273.

15

,

,

1.38

/ ,

10

8.31 /

6.022

10 /

3RT
M

T
m

1.013

28

10

10

28

6.02

28
10

10

4.7

10

3.2g 76cmHg

27oc

O2

n =

V=

PV

RT

RT

MP

M = 32g/mol;
=3.2g ; R=8.31J/mol.K; T= 27oC =300K;P= 76 cmHg =1atm=105Pa
3.2
8.31 300
0.0025
32x10

0.0025

M=28g/mol 300K

RT

R=8.31J/molK;

T=300K; M=28g/mol=28 10-3kg/mol

3

8.31 300
28 10

561.8m/s

561.8m/s

331m/s?

= 2g/mol

(
3RT
M

T=

3RT
M

M. V
3R
331m/s R=8.31J/mol.K

=2g/mol=2 10-3kg/mol;
8.79K

T=8.79K
727

R=8.32J/mol.K NA=6.022 1023/mol

T
RT
NA

R=

NA

NA

T=727oC=1000K
.

2.07

10

(-
)
300K

1.38

10

3
1.38 10
2
6.21 10
1
1.6 10

300

300

0.039

Vi = V f

Pi = Pf = P

W = P (V f Vi )

Vi

Vf

Pf

W2

Pi

W1

Vf

Vi

1
2

( )

Vf V

Vi

J ,

J ,

J ,

3
2

3
2

8.31 /

P-V ?
? P=2atm

P
A

2l

4l

2
= 4

2 10
2 2

10

2 10
4 10
2 10
A B ()

2
2

10 4

10
10

;
2

10

10
4 10

10

AB

ABC?

P
2 atm

1atm

B
5m 3

2m 3

ABC

WABC = WAB + WBC + WCA

WAB

WAB = PA(VB VA) + (PB PA)(VB VA)

PA= 2atm 2 105Pa

PB = 1atm = 105Pa
VB = 5m3, VA = 2m3
2 105(5 2) + (105 2 105) (5 2)
= 4.5 105 J
WBC

WBC = PB (VC VB) = 105(2 5) = 3 105J

WCA ()

WCA = 0
WABC = (4.5 105J) (3 105J) +0 = 1.5 105J

 A B C
D A
.AB, BC, CD, DA

.
.()

P(atm)
2

C
2.5 V (l )

. AB, BC, CD, DA

AB()

WAB= PA(VB-VA)

PA=2 105Pa;

VB=2.5 10-3m3; VA=10-3m3

WAB=2 105(2.5 10-3-10-3) = 3 102 J

WBC= 0
CD()
WCD= PC(VD-VC)

VD=10-3m3,

VC =2.5 10-3m3; PC=1atm=10-5Pa

WAB=105(10-3-2.5 10-3) = -1.5 102 J

DA ()

WDA= 0

WABCD=WAB+WBC+WCD+WDA
= 3 102 + 0 1.5 102 + 0 = 150 J
WABCD= 150 J

150

 25kJ 1 5kcal
( 1

4.186

1.5

37.7

62.7

62.7 10
10
37.7 10

10 ;

W= -25kJ = -25 103J

25 10

O2 ( )
. T=300K Vi=12 Vf=19

.T=310K Vi=19 Vf= 12

T=

19 ,
19
1 8.31 310
12
.

n=1mol, T=310K,

n=1mol, T=310K,
1

8.31

12
1183

200J500J

1183

8.31

12

8.31

19 ,
12
310
19

Q=+500J

W= 200J

500
200
700
700

Qh

QC

:

()

J
()
J
:

: (
)

10

Qh

WM

WU

QC

WM

WU

J ,

J ,

J
)

( )

J

eC

WM
Q

WU
Q

eM

WU
WM

WU
WM

WM
Q

eM

eC

200J160J

11

160
200

160 ;
0.2

200

20%

35%

150J
.

. ?
.

. QC

150J;
0.35
0.35 150 52.5

150

52.5

97.5

500K 300K
.
. 200J

TC=300K; Th=500K

0.4

40%

Qh=200kJ;

0.4

= 0.4
200

80

500K 300K

500kJ 150kJ ?

150 ;

500

0.3 = 30%

12

50%

70%
?

)
(

=280 , =0.5
.

560

0.7

933.33
933.33

560=373.33

0.43
4MJ
.

. 0.82

10 ;

0.43

10

0.43
1.72

10

4 10
.

