Transpiration Sap Flowin Trees

ISAAC 2006 Sapflow in Trees
Transpiration (Sapflow) in
Trees
Transpiration / Sapflow
Evaporation
Rainfall &
Irrigation
Transpiration
The evaporation of
water from plants
occurring primarily at
the leaves through
open stomata during
the process of CO
2
gas
exchange during
photosynthesis
What Affects Sapflow
Light / Solar radiation
Temperature (heating of the plant tissue)
Humidity (creates a boundary layer)
Wind (disrupts boundary layer)
Water - Soil Moisture (Content & Potential)
Conclusion
The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere are continuously
linked so, Sapflow cannot be measured in
isolation
Meteorological Data
Soil Moisture Measurement
Stem Water Potential
Applications
Whole Tree Daily water use
Catchment Hydrology Research
Mapping hydraulic architecture
Tracing water use from roots to leaves
Identifying sides of tree where water is used
Identifying areas of decline within the tree that
may require removal
Functional distribution of tree root systems
Non-destructive determination of
Tree Functional Root Distribution
Projected Area
Soil Moisture
Sensors
Depth
Sapflow sensors
Width
Nadezhdina 2003
Air Spade Excavation of Roots
Lateral Root System Distribution
Vertical Root System Distribution
Anatomy of a Tree
(A) Outer Bark
(B) Inner Bark
(C) Cambium Layer
(D) Sapwood
(E) Heartwood
Sapwood thickness on average is
only 20 to 40 mm thick
Sap Flow Variability
(heterogeneity)
Spatial
in radial direction
variability around the stem circumference
Temporal
due to water stress
plant damage
Radial Sap Velocity Gradient
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60
Radial distance from edge of tree (mm)
S
a
p

V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

c
m
h
r
-
1
Sap Velocity
Accounting for Radial Sapflow
Gradients
A1
A2
Sapwood
Heartwood
Sapflow
Sensor
A1 = Sapwood
Annulus 1
A2 = Sapwood
Annulus 2
Uniform Growing Conditions
Non-Uniform Growing Conditions
Sap flow heterogeneity - large trees
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)
Wind River, Washington, USA
Total height 58m, DBH = 250 cm
Time period August 14 to Aug 24
Data courtesy Kucera - EMS
How Do You Measure Sapflow
HRM Needle Design
7
.
5

m
m
2
2
.
5

m
m
3
0

m
m
7.5 mm
30 mm
22.5 mm
HRM Theory
Heater
probe
Temperature
sensors
Downstream
temperature probe
Upstream
temperature
probe
x
x
Bark +
cambium
Sapwood Heartwood Centre of stem
Sap
flow
c d
a b
Calibration Data
Installation
Installation in Small Stems
& Roots
Sapflow Units of Measure
V
h
- Raw Heat Pulse Velocity (cm hr
-1
)
Relative sapflow trend
V
s
- Corrected Sap Velocity
Absolute sap velocity (cm hr
-1
) rate of use
Q- Sapflow (cm
3
hr
-1
or litres hr
-1
)
Volumetric, total amount of water use
Converting Sap Velocity to Sapflow
Corrected sap velocity V
s
(say 10 cm hr
-1
)
sapwood area A
sw
(say 220 cm
2
) = 2,200 cm
3
hr
-1
for annulus 1
+
V
s
(say 5 cm hr
-1
) A
sw
(say 40 cm
2
) = 200
cm
3
hr
-1
for annulus 2
Whole Tree sapflow =
2,400 cm
3
hr
-1
or 2.4 litres hr
-1
.
Where is the Data?
Sapflow Data of Urban Trees
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Time (days)
S
a
p
f
l
o
w

