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OPERATING SYSTEM
TYPES OF OPERATING
SYSTEMS
Linus and Linux
• In 1991 Linus Torvalds took a college computer
science course that used the Minix operating
system
– Minix is a “toy” UNIX-like OS written by Andrew
Tanenbaum as a learning workbench
– Linus wanted to make MINIX more usable, but
Tanenbaum wanted to keep it ultra-simple
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Comparing the Architectures
Kernel Architectures
Applicat
ion
Windows
User Mode
Kernel Mode
System Services
Devic Process Management ,
Win32 e Memory Management ,
Windowin Drive I / O Management , etc .
g rs
Hardware Dependent Code
Applicatio
n
Linux
X - Windows
User Mode
Kernel Mode
System Services
Process Management , Devic
Memory Management , e
I / O Management , etc . Drive
rs
Hardware Dependent Code 8
Linux Kernel
• Linux is a monolithic but modular system
– All kernel subsystems form a single piece of code
with no protection between them
R eady 1 1 1 1
List 0 1 1 0
3 2 2 1
H ig h e st
Prio rity
Ta sk
Scheduling
• Linux 2.6 has a revamped scheduler that’s O(1) from Ingo
Molnar that:
– Calculates a task’s priority at the time it makes scheduling
decision
– Has per-CPU ready queues where the tasks are pre-sorted
by priority
1
H ig h e st-p rio rity 0
N o n -e m p ty Q u e u e 1
1
0
3
1 1
1 1
2 2
Zero-Copy Sendfile
ü Linux 2.2 introduced Sendfile to efficiently send file data over
a socket
ü I pointed out that the initial implementation incurred a copy
operation, even if the file data was cached
ü Linux 2.4 introduced zero-copy Sendfile
ü Windows NT pioneered zero-copy file sending with
TransmitFile, the Sendfile equivalent, in Windows NT 4
•
File D a ta
File D a ta
1 -C o p y B u ffe r
0 -C o p y
B u ffe r
N e tw o rk N e tw o rk N e tw o rk
N e tw o rk N e tw o rk
A d a p te r
D rive r D rive r
B u ffe r
Memory
Management
Virtual Memory Management
Linux
Windows
üSplits user-mode/kernel-mode
ü 32-bit versions split user- from 1GB/3GB to 3GB/1GB
mode/kernel-mode from ü2.6 has “4/4 split”
option where kernel
2GB/2GB to 3GB/1GB has its own address
ü Demand-paged virtual space
memory üDemand-paged virtual memory
ü 32 or 64-bits ü32-bits and/or 64-bits
üCopy-on-write
ü Copy-on-write üShared memory
ü Shared memory üMemory mapped files
ü Memory mapped files
0
User 0
2GB User
3GB
System
4GB
System
4GB
Security
L in u x
Windows üTw o m o d e ls:
üS ta n d a rd U N IX m o d e l
ü Very flexible security model üA cce ss C o n tro lLists
based on Access Control ( SELinux )
Lists üU se rs a re d e fin e d w ith :
ü Users are defined with
üC a p a b ilitie s
ü Privileges
( privileges)
ü Member groups
ü Security can be applied to üM e m b e r g ro u p s
any Object Manager üS e cu rity is im p le m e n te d o n
object a n o b je ct-b y - o b je ct b a sis
ü Files, processes,
synchronization üH a s n o b u ilt-in a u d itin g
objects, … su p p o rt
ü Supports auditing üV e rsio n 2 . 6 in clu d e s Lin u x
S e cu rity M o d u le fra m e w o rk
fo r a d d - o n se cu rity m o d e ls
Total Cost of
Ownership (TCO)
Windows vs. Linux
TCO – What is it?
Windows is Engineered to Provide
Lower TCO
Windows is a comprehensive and
Product integrated software solution built for
specific IT needs
25 %
20 %
Services
Services
Security
15 %
Serving
Print
Print
Serving
10 %
Services
Network
File
Network
File
5%
Simple
Simple
0% Web
Web
21%
Thank You