SYNCHRONOUS

DIGITAL
HIERARCHY
What is Synchronous Transmission
Synchronous Transmission has been
developed to overcome the problems
associated with Plesichronous
Transmission, in particular the inability of
the PDH to extract individual circuits from
high capacity systems without having to
demultiplex the whole system.
Main Feature of SDH
Network Management Capability
Channel Extraction
Any existing PDH Transmission Rate to be
packaged into an STM-1 frame.
Principles of SDH
SDH DIAGRAM
SDH Priniciples
The SDH defines a number of containers, each
corresponding to an existing PDH rate.
Information from PDH signal is mapped into the
relevant container. The way in which this is done
is similar to bit stuffing procedure carried out in
PDH MUX.
Each container then has some control
information known as the path overhead
added to it.

Cont---------
PATH OVER HEAD bytes allow the network
operator to achieve end to end path
monitoring of things such as error rates.
Together the container and the path
overhead form a VIRTUAL CONTAINER

FIG
Cont-----------
In a synchronous network, all equipment is
synchronized to an over all network clock.
It is important to note that the delay associated
with a transmission link may vary slightly with
time. As a result the location of virtual
containers within STM-1 frame is may not be
fixed.
These variations are accommodated by
associating a pointer with each VC.
Cont-----------
The pointer indicates the position of the
beginning of the VC in relation to the
STM-1 frame.
It can be incremented as necessary to a
accommodate movements of the position
of the VC.
Cont--------
G.709 defines different combinations of virtual
containers which can be used to fill up the
payload area of an STM-1 frame. The process of
loading containers and attaching overhead is
repeated at several levels in SDH, resulting the
nesting of smaller VCs within larger ones. This
process is repeated until the largest size of VC
(VC-4 in Europe) is filled, and this is loaded into
the pay load of the STM-1
Cont-----------
When the payload area of the STM- 1
frame is full, some more information bytes
are added to the frame to form a
Section Overhead
The section overhead bytes are so-called
because they remain with the payload for
the fiber section between to SDH MUX.
Purpose of Section Overhead bytes
Their purpose is to provide communication
channels for functions such as OA&M
facilities.
User channel
Protection switching
Section performance
Frame alignment
Etc.

BYTE INTERLEAVING MULTIPLEXING
SCHEME
When a higher transmission rate than the
155 Mbits/s of STM-1 is required in a
synchronous network, it is achieved by a
relatively straight forward Byte
interleaving Multiplexing scheme
In this way rates of 622 Mbits/s (STM-4) -
10 Gbits/s (STM-64) can be achieved.