(
l
i
t
r
e
s

d
a
y
-
1
Published Tree Sapflow Rates
Species
Height
(m)
Diameter (cm)
Sapwood Area
(cm2)
Sapflow (litres day -1)
Acacia dealbata - 25 279 59
Betulaalba - - - 70
Eperua purpurea - - 1,521 1,180
Eucalyptus camaldulensis - - - 29
Eucalyptus globulus - - - 37
Eucalyptus grandis 34 30 - 141
Eucalyptus grandis 56 41 371 174
Eucalyptus regnans 58 89 618 285
Ficusinsipida 30 54 2,100 164
Grevilliarobusta - - - 12
Piceaabies 25 - - 63
Pinusradiata 25 42 1,089 349
Pseudostsuga menziesii 28 38 - 64
Pseudostsuga menziesii 76 134 4,020 530
Quercus petraea 15 9 10
Quercusrobur 33 - - 400
Excerpt from Wullschleger et.al 1998
Sapflow in Relation to Foundation
Movement
A comparison of sap flux & water relations
of leaves of various isolated trees with
special reference to foundation movement
in clay soil Misra, R. K & Sands, R.
Plant and Soil 1992.
Melaleuca = 17 litres hr
-1
Prunus = 8 litres hr
-1
Misras Findings
The sapflow of trees causes a shrinkage of soil
and movement in and around foundations
Melaleucas can extract more soil water than
Ulmus and hence is more likely to cause
shrinkage and soil movement.
More needs to be understood about the crown
root ratio and sapflow
Exposed Maple Tree Shaded Maple Tree
Garden
Pavement Pavement Road
Lawn
Lawn
Sapflow = 140 litres day
-1
12,500 litres year
-1
Sapflow = 65 litres day
-1
5,740 litres year
-1
North West South East
Cermak et.al 2000
Cermaks Conclusions
Sapflow measurements are very suitable in city trees
integrated value of water consumption
minimal environmental disturbance and cost.
Radial sapflow shows where trees draw water from
deeper layers of sapwood are supplied by deeper roots
shallower sapwood layers supplied by surface roots.
Can provide an early warning technique to enable
intervention before damage occurs to buildings
Unpublished Data
NSW DPI Species Water Use Trial
Diurnal Sapflow of Eucalyptus camaldulensis
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

1
3
:
4
0
:
0
0

1
9
:
2
0
:
0
0

0
1
:
0
0
:
0
0

0
6
:
4
0
:
0
0

1
2
:
2
0
:
0
0

1
8
:
0
0
:
0
0

2
3
:
4
0
:
0
0

0
5
:
2
0
:
0
0

1
1
:
0
0
:
0
0

1
6
:
4
0
:
0
0

2
2
:
2
0
:
0
0

0
4
:
0
0
:
0
0

0
9
:
4
0
:
0
0

1
5
:
2
0
:
0
0

2
1
:
0
0
:
0
0

0
2
:
4
0
:
0
0

0
8
:
2
0
:
0
0

1
4
:
0
0
:
0
0

1
9
:
4
0
:
0
0

0
1
:
2
0
:
0
0

0
7
:
0
0
:
0
0

1
2
:
4
0
:
0
0

1
8
:
2
0
:
0
0

0
0
:
0
0
:
0
0

0
5
:
4
0
:
0
0

1
1
:
2
0
:
0
0

1
7
:
0
0
:
0
0

2
2
:
4
0
:
0
0

0
4
:
2
0
:
0
0

1
0
:
0
0
:
0
0
Time (minutes)
H
e
a
t

P
u
l
s
e

V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
c
m
/
h
rain event
Midday
Midnight
Diurnal Saplfow of Eucalyptus albens
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time (minutes)
H
e
a
t

P
u
l
s
e

V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
c
m
/
h
rain event
Midday
Midnight
Diurnal Sapflow of Corymbia maculata
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Time (Minutes)
H
e
a
t

P
u
l
s
e

V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
c
m
/
h
rain event
Midday
Midnight
Case Study
Tall Trees in California
Tallest Tree Species
112.87 m, Sequoia sempervirens = coast redwood
99.4 m, Pseudotsuga menziesii = Douglas-fir
97.0 m, Eucalyptus regnans = mountain ash
96.6 m, Picea sitchensis = Sitka spruce
94.9 m, Sequoiadendron giganteum = giant sequoia
Stratosphere Giant
112.34 m, 2000
112.87 m, 2006
Stem Water Potential
Data: Courtesy Humboldt
State Uni 2006
Data: Courtesy Humboldt
State Uni 2006
SAPFLOW
November through February
up to 1069 liters H
2
O
transpired per day
up to 297 liters H
2
O
absorbed by leaves per day
Future Research
Measure sapflow and soil moisture of key tree
species used in urban plantings.
Collect data for different regions for each
species
Compare data to engineering data on both soil
skrinkage and building structural damage
Link with universities and research centres
Use your skills to collect data and uni skills to
analyse.
Further Reading
www.ictinternational.com.au/plants.htm
www.ictinternational.com.au/hrm30.htm
www.ictinternational.com.au/hrmref.htm
www.ictinternational.com.au/TallTrees.htm
The fact that trees are large and not easy to
handle increases the difficulties (of measuring
water requirements of trees), but they should not
be insurmountable; for no really satisfactory
results can be expected until more data are
obtained on forest (and Urban) trees and stands
under natural conditions, supplemented by
laboratory work on a scale comparable with the
size of the problem
Raber 1937 USDA
Wullschleger et.al 1998

Transpiration Sap Flowin Trees

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