..................................................................

3
I. ................................................................. 3
1. ....................................................... 3
2. ................................... 4
3. ........................................ 4

4. .................................. 4
5. ....................................... 4
..............................................15
I. ................................................................15
1. .......................................................15
2. .....................................................19
II. ...................................................................21
1

 .........................................................................29
I. ...............................................................29
II. ....................................................................30
..............................................................................39
I. ................................................................39
1. .....................................................................39
2. ......................................................................40
3.....................................................................41
II. ....................................................................42

1.
lim f x

L0

L0

lim g x
x a

M 0

lim f x g x

L M

lim f x .g x

L.M

lim

f x
g x

L
M

x a

x a

x a

x a

: :

0
0

2.

lim x n ; lim
x

1
0
xn

x ; lim

lim
x 0
x0

1

xn

lim

1

xn

lim

1

xn

x 0
x0

x 0
x 0

3.

lim
x 0

4.

sin x
1
x

; lim
x 0

lim e x
x

n 0

5.

1 cos x
0
x

lim e x 0

lim

ex

x x

lim

ex
xn

0
lim

x e x
xn

lnx
0 ; lim xlnx 0
x x
x 0

lim lnx ; lim lnx ; lim

x

n 0

x 0

lim

lnx
0 ;
xn

lim x n lnx 0
x 0

II.
1.

f x

2 x2 x 3
x2 1

lim f x

a.

1 3

x 2 2 2 2 1 32
2x x 3
x x
x x
x 0 ; f x

2
1
1
x 1

1 2
x 2 1 2
x
x
2

b. lim

1
0 ;
x

lim 2
x

lim

1 3
2
x x2

1
0
x2

lim 1
x

1
1
x2

lim f x 2
x

2.

f x

1 x

1 x

lim f x ; lim f x ;

lim f x
x 1

x 1
1 x
1 x
x

. lim f x lim
lim
lim
2
2
x
x
x 1 2 x x
x
2 1
1 x
x 2 1 2
x x

1
lim 0
x
x

x 1
1 x
1 x
x

lim f x lim
lim
lim
2
x
x
x 1 2 x x 2
x
2 1
1 x
x 2 1 2
x x

1
lim 0
x
x
5

lim f x lim
x 1

x 1

1 x

1 x

lim 1 x 0

lim 1 x 2

x 1

x 1

1 x 0

3.

x0

lim f x
x 1

. lim
x 1

x 1
x 1

x2 2
x3 8

. lim
x 2

1 x 1 x
sin x

. lim

x 0

. lim

x 1
lim
x 1 x 1

. lim

x2 2
x3 8

x 1

x 2

x 1 lim x 1 lim
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1

x 1

x 1

a 3 b3 a b a 2 ab b2

x 3 8 x 2 x 2 2 x 4
f x

x 2

x2 2
x22
x2 2

x3 8
x 2 x 2 2 x 4 x 2 2

x 24

x 2 x 2 2 x 4

x 2 x

lim

x2

2 x 4

x22

2 x 4

x2 2
1
lim
3
x 2
x 8
x 2 2 x 4

x22

x22

x22

1
48

1
1

x 1 2

. lim
x 0

1 x 1 x
sinx

f x

1 x 1 x

sin x

sin x

sin x

1 x 1 x
sin x

2x
1 x 1 x

1 x 1 x

1 x 1 x

sin x
x

; lim
lim
1
x 0 sin x
x 0 x

x 2 1

1
4.

lim

lim

4 x2 1 x2 1

4 x 2 1

; lim

x x 1
1
1

4 x2 1 x2 4 2 x 4 2
x
x

x 1 ; x x

x
2

lim f x lim

x 0
x 0 sin x
1 x 1 x

x
2
lim
lim
x 0 sin x x 0
1 x 1 x

1 x 1 x

4 x2 1 x 4

1
x2

1
1
1

x 2 1 x 2 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 2
x
x
x

f x 4 x2 1 x2 1 x 4

1
1
x 4 2 1 2
x
x

1
1
x 1 2
2
x
x

lim x
x

1
1
lim 4 2 1 2 2 1 1
x
x
x

lim f x
x

5.
1 f

f x

3x 1
x2 1

\ 1; 1

. lim 3 x 1 4 ; lim

. x 2 1

x 1

x 1

lim x 2 1 0
x 1

1 0

lim x 2 1 0

x 1

x 1

x 1

lim f x

lim f x

x 1

x 1
x 1

x 1

6.
.