Benefits of Synchronous Network
Network Simplification: A single SDH MUX can
perform the function of an entire PDH MUX
mountain.
Fig
Leading to significant reduction in the amount
of equipment used. Lower operating costs will
also result through reduction in spares
inventory required, simplified maintenance, and
also reduction in floor space required by the
equipment, and lower power consumption.
Benefits of Network simplification
cont-------
The more efficient drop and insert of channels
offered by an SDH network, together with its
powerful network management capabilities, will
lead to greater ease in provisioning of high
bandwidth lines of news multimedia services as
well as ubiquitous access to those services.
Thus the simplification of the network, and
flexibility this brings opens up the potential for
network operator to generate new revenue.
Survivability
The deployment of optical fiber throughout the
network and adoption of the SDH network
element makes end to end monitoring and
maintenance of network integrity a possibility.
The network management capability of the
synchronous network will enable the failure of
links or even nodes to be identified
immediately. Using self healing ring
architecture, the network will be automatically
reconfigured with traffic intensity rerouted until
such a time as the faulty equipment has been
repaired.
Survivability cont-----
Thus, failure in the network transport
mechanism will be invisible on an end to
end basis. Such failure will not disrupt
services, allowing network operators to
commit to extremely high availability of
service figures and guarantee high levels
of network performance
Software Control
Provision of network management channels
within the SDH frame structure means that a
synchronous network will be fully software
controllable. Network management system will
not only perform traditional event management
functions- dealing with alarms in the network,
but will also provide a host of other functions,
such as performance monitoring, configuration
management, resource management Network
Security, Inventory Management and Network
Planning and design.
Software Control cont-------
The possibility of remote provisioning and
centralized maintenance will mean a great
saving in time spent by maintenance
personnel in traveling to remote sites, and
this of course corresponds to expense
saving.
Bandwidth on Demand
In a synchronous network it will be possible to
dynamically allocate network capability, or
bandwidth, on demand. User any where within the
network will be able to subscribe at very short
notice to any service offered over the network,
some of which may require large amount of
bandwidth. An example of this is dialup video
conferencing. User link just by dialing the
appropriate number, as opposed to the current
situation where videoconferencing link must be
booked days in advance.
Bandwidth on demand Cont---
Many other new services become possible
in a synchronous network. These will
represent new source of revenue for
network operators, and increased
convenience for users. Some examples are
high speed packet services, LAN
interconnection and HDTV
Future Proof Networking
The synchronous Digital Hierarchy offers
network operators a future proof network
solution, plus software upgradeability and
extensions to existing equipment.
ELEMENTS of SYNCHRONOUS
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Multiplexers: Synchronous Multiplexers, as
defined by ITU-T SDH recommendations,
perform both multiplexing and line terminating
functions, as shown in
Fig
Thus a synchronous MUX replaces a bank of
PDH and associated line terminating
equipment, while at the same time bringing
new functionality.
SDH MUX cont---------
Synchronous Multiplexers can accept a
wide range of tributaries, and offer a
number of possible output data rate as
shown in
Fig
On the tributary side, all current PDH bit
rates can be accommodated.
SDH MUX cont----------------
The synchronous Optical Interface of the
synchronous multiplexer can be duplicated for
protection. This can be done in two ways, either
traditional 1+1 protection can be provided, or
the optical port can operate in an EAST/ WEST
NODE to allow the implementation of ring
topologies.
Synchronous ring can improve resilience and
reduce both fiber requirement and network cost.
Point to Point Configurations
Synchronous Multiplexers can be used
effectively high capacity point to point
applications where they are cost
competitive with PDH solutions. The
equipment facilitates provision of new
services and provide an upgrade path as
network evolves.
fig
ADD DROP CONFIGURATION
This configuration is similar to the
previous one but the fact that a number of
MUX are used to provide connectivity
between nodes along a route. The MUX
are configured to add drop channel at
these node
RING CONFIGURATION
For areas of the network requiring high
survivability, synchronous multiplexers
may be configured as a high capacity self
healing fiber ring. The ring structure is
able to reconfigure without the
intervention of external network
management should equipment or cable
occur maintaining continuity of service
HUB CONFIGURATIONS



By using tributary interfaces, a terminal can
be configured as a fiber hub for use in multi-
site network applications, This eliminates the
need for back fiber terminals.
In addition to its operation capabilities, a
synchronous multiplexer offer a Network
Management channel which may provide
alarm and monitoring information for
individual tributaries within an STM-1 signal
HUB CONFIGURATION CONT---
Not only does this provide enhanced
management abilities, but since
management within the SDH is to be
standardized, additional cost benefits can
be realized by network Operator through
more efficient Management System.

