1

Heat Transfer with Phase Change

So far we have discussed heat transfer due to a
temperature gradient/difference
( )
w b
x
x
T T h
A
q
dx
dT
k
A
q
=
=
conduction
convection
When a phase change takes place, the temperature on
one side is CONSTANT, but the presence of
boiling/condensing fluids affects heat transfer.
Important in evaporation, distillation
LARGE h
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
vapor phase
liquid phase
sat
T
sat
T T >
Boiling
resistance to heat transfer
At low T, few
bubbles form, and
heat transfer is by
natural convection.
As T increases,
more bubbles form,
increasing convection
(flow) in the liquid
phase, increasing h.
heat
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
2
vapor phase
liquid phase
sat
T
sat
T T >
Film Boiling
resistance to heat transfer
As T increases
further, a film appears
and grows, increasing
resistance to heat
transfer
heat
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Geankoplis 4
th
ed, p284
n
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b
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b
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b
o
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n
g
Regimes of Heat
Transfer during
Boiling
25 . 0
T
radiation
becomes
important
There are
correlations
for h for
each
regime.
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
3
vapor phase
condensed phase
sat
T
sat
T T <
Dropwise Condensation
heat
high h
hard to maintain
not used in practice
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
vapor phase
condensed phase
sat
T
sat
T T <
Film Condensation
heat
film reduces h
very stable
often used
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
4
Heat Exchangers
double-pipe:
1
T
2
T
2
T
1
T
lm
T UA Q =
To increase Q appreciably, we must increase A, i.e. R
i
But:
only small increases possible
increasing R
i
decreases h
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Geankoplis 4
th
ed., p292
1-1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
1-2 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
1 shell
1 tube
1 shell
2 tube
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
5
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Cross Baffles in Shell-and-Tube Heat
Exchangers
2 shell
4 tube
And other more complex arrangements:
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
6
lm
T UA Q =
For double-pipe heat exchanger:
For shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
( ) [ ]
T lm
F T UA Q =
calculated correction factor
(obtain from charts)
m
T correct mean temperature
difference for shell-and-
tube heat exchangers
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Geankoplis 4
th
ed., p295
T
hi
= hot, in
T
ho
= hot, out
T
ci
= cold, in
T
co
= cold, out
F
T
Shell-and-Tube Heat
Exchangers
1-2
2-4
(1-1 exchanger, F
T
= 1)
F
T,min
=0.75
F
T,min
=0.75
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
7
Heat Exchanger Fouling
material deposits on hot surfaces
rust, impurities
strong effect when boiling occurs
clean fouled
scale
scale adds an additional
resistance to heat transfer
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
o o i
o
i i
o or i
o or i
R h R
R
k R h
R
U
1
ln
1 1
1
+
!
"
#
$
%
&
+
=
Heat transfer resistances
resistance due to
interface
resistance due to
limited thermal
conductivity
o o o do i
o
i di i i
o or i
o or i
R h R h R
R
k R h R h
R
U
1 1
ln
1 1 1
1
+ +
!
"
#
$
%
&
+ +
=
add effect of fouling
see Perrys Handbook, or Geankoplis 4
th
ed.
Table 4.9-1, page 300 for values of h
d
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.