sin 5 x
x 0 5 x

lim

X 5x

sin X
1
X 0
X

lim
lim
x 0

sin 5 x
1
5x

2sin x
2sin x
4
4

lim
lim

x
x
4
4
x
x
4
4

X x

;
4

X 0

2sin x
sin X
4

lim
2 lim
2 1 2

X
0

x
4
x
4

2sin 5 x
lim
5 x 5 x 0

lim
x 0

2sin 5 x

lim

5 x 5

2sin 5 x

5 x 5

5 x 5

5 x 5

x 0

lim(10
x0

sin 5 x
) lim
x 0
5x

5 x 5

10 2 5 20 5
.

lim

x
3

3 cosx sinx

x
3
3

1
3 cosx sinx 2
cosx sinx
2
2

2 sin cosx cos sinx

3
3

2sin x 2sin x
3
3

sin x

3 cosx sinx
3

lim
lim 2

x
x
x
3
3
x

3
3

X x
lim
x

;x
3
3

3 cosx sinx
sinX
lim 2
X 0

x
3

X 0

sinX

2
2lim
X 0 X

7.

cos 2 x 1
x 0
2x

lim

X 2 x

1 cosX
1 cosX
cosX 1
lim
lim
0
X 0
X 0
X 0
X
X
X

lim

cos x 1
2

lim

x
2
x
2

X x

; x

X 0

cos x 1
cosX 1
1 cosX
2

lim
lim
lim
0

0
X

0
X
X

x
2
x
2

lim
x 0

cosx 1 cosx 1
cos 2 x 1
lim
x cosx 1 x 0
x cosx 1
cosx 1 x 2k, k

cosx 1 0
lim
x 0

cosx 1 lim 1 cosx 0

cos 2 x 1
lim
x 0
x cosx 1 x 0
x
x

8.

a.

lim

lnx

b. lim

lnx
c. lim

x 0
x

d. lim

10

lnx

lnx
x2


a. f x x 2 lnx

lim x 2 lim x
x

lim f x

b. f x x 2 lnx

lim x 2
x

lim

lnx

lnx
f x x 2 lnx x 2 1 2
x

lim

lnx
lnx lim x 2 . lim 1 2
x
x
x

lnx

m
0
lix
2
x

c. f x

lnx
x

0,

1
1

lim f x lim f x lim lnx lim lnx lim

x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0 x
x x 0

d. f x

(lnx )3
x2

lim (lnx)3
x

0,

lim x 2
x

lim X
x

11

x X 2 X = x 3

lnX
3
3

(lnX )
2
3 lnX

f x

2
X3
2 X
32
X

3
2 3

2 lnX
lim f x lim

x
X 3
X

lnX
0
X X
lim f x 0

lim

9.
a.
c.

lim

x 1

b.

e x e x
x 0
x

d.

lim

ex
x x 2
e x 1
lim
x
x
lim

a. f x e x x 1

lim e x
x

lim

x 1

x 1

f x e x x 1 e x 1 x x
e
e
x 1

lim f x lim e x 1 x x
x
x
e
e
x 1

lim e x lim 1 x x
x
x
e
e
x
1
lim x 0
; lim x 0
x e
x e
x 1

lim 1 x x 1 ; lim e x
x
x
e
e

lim f x
x

12

b.

lim

ex
x2

f x

ex
1
ex 2
2
x
x

lim e x 0
x

lim

1
0
x2

lim f x 0
x

e x e x
x
e x e x
1
lim f x lim
lim(e x e x ) lim
x 0
x 0
x

0
x

0
x
x
1
lim(e x e x ) 2 lim
x

0
x 0
x

c. f x

x 0

lim f x
x 0
x 0

lim(e x e x ) 2 lim
x 0
x 0

x 0

1

x

lim f x
x 0
x 0

e x 1 e x 1

d. f x
x
x x
x
e
1
lim f x lim
lim
x
x x
x
x

ex

x x

lim

1
0
x

lim
x

lim f x
x

13

14

.
1.

a.

15

16

b.

17

C.

18

2.
a.

| |

19

b.

20

II

.
1.

.
.

.
.

21

)(

2.

)(

[
(
.

)]

)
(

)]

22

3.

( )
(

4.

23

5.

6.

.
.
.

24

7.

8. :
.

.
25

9. :
.

26

10.

27

28

.
-

| |
-
-

| |

| |

|
|

|
|

| |

|
|

| |

|
| |

29

| | | |

(
)(Moivre)
-

II

.
1.

30

(
(

)(

)
)

(
(

(
(

( )(

( )(

( )(

)(

)
)

)(
(

( )

(
(

)(
)(

( ) ( )

( )

)
)

2.

.

(
(

)(
)(

)
)

31

3.

.

( )

)
32

( )

( )

4.