CROSS CONNECT FUNCTIONALITY
Cross Connections in a synchronous network
involves setting up semi-permanent
interconnections between different channels,
enabling routing to be performed down to a VC
level.
This description seems to suggest that cross
connection is similar to switching, but there are
fundamental difference between two .
Cross Connect CONT------
The main difference is that a switch operates as a
temporary connection which is set up under the
control of the end user, while cross connection is a
transmission technique use to set up a semi
permanent connection under the control of the
network operator via a network manager.
However, as network services evolves to wideband
and broadband, it is certainly possible that the switch
and cross connect functions will begin to merge. This
is particularly true when ATM services begin volume
deployment
Cross Connect Cont------
There is also a distinction between the
plesiochronous cross connect unit which has
established itself to some extent within current
networks, and the synchronous cross connection
function.
The traditional PDH X-connect was developed to
replace manual digital distribution frames which
were seen as reliable and labor intensive as
shown in
Fig
Slow to setup, prone to error and expensive.
X-CONNECT CONT-------
In deploying a plesiochronous automatic Digital
Distribution Frame, this allows traffic passing
through the cross connect to effectively share
the physical connection at different instances in
time. However this requires that all traffic
through a PDH X-Connect is synchronized, thus
necessitating the expense of providing a
justifications mechanism at the interface
between it and the network.
X-CONNET CONT-----
The traffic rates through plesiochronous cross
connect also need to be limited to a manageable
size since these cross connect can only easily
operate at a single rate. Most choose to switch
at the 64 Kbits/s level and interface at 2 Mbit/s.
This means that all traffic must be demultiplexed
to 2 Mbits/s before it can be connected, thus
increasing equipment requirement, sized and
cost.
X-Connect Cont---
With the introduction of synchronous transmission
system the need for any justification of signals at the
interface with the cross connecting device is removed.
Fig shows the difference between PDH and SDH X-
Connect.
Probably the most important difference between the
plesiochronous network digital cross-connect (referred
the plesiochronous network digital cross connect
(refered as DXC) and the synchronous cross connect
function is the actual deployment planning.
Cont---
A DXC is required wherever a large add-drop
function is performed or where a lot of manual
reconfiguration takes place in the network to
provide new service or groom existing service
for efficient facility utilization.
Any of these application required the use of a
distinct piece of plesiochronous equipment called
a DXC to perform the function.
DXX Cont---
The synchronous X-Connect function,
when required does not necessarily mean
the need for a separate piece of
equipment. The flexibility of SDH allows
the cross connect functionality to reside in
almost any network element, the most
obvious being an add-drop MUX.
SDXC (Synchronous Digital X-Connet)
There are two types of dedicated SDXC
commonly referred to, the
SDXC 4/4.
SDXC 4/1
These are used in special applications to
supplement the distributed cross-connect
functionality of a synchronous network. The
numbering scheme describe the VC level at
which they can accept inputs and cross-
connect respectively. It can be seen that the
difference between the two is the multiplex
level at which they can cross connect traffic.
SDXC 4/4
The SDXC 4/4 is usually designed to
accept input s at 140, 155 or 622 Mbits/s
or higher. It can cross-connect at 155 or
140 Mbits/s. It may be used in the core of
the transmission network for network
protection as an alternative to STM-16
base protection ring architecture.
SDXC 4/1
The SDXC 4/1 can usually accept combinations
of 2,155 and 622 Mbits/s input. It can cross
connect VC-1 containers, i.e 2Mb/s channels,
though in many cases 4/1 cross connects will
also be able to cross connect VC-2s,
concatenated VC-2s, VC-3, and VC-4. These
pieces of equipment may be used where special
circumstances lead to the requirement for a
point of additional flexibility in the outer core
transmission network.
SYNCHRONOUS DEPLOYMENT
Multi-vendor Connectivity
Technological Discontinuity.
Reduction in equipment.
Improved Network Resilience.
Network Management.
Single Stage Multiplexing.
Single Stage Multiplexing.
Distributed Bandwidth Management.
Software Down load
Ring Deployment.


SDH Deployment
Implementation of New Services.
Improved Earning.
Deployment Triggers
Modernisation
The SDH Solution
Network Evolution
Management Services Network
International Services Network

Multi vendor Connectivity
The standardisation of synchronous interfaces
means that a planner can mix and match
products from different vendors in the network,
without having to concerned about their ability
to work together. However there is still the
possibility of implementing the standards in
different ways. Thus the network planner must
understand the impact of choosing between
such options as, Floating,or Fixed mode
mapping, or choosing between asynchronous,
bit synchronous or Byte synchronous mapping.
Technological Discontinuity
Because synchronous can carry plesiochronous
payload it can be deployed in an evolutionary
manner. However, because of the changes
associated with synchronous systems it does
represent something of a technological
discontinuity. Thus, in order to effectively
overcome the limitations of the PDH, network
operators must plan the introduction of the
synchronous into their network with care.
Reduction in Equipment
SDH will lead to simplification of the
network. The multiplexing structure allows
for greater integration of products, along
with greater control of equipment. The
network planner faces the exciting
challenge of using synchronous equipment
in such a way as to unleash the full power
inherent in it.
Improved Network Resilience
A synchronous network will be more reliable due
to both the increased reliability of individual
elements, and the more resilient structure of the
whole network. Synchronous will allow
development of network topologies which will be
able to achieve network protection , that is
survive failures in the network by reconfiguring
and maintaining service by alternate means.
Network Protection can be achieved the use of
cross connect functionality to achieve restoration
or through the use of self-healing ring
architectures.
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
SDH gives the network operator the opportunity to
manage network performance effectively and make
change flexibility as required. Synchronous equipment
will have a significant proportion of its design
embedded in software instead of hardware. Therefore,
the network manager will be able to control
equipment configuration changes through software
management. What is ultimately required is the ability
for the network manager to implement what is called
IN SERVICE PROVISIONING.
NETWORK MANAGEMENT ----
This is where a request for service is entered
into the network manager via a terminal or
other electronic mean and is then broken down
into a series of instructions to each network
element involved in that service. Each network
element is then configured and provisioned in
software to support the service request without
having to be taken out of service. It is
important that the network operator plans his
network in such a way as to take advantage of
benefits resulting from in service
provisioning.
Single Stage Multiplexing
The SDH multiplexing structure allows
many different tributaries to be
multiplexed together into an STM-n signal
in a single stage of multiplexing. Thus the
network planner is not bound by a rigidly
hierarchical network structure, as he was
with the PDH. The planner now has at his
disposal the bandwidth flexibility essential
for the introduction of new services.
Distributed Bandwidth Management
The plesiochronous cross connect was
originally conceived as a devie to sumplify
routing and gromming at srtrategic poinit
s in the network, However, the necessity
to transport traffic to cross connet site
often outwidhed the benefirs gained.

