1

dy
dx

(x0 , y0 )

d 2x
dx
m 2 + c + kx = f (t )
dt
dt

v(t )

ds
= v(t )
dt

t
(Differential equations)


d 2y
dy
v v
2u 2u
dy
= cos x ,

10
y
=
0
,

=
v
,
+
=0
dx
dx
s
t
dx 2
x 2 y 2

(Ordinary differential equation)

2

d2y
dy
d 2 y dy
d3y
dy
+
= 2x + 5, 2 +
+ 2 y = 0 , 3 + 2
= cos x

dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx

(Partial differential equations)

v v
2u 2u
2 u u

= v, 2 + 2 = 0, 2 +
=x
y
s t
x
y
x

(Order of differential equations)

dy
+ 3x = 2 y
dx

d 2 y dy

2y = 0
dx 2 dx

( y )2 + ( y )4 + 3 y = x 2

(Degree of differential equations)

dy
+y =3
dx

d 2y
dx

d 3y
x
3
dx
d 2y
dx

1 1

dy
+ 2y = 0
dx
2

2
+ d y

dx 2

dy
= 1+

dx

2 1

+ 4 y = xy

3 2

d 2y

dx 2

2 2

dy

=1+

dx

(Linear differential equations)

1.
1
2. /

3.

(Nonlinear differential equations)

x

d3y
dx 3

d3y
dx 3

d2y
dx 2

d2y
dx 2

+ 4 y = xy

+ xy

dy
= x2
dx

a0 (x )

dny
dx n

+ a1 ( x )

d n1 y
dx n 1

a 0 (x ), a 1 (x ),..., a n 1 (x ), a n (x

+ ... + a n 1 ( x )

dy
+ an (x )y = f (x )
dx

) f (x ) x

(Solution of differential equations)

y = sin x + 3 cos x
y = e2x + ex

y 3 + 2 xy x 2 = 0

u ( x, y ) = ln x 2 + y 2

d2y
+y=0
dx
d 2 y dy

2y = 0
dx 2 dx
dy
2x 2 y
= 2
dx 3 y + 2 x

2u
x 2

2u
y 2

=0

(General solutions) (Arbitary

constant) n c

y = x3 + c

dy
3x 2 = 0
dx

y = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x

d2y
dx 2

+y=0

c1 c2

(Particular solutions)
n n

y = x3 + 1

dy
3x 2 = 0
dx

x =1

y=2

dy
= f (x , y
dx

) f (x , y ) x y

M (x, y )dx + N (x, y )dy = 0 M (x , y ) N (x , y )

x y

M (x , y ) = y + x

(y

N (x , y ) = (y

+ x )dx (y x )dy = 0

dy
= 1 + x 2 y 1 + x 2 y dx dy = 0
dx
2
M (x , y ) = 1 + x y N (x , y ) = 1

dy
y +x
=
dx
y x

1.1 (Variable separable differential equations)

1.1.1 M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

A (x )dx + B (y )dy = 0
A(x ) x B (y ) y

M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

M (x , y ) N (x , y )
2
M1 (x )M 2 (y )dx + N 1 (x )N 2 (y )dy = 0
M 2 (y )N 1 (x )
M 1 (x )
N (y )

dx + 2
dy = 0
N 1 (x )
M 2 (y )
M (x )
N (y )
1 = A(x ) 2 = B (y )
N 1 (x )
M 2 (y )

A (x )dx + B (y )dy = 0

A(x )dx + B( y )dy = c c

1.1.1

dx
x 2 y 2

x 2 ydy + 2 xy 2 dx = 0
ydy

2 xdx

=0
y
x2
1
2
dy + dx = 0
y
x
1
2
y dy + x dx = c
2

ln y + 2 ln x = c

ln y + 2 ln x = c

x2 y

dy
+ 2 xy 2 = 0
dx

ln y + ln x

ln y + 2 ln x = c

ln c 1

= ln c 1

=c

ln x 2 y = ln c 1

x 2y = c 1

x 2y = c 1

1.1.2

dy xy 2
=
dx x 2

(x

2 )dx

(x 2)dy = xy 2 dx
(x 2)dy xy 2 dx = 0

(x

2 )y

1
x
dy
dx = 0
2
x2
y
1

dy

x
dx = c
x2

x dx
x2
x 2 x
(1
x 2) x
x2

x
2
=1+
x2
x2

dy 1 +
dx = c
x 2

y 1
2
dx
dx = c
1
x2
y 1
d (x 2)
dx 2
=c
1
x2

1
x 2 ln x 2 = c
y

1
x 2 ln x 2 = c
y


1.1.3 (x 4) y 4 dx x 3 (y 2 3)dy = 0

x

x 4

x 4

x 2
(x

dx

dx

dy = 0

3
dy = c
4

1
4
3
dx 2 4
3
x
y
y

4x

)dx (y

3y

dy = c

)dy

x 1 4 x 2 y 1 3 y 3
=c

3
1 2 1
2 1
1
1
+ 2 + 3 = c
x x y y
2
1 1 1
3 + =c
2
x y
x
y
2
1 1 1
3 + =c
2
x y
x
y

1.1.4

dy 3 x + xy 2
=
dx y + x 2 y

(y

+ x 2 y dx

(y + x y )dy = (3x + xy )dx

(y + x y )dy (3x + xy )dx = 0
y (1 + x )dy x (3 + y )dx = 0
2

(1 + x 2 )(3 + y 2 )

dy

dx = 0
3+y
1+x 2
y
x
3 + y 2 dy 1 + x 2 dx = c
2

yd (3 + y 2 )
xd (1 + x 2 )

(3 + y 2 )(2 y ) (1 + x 2 )(2 x ) = c

1 d 3+y 2
1 d 1+x 2

=c
2 3+y 2
2 1+x 2

=c

3
1
ln 3 + y
2

1
ln 3 + y
2

3+y

1+x

1
ln 1 + x
2

1
ln 1 + x
2

=c

=c

1
1
ln 3 + y 2 ln 1 + x 2 = c
2
2
2
ln 3 + y ln 1 + x 2 = 2c

ln 3 + y

2c

3+y

1+x

ln

3+y

1+x

ln 1 + x

= ln c 1

= ln c 1

= ln c 1

= c1

= c1

1.1.5 (1 + y 2 )dx (1 + x 2 )xydy = 0

x (1 + x 2 )(1 + y 2 )

x 1+x

dx

x (1 + x 2 )dx

y
1+y

dy = 0

y
1+y

x 1+ x2
1
A
B
= +
2
x 1+ x2
x 1+ x

A 1 + x 2 + Bx
x 1+ x2

1 = A 1 + x 2 + Bx .................(1)

x = 0 (1)

1 = A(1 + 0 ) + B(0 )

A = 1 x = 1 (1)

A =1
1 = 1(1 + 12 ) + B(1)
1= 2 + B

B = 1
1
1
1
=
2
x 1+ x2
x 1+ x

dy = c

x
1

dx
1+y

x
1+x

dx

x
1+x

dx

dy = c

y
1+y

dy = c

1
1 d 1+x 2
1 d 1+y 2
dx

=c
x
2 1+x 2
2 1+y 2
ln x

ln x

1
ln 1 + x
2

1
ln 1 + x
2

1
ln 1 + y
2

1
ln 1 + y
2

=c

=c

1.1.6

x sin ydx + x 2 + 1 cos ydy = 0

y (0 ) =

(x 2

+ 1 sin y

x
+1

x2

dx +

cos y
dy = 0
sin y

cos y
dx +
dy = c
sin y
+1

cos yd (sin y )
xd x 2 + 1
+
=c
2
(sin y )(cos y )
x + 1 (2 x )

1 d x 2 +1
d (sin y )
+
=c

2
sin y
x 2 +1
1
ln x 2 + 1 + ln sin y = c
2

1
ln x
2

y (0 ) =
2

+ 1 + ln sin y = c

x=0 ,y=

2
ln (0 ) + 1 + ln sin = c
2
2
1
ln 1 + ln 1 = c
2
c = 0 ( ln 1 = 0 )

1
ln x
2

+ 1 + ln sin y = 0

10

1.1.7
y (0 ) = 1

x

e x

dx + ydy = 0

xe x dx + ydy = 0

xe
xe

dx

dx + ydy = c

(by part)
u

+
+

xe

ex

ex

ex

dx = xe x e x + c

y (0 ) = 1

y2
xe e +
=c
2
(0) e 0 e 0 + 1 = c
2
1
0 1 + = c
2
1
c =
2
2
1
y
xe x e x +
=
2
2
x

( )

dv

xdx + ye

dy = 0

1.1
1 - 7
1.

4 xydx + x

+ 1 dy = 0

2. (xy

+ x )dx x 2 y

3.

dy
x2
= 3
dx
x y +y

4.

y2

5. (x

+x

+y

+ 1 dy = 0

dx + x 2 ydy = 0

4 )y 4 dx x

(y

6.

y ln x ln ydx + dy = 0

7.

dy
= cos 2 x cos 2 2 y
dx

)(

3 dy = 0

8 - 10
y (0 ) = 2

8.

2x
dy
=
dx
y 1+x

9.

dy
= xy
dx

10.

sin 2 ydx + cos 2 xdy = 0

(1 + x )

1
2 2

y (0 ) = 1
y =
4

11

12

1.1
1.

