hn to ra kh nng kt ni bng thng rng tc cao cho c mng c nh ln mng
khng dy di ng. Hai phin bn ca WiMX c a ra nh sau:
Fixed WiMAX (WiMAX c nh): Da trn tiu chun IEEE 802.16-2004, c
thit k cho loi truy nhp c nh v lu ng. Trong phin bn ny s dng k
thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM (Orthogonnal Frequency
Division Multiple) hot ng trong c mi trng nhn thng LOS (line-of-
sight) v khng nhn thng NLOS (Non-line-of-sight). Sn phm da trn tiu
chun ny hin tai c cp chng ch v thng mi ha.
be WX (WX ng): da trn tiu chun IEEE 802.16e, c thit
k cho loi truy cp ch tay v di ng. v c bn, tiu chun 802.16e c
pht trin trn c s sa i tiu chun IEEE 802.16-2004 ti u cho cc
knh v tuyn di ng, cung cp kh nng chuyn vng handoff v chuyn
mng roaming. Tiu chun ny s dng phng thc a truy cp ghp knh
chia tn s trc giao OFDMA (Orthogonnal Frequency Division Multiple
Access) l s phi hp ca k thut ghp knh v k thut phn chia tn s c
tnh cht trc giao, rt ph hp vi mi trng truyn dn a ng nhm tng
thng lng cng nh dung lng mng, tng linh hot trong vic qun l ti
nguyn, tn dng ti a ph tn, ci thin kh nng ph sng vi cc loi a
hnh a dng.
7.2. M hnh h thng WiMAX.
M hnh h thng WiMX cng ging nh cc h thng thng tin di ng t bo
truyn thng :

Hnh 6.1 M hnh h thng WiMax

Hai phn chnh ca h thng WiMax bao gm :
- Trm gc WIMX : y l phn thit b giao tip vi cc h thng cung cp
dch v mng li bng cp quang, hoc kt hp cc tuyn vi ba im ,im kt
ni vi cc nt quang hoc qua cc ng thu ring t cc nh cung cp dch
v hu tuyn. Cc dch vc chuyn i qua anten trm gc kt ni vi cc
thit b u cui WiMX CPE qua mi trng v tuyn.
- Thit bu cui CPE WiMAX : trong hu ht cc trng hp, mt u cui plug
and play n gin, tng t vi modem DSL, cung cp kh nng kt ni. i vi
nhng khch hng c t v tr vi km t trm gc WiMAX, mt anten bn ngoi
t ci t c th c yu cu ci thin cht lng truyn dn. phc v cc
khch hng bit lp, mt anten ch dn trn trm gc WiMAX c thc yu cu.
Vi cc khch hng yu cu thoi thm vo cc dch v bng rng, CPE c th s cho
php kt ni bnh thng hoc cc cuc gi in thoi VoIP. Cui cng th
chip WiMAX sc nhng trong cc thit b trung tm d liu.

7.3.
-Truy nhp bng rng last-mile cnh nh mt s thay th cho DSL c dy, cable,
hoc cc kt ni T1.
-Backhaul chi ph r cho cc v tr cell v cc hotspot WiFi
-Kh nng kt ni tc cao cho cc doanh nghip
-VoIP



8. K
Qua tm hiu nhng phn trnh by trn gip ta c mt ci nhn tng quan v cng
ngh Wimax, kh nng ng dng v tnh hnh trin khai ca n trong thc t. T
bt u i su hn, tm hiu v kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX




M

1.
Trong chng ny, chng em in trnh by v kt qu thc hin m phng h thng
OFDM bng phn mm matlab. Cc h thng MIMO, h thng kt hp MIMO-
OFDM vn ang tin hnh m phng, do iu kin thi gian nn nhm cha hon
thin c cc h thng ny.
2.