Distributed Bandwidth Management--
In a sunchronoos network, the abitlity of
multiplexers to perform routing and frooning
down to the VC level means that cross connect
functionality can be distributed througout the
network. This distributed bandwidth
management capability means that standalone
cross connects are only required to be deployed
at points in the network where exceptional
felxibility is required.
Distributed Bandwidth Management --
The distribution of cross conect funactinality,
togerhter with the connectivity procide aby
rsilient ring structures means that in a sycronos
network it becones possible to mange the
distrubution of banwith down to th VC level. This
distributed badwidth manamenent capabilty is
essntial to techniques such as in service
provisioning , and flexible badwidth allocation
as well as to berfwork managemet techniques
tha bneawork operators will be able to talke full
adavantage of the power of SDH
Software Down Load
In a sychchronous network it wll become posible
to down load software an configuration ifomaton
to Netowrk Elemant via the Embedded
Commmunication channe. (ECC). Using this
facility it will become possible to amange
sofware relaeases and updatred remotely, with
download as done either aurmaically or
amanually. This abitly waill further contribute to
the redcution of operating cost is a sychronous
network.
RING DEPLOYMENT
Telecommunication users, particularly
business isers are becoming increasing
dependent on the efficient transfer of
information. Use of telecommunication for
vital transactions, such as elecrtroing
funds trasfers, order processing .,
customer service and inverntory control
makes service makes sercie surviability
moer important than ever before.
RING DEPLOYMENT ----
In many cases, loss of service can hace
disastrous results, Conseqently many
users are now looking for a gurantee as to
conitinuity of service and willing to pay a
premium to get it. By using synchronous
equpment to implement a survivable
network architecture, network operators
can thus repsond to this demand, in the
process generating additonal revenus.
RING DEPLOYMENT---
The synchronous ring structure, with its
inherent resilience, is a powreful building block
form which surviable neworks cab be bult.
Within ETSI TM3 a recommendation (G.sna1) is
currently being drafted which describes
sychronous network applicatons, including both
point to point and ring toplogies. It will
describe the way in which SDH rings can be
used to provie end to end path protection and
multiplex section (MS ) pretection at the
tranmission media level against link and node
failures.
Ring Deployment ---
Two main types of sychronous ring architecture
are being defined.
1- The (unidirectional) dedicated path switched
ring sends traffic both ways around the ring,
and uses a protection switch mechanism to
select the alternate signal at the receiver end
upon failure detection. This is a Dedicated
protection Ring.
RING DEPLOYMENT ---
The (bidirectional) sharen ed MS switched
ring is able to share protection capabililty
which is reseced all the way around the
ring. In the event of a failure to route
traffic through the spare capacity. To
protect all traffic on the ring it is only
necessary to reserve enough protection
capacity to protect the largest working
span. This is Shared Protection Ring
(SPRing)
RING DEPLOYMENT ----
The ability to share protecton capacityh in
bidirectional SPRings can in many
instances offer a significant capacity
advage over unidirectional DPRings. This
means, in economic terms less equipment,
lower cost, and less operations effort for
the network opeators.

RING DEPLOYMENT--
Two types of ring achitecture are best
suited to different applications.
1- Unidirectional DPRing are best suited to
hub taffic applications, whre the simplicity
of the implementation and the high
availabiity offered by DPRings for the end
to end path is important. This would
typically occur in the access network.
Ring DEPLOYMENT--
Bidirectional SPRings are best suited to
site /adjacent site and uniform traffic
applications, where the capacity
advantage of SPRing is significant. This
would occur in metropolitan, junction, and
trunk network applications.

