Desktop &networking Question & Answers: Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions

Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions
Desktop &Networking Question &

Answers
1. What is IP address?
IP address is an identifer for a Computer or Device.
Class A IP Address 1 126, Class B IP Address 128 11, Class C IP Address
12 22!. And 12".#.#.1 is $oop %ac& IP address. It 'ill c(ec& t(e )*stem
Connectivit*. +ac( mac(ine connected to t(e Internet (as an address &no'n
as an Internet Protocol address ,IP address-. .(e IP address ta&es t(e form of
four num%ers separated %* dots, for e/ample0 12.168.#.1
1ou 'ant to see )*stem IP address 2oes to
)tart3 4un3 .*pe cmd t*pe ipconf2 /all
1ou 'ant to confrm an* s*stem connected in t(e s*stem net'or& t*pe pin2
12.168.#.1 ,12.168.#.1 t(is s*stem IP address-
2. What is subnet ask?
)u%net mas& is used for identif* t(e 5et'or&.
+/ample0
6or a class A address, a standard su%net mas& is 277.#.#.#,
6or a class B address, a standard su%net mas& is 277.277.#.#,
6or a class C address, a standard su%net mas& is 277.277.277.#,
!. What is DN"?
Doain Naing "er#i$e. It8ll 4esolve IP Address to 9ostname ,6:D5- and
9ostname to IP address. In D5) t(ere are t'o ;ones.
1. 6or'ard $oo&up ;one
2. 4everse $oo&up ;one.
%QDN & %ull' Quali(ed Doain Nae
). What is WIN"?
Windows Internet Naing "er#i$e. It is used to resolve 5etBI<) name to
IP address = >ice versa. )(ort for Windo's Internet Namin2 "ervice, a
s*stem t(at determines t(e IP address associated 'it( a particular net'or&
computer. .(is is called name resolution. ?I5) supports net'or& client and
server computers runnin2 ?indo's and can provide name resolution for
ot(er computers 'it( special arran2ements. Determinin2 t(e IP address for a
computer is a comple/ process '(en D9CP servers assi2n IP addresses
d*namicall*. 6or e/ample, it is possi%le for D9CP to assi2n a di@erent IP
address to a client eac( time t(e mac(ine lo2s on to t(e net'or&.
1
?I5) uses a distri%uted data%ase t(at is automaticall* updated 'it( t(e
names of computers currentl* availa%le and t(e IP address assi2ned to eac(
one.
D5) is an alternative s*stem for name resolution suita%le for net'or&
computers 'it( f/ed IP addresses.
*. What is D+,P?
D'nai$ +ost ,on(guration Proto$ol. It is used to Assi2n IP address
automaticall* to t(e Client Aac(ine.
D9CP is a protocol used %* net'or&ed computers ,clients- to o%tain IP
addresses and ot(er parameters suc( as t(e default 2ate'a*, su%net mas&,
and IP addresses of D5) servers from a D9CP server. It facilitates access to a
net'or& %ecause t(ese settin2s 'ould ot(er'ise (ave to %e made manuall*
for t(e client to participate in t(e net'or&.
D9CP operations fall into four %asic p(ases. .(ese p(ases are IP lease
reBuest, IP lease o@er, IP lease selection, and IP lease ac&no'led2ement
D9CP discover*
D9CP o@ers
D9CP reBuests
D9CP ac&no'led2ement
What proto$ol and port does D+,P use?
D9CP, li&e B<<.P runs over CDP, utiliDin2 ports 6" and 68.
DN" -oot +ints in Windows 2..!
4oot 9ints are a vital co2 in conf2urin2 *our D5) )erver. If *our server
receives a Buer* for an un&no'n domain, t(en t(e root (ints 2ive a clue as to
'(ere to searc( for t(e ans'er. Aa*%e *ou 'ere luc&* and t(e root (ints
ma2icall* conf2ured t(emselves correctl*. Per(aps it 'as a triump( for
plannin2 t(at *ou e/amined t(e root (ints as soon as *ou ran DCP4<A<.
9o'ever, in m* opinion *ou cannot %e a successful D5) trou%les(ooter
'it(out understandin2 root (ints.
D+,P in Windows "er#er 2..!
D *namic 3 Aeans t(at clients IP address ma* c(an2e
+ ost 3 Indicates t(at t(is is a s*stem for clients, e.2. EP mac(ines
, onf2uration 3 A clue t(at *ou are in c(ar2e of t(e options, e.2. D5) )erver
P rotocol 3 .(e rules controllin2 t(e Fo' of pac&ets %et'een client and
server
D+,P Address /eases
2
$ease is a 2ood name for a D9CP IP propert*. .a&e for e/ample t(e 8 da*
default leaseG if t(e client is s(utdo'n for 2 da*s, '(en it restarts it 'ill
continue to (ave t(e same IP address. 9alf'a* t(rou2( t(eir lease clients
attempt to rene' t(eir lease. IPC<56IH Iall 'ill s(o' *ou t(e lease, '(ile
Irene' 'ill do '(at it sa*s, top up t(e lease.
<nl* reduce t(e duration if *ou are s(ort of IP addresses. 6or e/ample, if *ou
onl* (ave 27# IP addresses %ut !## possi%le clients. It also ma&es sense to
set s(ort leases if *ou are li&el* to discontinue a scope in t(e near future.
9ere is a ta%le summarisin2 (o' a D9CP service results in clients 2ettin2 an
IP address. If *ou are interested in seein2 t(ese pac&ets, use 5et'or&
monitor to capture D9CP in action. 9ere are t(e classic J pac&ets t(at clients
e/c(an2e durin2 a lease ne2otiation.
,lient "er#er
D9CPDiscover 33K L333 D9CP<@er
D9CP4eBuest 33K L333 D9CPac&