2 ln x

2.

ln x 2 + 1 = y 2 2 y + 4 ln y + 1 + c

3.

y2 1
= ln x 3 + 1 + c
2 3

4.

1
1
y2 + c = 0
x 2e

5.

6.

x ln x + ln ln y = x + c

7.

1
1
1

tan 2 y = x + sin 2 x + c
2
2
2

8.

1
y
2

9.

10.

tan x tan y = 1

+ 1 + ln y = c

1 2 1 1
+
+
=c
x x2 y y3

= ln 1 + x

1
2y

+2

= 1+x

3
2

13

1.2 (Homogeneous differential equations)

1.2.1 f (x , y ) (Homogeneous function)
k x y f (tx , ty ) = t k f (x , y ) t 0
1.2.1 f (x , y )
k x y x y f (x , y ) tx ty
f (tx , ty ) = t k f (x , y ) f (x , y ) k x
y
1.2.1 f (x , y ) = x 2 y

+y

f (tx , ty ) = (tx )2 (ty ) + (ty )3

= t 3x 2y + t 3y
=t

f (x , y ) = x y + y
2

(x

y +y

1.2.2 f (x , y ) = xy

y +2

f (tx , ty ) = (tx )(ty ) ty

+2

= t 2 xy ty + 2
t

f (x , y ) = xy y + 2

(xy y + 2 )

1.2.2 M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

M (x , y ) N (x , y )

(x 2 y )dx + (2 x + y )dy
M (x , y ) = x 2 y N (x , y ) = 2 x

(x
M (x , y ) = x

(y

3y

3y

)dx

=0
+y

+ 4 xydy = 0

N (x , y ) = 4 xy

1

2

+ xy )dx + xdy = 0

M (x , y ) = y + xy

N (x , y ) = x

14

3
1.2.1 M (x , y )dx

+ N (x , y )dy = 0

dy
dx

y
= F
dx
x

F dy
(y 2

x
= F
dx
y

dy

M (x , y )
=0
N (x , y )

+ 2 xy dx x 2 dy = 0

dx

(y

+ 2 xy x

dy
=0
dx

dy
= y 2 + 2 xy
dx
dy
y 2 + 2 xy
=
dx
x2

y
y
= + 2
x
x
y
= F
x

(transformation)
M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0 y = vx x = vy
dy = vdx + xdv dx = vdy + ydv

1.2.1 M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0
y = vx x = vy
1.

y = vx

M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

dy M (x , y )
+
=0
dx N (x , y )

M (x , y ) N (x , y )
M (x , y )
y
= F
N (x , y )
x
dy
y
+F = 0
dx
x

= vx

15

d
(vx ) + F vx = 0
dx
x
dv

v + x
+ F (v ) = 0
dx

dx vdx + xdv + F (v )dx

(v + F (v ))dx + xdv = 0
x(v + F (v ))

=0

dx
dv
+
=0
x
v + F (v )

v =

y
x

2.

x = vy

dy
y
+F = 0
dx
x
dx
1 + F y dx = 0
dy
x dy
= vy

y d (vy )
1 + F
=0
vy dy
dv
1
=0
1 + F v + y
dy
v
dy dy + F 1 (vdy + ydv ) = 0
v
1
1
dy + vF dy + yF dv = 0
v
v

1
1
1 + vF dy + yF dv = 0
v
v

y 1 + vF 1

dy
+
y

dv
1
1 + vF
v

=0

v =

x
y

16

1.2.1 (x 2

(x

)dx

y = vx

(x
(x
(x
(x
(x

(vx

v 2 x

v 2 x

v 2 x

+ 2v 2 x

+v 2 x

)dx

)dx
)dx

+ 2vx

(vdx

+ xdv ) = 0

+ 2v 2 x 2 dx + 2vx 3 dv = 0
2

)dx + 2vx

+ 2vx 3 dv = 0

dv = 0

1
2v
dv = 0
dx +
x
1 +v 2
2v
dx
x + 1 + v 2 dv = c
d 1 +v 2
dx
+
x 1 +v 2 = c

ln x + ln 1 + v

y
x

=c

y
ln x + ln 1 +
x

ln x + ln 1 +

ln x + ln

=c

=c

+y
x

+ 2 x (vx )(vdx + xdv ) = 0

(1 + v )dx + 2vx
x (1 + v )
x

ln x + ln

)dx

+ 2 xydy = 0

N (x , y ) = 2 xy 2

dy = vdx + xdv

)2 )dx

+ 2 xydy = 0

M (x , y ) = x

=c
+y
x

=c

dv = 0



x 2 +y
ln x
2
x
ln

+y
x

+y
x

+y

+y

= ln c 1

x
2

=c

ln c 1

=c

= ln c 1

= c1
= c 1x
+y

ln x + ln

= c 1x

1.2.2 (x 2

(x

+y

)dx + (x

M (x , y ) = x

(x
(x
(x
(x
(x

2
2

+y

+ (vx

N (x , y ) = x 2

dy = vdx + xdv

)2 )dx

(
)dx + (x
)dx + (x
)dx + (vx
+ x

+y

)dx + (x

xy

x (vx ) (vdx + xdv ) = 0

)(vdx + xdv ) = 0
+v x
vx )vdx + (x vx )xdv = 0
+v x
v x )dx + (x vx )dv = 0
+ v x + vx v x )dx + (x vx )dv = 0
+ vx )dx + (x vx )dv = 0
+v 2 x

vx

xy dy = 0

xy dy = 0

y = vx

(x

17

(1 + v )x 2 dx + (1 v )x 3dv

=0

(1 + v )x 3
1
1 v
dx +
dv = 0
1 +v
x
dx
1 v
x + 1 + v dv = c
dx
2

x + 1 + 1 + v dv = c

18

2
dx
dv +
dv = c
x
1 +v

dx
d (1 + v )
=c
dv + 2
x
1 +v

ln x v + 2 ln 1 + v = c

y
x

ln x

y
y
+ 2 ln 1 +
=c
x
x

ln x

y
x +y
+ 2 ln
=c
x
x

y
x +y
+ 2 ln
=c
x
x

ln x

1.2.3
(x 2 xy + y 2 )dx xydy = 0 y (1) = 0

(x

xy + y

)dx

xydy = 0

M (x , y ) = x 2

xy + y

y = vx

(x
(x
(x

(x

N (x , y ) = xy 2

dy = vdx + xdv

)2 )dx

x (vx ) + (vx

x (vx )(vdx + xdv ) = 0

vx

+v 2 x

)dx v

x 2 dx vx 3 dv = 0

vx

+v 2 x

v 2 x

)dx

vx 2 dx vx 3 dv = 0

(1 v )x 2 dx

vx 3 dv = 0

(1 v )x 3
v
1
dx
dv = 0
1 v
x
1
v
dx
dv = 0
x
(v 1 )
v
1
dx +
dv = 0
v 1
x

vx 3 dv = 0

v
dx
+
dv = c
v 1
x

dx
1

+ 1 +
dv = c
x
v 1

1
dx
+ dv +
dv = c
v 1
x

dx
d (v 1 )
=c
+ dv +
x
v 1

ln x + v + lnv 1 = c

y
x

ln x +

y
y
+ ln 1 = c
x
x

ln x +

y
y x
+ ln
=c
x
x

y x y
ln x
+ =c
x x
ln y x +

y (1 ) = 0

y
=c
x

ln 0 1 +

0
=c
1

ln 1 + 0 = c
c =0

ln y x +

y
=0
x

19

20

1.2.4 (2

(2

xy y dx xdy = 0
M (x , y ) = 2 xy y

y = vx

(2

xy y dx xdy = 0

N (x , y ) = x 1

dy = vdx + xdv

x (vx ) vx dx x (vdx + xdv ) = 0

2 vx

vx dx vxdx x 2 dv = 0

(2 x v vx vx )dx x dv = 0
(2 x v 2vx )dx x dv = 0
(2 v 2v )xdx x dv = 0
(2 v 2v )x
2

1
1
dx
dv = 0
x
2 v 2v
1
1
dx
dv = 0
x
2 v v
1
dx
x 2 v v dv = c

ln x

2(

1
v v

2(

2 v v

dv

dv =

v v

=t

dv = c
2

2 (t

2t

v =t

dt

dt
t 2
t
=
dt
t (1 t )
1
=
dt
1 t
d (1 t )
=
1 t
= ln 1 t + c

dv

= 2tdt

2(

= v

v v
1

dv = ln 1 v + c

ln x

ln x ln 1 v = c

y
x

2 v v

dv = c

y
=c
x

ln x ln 1

ln x ln

21

x y

=c

x y

ln x ln

=c

1.2.5 dy
dx

dy
dx

4 x + 3y
2x + y

(2 x

4 x + 3y
2x + y

y (1 ) = 0

+ y )dx

(2 x

(4 x

+ y )dy = (4 x + 3 y )dx
+ 3 y )dx + (2 x + y )dy = 0

M (x , y ) = 4 x + 3 y

y = vx

N (x , y ) = 2 x
dy = vdx + xdv

+y

(4 x

+ 3vx )dx + (2 x + vx )(vdx + xdv ) = 0

(4 x

+ 3vx )dx + (2 x + vx )vdx + (2 x + vx )xdv = 0

(4 x

+ 3vx )dx + 2vx + v 2 x dx + (2 x + vx )xdv = 0

(4 x + 3vx + 2vx + v x )dx + (2 + v )x dv

(4 x + 5vx + v x )dx + (2 + v )x dv = 0
(4 + 5v + v )xdx + (2 + v )x dv = 0
(4 + 5v + v )x
2