Ring Deployment --
Another important characteristics of the
survivable ring architecture is the
aotomous operation at the transmission
level for fast recovery form tlink and node
failures. This reduces management
complexity associated with TMN. This fast
switching time at which rings recover from
failure means negligible impact on service
interruptions.
RING DEPLOYMENT---
The autonomous network surviability offered by
rings is further enhanced by the inherent
Distributed Bandwidth Management capability,
where each ADM node on the ring is capable of
routing and grooming at the VC level to provide
a efficiency of control and management over the
transmission network, as well as reduces the
required number of stand alone cross connects
such as SDXC 4/1 for hubbing of traffic and
SDXC 4/4 for network protection.
Implementation of New Services
Synchronous technology allows planners to look at
their network in terms of service demands rather than
just the provisioning of point to point facilities. In
order to succeed in an increasingly competitive
telecommunication world, service providers must take
an integrated approach in network planning in order
to achieve a network the power of which is greater
than the power of its constituents parts. Only by doing
this will the operator be able to build a network
infrastructure strong enough to ensure support of any
service to anyone, anywhere.
Improved Earning
By taking careful of all the issues discussed
above, the network operator will be able to
acieve a significant incrase in earinings.
Synchronous will help him to reduce network
costs (e.g through reduction in equipment),
improved network survivability (e.g through
reduction in equipment), improve network
survivability e.g( through the deployment of
rings) reduce operating costs (e.g through
the deployment of more reliable equipment
and the use of network management ) and
increas revenues by offering new services.
DEPLOYMENT TRIGGERS
Changes to the network are generally made
either to grow its capacity of to mederanise it.
This secton sets out to examine why such
changes to the network might arise, and how
they can be achieved.
Fig
Show a common method of terminating fiber in
an exchange, demultiplexing the traffic and
managing the routing and grooming function at
the DDF.
GROWTH
The need for network growth occurs in response to
either geographic movement of end users, increase in
number of end users or increased banwdth
rquirements, particularly form business users. Such a
requirement can currently lead to a number of
problems, such as exhaustion of optical channels on
the PDH optical line system, and the need to expand
the digital distibution frame.
Optical fiber channel exhaustion is currently overcome
by deploying a new PDH system in parallel to eh old
one, and using it to transport new traffic as necessary.
Expansion of DDF is an unpleasent task involving
much manual reconnection activity with its possible
human error.
Modernization
The network may need to modernized for a
number of reasons. Some of the most common
reason in response to demand for increased
quality of service, in order to cut operating costs
or in order to offer new services and hence
generate new revenus.
The DDF is likely to be limiting factor in any
network modernisation programme. Any
changes made in the current network are likely
to have limited effects as a result of the
inefficiency of the DDF.
SDH SOLUTION--
SDH equipment can be used to overcome the
limitations outlined above, as shown in fig.
An SDH multiplexer, with its increased capacity,
can be deployed in place of its PDH counterpart.
There is no need initially for full scale
repalcement of DDF. By utilizing the cross
connection functionality embeded in the SDH
MUX it is possible to automate the mangement
of chage in the private curcuits and leave the
fairly stable PSTN circuits on the DDF.
SDH SOLUTION---
The cross connect capability of the SDH MUX
has the added benefit of manageing the routing
of thorough traffic, thus further offloading the
DDF. Over time, as the use of SDH in this
exchange grows, it amy become appropriate to
repalce the DDF with a stand alone SDXC. This
economic decision will occur as more and more
traffic moves off the copper cables and on the
fiber.
SDH SOLUTION--
Thus SDH has provided a number of benefits
in this example. These are:
1- Provision for capacity growth.
2- Automation of the DDF function
a- Faster Implementation of changes
b- Improved reliability
c- Reduced whole life cost of ownership
3- Integration of product functions
4- Ability to support enhanced services.
SDH SOLUTION
It is important to note, however, that no
deployment of SDH equpment should take
place in isolation from a total network
plan. Such a plan will ensure that any
piece of equipment deployed will improve
monitoring, survivability, provisioning, and
control of the complete network.
Network Evolution
There are several possible deployment methods for
synchronous equipment whithin hteth inter office area
of a neawork, one of which is the use of the ring
topology. Delployement of synchronous rings will
bring immence felexibility and resiliene to the
nertwork.
The junction ara includes a number parucular
applications which can utilize rings of synchronous
mulitplexers. One example is in the area of restructing
local exchanges, to improve fiber utilisation and
reduce operating and equipment costs
Network Evolution---
Most European networks are characterised by
highly interconnected mocal exchanges, which
are in turn connected to main local area
exchanges for access to higher levels of the
transmission hierarchy as shown in fig.
Although maintaining a high availablitiy, this
method of traffic collection is high in equipment
caost and somewhat watesful of fiber.
Network Evolution ----
In an attempt to reduof thece costs, some operators
have proposed the use of small remote units to
concentrate PSTN traffic. These are connected to
higher levels of the transmission hierarchy via main
local exchange. The transport of the traffic from these
remotes to themain local exchange provides an ideal
opportunity for the deployment of sychrnous systems
to reduce operating costs.
Fig show how the remotes would be connected to the
main local exchange using sycnronous systems to
reduce opertating cost.
Network Evolution ---
Fig shows how the remotes would be connected to the
main local exchange via using synchronous
transmission equipment. The equipment may be
deployed either in a flattened ring or in a true physical
ring. Such an STM-1 Ring may have several remote
connected onto it, with each terminating a mixture of
private circuit (PC) traffic and PSTN traffic, as shown
in fig.
Protection would be provided by routing the high
availability private circuit traffic may either be treated
similarly, or could be split in some ratio for diverse
routing to maintain traffic in the event of a fiber
break.
Network Evolution---
Consider the particular example shown in fig
with an STM-1 ring connecting five remote to a
main local exchange.
A typical route may be capable of supporting
up to 16x2 Mbits/s of traffic, although in
practice it may only terminate around half of
this. For the purpose of discussion consider a
network in which traffic will comprise both
PSTN and private circuit (PC) traffic, with
around 80-90% of this being PSTN.
Network Evolution---
Assuming that two of the remotes connect
eight channels of PSTN with two 2Mbps
PCs connected directly onto SDH MUX,
and the remaining three remote carry
sixteen channels of PSTN and four PCs the
traffic on the ring is:
Network Evolution---
2 remotes with 8x2Mbits/s PSTN +2X2Mbits/s PCs=
= 8 channels (half routed clockwise and half routed
anti-clockwise) + 2 channels (routed both ways)
= 8 + (2x2)
= 12 channels (from each of the 2 remotes)
= 24 channels on ring---------------------------------A