D9CPInform )erver c(ec& t(at it is Aut(oriDed in Active
Director*

Note 10 D9CP4eBuest ma* seem stran2e, %ut it comes into pla* if t(ere are
t'o D9CP servers and %ot( ma&e an o@er to a potential client.
Note 20 D9CPac&. <nce in a %lue moon *ou see D9CP5ac& t(is is a ne2ative
ac&no'led2ement '(ic( mean, M I do no &no' *ouM. .(e most li&el* cause of
5ac& is t(e client is tr*in2 to rene' an IP address from t(e 'ron2 D9CP
server.
"$ope 1ptions.
.a&e t(e time to investi2ate )cope <ptions, t(is t(e most li&el* place t(at I
'ill 'in m* %et t(at *ou 'ill fnd a ne' settin2 '(ic( 'ill improve *our
net'or& performance. .(ese options can %e set at t(e )cope $evel, )erver
$evel, 4eservation $evel or at t(e Class $evel ,.ric&*-. )o fnd all four places
and ma&e up *our mind '(ic( 'ould %e t(e %est level for *our net'or&.
23aples o4 D+,P "$ope 1ptions0
4outer ,Default Hate'a*-, D5) )ervers ,##6-
Domain 5ame ,#17- ?I5) ,#JJ and #J6-
,lasses 5Ad#an$ed 6ab7
3
>endor Class 3 ?indo's 8 Aac(ines
Cser Class 3 4outin2 and 4emote Access
Creatin2 *our o'n Cser Class
Address -eser#ation
4eservin2 IP addresses is useful in t'o situations, for fle and print servers
and for important mac(ines '(ere leases are in s(ort suppl*. 9o' does
D9CP &no' '(ic( mac(ine to lease a particular IPN .(e ans'er is %* its AAC
address ,also called 5IC or P(*sical address-. In ?indo's 2##! '(en *ou
enter t(e AAC address D9CP strips out t(e (*p(ens if *ou a%sentmindedl*
include t(em amon2st t(e 9+E num%ers. .o fnd t(e AAC address pin2 t(e
mac(ine t(en t*pe arp 3a.
4emem%er t(at *ou can set D9CP <ptions for t(e reservationsG after all t(at
ma* (ave %een t(e ver* reason '(* *ou decided to ma&e reservations in t(e
frst place.
Authori8e 9 D+,P "er#er
In a ?indo's )erver 2##! ,or 2###- domain all D9CP servers need to %e
aut(oriDed in Active Director*. .(is is an e/ample of AicrosoftMs ne' securit*
initiative, and an attempt to eliminate ro2ue D9CP servers set up Ounior
administrators in a lar2e compan*. )o, *ou need to lo2on ,or 4unAs- a
mem%er of t(e +nterprise Admins 2roup. .(en ri2(t clic& t(e D9CP server
icon, and aut(oriDe.
Incidentall*, .(e 4I) service also needs to %e aut(oriDed %efore it %ecomes
active.
A$ti#ate 9 D+,P "$ope
+ven after *ou aut(oriDe a server, eac( scope must %e activated individuall*.
)o, ri2(t clic& t(e scope to activate ,or deactivate-. Peep *our e*e on t(e red
or 2reen arro's to Oud2e *our success. 5ote *ou ma* (ave to refres( from
t(e server icon, often pressin2 67 is not enou2(.
:. What is -ela' Agent?
If 'e 'ant to assi2n IP address automaticall* to ot(er su%nets t(en 'e need
to reBuire rela* a2ent. D9CP server al'a*s uses %roadcast traQc to assi2n IP
address for t(e clients. But 4outer does not for'ard %roadcast Pac&ets.
4outer onl* %roadcast unicast pac&ets. .o overcome t(is pro%lem across
su%nets 'e are usin2 D9CP 4ela* a2ent.
;. What is ,lustering?
4
Clusterin2 means it is a 2roup of t'o or more server runnin2 same application
and fault tolerance it is called Clusterin2.
?indo's 2### Advanced server support and Data center server support 8
5odes.
?indo's 2##! enterprise edition and Datacenter server support J 5odes.
But, ?indo's 2### server and 2##! )tandard +dition 5ot support for
Clusterin2.
<. What is 6rans4erring and "ei8ing?
6rans4erring0 If *our Domain Computer 'ants to )(utdo'n for a '(ile, *ou
can transfer roles to anot(er domain controller.
"ei8ing0 If *our Computer 'ants to )(utdo'n Permanentl* t(en *ou can
seiDe *our 4oles from *our Computer to anot(er Computer %* usin2 Ntdsutil.
=. What is De#i$e anager?
.(e Device Aana2er is a tool included 'it( Aicrosoft ?indo's operatin2
s*stems t(at allo's t(e user to displa* and control t(e (ard'are attac(ed to
t(e computer. ?(en a piece of (ard'are is not 'or&in2, t(e o@endin2
(ard'are is (i2(li2(ted '(ere t(e user can deal 'it( it.
1.. De(nition o4 ,>1"? 5,opleentar' >etal o3ide "ei$ondu$tor7
A part of t(e mot(er%oard t(at maintains s*stem varia%les in static 4AA. It
also supplies a real3time cloc& t(at &eeps trac& of t(e date, da* and time.
CA<) )etup is t*picall* accessi%le %* enterin2 a specifc seBuence of
&e*stro&es durin2 t(e P<). at s*stem start3up.
11. %">1 5%le3ible "ingle >aster 1peration7 -oles?
1. "$hea >aster0 It 'ill Contain all t(e o%Oect Attri%utes, 5ot(in2 %ut
user Properties.
2. Doain naing >aster0 If 'e are addin2 an* server or 4emovin2
an* server from t(e Domain. .(is 'ill contain all t(e information.
!. PD, 2ulator0 An* pass'ord c(an2es %* ot(er Domain it 'ill %e
updated to PDC +mulator, It 'ill 'or& in mi/ed mode, '(ere 5. B dc
domain is t(ere.
). -ID >aster0 It 'ill 2ive "ID 5 "e$urit' Identi4'7 to an* o%Oects
created in t(at Domain.
*. In4rastru$ture >aster0 It 'ill (ave t(e 2roup information for t(at
Domain.
12. ?olue t'pes?
17 "iple #olue@
27 "tripped #olue
!7 "panned ?olue
)7 >irrored ?olue 5-aid 17
*7 -aid * ?olue.
5
-aid 1 5>irrored ?olue7
Airrored volumes are created usin2 t'o p(*sical dis&s. A mirrored volume
reBuired same amount of unallocated space on eac( p(*sical dis& is used.
?(en t(e data is 'ritten to a mirrored volume t(e data is 'ritten to a dis&
and t(en s*nc(roniDed on t(e second dis& an e/act cop* of t(e data is
availa%le on %ot( p(*sical dis&s.
-aid *
4aid 7 volume provides fault tolerance and performance. But 'rite
operation is slo'er t(an stripped volume. 9ere 'e need ! hard disk.
9ere it is a distri%uted data@ data and parit'. If data loss 'e can 2et
information from parit*
1!. %A6 (le s'ste want to $on#ert in to N6%" (le s'ste whi$h
$oand?
Convert +0 I6)0 5.6)
1). What is NA6?
Network Address 6ranslator. 5et'or& devices t(at are assi2ned private IP
address cannot access Internet site directl* t(erefore traQc must %e routed
t(rou2( a net device called 5A..
9ere 'e (ave to assi2n Private IP address and a Pu%lic IP address
1*. What is AD"?
Ads is t(e Active director* service It 'ill store all t(e information data%ase in
t(e centraliDed location and allo' t(e users to access t(e resources from t(e
net'or&.
In 'indo's Ntds.dit data%ase
I5 ?in 5. "A> data%ase
A$ti#e Director* is an implementation of $DAP director* services %* Aicrosoft
for use in ?indo's environments. Active Director* allo's administrators to
assi2n enterprise3'ide policies, deplo* pro2rams to man* computers, and
appl* critical updates to an entire or2aniDation. An Active Director* stores
information and settin2s relatin2 to an or2aniDation in a central, or2aniDed,
accessi%le data%ase. Active Director* net'or&s can var* from a small
installation 'it( a fe' (undred o%Oects, to a lar2e installation 'it( millions of
o%Oects.
A$ti#e Dire$tor' is a director* service used to store information a%out t(e
net'or& resources across a domain.
An Active Directory ,AD- structure is a (ierarc(ical frame'or& of o%Oects. .(e
o%Oects fall into t(ree %road cate2ories R resources ,e.2. printers-, services
,e.2. e3mail-, and users ,accounts, or users and 2roups-. .(e AD provides
information on t(e o%Oects, or2aniDes t(e o%Oects, controls access, and sets
securit*.
6
+ac( o%Oect represents a sin2le entit* R '(et(er a user, a computer, a
printer, an application, or a s(ared data sourceRand its attri%utes. <%Oects
can also %e containers of ot(er o%Oects. An o%Oect is uniBuel* identifed %* its
name and (as a set of attri%utesRthe $hara$teristi$s and information that
the obAe$t $an $ontainBde(ned b' a s$hea, '(ic( also determines t(e
&ind of o%Oects t(at can %e stored in t(e AD.
+ac( attri%ute o%Oect can %e used in several di@erent sc(ema class o%Oects.
.(ese sc(ema o%Oects e/ist to allo' t(e sc(ema to %e e/tended or modifed
'(en necessar*. 9o'ever, %ecause eac( sc(ema o%Oect is inte2ral to t(e
defnition of AD o%Oects, deactivatin2 or c(an2in2 t(ese o%Oects can (ave
serious conseBuences %ecause it 'ill fundamentall* c(an2e t(e structure of
AD itself. A sc(ema o%Oect, '(en altered, 'ill automaticall* propa2ate
t(rou2( Active Director* and once it is created it can onl* %e deactivated R
not deleted. C(an2in2 t(e sc(ema usuall* reBuires a fair amount of plannin2
Active director* $o2ical Cnit SK )c(ema, Domain .ree
Active Director* P(*sical Cnit SK <C, )ite, <%Oects
"$hea
conceptual sc(ema, a map of concepts and t(eir relations(ips
lo2ical sc(ema, a map of entities and t(eir attri%utes and relations
p(*sical sc(ema, a particular implementation of a lo2ical sc(ema
%le3ible single aster operation0
%orest9wide %">1 -oles0
"$hea >aster t(at mana2es modifcations to t(e AD sc(ema and its
replication to ot(er Domain controllers.
Doain Naing >aster t(at mana2es addin2, and some
modifcation operations for domains.
Doain9wide %">1 -oles0
-elati#e ID >aster t(at allocates securit* 4IDs to DCs to assi2n to
ne' AD securit* principals ,users, 2roups or computer o%Oects-. It also
mana2es o%Oects movin2 %et'een domains.
Infrastructure Aaster t(at maintains securit* identifers, HCIDs, and
D5s for o%Oects referenced across domains. Aost commonl* it updates
user and 2roup lin&s.
PDC +mulator t(at emulates a ?indo's 5. Primar* Domain Controller
,PDC-. It is also t(e favored DC for ot(er DCs in replicatin2 and
confrmin2 pass'ord information, and is t(e aut(oritative source of
time in t(e domain.
/ightweight Dire$tor' A$$ess Proto$ol 5/DAP7
7
In computer net'or&in2, t(e /ightweight Dire$tor' A$$ess Proto$ol, or
/DAP ,It is a net'or&in2 protocol for Buer*in2 and modif*in2 director*
services runnin2 over .CPIIP.
A director* is a set of information 'it( similar attri%utes or2aniDed in a lo2ical
and (ierarc(ical manner. .(e most common e/ample is t(e telep(one
director*, '(ic( consists of a series of names ,eit(er of a person or
or2aniDation- or2aniDed alp(a%eticall*, 'it( an address and p(one num%er
attac(ed.
A client starts an $DAP session %* connectin2 to an $DAP server, %* default
on .CP port !8. .(e client t(en sends operation reBuests to t(e server, and
t(e server sends responses in turn. ?it( some e/ceptions t(e client need not
'ait for a response %efore sendin2 t(e ne/t reBuest, and t(e server ma* send
t(e responses in an* order.
6he basi$ operations are0
)tart .$) 3 optionall* protect t(e connection 'it( .ransport $a*er
)ecurit* ,.$)-, to (ave a more secure connection
Bind 3 aut(enticate and specif* $DAP protocol version
)earc( 3 searc( for andIor retrieve director* entries
Compare 3 test if a named entr* contains a 2iven attri%ute value
Add a ne' entr*
Delete an entr*
Aodif* an entr*
Aodif* D5 3 move or rename an entr*
A%andon 3 a%ort a previous reBuest
+/tended <peration 3 2eneric operation used to defne ot(er
operations
Cn%ind 3 close t(e connection ,not t(e inverse of Bind-
%">1 PA-6I6I1N
Application partition
)c(ema Partition
Conf2uration Partition
1:. What is global $atalog?
?(en *ou installin2 a ne' domain in t(e forest it is called as 2lo%al catalo2. It
'ill (ave all t(e information o%Oect of entire forest
1;. WhatCs the diDeren$e between Windows 2... and Windows EP?
8
?indo's 2### and ?indo's EP are essentiall* t(e same operatin2 s*stem
,&no'n internall* as ?indo's 5. 7.# and ?indo's 5. 7.1, respectivel*.- 9ere
are some considerations if *ouMre tr*in2 to decide '(ic( version to use0
Windows 2... bene(ts
?indo's 2### (as lo'er s*stem reBuirements, and (as a simpler
interface ,no T)t*lesT to mess 'it(-.
?indo's 2### is sli2(tl* less e3pensi#e, and (as no produ$t
a$ti#ation.
?indo's 2### (as %een out for a '(ile, and most of t(e common
pro%lems and securit* (oles (ave %een uncovered and f/ed.
.(ird3part* soft'are and (ard'are products t(at arenMt *et EP3
compati%le ma* %e compati%le 'it( ?indo's 2###G c(ec& t(e
manufacturers of *our devices and applications for EP support %efore
*ou up2rade.
Windows EP bene(ts
?indo's EP is some'(at 4aster t(an ?indo's 2###, assumin2 *ou
(ave a fast processor and tons of memor* ,alt(ou2( it 'ill run fne 'it(
a !## A(D Pentium II and 128AB of 4AA-.
.(e ne' ?indo's EP interface is more c(eerful and colorful t(an
earlier versions, alt(ou2( t(e less3cartoon TClassicT interface can still
%e used if desired.
?indo's EP (as more %ells and '(istles, suc( as t(e ?indo's Aovie
Aa&er, %uilt3in CD 'riter support, t(e Internet ,onne$tion %irewall,
and -eote Desktop ,onne$tion.
?indo's EP (as %etter support for 2ames and comes 'it( more 2ames
t(an ?indo's 2###.
?indo's EP is t(e latest <) 3 if *ou donMt up2rade no', *ouMll pro%a%l*
end up mi2ratin2 to EP eventuall* an*'a*, and 'e mere mortals can
onl* ta&e so man* <) up2rades.
Aanufacturers of e/istin2 (ard'are and soft'are products are more
li&el* to add ?indo's EP compati%ilit* now t(an ?indo's 2###
compati%ilit*.
1<. DiDeren$e bet doain and workgroup.
Doains
Domains are collections of computers 2rouped for mana2ement purposesG
t(e* s(are a 2roup name. Domains let usersU access resources usin2 a sin2le
lo2on. Administrators donUt (ave to create multiple user accounts for a sin2le
user to 2ive t(at user access to all domain resources.
9
6rom a securit* perspective, a domain is a set or collection of computers t(at
s(are a common securit* data%ase and a common securit* polic*. 5.
domains advance t(e concepts seen in $A5 Aana2er for C5IE and $A5 )erver
domains. +ac( domain (as a uniBue domain name.
Workgroups
.(e terms workgroup and domain are used e/tensivel* in Aicrosoft
net'or&in2 and refer to t(e mana2ement mec(anisms availa%le to net'or&
mem%ers. ?or&2roups impl* decentraliDed mana2ement, '(ereas domains
impl* centraliDed control.
?or&2roups are collections of computers 2rouped Oust for vie'in2 purposesG
eac( computer user is responsi%le for mana2in2 its securit* functions. A
'or&2roup can consist of 5. ?or&stations, 5. )ervers, C5IE computers
runnin2 )erver Aessa2e Bloc& ,)AB- services, and ot(ers. .(e* communicate
usin2 a common set of net'or&in2 protocols at all seven la*ers of t(e <)I
model
1=. DiDeren$e between N6).. & windows 2...
6ile s*stem di@erence ,5.6), 6A., 6A.!2-
In 'innt server concept pdc and %dc %ut t(ere is no concept in 2###.
In 'innt server sam data%ase rI' format in pdc and read onl* format in
%dc ,%ut in 2### domain and ever* domain controller sam data%ase
readI'riter format .
2### server can an* time an* moment %ecome server or mem%er of
server simple addIremove dcpromo. But in 'innt *ou (ave to reinstall
operatin2 s*stem.
+ven t(ou2( ?indo's 2### is %uilt on t(e ?indo's 5. arc(itecture,
Aicrosoft (as added man* ne' features ,Plu2 and Pla*, C)B support,
4ecover* Console, IntelliAirror, Hroup Polic*, Active Director*,
inte2ration of II) and .erminal )ervices-
2.. What is Foot.ini?
.(e T%oot.iniT is a Aicrosoft initialiDation fle found on t(e Aicrosoft ?indo's
5. Aicrosoft ?indo's 2###, and Aicrosoft ?indo's EP operatin2 s*stems.
.(is fle is al'a*s located on t(e root director* of t(e primar* (ard dis& drive.
In ot(er 'ords, it is located at TC0VT director* or t(e TC DriveT. .(is fle is used
%* Aicrosoft ?indo's as a met(od of displa*in2 a menu of operatin2 s*stems
currentl* on t(e computer and allo'in2 t(e user to easil* select '(ic(
operatin2 s*stem to load. In addition, t(is fle is also used to point to t(e
locations of eac( of t(e operatin2 s*stems.
Fasi$ e3aple o4 the boot.ini (le0
1
W%oot loaderX
timeoutS7
defaultSmulti,#-dis&,#-rdis&,1-partition,1-V?I5D<?)
Woperatin2 s*stemsX
multi,#-dis&,#-rdis&,1-partition,1-V?I5D<?)STAicrosoft ?indo's EP 9ome
+ditionT Ifastdetect
In t(e a%ove e/ample, t(e %oot.ini contains t'o sections, t(e TW%oot loaderXT,
and TWoperatin2 s*stemsXT. ?it(in t(e %oot loader section t(ere are t'o lines.
.(e TtimeoutT line is used for (o' lon2 t(e %oot menu time s(ould %e
displa*ed, in secondsG 'e recommend t(at t(e timeout %e set to at least fve
if *ou 'is( t(e computer to %oot faster and commonl* use t(e default
operatin2 s*stems. .(e TdefaultT line is t(e default operatin2 s*stem t(at t(e
%oot.ini 'ill load. If multiple operatin2 s*stems are in t(e %oot.ini, t(e default
operatin2 s*stem 'ill %e automaticall* selected and used if t(e user does not
specif* a di@erent operatin2 s*stem %* t(e time t(e timeout value e/pires.
.(e ne/t section, or t(e Toperatin2 s*stemT section, is used to list and specif*
t(e location of eac( of t(e operatin2 s*stems installed on t(e computer.
Belo' is a listin2 of eac( of t(e options.
1ption Des$ription
ulti537 .(is option is used 'it( ID+ and +)DI drives and is also used
'it( )C)I drives for computers usin2 ?indo's 5.. .(e
num%er used in t(e a%ove e/ample is T#T, t(is num%er is t(e
adapterMs num%er and s(ould al'a*s %e T#T for computers
t(at rel* on t(e BI<) to load s*stem fles.
In a computer usin2 onl* ID+ t(is option 'ill 'or& 'it(
up to four (ard dis& drives.
In a computer usin2 onl* )C)I t(is option 'ill 'or&
'it( t(e frst t'o drives on t(e primar* )C)I controller.
6inall*, if a computer is usin2 ID+ and )C)I t(is option
'ill 'or& 'it( t(e ID+ drives on t(e frst controller.
s$si537 If t(e computer (as a )C)I controller and is not usin2 BI<) to
load t(e s*stem fles, t(e %oot.ini ma* (ave Tscsi,/-T instead
of Tmulti,/-.
disk537 .(e dis& on t(e controller. If Tmulti,/-T is used used, t(is
value 'ill al'a*s %e T#T. 9o'ever, if Tscsi,/-T is defned, t(is
value 'ill %e )C)I address.
rdisk537 ?(ic( dis& on t(e controller is %ein2 used. In t(e a%ove
11
e/ample 'e are usin2 an rdis& of T1T, '(ic( indicates t(e
second dis& on t(e primar* controller is %ein2 used. .(is
value ma* %e %et'een T#T and T!T and is al'a*s set to T#T
'(en Tscsi,/-T is %ein2 used.
paritions537 ?(ic( partition t(e operatin2 s*stem is on. In t(e a%ove
e/ample, t(e operatin2 s*stem is on t(e frst partition of t(e
drive.
G
WIND1W"HI...
I
6inall*, t(e last portion of t(is line defnes t(e director* of
'(ere 'indo's is located and '(at t(e %oot menu s(ould
displa* as t(e operatin2 s*stem. In t(e a%ove e/ample, t(e
%oot menu 'ould displa* TAicrosoft ?indo's EP 9ome
+ditionT as a selection.
23aple o4 the boot enu0
If multiple operatin2 s*stems are setup in t(e %oot.ini, as t(e computer is
%ootin2 *ou 'ill see a menu similar to t(e %elo' e/ample. .(is allo's t(e
user to select %et'een multiple operatin2 s*stems. If *our computer does not
(ave multiple operatin2 s*stems, %ut t(is menu still appears eac( time *our
computer %oots, it is li&el* t(at *our %oot.ini is improperl* conf2ured.
12
Please select t(e operatin2 s*stem to start0
Aicrosoft ?indo's EP 9ome +dition
Aicrosoft ?indo's 2###
Cse t(e up and do'n arro' &e*s to move t(e (i2(li2(t to *our c(oice.
Press +5.+4 to c(oose.

6or trou%les(ootin2 and advanced startup options for ?indo's, press
68.