=0

22

3
1
2+v
dx +
dv = 0
x
4 + 5v + v 2

dx
v +2
dv = c
+ 2
x
v + 5v + 4

2 v + 2 dv
v + 5v + 4
v +2

+ 5v + 4

(v

v +2
(v + 1 )(v + 4 )

A
B
+
v +1 v + 4

+ 1 )(v + 4 )

v + 2 = A(v + 4 ) + B (v + 1 )

v = 1 1 = 3 A + B (0 )

A=

v = 4 2 = A(0 ) + B ( 3 )

B =

1
3

2
3

v +2
v

v 2

+ 5v + 4

1
2
+
3(v + 1 ) 3(v + 4 )

2
dv
+
dv =
+ 5v + 4
3 (v + 1 ) 3(v + 4 )

v +2

1
2
dv +
dv
+ 1)
3(v + 4 )

3(v

1 d (v + 1 ) 2 d (v + 4 )
+
3 v +1
3 v +4

1
2
lnv + 1 + lnv + 4 + c
3
3

dx
v +2
dv = c
+ 2
x
v + 5v + 4
1
2
ln x + lnv + 1 + lnv + 4 = c
3
3

y
x

1 y
2 y
ln + 1 + ln + 4 = c
3 x
3 x

ln x +
ln x +

23

1 y +x
2 y + 4x
ln
+ ln
=c
3
x
3
x

y (1 ) = 0

1 1+0 2 4 +0
ln
+ ln
=c
3
1
3
1

ln 1 +

2
ln 4
3

c =

1 y +x
2 y + 4x
2
ln
+ ln
= ln 4
3
x
3
x
3

ln x +

1.2.6
(x 2 + 3xy + y 2 )dx x 2dy = 0 y (1) = 0

(x

+ 3 xy + y

M (x , y ) = x 2

)dx x

(x
(x
(x

+ 3 x (vx ) + (vx

+ 3vx

+v 2 x

+ 3vx

+v 2 x

+ 2vx

+v 2 x

)dx vx dx x dv = 0
vx )dx x dv = 0
2

)dx

1
dx
x
v
dx

x
v

1
2

+ 2v + 1

dv = 0

1
2

+ 2v + 1

x 3 dv = 0

dx x 3 dv = 0

+ 2v + 1 x

x 2 (vdx + xdv ) = 0

+ 2v + 1 x 2 dx x 3 dv = 0

(v 2

)2 )dx

N (x , y ) = x 2 2

dy = vdx + xdv

(1 + 2v + v )x
(v

dy = 0

+ 3 xy + y

y = vx

(x

dv = c

24

dx
1

dv = c
x
(v + 1 )2

dx
2
(v + 1 ) dv = c
x

dx
2
(v + 1 ) d (v + 1 ) = c
x

1
(
v + 1)
ln x
( 1)

ln x +

y
x

=c

1
=c
v +1

ln x +

ln x +

y (1 ) = 0

1
y
+1
x

=c

x
=c
y +x
ln 1 + 1 = c
c =1

ln x +

x
=1
y +x

1.2
1 - 2
1.

f (x , y ) = 3 x

2.

f ( x, y ) =

2 xy + 2 y

x 2 + 3xy
x 2y2

3 7
3.

(2 xy

4.

5.

y 2 dx xy x

6.

2 xydx + x 2 + y 2 dy = 0

7.

(x

+ 3y

)dx (2 xy

dy
= 4x
dx

+ 3y

+x

+ 7 xy + 2 y

)dy

)dy

=0

=0

)dx

2 xydy = 0

8 10
8.

2 xydx 3 x

9. (2 x
10.

(y

2y

)dy

=0

y (0 ) = 1

5 y )dx + (4 x y )dy = 0

+ xy dx = x 2 dy

y (1 ) = 4

y (1 ) = 1

25

26

1.2
1. 2
2.

3.

x 3 = c y 2 + xy

4.

y + x = cx

5.

y
+ ln y = c
x

6.

7.

x3 = c x2 + y 2

8.

+ 3yx

= 2y

(y

+ 2x

=c

(y

+ 1)

9. (2 x + y )2 = 12 x 2 ( y x )
10.

ln x = 1

x
y

27

1.3 (Exact differential equations)

1.3.1 M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0
F (x , y ) M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy
(Exact differential) F (x , y )
d (F (x , y

)) = M (x , y )dx

d (F (x , y

)) = 0

d (F (x , y )) = c

F (x , y ) = c

+ N (x , y )dy

M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

2 xydx + x 2 dy = 0
F (x, y ) = x 2 y d (x 2 y ) = 2 xydx + x 2 dy

d (x 2 y ) = 0

d (x y ) = c
2

x2 y = c

2 xydx + x 2 dy = 0

3 x 2 y 2 dx + 2 x 3 ydy = 0
F (x , y ) = x 3 y 2 d (x 3 y 2 ) = 3 x 2 y 2 dx + 2 x 3 ydy

d (x 3 y 2 ) = 0
d (x

x 3y

)= c

=c

3 x 2 y 2 dx + 2 x 3 ydy = 0

F (x , y ) d (F (x , y )) = M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy
M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

28

1.
1.3.1 M (x , y ), N (x , y ), M

N
x

1. M (x , y )dx

+ N (x , y )dy = 0

M N
=
y
x

M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0
F (x , y ) x y
d (F (x , y )) = M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy

F
F
dx +
dy
x
y
F
N (x , y ) = F
M (x , y ) =
x
y
dF =

F 2 F
N (x , y ) = F
M (x , y ) =
=

x
x y
y
y x y x
M N
x
y

2F
2F
=
y x
x y
M N
=
y
x

2.

2F
=
x y

M N
=
y
x

M (x , y )dx

+ N (x , y )dy = 0

U (x , y

M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

U (x , y ) = M (x , y
x

U (x , y ) (partial integration) M
x y

2U
M
=
y x
y
M N

=
y
x

29

2U
N
=
y x
x

M
y

N
x

2F
2F
=
y x
x y

2U
N
=
x y
x

x y
U
= N (x , y ) + B (y
y

F (x , y )
F (x , y ) = U (x , y ) B (y )

dF (x , y ) = dU (x , y ) dB (y )
=

U
U
dx +
dy B (y )dy
x
y

= M (x , y )dx + (N (x , y ) + B (y ))dy B (y )dy

= M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy + B (y )dy B (y )dy
= M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy

1.3.1 M (x , y )dx

+ N (x , y )dy = 0

1.3.1
(2 x 2 xy 2 2 y + 3)dx (x 2 y + 2 x ) dy = 0

(2 x 2 xy 2 2 y + 3)dx (x 2 y + 2 x ) dy = 0

M (x, y ) = 2 x 2 xy 2 2 y + 3

M
= 2 xy 2
y
M N
=
y
x

N
= 2 xy 2
x

(2 x 2 xy 2 2 y + 3)dx (x 2 y + 2 x ) dy = 0

N ( x, y ) = x 2 y + 2 x = x 2 y 2 x

30

1.3.2 (2 y

4 xy

)dx + (2 x 3x y )dy
2

= 0

(2 y

4 xy

M (x , y ) = 2 y 4 xy

)dx + (2 x 3x y )dy

M
= 2 8 xy
y

=0

N (x , y ) = 2 x 3 x 2 y

N
= 2 6 xy
x

M N

y
x

(2 y

4 xy

)dx + (2 x 3x y )dy
2

= 0

2.

1.

M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

M
y

M
y

N
x

N
x

M (x , y )dx

+ N (x , y )dy = 0

M N

y
x

M (x , y )dx

+ N (x , y )dy = 0

2. M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0
2
1 (Standard method)
M (x , y )dx

+ N (x , y )dy = 0

F (x , y ) = c

d (F (x , y )) = M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy
F
F
dF =
dx +
dy
x
y
F
F
dx +
dy = 0
x
y

dx

F
= M (x , y
x

31

F = M (x , y )x

x y
g (y ) c

)
F ( x, y ) = M ( x, y )x + g ( y )

= M (x , y )x + g (y

dy

..........................(1)

F
= N (x , y
y

F = N (x , y )y

y x
h (x ) c
..........................(2 )

F ( x, y ) = N ( x, y )y + h( x )

(1 ) F (x , y ) y c 1
(2 ) F (x , y ) x c 2
(1 ) (2 )

1.
2.