Network Evolution ----
3 remote with 16x2Mbit/s PSTN + 4X2Mbits/s PCs =
= 16 channels (half routed clockwise, half anti
clockwise + 4 channels (routed both ways)
= 16 + (4x2)
= 24 channels (from each of the 3 remotes)
= 72 channels on ring---------------------------------B
A+B = 96 (TOTAL NUMBER OF CHANNELS ON RING)
Network Evolution
Since the taotal ring capacitynis 126 channels
this givces a fill factor on the ring of 96/ 126 =
75%. This figure follows aroung 25% of the ring
capacity for expansion, before the ring would
bneed upgardation in its capacity i.e to STM-4.
It must be remembered that provision must be
mad4e at the tring head for all channls
requireing access to the main local exchange. In
many instances this will involves use of multiple
muxs at the ring head.
Network Evolution
Bt taking advantage of the embedded cross
connect functinality in the ring head mux, it is
possible to goon the 2 M bits/s channels,
separating PSTN traffic from other transmission
based sevices ans in figure 5.6 A furhter
consequence of this is that the number of main
local exchange sites may be reudces and they
may be relocated at certral sites to simplify
adminitration. This can be achieved with
syschronous links form the ring head to the
exchange at either the STM -1 or STM-4 level.
Network Evolution
Further links from the ring head would provide access
to the higher level of the transmission network.
At this stage, the network comprises a number of
isolated areas of synchronous transmission
equipment, which may be considered as islands. The
next stage of development will take one of the two
paths. The network operators may choose to ocntinue
this staratefgy u ntill islands grow to the extent a
which they begin tjo merge.
The alternative is to provide links between the islands
using higher rate synchronous systems, hence
allowing the befefits of the complete sysnchronous
network to be realised at an earlier stage.
Managed Services Network
Analysis of the continued growth in
communications traffic througout Europe
shows that the largest areas of expansion
are due to non PSTN traffic. In order to
maintain the migration to a Managed
Transmission Network, supporting new
services efficiently, there is a need for
greater control over the transmission
network.
Managed Services Network
To achive this control requires a level of fexibility
within both trunk and junction network. This
flexibility can be provided by the use of
distributed bandwidth management techniques,
to allow for effective conrol of the network
capacity. By distributing cross connect
functionality througout the network, and using
flexible synchronous ring architectures, new
services can be made available at a relatively
low incremental cost to the network operator.
Managed Services Network
An intergrated synchronus network allows
the end user a range of interfaces, which
can accommodate the types of traffic
mentioned above within the SDH signal.
Thus a synchronous network could act as
transpoer tnetwork for a wide ranfg eof
secices as shown in figure 5.7 Thses may
include any of the follwing
Managed Services Network
ISDN, PSTN,Private Circuits, PSS Telex, Fax ,
X-400, Cable Tv, Video Phone, computer links
LANs, VPN, Cellular and ATM and BISDN
The requirement of such sercice and in
parutcular MANs, LANs, and other computer
oriented services, raise an issue which relates
to the sychronous signal structure itself.
In order to serve the requirements of these
services it is necessary that the SDH improves
upon the granularity of secices rates availble
inder the existing PDH.
Managed Services Network
A typical example would be customer
requriement for a 10Mbps data pipe. The
only way inwhainc hisn cluld be supported
by existing transmission equimpemnt
would be cia the use of a 34 Mbps pont to
point systems with terminal equimpmnent
providing a bit stuffing operation to pack
out the spare 24 Mbps of capacity. This
would of course be very efficient.
Managed Services Network
The way in which the SDH provides a higher granulariy to
transmission rates is cia the use of contatenated TUs.
Concatenated involves the association of a numbner of TU s
within ones STM-1 singals in order to offer a rate that is a
muulple of the TU signal. The way in which this is done will not
be descirberd in deatail. However deraisn of the first level of
contenation of can be found in G709. This describe the method
for conruguous contatenation of TU-2 s, which allow
transmission rates given by
MXTU-2 capacity = MX6312kbits/s ( M= 1 to 21)
Thus the 10 Mbps interconnect requiremetn above could be
satisfied by the use of two TU-2 concatenated. This would be
reffeered to as a TU-2 mc (with a capacity of 13696 kbps)
International Services Network
An evolving Managed Transmission Network
(MTN) must be based upoi identifiable cost
befifits to the network operator, and/or the
possibility of increased revenues. The drive for
the introduction of an international service
network is generated by the need to provide
business users with increasing amounts of
