Ch4 - X l d liu GIS

H THNG THNG TIN A L (GIS)

(Ch4 X l d liu trong GIS)
Phan Trng Tin
Department of Software Engineering
Hanoi University of Agriculture
Office location: 3rd floor, Administrative
building
Office phone: (04)38276346, Ext: 132
Website: http://fita.hua.edu.vn/pttien
Email:ptgtien@hua.edu.vn or
phantien84@gmail.com

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
NI DUNG CHNH
I. Chng xp bn (Map
Overlaying)
II. Tm kim khng gian (Searching)
III. To vng m (Buffer Zone)
IV. Ni suy khng gian (Spatial
Interpolation)
V. o c tnh ton (Area Calculation)

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
I. CHNG XP BN
Khi mun tr li cc cu hi nh:
-Loi s dng t no nm bn trong khu
vc b ngp lt?
-Vng no s b nhim v phi di ri?
-Loi t no ph hp vi vic trng c
ph?
Lc chng ta phi chng ghp bn
y l chc nng dng so snh hai hay
nhiu lp d liu tm ra mi quan h ca
mt i tng no trong cc lp khc
nhau.

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CHNG XP BN
Phn tch chng ghp
n gin l to ra mt
bng d liu hay mt
biu th hin s
chng ghp ca hai i
tng, hai hnh hay hai
lp khc nhau

V d: S chng ghp
ca hai lp ny tm
ra nhng loi t no
nm trong khu vc b
ngp lt.
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CHNG XP BN

S chng ghp lp d liu l so
snh mi quan h gia hai hay
nhiu lp d liu. Chc nng phn
tch khng gian ca ArcView c th
so snh xc nh i tng c
th c chng ghp u.
V d: Kt qu ca vic chng
ghp l tm thy c t nng
nghip nm trong khu vc ngp lt
( [ Landuse] = "Agr" ) and ( [Flood Zone] = 1 )

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CHNG GHP S HC
Chng ghp bng phng php s hc dng cc
php ton hc trong khi chng ghp nh :
+ (cng), - (tr), * (nhn), / (chia), mod, div,
sqrt....
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CHNG GHP S HC
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
Phng php chng
ghp s hc c th
hin chc nng Map
Calculator
CHNG GHP S HC
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
V D
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
Hy xy dng bn C bit C = A+B
A B
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CHNG GHP BN DNG
BIU THC LOGIC
A
B
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CC PHP LOGIC
A B A and B A or B A xor B Not A
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
BI TP 1
(A and B) or C A and (B or C)
A B
C
A
B
C
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
(A or C) and (B or D) (A or B) and (C or D)
A
B
C
D D
C A
B
BI TP 2
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
Xy dng bn C bit C = A and B
Xy dng bn C bit C = A or B
A B
BI TP 3
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CHNG GHP LOGIC
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
1 0 3 0 0 0 3 1
0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1
2 1 4 0 1 2 2 1
1 3 1 0 0 2 1 0
0 4 0 0
1 5 1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 4 2
A
B
C D
Hy vit kt qu bn D vi cu
lnh sau:
D = (A=B) and (A<> C)
E = (A=B) or (A<> C)
H = (A=B) xor (A<> C)
Cho 3 bn A, B v C
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CHNG GHP BN DNG BIU
THC C IU KIN
Phng php chng ghp dng biu thc
c iu kin l qu trnh my tnh kim
tra cc s liu trn bn c tho mn
mt iu kin no cho trc hay
khng?
Cu lnh c dng l:
BDSP = If (<iu kin>, Cu lnh 1, Cu lnh
2)
Cu lnh kim tra <iu kin> nu ng
thc hin <Cu lnh 1>, ngc li thc
hin <Cu lnh 2>