F (x , y ) = x

+ y + 2y

3 + g (y

F (x , y ) = x

+ y 5y

+ 5 + h (x

x 2

+ y + 2y

5y

+ y 3y

+ 2 +c1 +c 2 = 0

+ y 3y

+ 2 = c 1 c 2

+ y 3y

+2 =c

3 + 5 +c1 +c 2 = 0

c = c1 c 2

32

1.3.3 (3 x 2
M (x , y ) = 3 x

+y

+y

)dx

+ 2 xydy = 0

N (x , y ) = 2 xy

( )

( )

=
3x 2 + y 2 =
3x 2 +
y 2 = 0 + 2y = 2y
y
y
y
y
N = (2 xy ) = y (2 x ) = 2 y
x
x
x
M = N
y
x
F

= M (x , y ) = 3 x 2 + y 2
x

F = 3 x

)x
+ y )x

+y

F = (3 x
F (x , y ) = x 3 + xy 2
2

= 3 x 2 x + y 2 x = 3 x 2 x + y

+ g (y

..........................(1)

F
= N (x , y ) = 2 xy
y

F = 2 xy y

F = 2 xy y = 2 x y y
F (x , y ) = xy 2 + h (x )

(1 ) (2 )

..........................(2 )

+ xy

=c

1.3.4

(3x

+ 4 xy

)dx + (2y 3y

M (x , y ) = 3 x

+ 4 xy

+ 4 x 2 y dy = 0
N (x , y ) = 2 y 3 y

( )

+ 4x 2y

( )

M
=
3 x 2 + 4 xy 2 =
3x 2 + 4 x
y 2 = 0 + 8 xy = 8 xy
y
y
y
y
N = 2 y 3y 2 + 4 x 2 y = (2 y ) 3y 2 + 4 y x 2 = 8 xy
x
x
x
x
x
M = N
y
x
F

= M (x , y ) = 3 x 2 + 4 xy 2
x

F = 3 x

+ 4 xy

( )

)x

F = (3 x + 4 xy )x = 3 x
F (x , y ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 y 2 + g (y )
2

( )

F
= N (x , y ) = 2 y 3y
y

x + 4 y

+ 4x 2y

x x

..........................(1)

F = 2 y 3y

+ 4 x 2 y y

F = (2 y

3y

+ 4 x 2 y y = 2 y y 3 y 2 y + 4 x

F (x , y ) = y

+ 2x 2 y

(1 ) (2 ) x 3

+ h (x

+ 2x 2 y

y y

..........................(2 )

+y

=c

1.3.5

(2 x cos y + 3x y ) + (x
2

)dy
dx

x 2 sin y y

=0

y (2 ) = 0

(2 x cos y + 3x 2 y )dx + (x 3 x 2 sin y y )dy = 0

M (x , y ) = 2 x cos y + 3 x 2 y

N (x , y ) = x

x 2 sin y y

(2 x cos y ) + 3 x 2 y
=
2 x cos y + 3 x 2 y =
y
y
y
y

(cos y ) + 3 x 2 (y ) = 2 x sin y + 3 x 2
= 2x
y
y
N = x 3 x 2 sin y y = x 3 x 2 sin y (y
x
x
x
x
x

= 3 x 2 sin y
x 2 0 = 3 x 2 2 x sin y
x
M = N
y
x

( )

( )

F
= M (x , y ) = 2 x cos y + 3 x 2 y
x

F = 2 x cos y + 3 x 2 y x

F = (2 x

cos y + 3 x 2 y x = 2 x cos y x + 3 x 2 y x

= 2 cos y x x + 3 y x 2 x

F (x , y ) = x 2 cos y + x 3 y + g (y

F
= N (x , y ) = x
y

F = x

..........................(1)

x 2 sin y y

x 2 sin y y y

F = (x
=x

x 2 sin y y y = x 3 y x 2 sin y y y y

sin y y y y

33

34

3
F (x , y ) = x 3 y + x 2 cos y

(1 ) (2 )
y2
=c
2
0
0 + 4 cos 0 = c
2

y2
+ h (x
2

..........................(2 )

x 3 y + x 2 cos y

y (2 ) = 0

=4

y2
x y + x cos y
=4
2
3

1.3.6

(cos x sin x xy )dx + y(1 x )dy = 0

2

M (x , y ) = cos x sin x xy

N (x , y ) = y 1 x

) = y yx

2
=
cos x sin x xy 2 = (cos x sin x ) x
y
y
y
y
y

( )

= 0 2 xy = 2 xy

2
=
y yx 2 = ( y ) y
x
x x
x
x
= 0 2 xy = 2 xy

( )

M N
=

y
x
F
= M (x , y ) = cos x sin x xy 2
x

)x
F = (cos x sin x xy )x

F = cos x sin x xy

= sin x (sin x )x y

F (x , y ) =

sin 2 x x 2 y

2
2

F
= N (x , y ) = y yx
y

F = y yx

F = (y

)y

yx

)y

= cos x sin x x y

x x

x x

+ g (y

..........................(1)

= y y x

y 2 x 2y 2

+ h (x )
2
2
2
2
(2 ) sin x x y
2
2

y y
..........................(2 )

F (x , y ) =

(1 )

y2
=c
2


1.3.7
(y sec 2 x + sec x tan x )dx + (tan x + 2y )dy = 0
M (x , y ) = y sec 2 x + sec x tan x

N (x , y ) = tan x + 2 y

=
y sec 2 x + sec x tan x
y
y

=
y sec 2 x (sec x tan x )
y
y

(y ) 0
= sec 2 x
y

= sec 2 x
N

= (tan x + 2 y )
x x

= (tan x ) (2 y )
x
x
= sec 2 x 0

= sec 2 x
M N

=
y
x
F
= M (x , y ) = y sec 2 x + sec x tan x
x

F = y sec 2 x + sec x tan x x

(y sec x + sec x tan x )x

= y sec 2 x x + sec x tan x x
= y sec 2 x x + y sec x tan x x
F (x , y ) = y tan x + sec x + g (y )
F

..........................(1)

F
= N (x , y ) = tan x + 2 y
y
F = (tan x + 2 y )y

(tan x + 2 y )y = tan x y
= tan x y + 2 y y
F (x , y ) = y tan x y 2 + h (x )
F

(1 ) (2 ) y

+ 2 y y

tan x + sec x + y

..........................(2 )
2

=c

35

36

3
2 (regrouping method)

F (x , y )

M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

F (x , y ) d (F (x , y )) = M (x , y )dx
d (F (x , y

+ N (x , y )dy

)) = 0

d (F (x , y )) = c

F (x , y ) = c

1. dx y x y dy x
x y F (x , y )
F (x , y )

d (F (x , y ))
3 x 2 ydx + x 3dy
F (x , y ) F (x , y ) = x 3 y

ydx + xdy

F (x , y ) F (x , y ) = xy

2.
d (F (x , y )) F (x , y )

xy 2 dx + x 2 ydy
F (x , y ) = x 2 y 2
d (F (x , y ))
d (x 2 y 2 ) = 2 xy 2 dx + 2 x 2 ydy xy 2 dx + x 2 ydy 2
x 2y 2
d (F (x , y
F (x , y ) =
2
2 2
d x y = xy 2 dx + x 2 ydy
2

))

37

3. dx x
dy y

3 xdx + 2dy

1.3.3 (3 x 2 + y 2 )dx + 2 xydy = 0

x 3 + xy 2 = c
M (x , y ) = 3 x

=
3x
y
y

N (x , y ) = 2 xy

+y

+y

) = y (3x ) + y (y ) = 0 + 2y
2

(2 xy ) = y (2 x ) = 2 y
=
x
x
x

M N
=
y
x

3 x 2 dx + y 2 dx + 2 xydy = 0

3 x 2 dx + y 2 dx + 2 xydy = 0

( )= 0
+ d (xy ) = c

3 x 2 dx + d xy

3x

3 x 2

dx

+ xy

=c

= 2y

38

1.3.8

(2 x

xy

M (x , y ) = 2 x

2 y + 3 dx x 2 y + 2 x dy = 0

xy

2y + 3

N (x , y ) = x 2 y + 2 x = x 2 y 2 x

=
2 x 2 xy 2 2 y + 3
y
y

2x 2 x
y (2 y ) + (3)
y
y
y
y

( )

( )

= 0 2 xy 2 + 0
= 2 xy 2

=
x 2 y 2x
x x

= y

x (2 x )
x
x

( )