33

(
.

(
5. .

. a.

b.
( )

34

( )

( )

.a.

; | |

( )

| |

b. ( )

(
( )
( )

|( ) |

35

6.

7. .

36

8.

)(

)(

)
(

)(

9.

)
37

.
(

( )

38

1.
.

p 0

0, 0

p, 0

x p

y 2 4 px

x 0

p 0
x 0

p 0

0, 0

0, p

y p

x 2 4 py

y 0

p 0
y 0

39

h, k h p, k x h p

y k

4 p x h p 0
x 0

p 0
x 0

h, k h, k p y k p

x h

4 p y k p 0
y 0

p 0
x 0

2.
.

0, 0

c, 0

a, 0

0, 0

0, c

0, a

x2 y 2

1
a 2 b2
a b 0

c 2 a 2 b2
x2 y 2

1
b2 a 2
a b 0
c 2 a 2 b2

40

x h
h, k

h c, k

y k

a2
b2
a b 0

h a, k

c 2 a 2 b2

x h
h, k

h, k c

y k

b2
a2
a b 0

h, k a

c 2 a 2 b2

3.
.

0, 0

0, 0

c, 0

a, 0

c, 0

a, 0

0, c

0, a

0, c

0, a

41

x2 y 2

1
a 2 b2

c 2 a 2 b2

y 2 x2
1
a 2 b2

c 2 a 2 b2

b
x
a
b
y x
a

a
x
b
a
y x
b

h, k

h, k

h c, k

h a, k

h c, k

h a, k

a2

y k

b2

yk

b
x h
a

c 2 a 2 b2

b
x h
a
a
y k x h
b
yk

h, k c

h, k a

h, k c

h, k a

y k
a2

x h

b2

c 2 a 2 b2

yk

II.

x h

a
x h
b

1.

F 0, 1
y 1

0,1

42

 x 2 4 py ,
2
F 0, p F 0, 1 p 1 x 4 y

2, 1 ; 2, 1

2. O 0, 0 F


. A 8,8
. x1 B x1 , 4

. O 0, 0

y 2 4 px , A 8,8

82 4 p 8 p 2

y 2 8 x , F : p, 0 2, 0
. x1

B x1 , 4 y 2 8x1 4 8x1 x1 2
2

43

3. 2,1 4,1

(
)
:

y k

4 p x h

V : h, k 2,1 h 2, k 1
F : h p, k 4,1 h p 4
p2

y 1

8 x 2

x h p 0
4.

x 1

4 y 3

x h

4 p y k h, k p

h, k y k p

x 1

4 y 3 h 1, k 3, p 1

44

h, k 1,3

h, k p 1, 4

y k p 3 1 2

5. 1, 0
2, 0 2, 0

2, 0 2, 0

O 0, 0

a, 0 2, 0 a 2
c, 0 1, 0 c 1

45

c 2 a 2 b2 b2 a 2 c 2 4 1 3
:

x2 y 2
x2 y 2

a 2 b2
4
3
6. 36 x 2 4 y 2 36
. ,,

.

.
36

36 x 2 4 y 2
x2 y 2
x2 y 2

1 2 2 1 2 2 1 , a b 0
b
a
36
36
1
3

a 3 b 1 2a 2 3 6
. 36 x 2 4 y 2 36

2b 2 1 2

0,3 0, 3

c2 a 2 b2 32 12 8
c2 2,

0, 2 2

0, 2 2

46

7. 3, 2 5, 2
4

x h
a2

y k

b2

5 3
22
,k
h
h 1, k 2
2
2

5 3 2 2

2a

2b 4 b 2

x 1
42

82 8

y 2

22

8. x 2 4 y 2 16
.

.

.
47

x 1
16

y 2


. x 2 4 y 2 16
16

x2 4 y 2
x2 y 2

1 2 2 1
16 16
4 2
a 4, b 2

4, 0 4, 0

c2 a2 b2 16 4 20 c 20 2 5

5, 0 2 5,0

b
b
x y x
a
a

1
1
x y x
2
2

8
4

48

9.

16 y 2 4 x2 36

.

.

.

.
16 y 2 4 x 2 36 36

y2
x2
16 y 2 4 x 2
4 y 2 x2
2 1

1
1

2
36
36
9
9
3 3

2

y 2 x2
1
a 2 b2

3
, b 3
2

9
45 9
3
c a b 32 9
5
4
4 4
2
2

3
5
2

5
0,
2

5
0,
2

3
a
1
1
y x 2 x x y x
2
b
3
2
3
a
1
1
y x 2 x x y x
b
3
2
2

49

3
0,
2

0,
2

6
3

50