+ow to odi4' the boot.ini0
.(e %oot.ini fle is a (idden s*stem fle located in t(e root director* of *our
primar* (ard dis& drive. .o edit t(is fle 'e recommend *ou follo' t(e %elo'
steps.
1. 6rom ?indo's, open an A)3D<) prompt %* clic&in2 T)tartT and t(en
T4unT and t*pin2 TcmdT in t(e te/t %o/. If *ou are not a%le to 2et into a
A)3D<) prompt to edit t(e %oot.ini fle, %oot into t(e recover* console
to edit t(e fle. Additional information a%out t(e recover* console can
%e found on document C9###62".
2. At t(e A)3D<) prompt, t*pe0
,0G Jpress enterK
,0G $dG Jpress enterK
,0G attrib 9r 9a 9s 9h boot.ini Jpress enterK
,0G edit boot.ini Jpress enterK
21. What is ">6P@ pop!? Port nuber 4or the sae
)(ort for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a protocol for sendin2 e3mail
messa2es %et'een servers. Aost e3mail s*stems t(at send mail over t(e
Internet use )A.P to send messa2es from one server to anot(erG t(e
messa2es can t(en %e retrieved 'it( an e3mail client usin2 eit(er P<P or
IAAP. In addition, )A.P is 2enerall* used to send messa2es from a mail client
to a mail server. .(is is '(* *ou need to specif* %ot( t(e P<P or IAAP server
and t(e )A.P server '(en *ou conf2ure *our e3mail application.
Port nuber0 2*
13
P1P! 5Post 1L$e Proto$ol !7 is t(e most recent version of a standard
protocol for receivin2 e3mail. P<P! is a clientIserver protocol in '(ic( e3mail
is received and (eld for *ou %* *our Internet server. Periodicall*, *ou ,or *our
client e3mail receiver- c(ec& *our mail3%o/ on t(e server and do'nload an*
mail, pro%a%l* usin2 P<P!.
Port nuber 0 11.
22. DiDeren$e between 1utlook e3press & >i$roso4t 1utlook.
1utlook 23press
<utloo& +/press is t(e e3mail client t(at is included 'it( Aicrosoft Internet
+/plorer J./, Aicrosoft Internet +/plorer 7./, t(e Aicrosoft ?indo's 8
operatin2 s*stem, t(e Aicrosoft ?indo's Aillennium +dition ,Ae- operatin2
s*stem, t(e Aicrosoft ?indo's 2### operatin2 s*stems, and Aicrosoft <Qce
8 for t(e Aacintos(. <utloo& +/press is desi2ned for (ome users '(o 2ain
access to t(eir e3mail messa2es %* dialin2 in to an Internet service provider
,I)P-.
Built on open Internet standards, <utloo& +/press is desi2ned for use 'it(
an* Internet standard s*stem, for e/ample, )imple Aail .ransfer Protocol
,)A.P-, Post <Qce Protocol ! ,P<P!-, and Internet Aail Access Protocol
,IAAP-. It provides full support for toda*Ms most important e3mail, ne's, and
director* standards suc( as $i2(t'ei2(t Director* Access Protocol ,$DAP-,
Aultipurpose Internet Aail +/tension 9*perte/t Aar&up $an2ua2e ,A9.A$-,
9*perte/t Aar&up $an2ua2e ,9.A$-, )ecureIAultipurpose Internet Aail
+/tensions ,)IAIA+-, and 5et'or& 5e's .ransfer Protocol ,55.P-. 6ull support
ensures t(at *ou can ta&e advanta2e of ne' tec(nolo2ies as 'ell as
seamlessl* send and receive e3mail.
5e' mi2ration tools t(at automaticall* import *our e/istin2 mail settin2s,
address %oo& entries, and e3mail messa2es from +udora, 5etscape, Aicrosoft
+/c(an2e )erver, t(e ?indo's In%o/, and <utloo& ma&e it eas* for *ou to
Buic&l* ta&e advanta2e of all t(at <utloo& +/press (as to o@er. .(e a%ilit* to
receive mail from multiple e3mail accounts, as 'ell as t(e a%ilit* to create
In%o/ rules, (elps *ou mana2e and or2aniDe *our e3mail.
In addition, full support for 9.A$ mail ena%les *ou to personaliDe *our
messa2es 'it( custom %ac&2rounds and 2rap(ics. .(is ma&es it eas* to
create uniBue, visuall* po'erful messa2es.
.
14
1utlook
<utloo& is AicrosoftMs premier messa2in2 and colla%oration client. It is a
stand3alone application t(at is inte2rated into Aicrosoft <Qce and +/c(an2e
)erver. <utloo& also provides performance and inte2ration 'it( Internet
+/plorer 7.7. Complete inte2ration of e3mail, calendarin2, and contact
mana2ement, ma&es <utloo& t(e perfect client for man* %usiness users.
<utloo& (elps *ou fnd and or2aniDe information so t(at *ou can 'or&
seamlessl* 'it( <Qce applications. .(is (elps *ou communicate and s(are
information more e@ectivel*.
Po'erful In%o/ rules ena%le *ou to flter and or2aniDe e3mail messa2es. ?it(
<utloo&, *ou can inte2rate and mana2e e3mail from multiple e3mail accounts,
personal and 2roup calendars, contacts, and tas&s.
?(en *ou use <utloo& 'it( +/c(an2e )erver, *ou can use 'or&2roup
information s(arin2 and 'or&Fo' communications, 2roup sc(edulin2, pu%lic
folders, forms, and en(anced Internet connectivit*.
<utloo& is desi2ned for use 'it( t(e Internet ,)A.P, P<P!, and IAAPJ-,
+/c(an2e )erver, or an* ot(er standards3%ased communication s*stem t(at
supports Aessa2in2 Application Pro2rammin2 Interface ,AAPI-, includin2
voice mail. <utloo& is %ased on Internet standards and supports toda*Ms most
important e3mail, ne's, and director* standards, includin2 $DAP, A9.A$,
55.P, AIA+, and )IAIA+, vCalendar, vCard, iCalendar, and full support for
9.A$ mail.
1utlook ,on(guration0
"tep 1 3 <pen A)
<utloo&. If t(is is t(e
frst time *ou (ave
opened <utloo&
+/press, and *ou do
not (ave an* e3mail
accounts set up, *ou
'ill %e prompted to
set up a ne' account,
2o t(rou2( t(e 'iDard
until *ou see t(e
screen t(at loo&s li&e
6i2 1. If *ou are
prompted to import
an account from
<utloo& +/press A5D
15
t(at account is t(e e3
mail (osted on our
server, 2o a(ead and
follo' t(e 'iDard to
import t(e settin2s,
*ou s(ould %e
complete once t(at
'iDard is done. If t(e
'iDard does not come
up, clic& on M.oolsM and
t(en on M+3Aail
AccountsM. 1ou s(ould
see a similar screen
as 6i2 1, clic& on MAdd
a ne' e3mail accountM,
clic& M5e/tM.
"tep 2 3 )elect t(e
t*pe of e3mail account
as s(o'n and clic&
M5e/tM
16
"tep !
Aicrosoft +/c(an2e
)erver 0 fm23nt
Cser
5ame 0
aOa*&a ,for e/ample-

Clic& 5e/t
"tep )

Clic& 6inis(
6o ,on(gure P"60
17
"tep *
<pen <utloo&
Ho to .ools 3K
<ptions
"tep :
In <ptions 2o to Aail
)etup ta%
Clic& on Data 6ilesY
"tep ;
Clic& Add
)elect <ption as
s(o'n
Clic& <P
18
"tep <
Create 5e' 6ile
6or e/ample 0
aOa*& ,as
s(o'n-

<4
Bro'se to e/sistin2
fle location

Clic& <P
"tep =
Hive displa* name.
Clic& <P
19
4epeat "tep9*

Ho to 3KAail
)etup 3K +3mail
Accounts
C(ec& <ption as
s(o'n
Clic& Ne3t
In Deliver ne' e3
mail to follo'in2
location dropdo'n
list select *our
P). instead of
Aail%o/.

Clic& %inish

Clic& 1M on >ail
"etup tab

,lose 1utlook

-eopen 1utlook

5o' <utloo& is
read* 'it( *our
P).
2

6o $on(gure ultiple P"6?
?e can Conf2ure multiple P). %* repeatin2 t(e same step from step 7 step
.
6o $hange deli#er' option to #arious P"6?
In Deliver ne' e3
mail to follo'in2
location dropdo'n
list select *our
P). instead of
Aail%o/. *ou can
select t(e deliver*
mail location.

Clic& %inish

Clic& 1M on >ail
"etup tab

,lose 1utlook

-eopen 1utlook

5o' <utloo& is
read* 'it( *our
P).
21
22. About t'pes o4 Printer?

An* of t(e current t*pes of printers satisfes t(e 'or& and cost reBuirements
for someone. +ac( (as stren2t(s and 'ea&nesses. C(oose *our t*pe of
printer %ased on '(ic( of t(e features previousl* discussed are important to
*our 'or&, t(en c(oose t(e specifc printer t(at %est suits %ot( *our tas&s
and poc&et%oo&.
Impact Printers
?it( t(is t*pe of printer somet(in2 stri&es paper = ri%%on to2et(er to form a
c(aracter, li&e a t*pe'riter.
Advantages: $ess e/pensive
6ast (some types)
Can ma&e multiple copies 'it( multipart paper
Disadvantag
es:
5ois*Z
Print Bualit* lo'er in some t*pes.
Poor 2rap(ics or none at all.
Types of Impact Printers
1. Dot matrix
2. Daisy Wheel
. !hain and "and printer
Dot >atr
i3
6orms c(aracters usin2 ro',s- of pins, , 18, or 2J '(ic( impact
t(e ri%%on on top of t(e paper. Also called pin printers.
.(e more pins, t(e smoot(er3loo&in2 t(e c(aracters.
Aost dot matri/ printers (ave t(e c(aracteristics %elo'0
Fi9dire$tional
9
prints left to ri2(t and also ri2(t to left
22
6ra$tor 4eed 9 uses sproc&ets to pull continuous3feed paper
%ri$tion 4eed
9
uses pressure to pull sin2le s(eets
Advantages: Ine/pensive
Can do multi3cop* forms
Disadvantages
:
Can %e slo'
$oud
Hrap(ics of lo' Bualit*, if possi%le at all
Dais' Wheel

C(aracters are full* formed on t(e TpetalsT,
li&e t*pe'riter &e*s.
Advantages: Best print Bualit*
Disadvantag
es:
>er* slo' 3 2# to 8# cps
<nl* one font can %e used at a
time %ecause *ou must
c(an2e out t(e Dais* ?(eel to
c(an2e fonts.
Cannot print 2rap(ics.
,hain and
Fand Printers
Cses c(aracters on a %and or c(ain t(at is moved into place
%efore stri&in2 t(e c(aracters onto t(e paper.
Advantages: >er* fast
up to !### lp (lines
per minute)
Disadvantag
es:
>er* e/pensive
>er* loud
Non-Impact Printers
.(is t*pe of printer does not involve actuall* stri&in2 t(e paper. Instead, it
uses in& spra* or toner po'der.
Advantages: :uietZ
Can (andle 2rap(ics and often a 'ider variet* of fonts t(an
impact printers.
Disadvantag
es:
Aore e/pensive
)lo'er
Types of Non-Impact Printers
In& [et )pra*s in& onto paper to form c(aracters
Advantages: :uiet
9i2( Bualit* te/t and 2rap(ics.
)ome can do color.
Disadvantag
es:
Cannot use multiple3cop* paper
In& can smear
.(ermal Cses (eat on c(emicall* treated paper to form
23
c(aracters. 6a/ mac(ines t(at use rolls of
paper are also of t(is t*pe.
Advantages: :uiet
Disadvantag
es:
4elativel* slo'
+/pensive, reBuirin2
special paper
Cannot use multiple3cop*
paper
Pa2e
Printer
?or&s li&e a cop* mac(ine, usin2 toner and a
(eat %ar. $aser printers are in t(is cate2or*.
Advantages: :uiet
6aster t(an ot(er non3impact
printers, from J to 16 ppm
,pa2es per minute-
9i2( Bualit* print and 2rap(ics.
)ome can do color.
Disadvantag
es:
Aore e/pensive t(an impact
printers
Cannot use multiple3cop* paper
Thus, Things to Consider When Choosing a Printer:
9o' muc( outputN ?(at speed is neededN
Is (eav*3dut* eBuipment necessar*N
:ualit* of output neededN $etter Bualit*N
5ear letter Bualit*N
DraftN
$ocation of printerN 9o' %i2 a footprint can %e (andledN
Is loudness importantN
Aultiple copies neededN
Color print needed
2). 23plain about Printer "pooler?
)pooler Introduction
.(e Printer )pooler ena%les t(e printer to %e s(ared amon2 multiple
processes. .(is allo's eac( process to see a virtual printer '(ic( it can print
to and also allo's a process to su%mit a fle for printin2. It can %e used %*
%ot( native tas&s and %* virtual tas&s via t(e \vprinterM module.
)pooler <peration
?(en a fle is su%mitted for printin2, its name is added to a list. A separate
process processes t(is list in order to print t(e fles. .(e list is processed in a
6I6< ,6irst In 6irst <ut- fas(ion. Alt(ou2( sc(edulin2 al2orit(ms are availa%le
includin2 )[6 ,)(ortest [o% 6irst- and $[6 ,$on2est [o% 6irst-, a 6I6< s*stem 'as
24
used in order to maintain simplicit* and functionalit*. A virtual printer can
also %e opened allo'in2 a process to print to a fle '(en it doesnMt &no' (o'
muc( is to %e printed. ?(en t(e fle is closed, it is added to t(e list. .(is is
used %* t(e \vprinterM module for emulatin2 printer ports.
?(en t(e t(read (andlin2 t(e printin2 of fles is initiall* created, it loo&s in
t(e spool director* and if t(ere are an* fles t(ere it automaticall* adds t(em
to t(e list. .(e spool director* is defned in t(e (eader fle
\LvmmIspooler.(KM and is %* default set to spool.
Because of t(e dual access to t(e spool list %* %ot( t(e t(read addin2 a spool
fle and t(e t(read processin2 t(e spool list, access to t(e list is protected %*
a semap(ore.
If t(e Print )pooler service fails '(en printin2, '(en ?indo's starts or it can
not %e restarted, t(e usual reason is t(at one or more printer drivers is
defective. If t(e Print )pooler service is not runnin2, t(e Printers and %a3es
folder 'ill %e empt* and *ou can not use it to remove ,or add- printers or
printer drivers.
2*. +ow to edit registr' anuall' to $lean up spooler and dri#ers?
9ereMs (o' to clean up t(e print spooler stu@ if an* t(ird part* &it is not
availa%le or *ou prefer to do t(in2s manuall*.