= 2 xy 2

M N
=
y
x

2 x 2 dx xy 2 dx 2 ydx + 3dx x 2 ydy 2 xdy = 0

2 x 2 dx + 3dx xy 2 dx + x 2 ydy (2 ydx + 2 xdy ) = 0

x 2y
2 x 2 dx + 3dx d
2

d (2 xy ) = 0

x 2y
2
+

2
x
dx
3
dx
d

d (2 xy ) = c

2x 3
x 2y
+ 3x
3
2

2 xy = c


1.3.9

(3x

2 y + e x+ y dx + e x+ y 2 x + 4 dy = 0
M (x , y ) = 3 x

2y + e

=
3x 2 2 y + e x+ y
y y

( )

x +y

2x + 4

x+ y
3 x 2 (2 y ) +
e
y
y
y

= 0 2 + e x+ y (x + y )
y

= 2 + e x+ y ( x ) + ( y )
y
y

N (x , y ) = e

x +y

= 2 + e x+ y

N
x+ y
=
e 2x + 4
x x

x+ y

e
(2 x ) + (4)
x
x
x

= e x+ y (x + y ) 2 + 0
x

= e x + y ( x ) + ( y ) 2
x
x
=

= e x+ y 2

M N
=
y
x

3 x 2 dx 2 ydx + e

3 x 2 dx + 4dy (2 ydx + 2 xdy ) + e

x +y

dx + e

x +y

dy 2 xdy + 4dy = 0

3 x 2 dx + 4dy d (2 xy ) + d e

3x

x +y

dx + e

)= 0

dx + 4dy d (2 xy ) + d e

x 3 + 4 y

x +y

x +y

2 xy + e

)= c

x +y

=c

x +y

dy = 0

39

40

1.3.10

1
y 1 + + cos y dx + (x + ln x x sin y )dy = 0
x

1
y

M (x , y ) = y 1 + + cos y = y + + cos y
x
x

N (x , y ) = x + ln x x sin y

M

y

= y + + cos y
y
y
x

( y ) 1 ( y ) + (cos y )
y
x y
y
1
= 1 + sin y
x
=

= ( x + ln x x sin y )
x x

(x ) + (ln x ) sin y (x )
x
x
x
1
= 1 + sin y
x
=

M N
=
y
x

ydx +

(ydx

y
dx + cos ydx + xdy + ln xdy x sin ydy = 0
x

y
+ xdy ) + dx + ln xdy + (cos ydx x sin ydy ) = 0

d (xy ) + d (y ln x ) + d (x cos y ) = 0

d (xy ) + d (y ln x ) + d (x

xy

cos y ) = c

+ y ln x + x cos y = c

1.3
1 2
1.

(3x

2.

sin x cos ydx + sin y cos xdy = 0

y 2 x 2 dx + 4 x 3 y 3 2 xy dy = 0

3 7
3. (2 xy 3x 2 )dx + (x 2 + y )dy = 0
4. (x + y cos x )dx + sin xdy = 0
5.

(2 xy

6.

+ 6 x dx + (ln x 2)dy = 0
x

7.

sin ydx + ( x + 2 sin y ) cos ydy = 0

) (

+ 2 y + 2x 2 y + 2x

) dy
=0
dx

8 - 10
8.

3 y x 2 1 dx + x 3 + 8 y 3x dy = 0

y(0) = 1

9. (3x 2 y 2 y 3 + 2 x )dx + (2 x 3 y 3xy 2 + 1)dy = 0 y( 2) = 1

10.

(2 y sin x cos x + y

) (

sin x + sin 2 x 2 y cos x

) dy
= 0 y (0 ) = 3
dx

41

42

1.3
1.
2.
3.

y2
x yx +
=c
2

4.

x2
+ y sin x = c
2

5.

x 2 y 2 + 2 xy = c

6.

y ln x + 3 x 2 2 y = c

7.

x sin y + sin 2 y = c

8.

x 3 y 3xy + 4 y 2 = 4

9.

x 3 y 2 xy 3 + x 2 + y = 1

10.

y sin 2 x y 2 cos x = 9

43

1.4 (Integrating Factors)

1.4.1 M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0
u (x , y ) 0

U ( x, y )[M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy ] = 0

u (x , y )
M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0
u (x , y )
M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

M (x , y ) = 3 y

3 ydx + 2 xdy = 0

(3y ) = 3
=
y
y

M N

y
x

u (x , y ) = x 2 y

N (x , y ) = 2 x
N

(2 x ) = 2
=
x
x

3 ydx + 2 xdy = 0

x 2 y [3ydx + 2 xdy ] = 0
x 2 y (3ydx ) + x 2 y (2 xdy ) = 0
3 x 2 y 2 dx + 2 x 3 ydy = 0
M (x , y ) = 3 x 2 y

) = 3x

=
3x 2 y
y
y

N (x , y ) = 2 x 3 y

( ) = 6x

y
y

( ) = 6x

2 x 3 y = 2y
x
=
x
x
x

M N
=
y
x

u (x , y ) = x 2 y

3 ydx + 2 xdy = 0

44

1.4.1

1.4.1

M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

M N

= f (x ) x (function of x alone)

x
y
e f (x )dx M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

1
N

M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0
U (x , y )
U (x , y )[M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy ] = 0
U (x , y )M (x , y )dx + U (x , y )N (x , y )dy = 0

(U (x , y )M (x , y )) = (U (x , y )N (x , y
y
x
M
U
N
U
U
+M
=U
+N
y
x
x
y

))

U (x , y ) x
M
N
U
+ M (0 ) = U
+N
y
x
x
M
N
U
U
=U
+N
y
x
x
M
N
U
U
U
=N
y
x
x
M N
U
= N

U
x
x
y
U

1
N

M N

x
y

dU
dx =
U

f (x )dx =

du
u

dU
U

= f (x )dx

U
=0
y

45

ln u = f (x )dx
f (x )dx
e ln U = e
f (x )dx
U =e

1.4.2

M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0

M N

= g (y ) y (function of y alone)

x
y
g (y )dy
e
M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0
1
M

M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy = 0
U (x , y )
U (x , y )[M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy ] = 0
U (x , y )M (x , y )dx + U (x , y )N (x , y )dy = 0

(U (x , y )M (x , y
y
U

)) =

(U (x , y )N (x , y
x

))

M
U
N
U
+M
=U
+N
x
x
y
y

U (x , y ) y
U

M
U
N
+M
=U
+ N (0 )
y
y
x

M
U
N
+M
=U
y
y
x

M
N
U
U
= M
y
x
y

M N

U
x
y

1
M

U
= M
y

M N
dU

dy =

x
U
y

U
=0
x

46

3
g (y )dy =

dU
U

dU
= g (y )dy
U
du
u = g (y )dy
ln u = g (y )dy
g ( y )dy
e ln U = e
g ( y )dy
U =e

1.4.1 (3 xy

M (x , y ) = 3 xy + y

=
3 xy + y
y
y

N (x , y ) = x

) = 3x + 2y Nx

+y

)dx + (x

f ( x )dx

x
x

= e

x dx

= e ln x

= x

x 3 xy + y

(3x

y + xy

)dx
2

+x x

)dx + (x

M (x , y ) = 3 x 2 y + xy

+ xy dy = 0

+ x 2 y dy = 0

+ xy dy = 0

+ xy

M N

y
x
M N

= (3 x + 2 y ) (2 x + y ) = x + y
y
x
1 M N
1

= 2
(x + y ) = x + y = 1

N y
x x + xy
x (x + y ) x

N (x , y ) = x

+ x 2y

+ xy = 2 x + y

F
= M (x , y ) = 3 x 2 y + xy
x

)x
F = (3 x y + xy )x

F = 3 x 2 y + xy

F (x , y ) = x 3 y +

x 2y
2

F
= N (x , y ) = x
y

F = x

..........................(1)

+ h (x

..........................(2 )

x 2y
2

+ g (y

+ x 2y

+ x 2 y y

F = (x

+ x 2 y y

F (x , y ) = x 3 y +

x 2y
2

(1 ) (2 ) x 3 y

=c

1.4.2 xydx

M (x , y ) = xy

M
(xy ) = x
=
y
y

M N

y
x

N (x , y ) = x

+ 2y

x
x

+ x

+ 2y

+2

+ 2y

M N

= x 2 x = x
y
x

1
M

M N 1

=
( x ) = 1

x xy
y
y

g ( y )dy

=e

1
dy
y

=e

y dy

= e ln y
=y

+ 2 = 2x

+ 2 dy = 0

47

48

y (xydx ) + y x

+ 2y

+ 2 dy = 0

xy 2 dx + x 2 y + 2 y

M (x , y ) = xy

N (x , y ) = x 2 y + 2 y

F
= M (x , y ) = xy
x

+ 2 y dy = 0
3

+ 2y

( )x
F = (xy )x

F = xy

x 2y 2
F (x , y ) =
+ g (y )
2
F
= N (x , y ) = x 2 y + 2 y
y

F = x 2 y + 2 y

F = (x

F (x , y ) =

x 2y
2

+ 2y

+ 2 y y

y + 2y
2

..........................(1)

+ 2 y y

y4
+y
2

(1 ) (2 ) x

y
2

+ h (x

y4
+y
2

..........................(2 )

)
2

=c

1.4.3 (y 3 2 xy )dx + (3x 2 xy 2 )dy = 0

M (x , y ) = y

=
y
y
y

2 xy

2 xy = 3y

3x
=
x
x

M N

y
x

xy

N (x , y ) = 3 x

) = 6x y

xy

2x

M N

= 3y
y
x

1
M

) (

2x 6 x y

M N

x y
y
=

(4 y

1
2 xy

(
y (y
4y

) = 4y

8x

8x

)= 4
2x ) y

2x

2
2

dy
g ( y )dy
e
=e y

= e 4 ln y
= eln y

= y 4
=

1
y

1
y

(y

4
3

2 xy dx +

1 2x

y y 3

(3x

3x 2
x
dx +

y4
y2

1 2x
M (x , y ) = 3
y y

1
y4

xy

)dy

=0

dy = 0

N (x , y ) =

3x
y

2
4

x
y

F
1 2x
= M (x , y ) = 3
x
y y

1 2x
F = 3
y y

1 2x
F = 3 x
y y
x x
F (x , y ) =
y y

2
3

+ g (y

..........................(1)