capacity over leased digital circuits, across
international boundaries.
International Services Network
In the UK, both the areas of leased
narrowbnand (Kilostream) and 2 Mbits/s (Mega
stream) services have seen a rapid take up (The
forecasts for growth in Megastream traffic are
now estimated at 50% per annum. With the
introduction of digital PBXs and the networking
of compituers throughout Euporpe, a need can
be identified for Nx2 Mbits/s services can not be
supported at all on existing plesiochronous
equipment.
International Services Network
As demand increases for these services to be
provided on a PAN European for these services to
be provided on PAN European basis, work in taking
place on the concept of a Pan European Wideband
Leased Line Network (WBLLN). It is likely that such
a network will utilize the integration of managed
national networks based upon The SDH. Only the
SDH offers within realistic timescales. More
importantly it is only via the provision of NX2 Mbps
on an international basis that moves can be made
towards an International Broadband
Communication Network, IBCN.
International Services Network
In physical term the network will appear in the
form shown in figure 5.8. The Services Access
Point (SAP) will be located near or possibly on
the customers premises, whilst the services
Access Node will provide the 1.5 Mbits/s , 2
Mbps and Nx 2 Mbps cross connect facilities for
grooming to the MN layer. An overlay of high
capacity synchronous links would effectively be
formed, to interconnect the international nodes.
International Services Network
With regards to management, the network Level
Control function shown in figure 5.8 may be
centralised or distributed. It would control the
elements of the transmission network to set up
paths. The service management function
engages the resources of this MTN to provide,
reallocate and charge for services to the
customer. The setting up of the paths across
international boundaries will involve peer to peer
negotiation between Services Managers
according to agreed interworking standards.
Network Management
The topic of network management is a
complex one and frequently means
different things to different people. It is
not the ain of this presentation to delve
into Network Management to any great
depth. However with the introduction of
the SDH, the management of tranmsision
network may be viewed In different
context.
NM
With the emergence of the ISO OSI seven
layer reference model, as a basis for open
standards, the opportunity was seen to bring
about interoperability in the management of
transmission networks. This opportunity was
not missed in the definition of the SDH.
The SDH provide a method and format of
transmission designed for Network
Management.
NM
This section will begin by describing the
provions for Transmission Management,
made within the SDH Signal Structure.
This will be followed by a number of
general concept refardng the Mangement
Hierarchy and Management functionality.
Finally the topic of open Network
Management Platform will be briefly be
covered.
The Physical Management Path.
With reference to OSI 7-Layer reference model, layer
1 of this model requires the difinition of Physical path
for commnications.
Within existing plesiochronous networks, no provisions
was made for a standard management path within
ITU-T recommendations. To overcome the lack of a
management channle, many manufacturers developed
propreitary systems, based on either the use of spare
bits within the signal frmae or vial line coding methods
similar to those used in submarine systems.
The Physical Management Path.
Despite the restrictions on transmission rates, some of
the methods employed are capable of superviosion
and monitoring of equipment and to a limited extent
even remote configuration. The major drawbacks with
these systems revovle around the fact that
management is restrictred to a channle which can only
be accessed at a specifir transmission rate e.g. 2
Mbits/s , 8 Mbits/s , 34 Mbtis/s, hence requireing
mutiplexing to access it. This restiction linits
management to a section by section facility. More
importantly, it is possible for inteworking to exist
between diffent systems. It is quire probable that one
manufacturers equipment will not even support a
management channle between two pieces of
equipment for a third party.
The Physical Management Path.
With the introduction of a new method of
transmission, the SDH, the opportunity was taken to
implement tohe ideals embodied in the OSI 7 layer
referenc emodel to difine a management channel. This
began with the definition of ovehead capacity in the
STM-1 frame, thus offering a difined management
channle of section by section communication. This was
extended further to define overheads at the AU level
and the TU level thus providing management capacity
over the core of the transmission network and slaos a
path management channel associtated with a path
extending from end to end across an entire network.
This is bes t shown by studying Fig 6.1
The Physical Management Path.