?arnin2Z %e ver* careful usin2 re2edit 3 if *ou delete t(e 'ron2 t(in2s, *ou
ma* render *our computer inoperativeZ
1. open re2edit ,e.2. clic& "tart, &e* regedit and press #nter-
2. navi2ate to
9P+1]$<CA$]AAC9I5+V)1).+AVCurrentControl)etVControlVPrintV+nvironme
ntsV?indo's 5. /86VDrivers under t(is &e*, t(ere 'ill %e t(e &e*s
?ersion92 and ?ersion9! ,one or t(e ot(er of t(ese ma* %e a%sent 3 not
a pro%lem- t(e su%3&e*s under t(ese contain t(e printer driver
conf2uration information delete all t(e su%3&e*s inside ?ersion92 and
?ersion9!, %ut not t(ese &e*s t(emselves.
.(e Aicrosoft Pno'led2e%ase article at
(ttp0IIsupport.microsoft.comIdefault.asp/NscidS&%Gen3usG!12#72 lists
some ot(er re2istr* entries to delete, %ut t(is is not usuall* necessar*.
!. <pen a ,oand Propt 'indo'
J. Pe* t(e commands
net stop spooler
net start spooler
7. <pen ?indo's +/plorer
25
6. 5avi2ate to Ns'sterootNGs'ste!2GspoolGprintersG and delete
an* fles t(ere. B* default, t(is is '(ere t(e print spooler stores print
fles.
". 5avi2ate to Ns'sterootNGs'ste!2GspoolGdri#ersGw!23<:
,^s*stemroot^ is usuall* Windows, %ut it mi2(t %e winnt or
somet(in2 elseG t(is is set '(en t(e <) is installed-.
8. Inside w!23<:, t(ere 'ill %e folders 'it( t(e names 2 and ! ,one or
more of t(ese ma* %e a%sent 3 not a pro%lem- delete all of t(e fles and
su%3folders in eac( of t(e 2 and ! folders, %ut not t(e folders
t(emselves inside w!23<:, t(ere ma* %e ot(er folders 'it( names
startin2 'it( T(e'lett]pac&ardT, T(p(pT or somet(in2 elseG delete
t(ese folders also.
. 4estart t(e print spooler ,see steps 8 and a%ove-
At t(is point, t(e s*stem s(ould %e prett* 'ell %ac& to t(e 'a* it 'as %efore
an* printers 'ere installed. )ome 'ould su22est restartin2 ?indo's at t(is
point, %ut 'it( ?indo's 2### and later, t(is does not seem to %e reBuired.
,hange the Printer "pooler Priorit' (Windos NT!"###!$P%
5ormall* t(e printer spooler runs at t(e same priorit* as ot(er services on a
s*stem. If *our s*stem is %ein2 mainl* used for printin2 or (andles a lar2e
num%er of print Oo%s *ou can use t(is t'ea& to c(an2e t(e priorit* class t(e
print spooler.
<pen *our re2istr* and fnd or create t(e &e* %elo'.
Create a ne' D?<4D value, or modif* t(e e/istin2 value, called
T)poolerPriorit*T and set it accordin2 to t(e value data %elo'.
+/it *our re2istr*, *ou ma* need to restart or lo2 out of ?indo's for t(e
c(an2e to ta&e e@ect.
,Default- 4+H]); ,value not set-
)poolerPriorit* 4+H]D?<4D#/#######1 ,1-
9P+1]$<CA$]AAC9I5+V)1).+AVCurrentControl)etVControlVPrint
-egistr' "ettings
"'ste Me'0
W9P+1]$<CA$]AAC9I5+V)1).+AVCurrentControl)etVControlVPrintX
26
?alue Nae0 )poolerPriorit*
Data 6'pe0 4+H]D?<4D ,D?<4D >alue-
?alue Data0 # S 5ormal priorit*, 1 S 9i2( priorit*, #/66666666 S Idle priorit*
6roubleshooting Printers
)olution .itle0 Print )pooler )ervice 'onMt start 3 ?indo's EP
I can not print or add printers %ecause t(e Print )pooler )ervice is not
started. .(e startup t*pe is set to Automatic %ut it is not runnin2. ?(en I tr*
and start t(e service receive t(e follo'in2 error0
Could not start t(e Print )pooler )ervice on $ocal Computer. +rror 1#680 .(e
dependenc* service or 2roup failed to start.
.(e onl* dependenc* t(at I &no' of is 4emote Procedure Call is is started.
IMm missin2 somet(in2 %ut donMt &no' '(at it is. An* (elp 'ould %e 2reatl*
appreciated.
.r* t(is0
Clic& )tart3K4un3K)ervices.msc
$ocate t(e Printer )pooler service dou%le3clic&s it to 2et to t(e properties.
6rom t(e recover* ta%, c(an2e all t(ree options to T4estart t(e )erviceT.
$eave t(e %ottom t'o options set to T1_ <& out of t(is dialo2ue.
5o' 2o %ac& and tr* to restart t(e service...
2:. About 2thernet?
+t(ernet uses an access met(od called C)AAICD. .(is is a s*stem '(ere
eac( computer listens to t(e ca%le %efore sendin2 an*t(in2 t(rou2( t(e
net'or&. If t(e net'or& is clear, t(e computer 'ill transmit. If some ot(er
node is alread* transmittin2 on t(e ca%le, t(e computer 'ill 'ait and tr*
a2ain '(en t(e line is clear. )ometimes, t'o computers attempt to transmit
at t(e same instant. ?(en t(is (appens a collision occurs. +ac( computer
t(en %ac&s o@ and 'aits a random amount of time %efore attemptin2 to
retransmit. ?it( t(is access met(od, it is normal to (ave collisions. 9o'ever,
t(e dela* caused %* collisions and retransmittin2 is ver* small and does not
normall* a@ect t(e speed of transmission on t(e net'or&. .(e +t(ernet
protocol allo's for linear %us, star, or tree topolo2ies. Data can %e
transmitted over t'isted pair, coa/ial, or f%er optic ca%le at a speed of 1#
A%ps.
2;. About %ast 2thernet?
.o increase transmission speed, t(e +t(ernet protocol (as developed a ne'
standard t(at supports 1## A%ps. .(is is commonl* called 6ast +t(ernet. 6ast
+t(ernet reBuires t(e use of di@erent, more e/pensive net'or&
27
concentratorsI(u%s and net'or& interface cards. In addition, cate2or* 7
t'isted pair or f%er optic ca%le is necessar*.
2<. About 6oken -ing?
In .o&en 4in2, t(e computers are connected so t(at t(e si2nal travels around
t(e net'or& from one computer to anot(er in a lo2ical rin2. A sin2le
electronic to&en moves around t(e rin2 from one computer to t(e ne/t. If a
computer does not (ave information to transmit, it simpl* passes t(e to&en
on to t(e ne/t 'or&station. If a computer 'is(es to transmit and receives an
empt* to&en, it attac(es data to t(e to&en. .(e to&en t(en proceeds around
t(e rin2 until it comes to t(e destination computer. At t(is point, t(e data
is captured %* t(e receivin2 computer. .(e .o&en 4in2 protocol reBuires a
star3'ired rin2 usin2 t'isted pair or f%er optic ca%le. It can operate at
transmission speeds of J A%ps or 16 A%ps. Due to t(e increasin2 popularit*
of +t(ernet, t(e use of .o&en 4in2 (as decreased.
.
2=. About ,abling?
In a t'isted3pair net'or& ,1# Base .- eac( PC (as a t'isted3pair ca%le t(at
runs to a centraliDed (u%. Cate2or* 7 is t(e most relia%le and 'idel*
compati%le t'isted3pair. It runs easil* 'it( 1#A%ps or net'or&s, and is
reBuired for 6ast +t(ernet. 1ou can %u* Cate2or* 7 ca%lin2 t(at is pre3made,
or *ou can cut = crimp *our o'n.
Cate2or* 7 ca%les can %e purc(ased or crimped as eit(er straight through
or crossed. A Cate2or* 7 ca%le (as 8 t(in, color3coded 'ires inside t(at run
from one end of t(e ca%le to t(e ot(er. <nl* 'ires 1, 2, !, and 6 are used %*
+t(ernet net'or&s for communication. Alt(ou2( onl* four 'ires are used, if
t(e ca%le (as 8 'ires, all t(e 'ires (ave to %e connected in %ot( Oac&s.
"traight9through $ables are used for connectin2 computers to a (u%.
28
,rossed $ables are used for connectin2 devices of similar t*pe li&e (u%3to3
(u%, s'itc(3to3s'itc(, etc
In a strai2(t3t(rou2( ca%le, also &no'n as a pat$h $able, 'ires 1, 2, !, and 6
at one end of t(e ca%le are also 'ires 1, 2, !, and 6 at t(e ot(er end. In a
crossed ca%le, t(e order of t(e 'ires c(an2es from one end to t(e ot(er0 'ire
1 %ecomes ! and 2 %ecome 6.
.o f2ure out '(ic( 'ire is 'ire num%er 1, (old t(e ca%le so t(at t(e end of
t(e plastic 4[3J7 tip, ,t(e part t(at 2oes into a 'all Oac& frst-, is facin2 a'a*
from *ou. 6lip t(e clip so t(at t(e copper side faces up, ,t(e sprin2* clip 'ill
no' %e parallel to t(e Foor-. ?(en loo&in2 do'n on t(e coppers, 'ire 1 'ill
%e on t(e far left.
!.. What is a la'er ! swit$h?
$a*er ! s'itc(es com%ine t(e speed and cost3e@ectiveness of
s'itc(in2, 'it( t(e control and scala%ilit* of routin2. $i&e a router, a $a*er !
s'itc( runs routin2 protocols suc( 4IP, 4IP2, <)P6 or an* ot(er routin2
protocol. .(e $a*er ! s'itc( communicates 'it( all ot(er TroutersT in t(e
net'or&. 6rom a routerMs perspective, it appears as if t(e $a*er ! s'itc( is
Oust anot(er router e/c(an2in2 information a%out topolo2* and movin2
pac&ets.
Cnli&e traditional routers a $a*er ! s'itc( applies s'itc(in2 tec(nolo2ies in
t(e for'ardin2 plane. .(e main CPC does not inspect pac&ets unless t(e* are
e/ceptions
!1. DiDeren$e between -outer9"wit$h9+ub9Fridge?
9u%s 'or& at t(e P(*sical la*er. A (u% is a totall* dum% device. If it
2ets a data si2nal, it Oust for'ards t(e si2nal to all devices. It cannot do an*
&ind of flterin2 or addressin2. Performance is not so 2ood %ecause a (u%
canMt esta%lis( a direct connection from one computer to anot(er.
If a s'itc( 2ets a data pac&et, it 'ill tr* and fnd t(e destination device,
and t(en send it to t(at device onl*, i.e. it esta%lis(es a point3to3point
connection %et'een t(e sendin2 and receivin2 devices. But t(e devices must
%e on t(e same su%net. A s'itc( 'onUt send data pac&et to computers on
29
di@erent su%nets. A s'itc( %rea&s up collision domains %ut it does not %rea&
up %roadcast domains unless 'e use >$A5s.
$i&e )'itc(es, Brid2es operate at t(e Data $in& la*er and flter pac&ets
%ased on t(e AAC address. Henerall* %rid2es are used to e/tend t(e distance
capa%ilities of t(e net'or& '(ile minimiDin2 overall traQc, and s'itc(es are
used mainl* for t(eir flterin2 capa%ilities to create multiple >$A5s. Brid2es
(ave less num%er of ports t(an s'itc(es.
4outers 'or& at t(e 5et'or& la*er and operate on t(e IP Address.
4outer onl* 2ets a data pac&et if t(e destination computer isnUt on t(e same
su%net or $A5. .(e router t(en fnds t(e location of t(e destination device
and t(en sends it in t(e ri2(t direction. A router %rea&s up %roadcast
domains.
!2. +ow is a 4ull9duple3 swit$h diDerent 4ro a swit$h?
A full duple/ s'itc( (as one set of lines for receivin2 and one set of
lines for transmittin2, t(us it can do %ot( operations at t(e same time.
,onne$ting to a 2*.. -outer
Basicall* t(e router is connected from t(e console port
Cse a rollover ca%le, t(e one supplied %* Cisco is %lue and Fat, 4[3J7
connectors.
Connect 1 end to t(e console port and t(e ot(er to an 4[3J7 to serial
converterG
Plu2 t(at to t(e computersM serial port
.(en 2o to 9*per.erminal
)elect t(e C<A port from connect usin20 pro%a%l* C<A2 or C<A!
C(an2e %its per second on t(e ne/t screen to 6## and clic& o&
1ou s(ould %e in t(e router if u did it correctl*...
Pi$ture o4 2*.! -outer
3
!!. DiDeren$e between %irewall and Pro3'?
!). /a'ers in 6,P/IP?
ProcessIApplication $a*er
9ost3to39ost $a*er
Internet $a*er
5et'or& Access $a*er
!*. DiDeren$e between 6,P and ODP?
.CP converts upper la*er data in to se2ments and t(e se2ments are
num%ered and seBuenced so t(at t(e destination .CP can place t(em
in t(e same order, and can easil* detect a missin2 se2ment. But in
CPD data is %ro&en in to se2ments and t(e se2ments are num%ered
%ut not seBuenced.
.CP is connection oriented %ecause it creates a virtual circuit %et'een
t(e source and destination %efore sendin2 data. But CDP does not
create an* virtual circuit %efore sendin2 data.
.CP uses ac&no'led2ement to resent missin2 se2ments, %ut t(ere is
no ac&no'led2ement in CDP.
)o 'e can sa* .CP provide relia%le communication %ut CDP provides
unrelia%le communication.
)ince .CP is creatin2 virtual circuits, .CP is costl* in terms of
%and'idt(. But CDP (as lo' over(ead
!:. ,lasses o4 IP Address?