49

50

F
3x 2
x
= N (x , y ) = 4 2
y
y
y
3x 2
x
F = 4 2
y
y

3x 2
x

=
F

y 4 y 2

F (x , y ) =

x
+ h (x
y

(1 ) (2 ) x

y
2

..........................(2 )

y4
+y
2

=c

1.4.4 2 xdx + (x 2 cot y + cot y 1)dy = 0

M (x , y ) = 2 x

N (x , y ) = x 2 cot y + cot y 1

(2 x ) = 0
=
y
y

N
=
x 2 cot y + cot y 1 = 2 x cot y
x
x

M N

y
x

M N

= 0 2 x cot y = 2 x cot y
y
x

1
M

M N

x
y

1
=
( 2 x cot y ) = cot y
2x

g ( y )dy
cot ydy
e
=e

= e

cot ydy

= e ln sin y
= sin y


sin y

sin y (2 xdx ) + sin y x 2 cot y + cot y 1 dy = 0

(
+ (x

2 x sin ydx + x 2 sin y cot y + sin y cot y sin y dy = 0

2 x sin ydx

cos y + cos y sin y dy = 0

M (x , y ) = 2 x sin y

N (x , y ) = x 2 cos y + cos y sin y

F
= M (x , y ) = 2 x sin y
x
F = (2 x sin y )x

F = (2 x

sin y )x

F (x , y ) = x 2 sin y + g (y

..........................(1)

F
= N (x , y ) = x 2 cos y + cos y sin y
y

F = x 2 cos y + cos y sin y y

F = (x

cos y + cos y sin y y

F (x , y ) = x 2 sin y + sin y + cos y + h (x

(1 ) (2 ) x 2 sin y

) ..........................(2)

+ sin y + cos y = c

1.4.5 ydx

M (x , y ) = y

(y ) = 1
=
y
y

M N

y
x

xdy = 0

N (x , y ) = x

( x ) = 1
=
x
x

M N

= 1 ( 1 ) = 2
y
x

y (1 ) = 1

51

52

M N 1
2

= (2 ) =

x y
y
y

1
M

g ( y )dy

=e

y dy

= e 2 ln y

= e ln y = y 2 =

1
y

1
y2

(xdy ) = 0
y
y2
1
x
dx 2 dy = 0
y
y
1
N (x , y ) = x 2
M (x , y ) =
y
y
1

(ydx )

1
F
= M (x , y ) =
x
y
1
F = x
y
1
F = y x
x
F (x , y ) = + g (y )
y
F
x
= N (x , y ) = 2
y
y
F =

x
y

y
x

y
y2
x
F (x , y ) = + h (x
y

c =1

x
=1
y

x =y

..........................(2 )

(1 ) (2 ) x
y (1 ) = 1

..........................(1)

=c

53

(inspection)

1
x2

xdy ydx
y
= d
x2
x

1
y2

ydx xdy
x
= d

2
y

1
xy

xdy ydx
dy
dx
y

= d ln
xy
y
x
x

1
2
x + y2

xdy ydx
y

= d arctan

2
2
x + y
x

xdy ydx

1
xdy + ydx
= d
n
n 1
(xy )
(n 1 )( xy )

1
(xy )n

xdy + ydx

, n 1

xdy + ydx
= d (ln ( xy )), n = 1
xy

xdx + ydy

(x

1
2

+y

2 n

xdx + ydy

(x

+ y

2 n

1
= d
2 (n 1) x 2 + y 2

n 1

, n 1

xdx + ydy

1
= d ln x 2 + y 2 , n = 1
2
2
x +y

ydx + xdy

d ( xy )

ydx xdy

1
y2

x
ydx xdy
= d
y2
y

54

1.4.6
M ( x, y ) = y

N ( x, y ) = x + x 4 y 5

M
(y) = 1
=
y
y

N
=
x + x 4 y5 = 1 + 4x3 y5
x x

M N

y
x

ydx + xdy + x 4 y 5 dy = 0

( ydx + xdy ) + x 4 y 5 dy = 0
d ( xy ) + x 4 y 5 dy = 0

1
(xy )4

1
(xy )4

1
1
d ( xy ) +
x 4 y 5 dy = 0
4
4
(xy )
(xy )
1
1
d (xy ) + 4 4 x 4 y 5 dy = 0
4
x y
(xy )
1
d ( xy ) + y dy = 0
(xy )4
1
(xy ) d (xy ) + y dy = c
4

4
(xy ) d (xy ) +

(xy )3 +
3

y2
=c
2

1
y2
+
=c
3x 3 y 3
2

y2
=c
2

ydx + x + x 4 y 5 dy = 0


1.4.7 (x 3 y )dx + (x x 2 y 2 )dy = 0
M ( x, y ) = x 3 y

N ( x, y ) = x x 2 y 2

3
M
=
x y = 1
y
y

N
=
x x 2 y 2 = 1 2 xy 2
x x

M N

y
x

x 3 dx ydx + xdy x 2 y 2 dy = 0

(xdy ydx ) + x 3 dx x 2 y 2 dy = 0

1
x2

1
x2

(xdy ydx ) + x 3 dx x 2 y 2 dy = 0
x2

x2

x2

y
d + xdx y 2 dy = 0
x
y

d x + xdx y dy = c

y x2 y3
+

=c
x 2
3

55

56

1.4.8 (x3 + xy2 y)dx + (y3 + x2 y + x)dy = 0

M ( x, y ) = x 3 + xy 2 y

N ( x, y ) = y 3 + x 2 y + x

3
M
=
x + xy 2 y = 2 xy 1
y
y

3
N
=
y + x 2 y + x = 2 xy + 1
x x

M N

y
x

x 3 dx + xy 2 dx ydx + y 3 dy + x 2 ydy + xdy = 0

(x dx + xy dx ) + (y dy + x
3

ydy + xdy ydx = 0

(
) (
)
x(x + y )dx + y ( y + x )dy + xdy ydx = 0
(x + y )(xdx + ydy ) + xdy ydx = 0

x x 2 dx + y 2 dx + y y 2 dy + x 2 dy + xdy ydx = 0
2

1
x + y2

1
x + y2
2

(x

+ y 2 ( xdx + ydy ) xdy ydx

+ 2
=0
x2 + y2
x + y2

xdx + ydy + d arctan = 0

x

xdx + ydy + d arctan x = c

x2 y2
y
+
+ arctan = c
2
2
x

57

1.4
1 - 10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

(
)dy = 0
2 xydx + (y x )dy = 0
(x + 3y )dx + 2 xydy = 0
(4 xy + y )dx + (6 y x )dy
ydx + (2 x ye )dy = 0
2 xydx + 4 y + 3 x
2

=0

4x 3 3
3x

dx +
+
2
y 2 + 4y
y
y

dx + sin y dy = 0
y

dy = 0

8.

2 x tan ydx + sec 2 ydy = 0

9.

e x dx + e

10.

(4 x

cot y + 2 y cos ecy dy = 0

x
+ 2 ln y dx + 2 x 3 y +
y

dy = 0

11 - 14

)
12. xdx + ydy + 4 y (x + y )dy = 0
13. (y 3x y )dx + (x + 4 xy )dy = 0
14. (3x (x + y ) + y )dx = xdy
11.

ydx + x + x 3 y 2 dy = 0
3

58

1.4
1.

U (x , y ) = y

2.

U (x , y ) =

3.

U (x , y ) = x 2 ;

4.

U (x , y ) =

5.

U (x , y ) = y ; xy

6.

U (x , y ) = y

+ 3 xy + y

7.

U (x , y ) = y ; xy + y cos y sin y = c

8.

U (x , y ) = e

9.

U (x , y ) = sin y ; e

sin y + y

10.

U (x , y ) = x ; x 4 y

+ x 2 ln y = c

11.

1
1
; 2 2 + ln y = c
3
2x y
(xy )

12.

1
1
; ln x 2 + y 2 + y 4 = c
2
2
x +y

13.