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS


V d: Cho hai bn A v B
nh sau
22,
2
25,
6
26,
7
28,
0
5 5 6 7
20,
7
22,
3
21,
4
22,
5
4 4 5 7
19,
9
16,
3
21,
5
21,
8
6 4 3 2
18,
3
19,
2
20,
1
23,
7
5 2 2 2
Hy xy dng bn C theo cu lnh sau
C = if (A>20, B+3, B+2)
A B
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
BI TP
Hy vit cu lnh xy dng bn
C tho mn cc iu kin sau:
Nu bn A ln hn 4 ln gi tr ca bn
B v nu gi tr ca bn A <= 21 th
bn C bng bn A, ngc li bng 0.
Nu bn A ln hn 4 ln gi tr ca bn
B v nu gi tr ca bn A > 21 th
bn C bng 10, ngc li bng 0.
Nu bn A <= 4 ln gi tr ca bn
B th bn C bng 0, ngc li bng A.

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
PHN TCH D LIU DNG
VECTOR
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
PHN TCH D LIU DNG
VECTOR
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CHNG GHP BN DNG
VECTOR
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CHNG GHP BN DNG
VECTOR
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CHNG GHP BN DNG
VECTOR
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CHNG GHP BN DNG
VECTOR
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
PHNG PHP PHN LP
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
II. TM KIM KHNG GIAN
Tm kim l mt chc nng c bn ca hot ng
phn tch khng gian ca GIS.
Tm kim khng gian da vo quan h khng
gian ca cc i tng trn bn .
Tm kim khng gian dng cc ton t so snh
v ton t logic trong biu thc iu kin.
V d: Hy th hin nhng tha t nng nghip
nm trong khong cch 500m t ng chnh.
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
TM KIM I TNG TRN BN T BNG
C S D LIU

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
CHC NNG QUERY
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
Tm kim mt lp Tm kim hai lp
CHC NNG QUERY
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
TO S HNH CT
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
TO MT B MT GRID T CC
IM MU
o ng Thanh l mt nng dn, ng y mun gim lng phn bn
trn cnh ng. u tin l vic ly mu t, phn tch ly d
liu, t lp d liu im mu , chc nng phn tch khng gian
c th to ra lp bn b mt mc dinh dng ca c cnh
ng. T to ra bn v nhu cu dinh dng ca cc khu
vc khc nhau trn cnh ng. Bn cnh ng ta cn nh chc
nng phn tch khng gian to ra mt vng m 300m xung
quanh sng nhm trnh s nhim nc. V ng Thanh tit
kim c tin v thu c nng sut cao trn cnh ng bi
vic p dng chc nng phn tch khng gian

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
o S dng lp im (Theaters) to ra mt
lp Raster ch ra vng phc v ca tng
nh ht. Mi pixel trong lp ny c nhn
mt gi tr theo nh ht m gn n nht.
Cc pixel c gi tr nh nhau (mu nh
nhau) gn cng mt nh ht.


XC NH KHU VC GN NHT
CA CC IM
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
PHN B CC GI TR XUNG
QUANH MT IM
o T mt lp im thnh ph, phn b
gi tr dn s theo mt cng thc
tnh. Kt qu l mt lp grid th hin
mt dn s.

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
TO RA CC LOI BN
Gary creates an elevation grid of Mt. St.
Helens from an imported elevation
file
S dng lp cao
to ra bn ng
ng mc. Khong cao
u ca cc ng ng
mc l 100m
To ra bn a mo
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
TO RA BN HNG DC V
BN DC
Bn dc
Bn hng
dc
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
TO BN THY LC

Bn dng chy
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
III. TO VNG M
S tm kim a l c thc hin xung quanh cc i
tng im, ng, vng.

i tng a l + Khong cch tm kim theo yu cu.
Chc nng to vng m xy dng cc i tng mi t
iu kin tm kim.
Xc nh cc vng nm trong khu vc tm kim
To vng m c th dng Raster. Kt qu l s phn lp
cc cell thnh hai loi l cc cell nm bn trong v cc cell
nm bn ngoi ca khu vc vng m.

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
TO LP KHONG CCH T
MT I TNG
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
TO VNG M BNG MAP
QUERY
Vng m cch 500, 1000, 1500 m t h thng ng giao thng.