31
!;. What is the Pri#ate IP Address range?
1#.#.#.# 3 1#.277.277.277
1"2.16.#.# 3 1"2.!1.277.277
12.168.#.# 3 12.168.277.277
!<. +ow an' b'tes in an IPE network address?
8# Bits or 1# B*tes
!=. DiDerent t'pe o4 onitoring tools
Performance Aonitor 3 Aonitors net'or& and computer statistics. Is a%le to
lo2 t(e data and e/port it for spreads(eet usa2e.
5et'or& Aonitor 3 Aonitors net'or& activit* and is a%le to capture and loo& at
pac&ets of data sent over t(e net'or&.
5etstat 3 Displa*s protocol statistics and current .CPIIP net'or& connections.
5etstat s(o's statistics since t(e server 'as %ooted.
).. Network troubleshooting $oands?
)1. What are soe o4 the probles asso$iated with operating a
swit$hed /AN?
+ven t(ou2( s'itc( %rea&up collision domains it cannot %rea& up
%roadcast traQc. Broadcasts, multicasts and slo' conver2ence of spannin2
tree can cause pro%lems.
)2. What is a /a'er ) "wit$h?
$a*er J s'itc(es operate at t(e transport la*er of t(e .CPIIP stac&.
$a*er J s'itc(es operate at t(e CDP and .CP level, ma&in2 s'itc(in2
decisions %ased on information (eld in t(e transport la*er
)!. What is binding?
32
A process t(at esta%lis(es t(e initial communication c(annel %et'een
t(e protocol driver and t(e net'or& adapter card driver
In a clientIserver s*stem, a client transmits a reBuest to a server, t(e server
performs a processin2 operation, and t(e server returns a result. $ist all t(e
possi%le t(in2s t(at can 2o 'ron2 'it( transmission in t(is scenario.
1. 4eBuest 2ets lost, client 'aits.
2. 4eBuest 2ets temporaril* lost, client sends anot(er, and t(en t'o reBuests
arrive at server.
!. 4esults from server are lost.
J. 4esults from server temporaril* lost, t(en client sends reBuest a2ain,
2ettin2 t'o sets of results.
7. Client cras(es %efore results come %ac&.
6. )erver cras(es %efore reBuest arrives or after results start t(eir 'a* %ac&.
)). What is the diDeren$e between ""/ and "9+66P?
""/0 "e$ure "o$kets /a'er@ a protocol developed %* 5etscape for
transmittin2 private documents via t(e Internet. ))$ 'or&s %* usin2 a private
&e* to encr*pt data t(atMs transferred over t(e ))$ connection. Bot(
5etscape 5avi2ator and Internet +/plorer support ))$ and man* ?e% sites
use t(e protocol to o%tain confdential user information, suc( as credit card
num%ers. B* convention, ?e% pa2es t(at reBuire an ))$ connection start 'it(
(ttps0 instead of (ttp0)39..P0 )ecure39..P is t(e protocol used for
transmittin2 data securel* over t(e ?orld ?ide ?e% ?(ereas ))$ creates a
secure connection %et'een a client and a server, over '(ic( an* amount of
data can %e sent securel*, )39..P is desi2ned to transmit individual
messa2es securel*. ))$ and )39..P, t(erefore, can %e seen as
complementar* rat(er t(an competin2 tec(nolo2ies. Bot( protocols (ave
%een su%mitted to t(e Internet +n2ineerin2 .as& 6orce ,I+.6- for approval as a
standard
)*. What is Pa$ket "wit$hing?
Pac&et s'itc(in2 refers to protocols in '(ic( messa2es are divided into
pac&ets %efore t(e* are sent.
+ac( pac&et is t(en transmitted individuall* and can even follo' di@erent
routes to its destination. <nce all t(e pac&ets formin2 a messa2e arrive at t(e
destination, t(e* are recompiled into t(e ori2inal messa2e.
Aost modern ?ide Area 5et'or& ,?A5- protocols, includin2 .CPIIP, E.27, and
6rame 4ela*, are %ased on pac&et3s'itc(in2 tec(nolo2ies.
.(e normal telep(one service is %ased on a circuit3s'itc(in2 tec(nolo2*, in
'(ic( a dedicated line is allocated for transmission %et'een t'o parties.
Circuit3s'itc(in2 is ideal '(en data must %e transmitted Buic&l* and must
arrive in t(e same order in '(ic( it is sent. .(is is t(e case 'it( most real3
time data, suc( as live audio and video. Pac&et s'itc(in2 is more eQcient and
ro%ust for data t(at can 'it(stand some dela*s in transmission, suc( as e3
mail messa2es and ?e% pa2es. A pac&et s'itc(ed net'or& is simpl* a di2ital
data transmission net'or& t(at uses pac&et s'itc(in2 tec(nolo2*.
33
):. %irewalls & An o#er#iew
As t(e 5ame implies, fre'alls are an electronic %arrier desi2ned to
e/clude unaut(oriDed access to private net'or&s. .(e* come in various forms
and di@erent de2rees of sop(istication, dependin2 on t(e siDe of t(e
or2aniDation and t(e nature of t(e information stored.
6ire'alls, %ot( (ard'are and or soft'are3%ased, primaril* protect a net'or&
or central s*stem from (ac&er intrusion from t(e Internet or ot(er pu%lic
net'or&. In addition, some fre'alls also restrict $A5 user access to
inappropriate 'e%sites. All net'or&s 'it( access to t(e Internet need a
fre'all.
+ow a %irewall works
1. In t(e middle of t(e t'o net'or&s sits a router.
2. An access control list is placed on t(e router '(ic( (as a list of IP
addresses t(at can %e allo'ed on to t(e net'or&.
!. ?(en *ou tr* to access t(e net'or&, t(e router automaticall* c(ec&s t(e
list.
J. If *our IP address is one of t(ose on t(e list, *ouMre allo'ed in. If not, *ou
sit outside
/iitations o4 %irewalls
` 6ire'alls must %e updated 'it( a list of inappropriate %anned 'e%sites, as
ne' sites appear ver* Buic&l*.
` 6ire'alls are not an e@ective protection a2ainst soft'are viruses. ?e
recommend t(at all users install anti33virus soft'are.
` <ften 6ire'alls are positioned %et'een an Internet router and t(e internal
$A5, t(is result in a net'or& %ottlenec&. Careful consideration s(ould %e paid
to '(ere a fre'all is placed. ?e recommend t(at t(e fre'all is installed
%et'een a s'itc( and an Internet router.
` 6ire'alls cannot protect a2ainst M%ac& doorsM, '(ere a sin2le net'or& user
(as installed a separate Internet connection. .o prevent t(is, companies
s(ould put an e@ective Internet access polic* in place.
` +Buipped 'it( t(e correct pass'ord, (ac&ers can 2ain access to *our
net'or& in spite of a fre'all. .o solve t(is, all pass'ords s(ould %e c(an2ed
re2ularl*
);. In the 6,P $lient9ser#er odel@ how does the three9wa'
handshake work in opening $onne$tion?
A0 .(e client frst sends a pac&et 'it( seBuence T/T to t(e server. ?(en t(e
server receives t(is pac&et, t(e server 'ill send %ac& anot(er pac&et 'it(
seBuence T*T, ac&no'led2in2 t(e reBuest of t(e client. ?(en t(e client
receives t(e ac&no'led2ement from t(e server, t(e client 'ill t(en send an
ac&no'led2ement %ac& to t(e server for ac&no'led2in2 t(at seBuence T*T
(as %een received.
34
)<. What is the purpose o4 e3$hanging beginning sePuen$e nubers
during the $onne$tion in the 6,P $lient9ser#er odel?
.o ensure t(at an* data lost durin2 data transfer can %e retransmitted.
)=. What is +66P 6unneling?
9..P .unnelin2 is a securit* met(od t(at encr*pts pac&ets travelin2 t(ou2(t
t(e internet. <nl* t(e intended recipient s(ould %e a%le to decr*pt t(e
pac&ets. It can %e used to Create ?irtual Pri#ate Networks. 5?PN7
*.. >ost ,oon Port Nubers
*1. 1"I /a'ers & %un$tions
*2. "iple >ail 6rans4er Proto$ol
)A.P allo's A)CII te/t messa2es to %e sent to mail%o/es on .CPIIP
(osts t(at (ave %een conf2ured 'it( mail service.
1. A user 'antin2 to send mail interacts 'it( t(e local mail s*stem t(rou2(
t(e Oser Agent ,CA- component of t(e mail s*stem.
2. .(e mail is deposited in a local out2oin2 mail%o/.
35
!. .(e sender )A.P process periodicall* polls t(e out2oin2 %o/ and if a
messa2e is found it esta%lis(es a .CP connection on port 27 'it( t(e
destination (ost to '(ic( t(e messa2e is to %e sent.
J. .(e receiver3)A.P at t(e destination receives t(e connection and t(e mail
messa2e is sent on t(at connection.
7. .(e receiver3)A.P deposits t(e mail in t(e destination mail %o/ in t(e dest.
(ost.
6. If no matc(in2 mail%o/ is found, a mail is send to t(e sender indicatin2 t(at
t(e mail %o/ does not e/ists.
,.(e sender3)A.P and receiver3)A.P processes '(ic( are responsi%le for t(e
transfer of mail are called >essage 6rans4er Agents-
.o send nonte/t messa2es usin2 )A.P, 'e can encode t(em as te/t usin2 t(e
CC+5C<D+ utilit*. .(e receiver 'ill decode it usin2 anot(er utilit* called
CCD+C<D+. ?e can also use AIA+ protocol
,Aultipurpose Internet Aail +/tensions- to send nonte/t messa2es li&e ric(
te/t, ima2e, audio, video and 9.A$.
*!. "oe ">6P $oands
*). Osing telnet to $onta$t ">6P on port 2* 56roubleshooting7
,lient0 6elnet 1!#.1!#.2#.1 27 ,1!#.1!#.2#.10 IP of )A.P )erver. If
connection is esta%lis(ed, t(en server is reac(a%le-
.r* sendin2 a mail to t(e server
,lient0 9+$< machine ,mac(ine0 <ur mac(ines D5) (ost name-
"er#er0 9+$< machine pleased to meet *ou
,lient0 AAI$ 64<A0 san$o%&&'yahoo.com
"er#er0 27# <P
,lient0 4CP. .<0 krishna%&&'yahoo.com
"er#er0 27# <P
,lient0 DA.A
"er#er0 !7J start mail inputG end 'it( LC4$6K.LC4$6K
,lient0 .(is is t(e test messa2e 1
,lient0 .(is is t(e test messa2e 1
,lient0 .
"er#er0 27# <P
36
**. Post 1L$e Proto$ol ?ersion !
)A.P 'ants t(e destination (ost ,Aail )erver- to %e online. <t(er'ise a .CP
connection can not %e esta%lis(ed 'it( t(e destination (ost. )ince des&top
mac(ines are not al'a*s online 'e can not use )A.P for receivin2 mail.
.(e )A.P mail server is al'a*s online and provides a mail drop service. ?or&
stations retrieve mail from server usin2 P<P!. P<P! .CP and listens on port
11#. P<P! is used onl* to do'nload mail. ?it( P<P!, >D* 5>essage Digest
#ersion *7 can %e used for aut(entication.
A P<P! session (as J p(ases
1. ,onne$tion state0 .CP connection 'it( P<P! server is esta%lis(ed
2. Authori8ation state0 Cser must provide Csername and Pass'ord to %e
aut(enticated %* t(e server
!. 6ransa$tion state0 After aut(entication is t(e transaction state in '(ic( a
num%er of commands li&e ).A., $I)., 4+.4, D+$+ and 4)+. can %e issued.
). Opdate state0 After t(e messa2e (as %een do'nloaded P<P! enters
update state in '(ic( P<P! clients issue t(e :CI. command to close t(e
connection
P1P! 6roubleshooting
6elnet 1!#.1!#.2#.1 11. ,If telnet connection is esta%lis(ed it means t(e
server is reac(a%le-
()* +)+ server is ready
O"2- sanOo##a*a(oo.com
()*
PA"" QQQQQQQQQ
()* m n ,> is t(e num%er of messa2es and N is t(e total %*tes in all
messa2es-
/I"6
1 s1
2 s2 ,)1, )2 are t(e siDe of messa2e 1 and 2-
-26- 1 ,4etrieves messa2e 1-
,ere goes the text o- message 1
37
D2/2 1 ,Deletes messa2e 1-
QOI6
()* +)+ server signing o.
*:. Internet >essage Appli$ation Proto$ol 5I>AP7?
P<P! does not allo' t(e direct manipulation of mail messa2es at t(e server.
.(e mail must %e do'nloaded to t(e 'or&station %efore it can %e
manipulated. IAAPJ is desi2ned to access and manipulate mails on t(e
server. ?it( IAAPJ 'e can manipulate remote mail%o/es li&e local mail%o/es.
IAAPJ allo's an obine client to res*nc(roniDe its mail%o/ 'it( t(e server.
6eatures of IAAP include t(e a%ilit* to0
` Access and manipulate portions of email on a server 'it(out do'nloadin2
t(em.
` 4evie' messa2es and attac(ment 'it(out do'nloadin2 t(em
` Do'nload all messa2es for obine operation
` 4es*nc(roniDe local mail%o/es 'it( t(ose at t(e server
With I>AP we $an0
` Create, delete, and rename mail%o/es
` C(ec& for ne' messa2es
` Permanentl* remove messa2es from mail%o/es
` )et and clear Fa2s indicatin2 t(e status of messa2es
` 4eco2niDe 46C3822 (eaders and parse AIA+3encoded messa2es
` )earc( and selectivel* fetc( messa2e attri%utes, te/t, and portions t(ereof
Aessa2es in IAAPJ are accessed %* t(e use of num%ers eit(er messa2e
seBuence num%ers or uniBue identifers. IAAPJ can %e used onl* to receive
mail.
I>AP) $an be in one o4 4our states.
5on3Aut(enticated .(is state is entered '(en a connection starts
Aut(enticated 3 .(is state is entered '(en accepta%le aut(entication
credentials (ave %een provided )elected 3 .(is state is entered after a valid
mail%o/ (as %een selected $o2out 3 .(e Connection is terminated and IAAP
server closes t(e connection.
*;. What is an operating s'ste? /ist the basi$ 4un$tions o4 an
operating s'ste.
.(e <peratin2 )*stem is a soft'are pro2ram t(at controls t(e processin2 and
(ard'are associated 'it( a computer. .(e operatin2 s*stem is t(e frst piece
of soft'are loaded into memor* '(en a computer starts. It is t(e operatin2
s*stem t(at launc(es or starts ot(er soft'are pro2rams suc( as 'ord
processors, spreads(eets, data%ases, etc. .(e operatin2 s*stem mana2es all
of t(e resources on t(e computerG it controls all t(e (ard'are in a mac(ine.
Aana2e all pro2rams and resourcesG (andle II<, securit*, memor*
mana2ement, stora2e mana2ement, etc are t(e important functions of an