1.72

10

2.28

10

0.82;
0.82

1.72
1.72

10

10

1.41

13

10

:
:

: O

(t + )

A2
A1

(t + +

(t + + )

(t + )
O

A2

A1
(t + )

A1
)

(t + )

A2

( = 0 )

( = )

( =

, ,

14

M
,

y1 = a1 sin ( t + 1 )
y2 = a2 sin ( t + 2 )

yn = an sin ( t + n )

15

Antinode (A) Node (N)

16

1
3 5
,
,
,
2 2 2
3 5
, , ,
4 4 4

1,3,5,7

0
0, , 2 , 3
3
0, , , ,
2
2

0.1

20

0.1

0.1

0.1/ ,

.
` .

4
6

5
5

10

10

10

20

1 /

0.6

0.1

0,1,2,3,4,

17

1100 /

2
4

6cos

8.71

2.3
2.3

66.50

0
0

8
8

1
7

8.13

4.0
3.0
2.0
4.0

2.0 ,

3.0

.

.

(cm),

2.3

2.3
2

y
.

7.07

9 cos

0, , ,

4 sin 3

,.
,.

12 12

0,

,
,

10
12

,
,

18

2.3

4.6



(N)
(S)

(
(

( )

19

10

 ( 5R )
(
)
N (

e
=>

= N d

N =

(d + 2 e )
B (T) , I (A) ,

= N ( d +2e )

=>

N =

(m)

D (m) , (m) ,

N , d (m) ,

(
4

B T, I

m ,
N

90

20

F21 F12

F12

F21

I2

I1

I1 I2

I1 , I2

(A)

a (m)

| |

| |

R (m) , v (m/s) ,
q (c) , B (T)

21

I=0.5A

M 2m

. N

10

M 2m

I=0.5A, d=2m ,
.

10

10

10

. N

10

0.1

O R=10cm
10A

I =10A, R=10cm=0.1m,

10

10
2 0.1

10
5

10

R=20cm

10 5

6.28

N=100

I=10A

1000

I=10A, R=20cm=0.2m,
4

10

1000

10

10
100
2 0.2

22

3.14

/ ,

1000,

100

 =25cm

I=4A

B=2T

30 ,

60 ,

90

=25cm=0.25m, I=4A, B=2T

30

0.25

30o

60

0.25

60o

90

0.25

90o

10

B=2T

| |
1.6
1.6

10
10

4
4

10
10

23

2 ,
90

90
12.8

10

(Wb)

(T)

(Wb)
(Wb)

| |

24

| |

| |

220cm

50

| |

B=0.02T,

| |
50

0.02 50
0.1

,
0.2

20cm=0.2cm,
0.2

25

B=0.02T MN

| |

MN

 N=30

B=0.2T

a=20cm, b=10cm

0.01

.
R=10

.
|

| |

N=30,

| |

30

| |

0.2
0,
|

. |

0.1

0.02

0.2 ,

0.01

12

(
R=10

1.2

1.6

3.2

95 0.07

1.6 ,

3.2
3.14

32

0.07

3.21

32

10

10
8
10

26

10

3.21
2

0.018

0.07 ,

1.58

10
2

3.14

1.58

10

(Wb)

; (Wb)

;

;

27

cos

28

cos

cos

0,

= 1m D = 4cm
N = 100 o = 410-7Tm/A
.

. i = 5t + 2

10

100,

1
4

3.14

10

1.57

29

10

1.256

10

i = 5t + 2

0.181

1.81

1.57
.

7.8

10

10

10

25

0.25

10

/ ,

300,

10

0.181

0.181

1.81

10

50 /

5 /

300

25cm 4

10

1.81

10

10

50

50 /
9.05

0.1

10
.

10

10

6.32

30

10

10

6
0.003

10

0.018

10

120

8
0.22

31

10
220

120

sin

sin

32

33

( )

(
)

(
)

34

200

25

60

25

150

60

141

2 600 25

1.41

200

100

60

10

9.42
15.9

150

10

60

377

332

0.452

425,

1.25 ,

3.5

377

150
.

.
.

425,
1.25 377
.

425

471

758

1.25 ,

3.5

471
758
513

35

377

.
0.292
.
34
.

0.292 425

124

0.292 471

138

0.292 758

221

sin

sin

sin

124 sin 377

cos

cos

36

138cos 377

221cos 377