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
IV. NI SUY KHNG GIAN
Ni suy khng gian l mt chc nng trong
GIS m ngi s dng mun tnh ton mt s
liu chnh xc cho nhng v tr m khng c
o hoc ly mu da vo nhng v tr c
o hoc ly mu.
C hai phng php ni suy
Inverse Distance Weighting
Kriging



Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
Phng php ni suy

D liu im
D liu thc trn
b mt
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
y l phng php ni suy n
gin nht
L phng php c s dng ph
bin nht trong cc chc nng
phn tch ca GIS.
Tnh cc s o cha bit nh l
mt gi tr trung bnh c trng s
thng qua cc s o bit ca
cc im ln cn, cc im cng
gn th trng s cng ln.

1. Inverse Distance Weighting
(IDW)
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
NI SUY KHONG CCH C
TRNG S
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
im cha c
gi tr cn
c ni suy
im i
Gi tr bit zi
V tr xi
Trng s wi
Khong cch di

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS

n
i
p
i
n
i
i
p
i
d
x
d
x
1
1
1
1

W: L trng s ca im cn c tnh.
d1,...,dn l khong cch t 1.. n im mu n v tr im
cn c tnh
x1,...,xn l gi tr ca cc im mu .
NI SUY KHONG CCH C
TRNG S
Trng s ca mi im c tnh theo cng thc sau:
W
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
NI SUY TUYN TNH T 2
IM
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
Tm ra mt s c tnh chung ca ton b b
mt c th hin bi cc gi tr s o, v
sau p dng cc c tnh tnh cho
cc phn khc ca b mt.
Kriging b nh hng bi c quan h ca cc
im mu v hng ca chng.
Kriging cn nhiu cc la chn v yu cu
u vo t ngi s dng
y l mt phng php ni suy c chnh
xc cao hn.

2. Kriging
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
Tnh ton lng ma, nhit v cc thuc
tnh khc ti cc v tr m khng c cc trm
kh tng thy vn hoc khng c s liu o
lng cc c tnh .
Tnh ton cao ca b mt Tri t ti
nhng v tr cao cha bit da vo cc
im c cao ca m hnh DEM.
Tnh ton v cc ng ng mc da
vo cc im mu cao c ly.
Tnh ton cc loi t cho cc vng trong
bn t da vo v tr v cc s liu ca
cc mu t c phn tch.

Cc ng dng
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
Ni suy gi tr pH t ti cc im
kho st
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
V. O C TNH TON
D liu a l c m t bng
cc gi tr s.
S tnh ton vi s tr gip ca
my tnh c thc hin mt
cch nhanh chng, chnh xc.
S o c v chiu di, din tch,
chu vi ca cc i tng a l
c cc phn mm ca GIS tnh
ton t ng.

Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
Tnh din tch
D liu Vector: chia nh bn di
dng a gic
D liu Raster: tnh din tch ca 1 ,
sau nhn din tch ny vi s
lng ca bn
Ch4 - X l d liu GIS
Vi cc chc nng trn, GIS c
kh nng gii p :
V tr ca i tng nghin cu: qun l v cung cp
v tr ca cc i tng theo yu cu bng cc cch
khc nhau nh tn a danh, m, v tr, to .
iu kin v thuc tnh ca i tng: thng qua
phn tch cc d liu khng gian cung cp cc s kin
tn ti hoc xy ra ti mt em nht nh hoc xc
nh cc i tng tho mn cc iu kin t ra.
Xu hng thay i ca i tng: cung cp hng
thay i ca i tng thng qua phn tch cc lnh
th trong vng nghin cu theo thi gian.
Cu trc v thnh phn c lin quan ca i tng:
cung cp mc sai lch ca cc i tng so vi
kiu mu v ni sp t chng c t cc ngun
khc.
Cc gii php tt nht p ng mc tiu nghin
cu
Cc m hnh nhm gi nh cc phng n khc nhau