<).
38
*<. "haring a 4older?
?(o can create s(are a folder
In a DC 3 Aem%ers of Domain Admins, Administrator and )erver <perators
2roups
$ocal Computer 3 Aem%ers of Administrator and Po'er Csers 2roups
)(are permissions
` )(are permissions are 6ull Control, 4ead, and C(an2e.
` $east restrictive permission is t(e userUs e@ective permission.
` A denied permission al'a*s overrides an allo'ed permission
` ?(en 5.6) and )(are permissions are applied to a folder t(e most
restrictive 'ill %e applied '(en 'e access t(e folder over t(e net'or&
Administrative )(ares <ne for t(e root of eac( 9DD volume, ,R@ DR and so
on
AD>INR 3 .(e s*stem root e.2. C0V?I55.
.(e c si2n (ides t(e s(are from normal users ot(er t(an Administrator.
5amin2 conventions
)(are 5ame can %e up 8# c(ar. But 'in 8I7 can read up to 12 c(ar.
ON, & Oni#ersal Naing ,on#ention
Consists of )erver name and s(are name e.g. GG"er#erG"hare
%QDN Csed in net'or&s '(ic( use D5) and .CPIIP
+.2. server]name.domain]name.root]domain]name
Cse 5+. C)+ to map a s(ared folder.
5et use d0 VV)erver1V)(are1
*=. N6%" %ile & %older "e$urit'
)tandard 5.6) permissions are0 6ull Control, Aodif*, ?rite, $ist 6older
Contents, 4ead = +/ecute, 4ead , Default 5.6) permission is +ver*one 6ull
Control
?e can use +/plorer or Cacls.e/e to assi2n 5.6) permissions
.o appl* 5.6) permissions *ou must (ave 6ull Control 1- *ou must %e t(e
<'ner of t(e fle.
+ow perissions are applied to New@ >o#ed and ,opied (les?
Aove to di@erent folder on di@erent volume 4eceives destination permission
re2ardless of ori2inal Permission
Aove to di@erent folder on same volume -etains ori2inal permissions
re2ardless of destination Permission
Cop* to a di@erent folder on a di@erent volume 4eceives destination
permission re2ardless of ori2inal Permission
Cop* to a di@erent folder on t(e same volume 4eceives destination
permission re2ardless of ori2inal Permission
Who $an take ownerships?
Administrator, user 'it( 6ull Control, or user 'it( d.a&e <'ners(ip of 6iles
and 6olders_ user ri2(t assi2ned
39
:.. About Disk Quota?
<nl* Administrators can conf2ure dis& Buota.
Dis& Buota cannot %e set to Hroups
:1. Perissions 4or Printing?
Who $an add a printer?
$ocal Computer0 Administrators and Po'er Csers
DC0 Administrators, Print <perators and )erver <perators
` ?e can add printers on a remote computer %* %ro'sin2 t(rou2( t(e
net'or& nei2(%or(ood
` .o access internet printer t(rou2( t(e 'e% %ro'ser t*pe (ttp0II )erver#1I
Printer)(are5ame
:2. Oser A$$ounts
Who $an $reate Oser A$$ounts?
Administrator or Po'er Csers Hroup in a 5on3DC
Administrator = Account <perators Hroup In DC
,.(e Po'er Csers and Account <perators cannot do ever*t(in2 re2ardin2 user
conf2uration-
Cser5ame can %e up to 2# c(ar ,Allo's enterin2 more t(an 2# %ut 'ill
reco2niDe onl* 1st 2#-
$o2on scripts for all domain users are stored in t(e N26/1S1N s(are in t(e
^s*stemroot^V)1)><$Vs*svolVdomain]nameVscripts
:!. /ist o4 Fuilt9in Sroups?
.(ere are 12 %uilt3in special 2roups0 +ver*one, Anon*mous $o2on,
Aut(enticated users, Creator <'ner, Creator, Batc(, Dialup, Interactive,
5et'or&, )ervice, )*stem, .erminal )erver Cser, '(o can lo2on locall* on a
DC Administrators, Account <perators, Bac&up <perators, Print <perators,
and )erver <perators
4
:). -elationship between AD & DN"
AD uses D5) for name resolution. )o '(en 'e setup AD, D5) must %e
present. AD is a director* service and D5) is name resolution service. AD
uses D5) to resolve name to IP address. )pecifcall*, AD uses D5) to fnd
D5) resource ,)4>- records for $DAP services. AD use $ADP protocol to
e/c(an2e director* information and uses D5) to discover t(e IP address of
$DAP services.
:*. 2ergen$' -epair Disk
+4D contains ! fles AC.<+E+C.5. ,Installs CD 4<A support-, C<56IH.5.
,$oads D<) in to Cpper Aemor* Bloc& in conventional memor* and loads
9IA+A.)1) to read memor* a%ove 6J#PB- and )+.CP.$<H.
::. "e$uring the PWs?
DonUt use *our name, name of famil* mem%ers or part of t(e name as
pass'ord
5ever tell t(e pass'ord to an* one
Do not 'rite do'n t(e pass'ord on a paper of f/ it to monitor
Cse si2nifcantl* lon2 pass'ords
Cse a mi/ of uppercase, lo'ercase, num%er and special c(aracters in t(e
pass'ord
C(an2e pass'ord re2ularl* and donUt use t(e same pass'ord a2ain
:;. 23plain the boot pro$ess o4 Windows 2...
"tep 1 /oading N6/D-
5.$D4 is located in t(e %oot partition of t(e serversU (ard dis&. ?(at it does
is,
1. )(ift t(e processor in to !86 mode
2. )tart a simple fle s*stem t(at allo's '2& to %oot from t(e 9DD
!. 4eads t(e content of Boot.ini and displa*s a list of possi%le %oot options
J. Accepts our c(oice of '(ic( <) to load
5o' 5.D$4 pass t(e control to 5.D+.+C..C<A to detect t(e (ard'are.
"tep 2 -unning N6D262,6.,1>
5.D+.+C..C<A is responsi%le for f2urin2 out '(at (ard'are is present on
t(e server. And it involves
1. PCUs mac(ine ID t*pe
2. .(e BC) t*pe
!. .(e video %oard t*pe
J. .(e &e*%oard and mouse t*pe
7. .(e serial and parallel ports present on t(e mac(ine
6. .(e 6lopp* and CD drives present on t(e computer
If *ou cannot 2et pass t(e 5.D+.+C..C<A sta2e, it means t(ere is some
(ard'are pro%lem.
41
?(en 5.D+.+C..C<A is successfull* completed, it %uilds t(e (ard'are &e* of
t(e registr'@ listed under
t(e 9P+1]$<CA$]AAC9I5+. .(is part of re2istr* is %uilt ever* time *ou %oot
t(e computer so t(at t can
reFect t(e current (ard'are conf2uration.
"tep ! /oading N61"M-N/
?2P &ernel loads 'it( t(e 9ard'are A%straction $a*er ,9A$.D$$-, some
assem%l* lan2ua2e code t(at
acts as an interface %et'een serverUs (ard'are and t(e operatin2 s*stem
and t(us '2& to %e (ard'are
independent. .(e &ernel loads in J p(ases.
Pernel load p(ase
Pernel initialiDation p(ase
)ervice load p(ase
?indo's su%s*stem load p(ase
Mernel load phase
<nce t(e 9A$.D$$ and 5.<)P45$ are loaded in to memor*, '2& loads t(e
s*stem settin2s, and stores t(em in 9P+1]$<CA$]AAC9I5+ V)*stemVCurrent
Control )etV )ervices. ?2& reads t(e information to determine '(ic( drivers it
must load and in '(ic( order.
Mernel initiali8ation phase
After t(e &ernel load p(ase, t(e &ernel initialiDes and scans t(e Current
Control )et for drivers 'it( a current value of 1 and starts t(em. ?2& %uilds a
ne' Current Control )et %ut does not save it. AC.<C9P.+E+, a C9PD)P3li&e
utilit* runs to ma&e sure t(at t(e fle s*stem is intact. And t(is is also t(e
sta2e '(ere t(e pa2e fle is set up.
"er#i$e load phase
5o' '2& loads t(e service mana2er ,)A).+E+- and t(e 'in!2 su%s*stem. All
services 'it( a start value of 2 starts and 'rite t(e Current Control )et to t(e
)*stem &e*.
Windows subs'ste load phase
6inall*, t(e 'indo's su%s*stem ,t(e most part of '2&, t(e one t(at users
most often interacts 'it(-. .(e su%s*stem starts 'it( winlogon.e3e t(at
(andles t(e lo2on and lo2o@. ?inlo2on.e/e captures t(e username and
pass'ord and passes t(em to local securit* aut(orit* ,$)A)).+E+- '(ic(
compares t(e username and pass'ord 'it( t(e information stored in )AA. If
t(e* matc( and user (as lo2on ri2(ts, anot(er process called C)+4I5I..+E+
runs t(e s(ell referenced in t(e s(ell value of 9P+1]$<CA$]AAC9I5+V
)oft'areV Aicrosoft V?indo's 5.V Current >ersionV ?inl o2on.
,5ormall*e/plorer.e/e, '(ic( loads t(e des&top-
:<. DiDeren$e Windows 2... and Windows =<?
` ?2P supports 5.6) and provides more securit* t(an ?in 8 i.e., 6ile and
6older )ecurit* permissions, +ncr*ption, Dis& :uota.
42
` ?2P (as easier mana2ement of t(e (ard'are 'it( Advanced Plu23n3pla*
li&e 89ot )'appin2U.
` ?indo's 8 is Oust for t(e des&top and (ome users, %ut '2& is for a
net'or&ed corporate environment.
` ?2& is more sta%le t(an 'in8
:=. DiDeren$e between Windows 2... and N6 )..?
+ven t(ou2( ?indo's 2### is %uilt on t(e ?indo's 5. arc(itecture, t(ere are
man* ne' features
` ?2P supports 6A.!2, and t(e +6). 5. does not support 6A.!2 and +6).
` Instead of )AA data%ase in 5., ?2& uses Active Director* and Hroup Polic*
for centraliDed and scala%le domain administration.
` ?2P (as easier mana2ement of t(e (ard'are 'it( Advanced Plu23n3pla*
li&e 89ot )'appin2U.
` 5. uses 5.I$A5 Aana2er as t(e aut(entication protocol. But ?2& uses
Internet standard &er%erose >7 for aut(entication.
` And some ot(er ne' features of '2& are, C)B support, 4ecover* Console,
IntelliAirror, inte2ration of II) and .erminal )ervices
` And redesi2ned man* of t(e mana2ement tools AAC, Dis& Administration,
AD)I, etc
;.. What are the diDeren$es between Windows 2... Pro4essional@
"er#er@ Ad#an$ed "er#er@ and Data ,enter?
?indo's 2### Professional is a des&top operatin2 s*stem. It can support 2
processors, J HB 4AA, as 'ell as multiple monitors.
?indo's 2### )erver supports J processors, J HB 4AA and is desi2ned to
(old t(e role of a DC, fle and print server, application server, etc.
?indo's 2### Advanced )erver is desi2ned for (i2( end mission critical
platforms, supports 8 processors, 8 HB 4AA and includes support for 2 'a*
server clusterin2.
?indo's 2### Data Center )erver 2oes even furt(er t(an Advanced )erver in
t(at it can support up to !2 processors, 6J HB 4AA, cascadin2 failover amon2
J nodes, and !2 node net'or& load %alancin2.
;1. What is the diDeren$e between EP +oe 2dition and
Pro4essional?
?indo's EP Professional includes0 4oamin2 user profles, 4emote des&top,
+ncr*ptin2 fle s*stem, <bine fles and folders, 4emote installation service,
?indo's server domain support, Hroup polic*.
;2. What are the disad#antages o4 Windows 2... "er#er?
?indo's 2### )erver reBuires more s*stem resource. 1ou need a po'erful
mac(ine to run ?indo's 2### )erver. .(e ?indo's 2### )erver does not
(ave a 2ood reputation in term of server sta%ilit*. .(e ?indo's 2### )erver
needs re%oot more freBuent t(an C5IE and $inu/. If *ou are usin2 ?indo's
2### )erver (ostin2 services, *ou need to invest a lot of mone* in t(e
43
development tools. Aost of t(em are Aicrosoft products. .(e costs of
applications t(at can run on *our 'e% site are usuall* (i2(er t(an t(at of
C5IE. 6or e/ample, *ou can fnd a lot of free scripts to run 'e% %oard, c(at
room, 'e% stats, email for *our Cni/3%ased 'e% site, %ut *ou 'onMt fnd man*
free applications in ?indo's 2### )erver 'orld.
;!. WhatCs the diDeren$e between Windows 2... and Windows EP?
` ?indo's EP (as (i2(er s*stem reBuirements %ut some'(at faster t(an
?indo's 2###.
` EP (as more colorful HCI t(an earlier versions and 'e can s'itc( %ac& to
2### li&e classic interface.
` ?indo's EP (as more features, suc( as t(e ?indo's Aovie Aa&er, %uilt3in
CD 'riter support, t(e Internet Connection 6ire'all, and 4emote Des&top
Connection.
` ?indo's EP (as %etter support for 2ames and multimedia.
` Bac&'ard compati%ilit* 'it( 7I8IAeI'2& and 5.J,)P7-.
` ?indo's EP (as product activation
` )'itc(in2 %et'een di@erent users sessions 'it( out lo22in2 of.
` ?e (ave t(e option of usin2 simple fle s(arin2 or fle permissions at an
5.6) drive.
` Aore advanced searc( for fndin2 users, 2roups, etc.
;). What is A$ti#e Dire$tor'?
AD is t(e director* service in ?indo's2### net'or&. AD is a (ierarc(ical
data%ase. A director* service stores information a%out net'or& resources and
ma&e t(e resources accessi%le to users and computers. It (elps to centrall*
mana2e, or2aniDe and control access to resources. AD o%Oects include users,
2roups, computers, printers, etc. )ervers, domains and sites are also
considered as AD o%Oects.
;*. De(ne >ultitasking@ >ultipro$essing and >ultithreading?
Aultitas&in2 is t(e a%ilit* to e/ecute more t(an one tas& at t(e same time. In
Aultitas&in2, onl* one CPC is involved, %ut it s'itc(es from one pro2ram to
anot(er so Buic&l* t(at it 2ives t(e appearance of e/ecutin2 all of t(e
pro2rams at t(e same time. Aultiprocessin2 is t(e capa%ilit* of an <) to use
more t(an one processors in a sin2le computer simultaneousl*. )*mmetric
Aultiprocessin2 is t(e t*pe of multiprocessin2 in '(ic( s*stem processes and
applications can %e run on an* availa%le processor. 9ere no particular
application or process is assi2ned to a particular processor. .(e smallest unit
of processin2 t(at can %e sc(eduled %* '2& &ernel is called a t(read. All
applications reBuire at least one t(read. ?(en an application (as more t(an
one t(read eac( of t(em can %e e/ecuted independentl*. .(is is called
multit(readin2.
44
;:.What is ulti$asting?