1
3x 2 4 3
+ y =c
; ln ( xy )
xy
2
3

14.

y
1
; arctan x 3 = c
2
x
x +y

; x 2y

1
y

1
y

+y

+y

x4
+ x 3y
4

=c

= cy

=c

; 2 x 2 y + x + 3y

;x

;x

x2

;e

x2

(y

= cy

2y + 2 = c
4

=c

tan y = c

=c

59

1.5 (Linear differential equation of first order)

1.5.1

dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x )
dx

2.5 y x
dy 1 P (x ) ,
dx

Q (x

x
dx
+ P (y )x = Q (y
dy

1
1

dy
+ (x + 1 )y = x
dx

x
dy
1
+ 1 + y = x
dx
x

P (x ) = 1 +

1
x

ydx + (xy 2
dy

+ x y dy = 0

dx
+ xy 2 + x y = 0
dy
dx
y
+ xy 2 + x = y
dy
dx
x
+ xy + = 1
dy
y

Q (x ) = x 2

60

3
dx
1
+ y + x = 1
dy
y

P (y ) = y +

1
, Q (y ) = 1
y

dy
+ 3 xy
dx

= sin x

y 2
dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x )
dx

1.5.1
e P ( x )dx

y=

e P ( x )dx Q(x )dx + c

1
e

P ( x )dx

dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x )
dx

dx
dy + P ( x ) ydx = Q( x )dx
P ( x ) ydx Q( x )dx + dy = 0

(P(x ) y Q(x ))dx + dy = 0

M (x , y ) = P (x )y Q (x

N (x , y ) = 1

M
N
= P (x )
=0
x
y
M N

= P (x ) 0 = P (x )
y
x
1 M N 1

= (P (x )) = P (x

N y
x 1

) x

e P ( x )dx
(p (x )y

Q (x ))dx + dy = 0

P ( x )dx

(P(x ) y Q(x ))dx + e

P ( x )dx

P (x )ydx - e

P ( x )dx

P (x )ydx

P ( x )dx

e P ( x )dx
P ( x )dx

dy = 0

Q( x )dx + e

P ( x )dx

dy = e

P ( x )dx

P ( x )dx

dy = 0

Q (x )dx


d e

P ( x )dx

P ( x )dx
Q ( x )dx
y = e

P ( x )dx y = e P ( x ) dx Q( x )dx

d e
e

P ( x )dx

y=

y = e

1
e

P ( x )dx

P ( x )dx

Q(x )dx + c

e P ( x )dx Q(x )dx + c

dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x )
dx

1.5.2

dx
+ P (y )x = Q (y
dy

e P ( y )dy

x=

1
e

P ( y )dy

e P ( y )dy Q( y )dy + c

1.5.1 2 (y

4x

=x

dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x )
dx
dy
2 y 4x 2 + x
=0
dx
dy
+ 2y 8 x 2 = 0
x
dx
2
dy
+ y 8x = 0
dx
x
dy
2
+ y = 8x
dx
x
2
P( x ) = Q (x ) = 8 x
x

dx

P ( x )dx

=e

x dx

= e 2 ln x = e ln x

)dx + xdy

=0

61

62

3
y=
y =
y =
y =

e P ( x )dx Q(x )dx + c

1
P ( x )dx

e
1

( x

( 8 x

(2 x

x
1
x
1
x

y = 2x

+ cx

+c

dx + c

+c

c
x

y = 2x

(8 x )dx

1.5.2
dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x )
dx
dy 2 x + 1
2 x
+
y = e
dx x
2x + 1
Q (x ) = e
P( x ) =
x

dy
+ (2 x + 1) y = xe 2 x
dx

2 x

2 x +1
dx
x

P ( x )dx
e
=e

=e

1
dx

2 + x

= e 2 x +ln x = e 2 x e ln x = xe

y=
y =
y =

1
e

P ( x )dx

2x

( xe (e )dx

2x

( x dx

1
xe
1
xe

e P ( x )dx Q(x )dx + c

2x

2 x

+c

x 2

+
c

xe 2 x 2

x
c
y =
+
2x
2e
xe 2 x
x
c
y = e 2 x + e 2 x
2
x
y =

+c

2x


dy
+ 3y = 1 + e
dx

1.5.3

dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x )
dx
P( x ) = 3 Q (x ) = 1 + e

2 x

2 x

P ( x )dx

3dx
=e
= e 3x

y=
y =

1
P ( x )dx

e
1

3x

y =
e

3x

e P ( x )dx Q(x )dx + c

( e (1 + e )dx + c )
2 x

3x

( (e

3x

+e

)dx + c )

1 1 3x

+e x +c
e
3x
e
3

c
1
1
y = + 2x + 3x
3 e
e
1
y = + e 2 x + ce 3 x
3
y =

2x

dx 1 + x

1.5.4 dy
y (0 ) = 1

y = 1

dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x )
dx
2x
Q (x ) = 1
P(x ) =
1+ x2

P ( x )dx
e
=e

=e

2x
1+x 2

dx

=e

ln 1 + x 2

d 1 + x 2

2
1+x

=e

ln 1 + x 2

y=

1
e

P ( x )dx

e P ( x )dx Q(x )dx + c

=e

ln 1 + x 2

= 1+x

2 1

63

64

3
1

y =

(1 + x )

= (1 + x )
2 1

y (0 ) = 1

(1 )dx

+c

)(arctan x + c )

1 = (1 + 0 )(arctan 0 + c )

dx + c
1+x

y = 1+x

1+x

= 1+x

=1

)(arctan x + 1)

1.5.5 (x 2 + 1) dy + 4 xy = x
dx

dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x )
dx
dy 4 x
x
+ 2
+ 1
y = 2
dx x + 1
x +1
4x
Q (x ) = 2x
P(x ) = 2
x +1
x +1

x 2

P ( x )dx

4x
2 dx
x +1

=e

=e (

2 ln x 2 +1

=e

d x 2 +1

2
2
x +1

) = eln (x +1) = (x 2 + 1)2

2

y=

e P ( x )dx Q(x )dx + c

1
P ( x )dx

x
x 2 + 1 2
dx + c
x +1

x +1
1
y=
x x 2 + 1 dx + c
2
2
x +1
1
1

y=
x2 +1d x2 +1 + c

x2 +1 2

y=

y =
y =

(x

( (

1
2

+1

x 2 +1

1
c
+
4 x 2 +1

)(

+c


+ (3 x xy + 2 )dy = 0

1.5.6 ydx

dx
+ P( y )x = Q( y )
dy

dy

dx
+ 3 x xy + 2 = 0
dy

dx
3
2
+ x x + =0
dy y
y

dx 3
2
+ 1 x =
dy y
y

P( y ) =

3
1
y

Q (y ) =

2
y

y 1 dy
3
P ( y )dy
e
= e = e 3 ln y y = e ln y y
3

= e ln y e

= y 3e

x=

x =

1
e

P ( y )dy

1
3

y e

x =

x =

( 2 y

( 2( y

(2y

1
y e
1
y e

x =

3
y e

1
y e

x =

e P ( y )dy Q( y )dy + c

e
2

2
dy + c
y

dy + c

2 ye

+ 4 ye

2
4
4
c
+ 2 + 3 + 3
y y
y
y e

2e

+ 4e

+c

)+ c )
)

65

66

1.5.7 y ln ydx

dx
+ P( y )x = Q( y )
dy

dy

y ln y

y ln y dx
dy

dx
+ x ln y = 0
dy
1
1
x =0
y ln y
y

dx
1
1
+
x =
dy y ln y
y

P( y ) =

1
y ln y

Q (y ) =

1
y

dy

P ( y )dy
= e y ln y = e
e

d (ln y
ln y

= e ln(ln y ) = ln y

x=

1
e

P ( y )dy

e P ( y )dy Q( y )dy + c

dy + c

x =

1
ln y

1
ln y

x =

1
ln y

ln y

dy + c

x =

1
ln y

( ln y d (ln y ) + c )

1
x =
ln y
x =

ln 2 y

+
c

ln y
c
+
2
ln y

+ (x ln y )dy = 0

1.5
1 - 8
1. dy + 3 ydx = 3x 2 e 3 x dx
2. xdy 2 ydx = (x 2)e x dx
3. x

dy
+ y = e 2 x sin x
dx

4. dy + y cot xdx = 2 cos xdx

5.

xdy + ( xy + y 1)dx = 0

6.

dy
= cos ecx + y cot x
dx

7.

dy
+ y tan x = sin 2 x
dx

8.

2 y y 2 x dy = dx

9 10
9.

dy 2
+
dx x

cos x

y =
x2

y ( ) = 0 , x

10. dy ydx = 2 xe 2 x dx y (0 ) = 1

>0

67

68

1.5
1.

y = (x

2.

y = e x + cx

3.

y =

4.

y = sin x + c cos ecx

5.

y =

6.

y = c sin x cos x

7.

y = 2 cos 2 x + c cos x

8.

x =y

9.

x 2 y = sin x

10.

y = 2e 2 x (x 1 ) + 3e

+ c )e

3 x

1
e 2 x + 2 cos x + c
2x

1
1 + ce
x

1 + ce

y 2

69

1.6 (Bernoullis equation)

(Bernoullis

1.6.1

differential equation)
dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x ) y n
dx

.. 1896 n = 0
n = 1
n 0 n 1
1.6.1 n 0 n 1
dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x ) y n
dx

v v = y 1n

dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x ) y n
dx

y n
dy
+ P ( x ) y 1 n = Q(x )
dx

y n

v = y 1n
dv
dy
= (1 n ) y n
dx
dx
dy
dv
1
=
dx (1 n ) y n dx

y1n

dy
dx

dv
1
y n
+ P ( x )v = Q( x )
n dx

n
y
(
1
)

1 dv
+ P( x )v = Q( x )