Start
c u
u QAM
u OFDM
SNR=[0:5:30]
snr=SNR[i]
i=i+1
n qua knh
u
i u
OFDM
i u QAM
SNR=30
nh n ng
BER
Ghi u
BER
END

Hnh 7.1 S tng iu ch tn hiu
c d liu :

D liu y l file nh: D liu c c t file nh c dng vect 3 chiu, vi cc
phn t dngthp phn t 0 -255. Khng th truyn c c vect 3 chiu nn ta tin
hnhchuyn i vect 3 chiu thnh vect 1 chiu, sau chuyn cc phn t t dng
thp phn sang dng nh phn. Li s c tnh t s bt sai khc gia cc bit truyn v
cc bit nhn c.
iu ch M-QAM
D liu nh phn trc khi a n b iu ch, c tin hnh m ha QM. C th
l m ha PS, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
iu ch OFDM
Phn ny thc hin iu ch tn hiu theo k thut OFDM. M hnh thut ton ca iu
ch v gii iu ch OFDM nh hnh bn di
Pht qua knh truyn
Khi pht tn hiu qua knh truyn, tn hiu b nh hng bi c tnh knh truyn (
y ta m phng cho knh Rayleigh), c tc ng ca nhiu trng
Gii iu ch OFDM
Tin hnh ngc li pha thu gii iu ch ra tn hiu QAM thu.
Gii iu ch QM
D liu sau khi c gii iu ch h thng, c hiu chnh li thnh tn hiu QAM
chun theo phng php ML (Maimum Likelihood ). Sau mi tin hnh gii iu
ch QAM.
Ghi d liu
D liu nh phn sau khi c gii iu ch QAM s c khi phc li
Begin Begin
n u 0 i u 0
n i i tip/ song song
u ng mang con
(n ng mang 0)
o u OFDM (thm n
cao)
IFFT
n ng o
n i song song/ i p
End
n i song song/ i p
i u ng mang con
(i ng mang con)
i nh n n
cao
FFT
i ng o
n i i p/song song
Begin

Lc iu ch lc gii iu ch

Hnh 7.2 Lc iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu OFDM



Cng ngh ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao - OFDM l mt cng
ngh hin i cho truyn thng tng lai. Hin nay vic nghin cu v ng dng
OFDM khng ngng c nghin cu v m rng phm vi ng dng bi nhng u
im trong vic tit kim bng tn v kh nng chng li fading chn lc tn s
cng nh uyn nhiu bng hp. p ng c nhu cu rt ln v dung lng v
tc truyn dn, ngi ta kt hp h thng OFDM h thng a u vo a u
ra MIMO ( Multi Input- Multi Output ) em li nhiu u im vt tri. Ni
dung n ny ch cp ti vic s dng cc loi m trong cc h thng MIMO -
OFDM, u nhc im ca cc h thng ny. Trn thc t, vn v vic s dng
anten g, cch b tr anten, iu kin v bc sng ca cc sng mang trong h
thng MIMO OFDM cng l mt vn rt quan trng.
Qua qu trnh m phng, ta nhn thy rng cc h thng MIMO OFDM
mang li cht lng truyn thng cao hn hn so vi cc h thng OFDM. T l li
bit ch cn cha n 0.1% trong khi cc h thng OFDM l khong vi phn trm.
H thng m phng mi ch s dng c thut ton iu ch v gii iu ch.H
thng MIMO-OFDM mi ch s dng c i vi iu ch 4-QAM. Cn tm hiu
thm v cch iu ch cc mc cao hn. Ta c th tm hiu thm v cch c lng
knh truyn pha thu. Ngoi ra, ta cn c th kt hp iu ch h thng OFDM
vi cc c ch thch nghi mc iu ch, c kh nmg la chn sng mang cht
lng tn hiu c th p ng c cc mc iu ch cao hn 16-QM, em li
tc truyn dn cao hn trong cc knh truyn tc cao bng hp.









TI LIU THM HO

[1]. Nguyn Vn c, V Vn Ym, o Ngc Chin, Nguyn Quc hng,
Nguyn Trung Kin , (2006), Thng tin v tuyn , NXB Khoa hc v k thut
[2]. Nguyn Vn c, (2006), L thuyt v cc ng dng ca k thut OFDM ,
NXB Khoa hc v k thut
[3]. Volker Kiihn, (2006), Wireless Communications over MIMO Channels, John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd, University Rostock, Germany
[4]. Steven T.Karris, Fouth Edition, Signals and Systems with MATLAB
Computing and Simulink Modeling , Orchard Publications .
[5] Muhammad Atif Gulzar Rashid Nawaz Devendra Thapa bi bo: Implementation
of MIMO-OFDM system for WiMAX
[6]. http://www.mathworks.com