It is t(e transmission of an IP data2ram to a 2roup of (osts t(at is identifed
%* a sin2le class D IP address i.e. from a sin2le source to man* destinations.
;;. What are the bene(ts o4 N6%"?
Provides %ot( fle and folder securit*, supports encr*ption, compression, dis&
Buota and provides faster access t(an 6A. and 6A.!2, maintains a rec*cle %in
for eac( user, allo's dis& mountin2 and it is a (i2(l* relia%le and recovera%le
fle s*stem. Is (as %uilt in automatic fle s*stem repairin2 capa%ilities.
%A6 !2 N6%"
It does not support fle level securit* onl* It support %ot( fle level and
director*
It support director* level securit* level securit*
It support onl* net'or& level securit* It supports %ot( local and
net'or& level
)ecurit*
It does not support fle compression and It support %ot(.
+ncr*ption data
It does not support dis& Buota It support dis& Buota.
;<. DiDeren$e between %A6@ %A6!2 and N6%"
?indo's 2###I5.I7I8 support CD6) and CD6 and does not support 9P6).
?2& does not support 9P6). <nl* 5. !.71 and some earlier versions support
9P6)
;=. Tou $annot log on to ' network. What will 'ou do?
45
` Aa&e sure t(at t(e 9u%I)'itc( is on
` Aa&e sure t(at t(e mac(ine is in t(e correct 'or& 2roup or domain.
` Aa&e sure t(at t(e appropriate net'or& client and protocols installed
` C(ec& t(e adapter settin2s and verif* .CPIIP conf2uration i.e. c(ec& t(e IP
and )u%net Aas&.
` Aa&e sure t(at t(e net'or& adapter is installed correctl*.
` .(e adapter and slot functionin2 are properl*.
` .(e ca%le securel* connected to *our net'or& adapter
` )ome times some failed services can prevent *ou from lo22in2 into t(e
domain
<.. Oser5s7 are $oplaining o4 dela's when using the network. What
would 'ou do?
` C(ec& '(et(er t(is is net'or&3'ide pro%lem or s*stem specifc.
` Aa&e sure *ou donMt (ave man* pro2rams runnin2 in t(e %ac&2round,
particularl* ones t(at use an Internet connection. 6ile s(arin2 pro2rams can
often cause e/treme slo'ness.
` Delete an* temporar* Internet fles and ma&e sure t(e cac(e siDes are set
correctl*.
` Bad connections are sometimes caused %* fault* ca%les. .r* a di@erent
ca%le.
` 4un a virus scan. >iruses often run in t(e %ac&2round and use up tons of
resources.
<1. Fasi$ Disk and D'nai$ Disk?
Fasi$ disks use standard formattin2 and partitionin2 and contain primar*
partitions, e/tended partitions and lo2ical drives. A %asic dis& can (ave
ma/imum of J partitions. .(ere can %e onl* one e/tended partition '(ic( can
%e divided in to lo2ical drives. 1ou must use %asic dis& if *ou 'ant to support
dual %ootin2 since d*namic dis& is onl* reco2niDed %* '2&.
D'nai$ disk does not contain primar* partitions, e/tended partitions or
lo2ical drives. It contains d*namic volumes. Cnli&e t(e J partition limit in
%asic dis& d*namic dis& can support unlimited num%er of volumes. In '2& 'e
must use d*namic dis& to create an* volume t(at e/tents over more t(an one
p(*sical dis&. ?2& 'ill support 5. %asic dis& if t(e* are created in 5. %ut 'it(
'2& *ou can create onl* d*namic dis&s.
<2. What is a -AID? De(ne diDerent -AID le#els?
A 4AID s*stem is a collection of (ard drives Ooined to2et(er for speed and
fault tolerance.
-AID .0 At least 2 (ard drives are reBuired, prefera%l* identical. 5one of t(e
space is 'asted as lon2 as t(e (ard drives used are identical. Data is stored
evenl* and seBuentiall* across all dis&s. A striped volume is accessed 'it( a
sin2le drive letter as if all t(e dis&s 'ere com%ined in to a sin2le drive. It can
%e created on 6A., 6A.!2 and 5.6). .(is level o@ers t(e (i2(est level of
46
performance %ut no redundanc*. If an* of t(e (ard drives in t(e arra* fails,
ever*t(in2 'ill %e lost.
-AID 10 .(is level is &no'n as mirrorin2. .'o identical copies of data are
stored on t'o drives. ?(en one drive fails, t(e ot(er drive still (as t(e data to
&eep t(e s*stem 2oin2. 4e%uildin2 a lost drive is ver* simple since *ou still
(ave t(e second cop*. It can %e created on 6A., 6A.!2 and 5.6).
Csin2 an e/tra 4AID controller can increase t(e fault tolerance even more.
+ven t(ou2( t(e performance %enefts are not 2reat, it provides t(e (i2(est
de2ree of fault tolerance. It is supported onl* in ?indo's 2### )erver and
Advanced )erver
-AID *0 4AID37 is identical siDed areas of formatted dis& space located in !
or more d*namic dis&s. Data is stored evenl* and seBuentiall* amon2 all
dis&s and parit* information is 'ritten across all dis&s in t(e volume.
4AID7 is accessed 'it( a sin2le drive letter as if all t(e dis&s 'ere com%ined
in to a sin2le drive. It can %e formatted 'it( 6A., 6A.!2 and 5.6). If a sin2le
dis& in t(e 4AID7 fails data can %e recovered usin2 t(e parit* information %ut
if more t(an one dis& fails *ou can not recover data. It is supported onl* in
?indo's 2### )erver and Advanced )erver.
Non9-AID and -AID
4AID prevents data loss and ensures continuous data suppl*, even durin2 and
after limited dis& failure. But non34AID does not support fault tolerance. 4AID
is more e/pensive t(an non 4AID.
"o4tware -AID and +ardware -AID
9ard'are 4AID is t*picall* easier to mana2e, maintain, and up2rade.
)oft'are 4AID does not allo' man* advanced 4AID features li&e <nline
Capacit* +/pansion nor does soft'are 4AID allo' pre3notifcation of dis& drive
failure, auto re%uild, or (ot3plu22a%le (ard dis& drives.
<!. What is +ot "pares?
A (ot spare is a stand %* drive assi2ned to an* dis& arra* or a 2roup of
arra*s. If a drive 2oes do'n in an arra*, it 'ill %e automaticall* replaced %*
t(e (ot spare.
<). What is a $oputer #irus?
A computer virus is a piece of malicious code t(at attac(es to important
areas 'it(in computers, suc( as e/ecuta%le fles, and t(e %oot areas of Fopp*
dis&s and (ard dis&s.
.(e %asic virus t*pes are defned %* t(e area of t(e computer t(e* infect0
Foot #iruses0 Insert instructions into t(e %oot sectors of Fopp* dis&s, or t(e
%oot sector or master %oot record ,partition sector- of a (ard dis&.
Progra #iruses0 Infect e/ecuta%le fles suc( as .C<A, .+E+, and .D$$ fles.
Aacro viruses0 Infect document fles suc( as Aicrosoft ?ord .D<C fles %*
c(an2in2 t(e 'a* macros %e(ave.
47
<t(er t*pes of destructive code include 'orms, .roOan (orses, and lo2ic
%om%s. .(ese t*pes of destructive code are di@erent t(an viruses %ecause
t(e* donMt replicate.
<*. 1:bit and !2bit 1perating "'stes?
<:. What is O"F?
O"F 5Oni#ersal "erial Fus7 is a ne' met(od of connectin2 perip(erals to a
PC t(at is simpler and more Fe/i%le t(an traditional met(ods.
6or eac( C)B port on a computer, users can connect up to 12" devices. +ver*
time a device is added, t(e operatin2 s*stem ,?in7 >ersion 2, ?in8,
?in2###, AAC <) 8.1 or (i2(er- loads t(e devices automaticall*, allo'in2 t(e
device to %e used 'it(out (avin2 to re%oot t(e PC. .(e device ma* %e
unplu22ed, used else'(ere, t(en plu22ed %ac& a2ain 3 and it 'ill 'or& ri2(t
a'a* 'it(out (avin2 to re%oot t(e PC.
C)B operates at t'o speeds, 1.7A%ps for devices suc( as mice, &e*%oards
and scanners, and 122 A%ps for devices usin2 lar2e amounts of data li&e
(ard drives and video cameras ,compared 'it( older serial ports '(ic( (ave
a ma/imum speed of onl* 117.2 PBps-.
<;. >ost ,oon hardware probles?
<ne of t(e most common pro%lems is (ard'are conFict, '(en t'o devices
are conf2ured to use t(e same I4:. 4econf2ure one of t(e conFictin2
devices to use a nonconFictin2 settin2.
Anot(er t*pe of (ard'are pro%lem occurs '(en a device is p(*sicall*
conf2ured in one 'a* ,i.e. t(rou2( Oumpers, s'itc(es- and t(e driver
soft'are is conf2ured in anot(er 'a*. +it(er c(an2e t(e (ard'are settin2s or
use device mana2er to use t(e soft'are settin2s.
,oon steps in hardware troubleshooting
` $oo& for conFicts
` >erif* t(at t(e correct device driver is installed
` If it is an e/ternal device ma&e sure t(at it is po'ered on and all ca%les are
correctl* connected to t(e s*stem
` >erif* t(at t(e device is ena%led in t(e current (ard'are profle
` .r* re%ootin2 t(e computer
` .r* uninstallin2 and reinstallin2 t(e device
` 4eplace t(e device 'it( anot(er similar device
` C(ec& t(e device 'it( 9C$
48
"oe hardware probles and $auses "'pto ,ause 5Probabl'7
Computer does not %oot at all, does not ma&e an* noise, does not do
an*t(in2 at all Dead Po'er )uppl* or Dead Po'er Cord. <nl* starts t(e fan
and does not do an*t(in2 Pro%lem 'it( mot(er %oard Counts up memor* %ut
does not displa* an*t(in2 on t(e screen ,Can (ear it, canUt see it- Pro%lem
'it( video cars Boots and fnds t(e CD and 6lopp*, %ut not t(e 9DD Pro%lem
'it( 9DD controller Boot and identif* t(e 9DD controller %ut does not fnd a
%oota%le 9DD 9DD pro%lem.
<<. DiDeren$e between uninstalling and unplugging a de#i$e?
Cninstallin2 completel* remove all drivers associated 'it( a (ard'are device
t(at *ou plan to p(*sicall* remove from a device.
In unplu22in2 *ou onl* stop all divers runnin2 for a device %efore p(*sicall*
removin2 t(e device from t(e computer. But all t(e drivers remain installed in
t(e computer so t(at *ou can plu2 t(e device %ac& at a later time.
<=. "wit$hed >ode Power "uppl' 5">P"7?
.(e main function of )AP) is to convert AC in to DC. It converts Ac to eI3 7 or
eI3 12 DC.
=.. What is FI1"?
FI1"0 Fasi$ input 1utput "'ste
It is a small pro2ram stored in a 4<A c(ip soldered to t(e mot(er%oard. .(is
is never c(an2in2 and controls t(e core devices of t(e PC. It also mana2es
data Fo' %et'een t(e computerMs operatin2 s*stem and attac(ed devices
suc( as t(e (ard dis&, video adapter, &e*%oard, mouse, and printer.
FI1" shadowing
)(ado'in2 is t(e process of cop*in2 BI<) code from slo' 4<A c(ips into
faster 4AA c(ips durin2 %ootup so t(at an* access to BI<) routines 'ill %e
faster. D<) and ot(er operatin2 s*stems ma* access BI<) routines
freBuentl*. )*stem performance is 2reatl* improved if t(e BI<) is accessed
from 4AA rat(er t(an from a slo'er 4<A c(ip.
=1. What is ,>1"?
A c(ip located in t(e mot(er %oard t(at contains t(e data used %* t(e s*stem
BI<) for s*stem conf2uration. .(is information is updata%le and reBuires
constant po'er to &eep it from loosin2 information.
,>1"0 ,'lindri$al >etal 13ide "ei$ondu$tor
=2.I-Q 9 Interrupt -ePuests
An I4: is a (ard'are interruptG t(is means t(at t(ere is a p(*sical line run to
eac( of t(e slots on t(e mot(er%oard.
.(ere are 8 I4: ,I4:#3"- lines t(at run to t(e 8 %it I)A slot. .(ere are 8 more
,I4:8317- t(at run to t(e 16 %it I)A e/tension slot. 6or a total of 16 I4:s in a
49
t*pical I)A %us PC. I-Q. (as t(e (i2(est priorit* and I-Q; t(e lo'est priorit*.
I4:8317 (as TspecialT priorit* as 'ill %e e/plained.
An I4: can %e assi2ned to onl* one a$ti#e device at a time. If 2 devices
s(are t(e same I4:, t(is is called a $onUi$t. .(is means t(at '(en t(e I4:
line %ecomes active, t(e CPC does not &no' '(ic( device needs to Ttal&T. 6or
e/ample if a modem used I4:7 and a 5IC used I4:7.
I-Q %un$tion
I4: # )*stem .imer
I4: 1 Pe*%oard Controller
I4: 2 Cascaded to I4:8317
I4: ! Com2IComJ
I4: J Com1ICom!
I4: 7 )ound cardI$P.2
I4: 6 6lopp* drive controller
I4: " Parallel port $P.1
I4: 8 4eal3time cloc&
I4: f3Availa%le ,I4:2-
I4: 1# 5IC
I4: 11 )C)I adapter
I4: 12 Aot(er%oard mouseIavaila%le
I4: 1! Aat( coprocessor
I4: 1J Primar* ID+ controller
I4: 17 )econdar* ID+ controller
,1> Port ,onUi$ts
5ote t(at C<A1 and C<A! s(are I4:J. .(is is allo'ed as lon2 as onl* one
device is active at a time.
.(is means t(at if *ou are runnin2 a mouse on C<A1 t(en *ou cannot use
C<A! for an internal modem. 1ou 'ill run into a conFict. )ome
communication pac&a2es 'ill allo' *ou to do t(is %ut most 'ill c(o&e or
cause Fa&* operation. A common s*mptom is if *ou move t(e mouse, *ou
see 2ar%a2e on *our terminal pro2ram.
C<A2 and C<AJ (ave a similar pro%lem e/cept t(at most people donMt use
C<A2. It is usuall* safe to conf2ure an internal modem to C<AJ. If C<A2 is
used, it is t*picall* used for an e/ternal modem or a plotter. Csuall*, %ot( are
not active at t(e same time.
)tandard C<A Port Assi2nment
=!. ","I ,ard 5"all "$ale "'ste Inter4a$e70
A )C)I card is a card t(at 'ill control t(e interface %et'een )C)I (ard drives,
CD34<A drives, CD4<A %urners, remova%le drives, e/ternal devices suc( as
scanners, and an* ot(er )C)I components.
Aost are PCI and t(ere is a 'ide ran2e of t*pes. .(e t(ree main t*pes of
connectors on t(ese cards are 273pin for )C)I31, 7#3pin for 5arro' )C)I, and