1 n dx

1 n
dv
+ (1 n )P( x )v = (1 n )Q( x )
dx

70

P1 (x ) = (1 n )P(x ) Q1 (x ) = (1 n )Q(x )

dy
+ P1 ( x )v = Q1 ( x )
dx

v
1.5.1

y=

1
e

dy
+ P1 ( x )v = Q1 ( x )
dx

P ( x )dx

e P ( x )dx Q(x )dx + c

v=
e

dy
+ P( x ) y = Q(x )
dx

P1 ( x )dx

e P1 ( x )dx Q ( x )dx + c

v = y 1n , P1 (x ) = (1 n )P(x ) Q1 (x ) = (1 n )Q(x )

y1n =

e (1n )P ( x )dx (1 n )Q ( x )dx + c

(1 n )P ( x )dx

e
1

1.6.1
1 y n
2 v = y 1n

dy
dv
1
=
dx (1 n ) y n dx

3 v

4 v v = y 1n

71

y x
x y

dx
+ P( y )x = Q( y )x n
dy

n 0 n 1
v
v = x1n
1.6.1
n = 2
y 2
y 2

dy 1 1
y = x
dx x

v = y 1 n = y 1

dv
dy
= y 2
dx
dx

dy
1 dv
= 2
dx
y dx

y 1

dy
dx

1 dv 1
v = x
y 2 2
x
dx
y

dv 1
v = x
dx x

dv 1
+ v=x
dx x

P( x ) =

1
x

Q(x ) = x

dy 1
y = xy 2
dx x

72

P ( x )dx
e
=e x

dx

= e ln x = x

v=

e P ( x )dx Q( x )dx + c

P ( x )dx

v=

1
( x(x )dx + c )
x

v=

1
2
x dx + c
x

1 x3
v =
+ c
x 3

x2 c
v=
+
3 x

v = y 1
y

x2 c
=
+
3 x

1 x2 c
=
+
y
3 x


1.6.2 y + 4 xy =

y + 4 xy =

8x
y3

dy
+ 4 xy = 8 xy 3
dx

n = 3
y 3
y3

dy
+ 4 xy 4 = 8 x
dx

v = y 1 n = y 4

dv
dy
= 4y3
dx
dx

dy
1 dv
=
dx 4 y 3 dx

y 4

dy
dx

1 dv
+ 4 xv = 8 x
y 3 3

dx
4
y

1 dv
+ 4 xv = 8 x
4 dx
dv
+ 16 xv = 32 x
dx

P ( x ) = 16 x

Q(x ) = 32 x

P ( x )dx

= e

16 xdx

= e 8x

8x
y3

y (0) = 2

73

74

v=

v=
v=
v=

e P ( x )dx Q( x )dx + c

P ( x )dx

1
e8 x

( e

(32 x )dx + c )

8 x2

( )

1 8x2
d 8x 2

32
e
x
+ c
(
)
2
16 x
e8x

(2 e d (8x ) + c)

(2e

1
e8x

8 x2

v=
e

8x

v = 2+

8x2

+c

c
e8 x

v = y 4
y4 = 2 +

y (0) = 2 16 = 2 +

c
e0

c
e8x

c = 14

y 4 = 2 +

14
e8x

1.6.3 y
n = 4
y 4
y 4 y

1 3
y = ln x
3x

v = y 1 n = y 3
dv
dy
= 3 y 4
dx
dx

dy
1 dv
= 4
dx
3 y dx

1
y = y 4 ln x
3x


y 3

dy
dx

1 dv 1
y 4 4
v = ln x
3 y dx 3 x

1 dv 1
v = ln x
3 dx 3x
dv 1
+ v = 3 ln x
dx x

P(x ) =

1
x

Q(x ) = 3 ln x

P ( x )dx
e
=e x

dx

= e ln x = x

v=

e P ( x )dx Q( x )dx + c

P ( x )dx

v=

1
( x( 3 ln x )dx + c )
x

v=

1
( 3 x ln xdx + c )
x

v=

1 1 2
3 x ln x x 2 + c
4
x 2

c
3
3
v = x ln x + x +
x
4
2

v = y 3
3
c
3
y 3 = x ln x + x +
4
x
2
1

3
3
c
= x ln x + x +
2
4
x
y
3

75

76

1.6.4 y (6 y 2 x 1)dx + 2 xdy = 0

dy
+ P(x ) y = Q(x ) y n
dx

2 xdx

dy
y
6y2 x 1 +
=0
2x
dx

dy 3 y 3 xy y
+

=0
dx
x
2x 2x
dy xy
y
3y3

=
dx 2 x 2 x
x
3y3
dy x + 1

y =
x
dx 2 x

n = 3
y 3
y 3

v = y1n = y 2 ,
y 2

dy
dx

dy x + 1 2
3

y =
dx 2 x
x

dv
dy
= 2 y 3
dx
dx

dy
1 dv
= 3
dx
2 y dx

1 dv x + 1
3
y 3 3
v

x
2 y dx 2 x

3
1 dv x + 1

v =
x
2 dx 2 x
dv x + 1
6
+
v =
dx x
x

P(x ) =

x +1
x

Q(x ) =

6
x

x +1
dx

P ( x )dx
e
=e

=e

1+ x dx

= e x +ln x = e x e ln x = xe x

v=

e P ( x )dx Q( x )dx + c

P ( x )dx

e
1

x 6
+
xe
dx
c

xe x
x

1
v = x 6e x dx + c
xe
1
v = x 6e x + c
xe
c
6
v= + x
x xe
v=

v = y 2

c
6
+ x
x xe
1
6
c
= + x
2
x xe
y

y 2 =

1.6.5 xdy (y + xy 3 (1 + ln x ))dx = 0

dy
+ P( x ) y = Q( x ) y n
dx
dy 1
y + xy 3 (1 + ln x ) = 0
xdx
dx x
dy 1
y y 3 (1 + ln x ) = 0
dx x
dy 1
y = (1 + ln x ) y 3
dx x
n = 3

y 3
dy 1 2
y = 1 + ln x
dx x
v = y 1 n = y 2

y 3

dv
dy
= 2 y 3
dx
dx

1 dv
dy
= 3
dx
2 y dx

y 2

dy
dx

77

78

1 dv 1
y 3 3
v = 1 + ln x
2 y dx x
1 dv 1
v = 1 + ln x
2 dx x
dv 2
+ v = 2(1 + ln x )
dx x

2
x

P( x ) =

Q(x ) = 2(1 + ln x )

P ( x )dx
=e x
e

dx

= e

2 ln x

= e ln x = x 2

v=
v=
v=

e P ( x )dx Q( x )dx + c

P ( x )dx

e
1

( x

( 2 (x

1
x
1

( 2(1 + ln x ))dx + c )
2

+ x 2 ln x dx + c

x
1 1
1
1

v = 2 2 x 3 + x 3 ln x x 3 + c
3
9
x 3

1 2
1

v = 2 2 x 3 + x 3 ln x + c
3
x 9

1 4x3 2 3

x
x
+
c
ln

3
x 2 9

4
2
c
v = x x ln x + 2
9
3
x
2 2
c
v = x + ln x + 2
3 3
x
v=

v = y 2
2 2
c
y 2 = x + ln x + 2
3 3
x
2 2
c
= x + ln x + 2
3 3
x
y
1

1.6.6 6 y 2 dx x(2 x 3 + y )dy = 0

dy
+ P(x ) y = Q(x ) y n
dx

dx
+ P( y )x = Q( y )x n
dy
dx
x
6 y 2 dy
2 2x3 + y = 0
dy 6 y

dx x 4
x
2
=0
dy 3 y
6y
1
dx 1
x = 2 x 4
dy 6 y
3y

n = 4
x 4
x 4

dx 1 3
1
x = 2
dy 6 y
3y

v = x1 n = x 3

dv
dx
= 3 x 4
dy
dy

dx
1 dv
= 4
dy
3x dy

x 3

dx
dy

1 dv 1
1
v = 2
x 4 4
3y
3 x dy 6 y

1
1 dv 1
v = 2
3 dy 6 y
3y
dv 1
1
+
v= 2
dy 2 y
y

79

80

1
2y

P( y ) =

Q( y ) =

1
y2

P ( y )dy

=e

2 y dy

1
ln y
e2

=e

ln y 2

v=

e P ( y )dy Q( y )dy + c

P ( y )dy

e
1

1 2 1
v = 1 y 2 dy + c

y2

1
2
v = 1 y dy + c

y2
3

1
v = 1 y 2 dy + c

y2
1

1 2
v = 1 2y + c

2
y

v = 2 y 1 +

v=

c
1
y2

2
c
+ 1
y
y2

v = x 3
2
c
+ 1
y
y2
1 2
c
= +
3
y
y
x

x 3 =

1
y2

1.6
1 8
1. y +
2.

2y
= x2 y4
x

dy y
x

=
dx 2 x 2 y

3. y + xy = xy 2
4.

dy
= y xe 2 x y 3
dx

5.

dy 1
1
+ y = (1 2 x ) y 4
dx 3
3

6. xydx + (x 2 3 y )dy = 0
7. 2 ydx (x x 3 y cos y )dy = 0
8. 2 ydx + x(x 2 ln y 1)dy = 0
9 10
9. x 2

dy
2 xy = 3 y 4
dx

y (1) =

1
2

10. (2 y 3 x 3 )dx + 3xy 2 dy = 0 y (1) = 1

81

82

1.6
1.

1
y

= x 3 + cx 6

2. y 2 = x 2 + cx
3.

1
= 1 + ce
y

x2
2

4. e 2 x = y 2 (x 2 + c )
5.

1
y

= 1 2 x + ce x

6. x 2 y 2 = 2 y 3 + c
7. y = x 2 y sin y + x 2 cos y + cx 2
8. y (1 + x 2 x 2 ln y ) = cx 2
9.

1
9
49
=
+ 6
3
5x 5x
y

10. 5 x 2 y 3 = x 5 + 4