It is this ability to provide path amangement to the
VC-1 (2 Mbits/s) level which highlights a significant
advance in telecommunication management with the
infroduction of the SDH. However, the move towards
management standards did not stop at this point. ITU-
T recommendations G.783 and G.784 go on to
propose how the management channels should be
used; referred to as the Data Communication Channel
(DCC) of sometimes the Embedded Communication
Channel (ECC) and further propose the protocols
which should be employed for the remaining 6 layers
of the OSI model.
The Physical Management Path.
In these clear definitions and in the continuing
work of the SDH study groups, the first major
steps have been taken towards the
implementation of Open Network Management
System in the Telecommunication Industry.
Management Hierarchy
Fig 6.2 shows a simplified model of the Network
Management Hierarchy. The definition of distinct
levels may vary due to system size and the
management strategy, however the principal
structure remains the same. The following
section describe the Network Control Layer , the
element managemetn level of network
management , e.g the Service Management
Layer, are not described.
Network Control Layer
At the network Control level the management system is
required to provide monitoring and control of a complete
management domain (e.g a subnetwork or possibly a complete
network.
The management system may also be required to perform
more analytical processing, such as performance monitoring
and cost analysis described in section 6.3.
In the early stages of deployment the NCL will be required to
communicate with a number of element manages from a range
of manufacturers. These element managers may include
systems providing supervision of existing plesiochronus
equipment via mediation devices. With regards to the degree of
funcitonality within the NCL as with the other level of
management, this vary. A comparison is shown in Table 6.1
ELEMENT MANAGER LAYER
The element manger would provide many
of the facilities descibed within section
6.3. It would also be expected to support
addditonal management packafges to
provide the funcitons of financial, resource
and maintenance analysis on the
information it collect.
ELEMENT MANAGER LAYER
Although the element management may reside
within a network element, it is more likely that it
will be a software package implemented on
some operating system/hardware platform. The
size of the platform and its capabilities may vary
due to the need for element manager to monitor
and control various sized domains. The
management systems must however offer the
capability of migration form smaller to larfer
systems as a network expands.
NETWORK ELEMENTS
There is a degree of management which
resides within the elements themselves,
and it is feasible that the element
manager for a particular management
domin may physically reside within a
network element.
NETWORK ELEMENT
Basic fucntionality witin the element should
include the facilities listed in the subsequent
section 6.3) applied to the single element. In
some circumstances the decision may be taken
to implement a distributed management system
whereby individual element s perform a high
degree of the functionality described. Such an
implementation has a number of advantage
with regards to the speed at which the network
as a whole can react to various events, in
particular the case of path restoration for
protection purposes.
NETWORK ELEMENTS
The alternative is an element with a
minimum functionality, allowing
management fucntins to be performed at
the Element Mangement Layer. A
comparison of the benefits of each
strategy is shown in table. 6.1
Functionality of Network Management
System
The classification of network management
functions is described in ISO as below.
The functionality of the a management
system should include these features via
the initial systems with a provision for
additional feature packages or modules.


Functionality of Network Management
System
Configuration Management
Fault Management
Performance management
Accounting Management.

Functionality of Network Management
System
The resource manager is not restricted in its
capabilities to the management of SDH
equipment only. Managed objects defined in
line with Open Network Standards could extend
to include the following items within its
management domain.
1- Network Element
2- Test Equipment
3- Manpower
4- Other Management Systems
Functionality of Network Management
System
Such a management system would be expected not only
to manage synchronous network elements, but also
posses the ability to manage additional equipment in
the network via direct communication or another
management system. Since many existing
management systems are propriety in nature, this
infer the use of some type of mediation device
between the two systems. In addition to the required
functionality described above , a management system
would be expexted to offer the ability to operate
enhanced packeages offering features for Traffic
Analysis, Maintenance costing,, Failure analysis etc.