683pin for ?ide )C)I ,and Cltra3?ide )C)I, Cltra23)C)I, and Cltra16# )C)I-.
5
)C)I controllers provide fast access to ver* fast )C)I (ard drives. .(e* can %e
muc( faster t(an t(e ID+ controllers t(at are alread* inte2rated into t(e
mot(er%oards. )C)I controllers (ave t(eir o'n advanced processin2 c(ips,
'(ic( allo' t(em to rel* less on t(e CPC for (andlin2 instructions t(an ID+
controllers do.
)C)I cards also (ave t(e a%ilit* to (ave up 17 devices or more per card, '(ile
an ID+ controller is limited to onl* J devices. )C)I cards allo' t(ese drives to
%e in a c(ain alon2 t(e ca%le. +ac( drive on t(e ca%le (as to (ave a separate
)C)I ID ,t(is can %e set %* Oumpers on t(e drive-. .(e last drive on t(e end of
t(e ca%le ,or t(e ca%le itself- (as to TterminateT t(e c(ain. 1ou turn
termination on %* settin2 a termination Oumper on t(e drive.
=). Sroup Poli$'
Hroup Polic* and t(e Active Director* services infrastructure in ?indo's
)erver 2##! ena%le I. administrators to automate one3to3man* mana2ement
of users and computersRsimplif*in2 administrative tas&s and reducin2 I.
costs. ?it( t(e de%ut of Hroup Polic* Aana2ement Console ,HPAC-, polic*3
%ased mana2ement is even easier. Administrators can eQcientl* implement
securit* settin2s, enforce I. policies, and distri%ute soft'are consistentl*
across a 2iven site, domain, or ran2e of or2aniDational units
%ile ser#er (as t(e follo'in2 meanin2s0
A form of dis& stora2e t(at (osts fles 'it(in a net'or&G fle servers do
not need to %e (i2(3end %ut must (ave enou2( dis& space to
incorporate a lar2e amount of data. Aan* people mista&e fle servers
for a (i2(3end stora2e s*stem, %ut in realit*, fle servers do not need to
possess 2reat po'er or super fast computer specifcations.
A computer pro2ram, t(at allo's di@erent pro2rams, runnin2 on ot(er
computers, to access t(e fles of t(at computer
In common parlance, t(e term (le ser#er refers specifcall* to a
computer on '(ic( a user can map or mount a drive or director* so
t(at t(e director* appears to %e on t(e mac(ine at '(ic( t(e user is
sittin2. Additionall*, on t(is t*pe of fle server, t(e user can read or
'rite a fle as t(ou2( it 'ere part of t(e fle s*stem of t(e userMs
computer.
6iles and directories on t(e remote computer are usuall* accessed usin2 a
particular protocol, suc( as ?e%DA>, )AB, CI6), 56), Appletal& or t(eir
mutations.
Alt(ou2( fles can %e sent to and received from most ot(er computers
unless t(eir primar* function is access %* t(e a%ove means, t(e* are
2enerall* not considered fle servers as suc(.
51
=*. Pro3' ser#er
A pro/* server is a computer t(at o@ers a computer net'or& service to
allo' clients to ma&e indirect net'or& connections to ot(er net'or& services.
A client connects to t(e pro/* server, t(en reBuests a connection, fle, or
ot(er resource availa%le on a di@erent server. .(e pro/* provides t(e
resource eit(er %* connectin2 to t(e specifed server or %* servin2 it from a
cac(e. In some cases, t(e pro/* ma* alter t(e clientMs reBuest or t(e serverMs
response for various purposes.
=:. -eote Installation "er#i$e
4emote Installation )ervice ,4I)- is a feature included in AicrosoftMs
?indo's 2### server t(at allo's net'or& administrators to install t(e
?indo's 2### Professional operatin2 s*stem and its up2rades to an* num%er
of client computers at one time from a centraliDed location. If t(e client
computer is connected to t(e server t(rou2( a local area net'or& ,$A5-, t(e
computerMs (ard'are 'ill fnd t(e 4I) server and reBuest a cop* of t(e
operatin2 s*stem. .(e net'or& administrator can use t(e 4I)rep ima2in2
option to cop* several versions, or ima2es, of a compan*Ms des&top
conf2uration to t(e server so t(at if a reBuest is made, t(e server can issue
an Tima2eT for a particular computer or user. Aicrosoft promotes t(e use of
4I) as a 'a* to conf2ure ne' computers ri2(t out of t(e %o/ and to restore
t(e operatin2 s*stem on a computer t(at (as failed
-I" Pre9rePuisites and Dependen$ies
Active Director* in 2eneral and D5) in particular.
D9CP 3 to ena%le t(e PE+ net'or& cards to fnd t(e 4I) )erver.
2HB ,e- 5.6) partition. )tore t(e ima2e a'a* from t(e s*stem fles.
>ir2in client mac(ines 'it( PE+ net'or& cards
Detailed "tep9b'9"tep -I" "etup
Phase 1 9 Add or -eo#e Progras0
.(in& of installin2 t(e actual 4I) )ervice as a t'o sta2e process. Be2in Oust
as *ou install ?I5) or Certifcate or an* ot(er service. 5avi2ate to Add or
4emove Pro2rams, ?indo's Components, select 4emote Installation
)ervices.
Cnli&e an* anot(er service t(at I &no', t(ere is more 'or& to do after t(e Add
or 4emove pro2rams session completes. After *ou re%oot t(e ?indo's 2##!
)erver, see& out t(e Administrative .ools menu, and 4emote Installation
)ervices )etup. .(e 4I) 'iDard is one of AicrosoftMs %estG it 2uides *ou
t(rou2( selectin2 t(e partition, and t(e name for t(e frst EP Professional
ima2e.
52
5ote0 .(e a%ove met(od 'or&s for ?indo's )erver 2##!, %ut on ?indo's
2###, return to t(e Add or 4emove pro2rams and see t(e ne'l* added item,
'(ic( leads *ou t(rou2( to p(ase 2. Be'are t(is is a trul* %iDarre e/perience
and man* 2ive up at t(is point
Phase 2 9 Wi8ard to ,op' the EP Iage0
It sounds sill* no', %ut t(e frst time t(e 4I) 'iDard prompted me for t(e CD,
I put in t(e ?indo's )erver 2##! CD. ?ron2. I s(ould (ave put t(e EP
Professional CD in t(e cadd*, clearl* t(e 'iDard 'ants to create t(e client
ima2e. ,It did not need an* server fles.- It ta&es a fair time to cop* t(e
ima2e into *our 5.6) partition. 9ere is a screen s(ot ta&en at t(e cop*in2
sta2e.
Phase ! 9 A$ti#e Dire$tor' Osers and ,oputers0
Anot(er surprise, most of t(e rest of *our 4I) conf2uration is at t(e
Computer o%Oect in Active Director* Csers and Computers ,ADCC-. 9o'ever,
if *ou t(in& a%out '(atMs 2oin2 to (appen, it ma&es sense to conf2ure 4I) in
Active Director*.
In t(e ADCC interface, navi2ate to t(e Computers container or t(e Domain
Controllers if *ou installed 4I) on a DC. .(e initial surprise is t(at t(e
Computer <%Oect of t(e mac(ine '(ere *ou Oust installed 4I) (as e/tra .a%
called, 4emote Install. )ee dia2ram %elo'.
5ote t(at t(e 4espond to client computers reBuestin2 service is not c(ec&ed
%* default. As an aside, m* vie' is t(at fndin2 t(is c(ec& %o/ is *our passin2
out test. <Qciall*, t(e reason its unc(ec&ed is t(at Aicrosoft donMt 'ant
ro2ue laptops pic&in2 up ima2es %efore *ou are read*.
What Ne3t?
)o, *ou (ave successfull* installed t(e )ervice, ?(at ne/tN
Aut(oriDe 4I) I D9CP
53
Aore Conf2uration at t(e 4emote Install .a%. Includin2 c(ec&in2
4espond to client computers reBuestin2 service.
Collect more 4I) Ima2es
Het read* at t(e client to install t(e actual EP Professional Client usin2
4I)
=;. Fa$kup
%ull ba$kup
.(is is t(e elementar* t*pe of %ac&in2 up. +ac( time t(e ne'l* created
%ac&up fle replaces t(e old one.
"ta$k ba$kup
.(is arc(ive consists of t(e last created %ac&up and 5 previous versions. ,5 3
is a stac& siDe parameter-. .(is 5 previous versions are or2aniDed in stac&
manner. .(eir flenames are di@ers 'it( suQ/ T]PT added to flename ,P is in
ran2e 135-.
.(an older t(e %ac&up, t(at 2reater t(e P. All %ac&up fles are located in t(e
same director*.
Ad#an$ed sta$k ba$kup
.(e structure of t(is arc(ive is li&e stac& arc(ive 'it( one addition0 it allo's
not to store t(e unc(an2ed fles in t(e old versions of %ac&up copies.
In$reental ba$kup
.(is is a %ac&up in '(ic( onl* t(e fles t(at (ave %een modifed since t(e last
%ac&up are copied. It consists of Tfull %ac&upT and 5 folo'in2 seBuental
incremental %ac&ups. ,'(ere 5 3 is a stac& siDe parameter-. .(e frst %ac&up
s(ould include all fles 3 a Tfull %ac&upT. .(e ne/t %ac&up cop* could also %e a
Tfull %ac&upT %ut it is usuall* muc( Buic&er to do, %ecause onl* fles '(ic(
(ave %een c(an2ed since t(e last %ac&in2 up 'ill %e included in t(e
incremental %ac&up. ?(en 5 incremental copies 'ill %e created, at t(e ne/t
step all old %ac&up fles 'ill %e deleted and t(e c*cle 'ill %e repeated from
t(e %e2innin2.
+/ists possi%ilit* to save t(e full %ac&up at t(e %e2innin2 of t(e ne' c*cle. If
an additional parameter sa#e 4ull ba$kups it c(ec&ed, t(en t(e full %ac&up
is renamed and saved in t(e same director*.
DiDerential ba$kup
.(is %ac&up is consists of t'o fles 3 full and di@erential %ac&up.
At frst t(e pro2ram creates full %ac&up. 5e/t e/ecutions 2enerate a
diDerential ba$kup 3 t(e %ac&up cop* of c(an2ed or ne'l* added fles since
t(e last full %ac&in2 up. If t(e volume of di@erential cop* e/ceeds 5 percents
of t(e full cop* ,/ake a -ull 0ackup only i- ... parameter- or at least 5 da*s
54
(as passed since t(e full %ac&up creation ,/ake a -ull 0ackup only a-ter ...
parameter- t(en t(e pro2ram %e2ins a ne' c*cle 'it( a full %ac&up.
6he ain diDeren$e between in$reental and diDerential ba$kups
6he in$reental ba$kup saves several intermediate versions of fles
'(ic( (ave %een modifed or created since t(e last %ac&in2 up.
6he diDerential ba$kup saves fles '(ic( are not included in t(e full
%ac&up ,ne'l* created or added fles- or '(ic( are di@er from t(e
same fles in t(e full %ac&up. ,.(e fles are considered identical, if t(e*
(ave eBual siDe and date3time stamp-
Fa$kup
Adinistrator or Fa$kup 1perator can ta&e %ac&ups. <4 Csers 'it(
ba$kup (les and dire$tories user ri2(t can ta&e %ac&up. 1ou cannot
%ac&up s'ste state data over t(e net'or&.
=<. DiDeren$e between windows ser#er 2..! and windows ser#er
2...
1. In 2&! ?e can 4ename t(e Domain and Domain Controller name.
2. )tu% Done is availa%le.
!. 4emote Des&top connection is t(ere.
J. Automated )*stem 4ecover*,A)4- is t(ere, %ut 2& onl* +mer2enc*
4epair Dis&,+4D- is t(ere.
In 2##! 'e (ave concept of >olume s(ado' cop* service '(ic( is used to
create (ard dis& snap s(ot '(ic( is used in Disaster recover* and 2###
doesnUt (ave t(is service
A- In 2### 'e cannot rename domain '(ereas in 2##! 'e can rename
Domain
B- In 2### it supports of 8 processors and 6J HB 4AA ,In 2### Advance
)erver- '(ereas in 2##! supports up to 6J processors and ma/ of 712HB
4AA
C-2### )upports II) 7.# and 2##! )upports II)6.#
D- 2### doesnUt support Dot net '(ereas 2##! )upports Aicrosoft .5+. 2.#
+- 2### (as )erver and Advance )erver editions '(ereas 2##! (as )tandard,
+nterprise, Datacenter and ?e% server +ditions.
6- 2### doesnUt (ave an* 6J %it server operatin2 s*stem '(ereas 2##! (as
6J %it server operatin2 s*stems ,?indo's )erver 2##! E6J )td and
+nterprise +dition-
H- 2### (as %asic concept of D6) ,Distri%uted 6ile s*stems- 'it( defned
roots '(ereas 2##! (as +n(anced D6) support 'it( multiple roots.
9- In 2### t(ere is comple/it* in administerin2 Comple/ net'or&s '(ereas
2##! is eas* administration in all = Comple/ net'or&s
I- In 2### 'e can create 1 million users and in 2##! 'e can create 1 %illion
users.
55
[- In 2##! 'e (ave concept of >olume s(ado' cop* service '(ic( is used to
create (ard dis& snap s(ot '(ic( is used in Disaster recover* and 2###
doesnUt (ave t(is service.
P- In 2### 'e donUt (ave end user polic* mana2ement, '(ereas in 2##! 'e
(ave a +nd user polic* mana2ement '(ic( is done in HPAC ,Hroup polic*
mana2ement console-.
$- In 2### 'e (ave cross domain trust relation s(ip and 2##! 'e (ave Cross
forest trust relations(ip.
A- 2### )upports J3node clusterin2 and 2##! supports 83node clusterin2.
5- 2##! (as 9i2( 9C$ )upport ,9ard'are Compati%ilit* $ist- issued %*
Aicrosoft
<- Code name of 2### is ?in 5. 7.# and Code name of 2##! is ?in 5. 7.1
P- 2##! (as service called AD6) ,Active Director* 6ederation )ervices- '(ic(
is used to communicate %et'een %ranc(es 'it( safe aut(entication.
:- In 2##! t(eir is improved stora2e mana2ement usin2 service 6ile )erver
4esource Aana2er ,6)4A-
4- 2##! (as service called ?indo's )(are point )ervices ,It is an inte2rated
portfolio of colla%oration and communication services desi2ned to connect
people, information, processes, and s*stems %ot( 'it(in and %e*ond t(e
or2aniDational fre'all.-
)- 2##! (as Improved Print mana2ement compared to 2### server
.- 2##! (as telnet sessions availa%le.
C- 2### supports IP>J '(ereas 2##! supports IP>J and IP>6
==. N6/D- is issing0
Issue0
N6/D- is issing.
4elated errors0
Belo' are t(e full error messa2es t(at ma* %e seen '(en t(e computer is
%ootin2.
N6/D- is >issing
Press an' ke' to restart
Foot0 ,ouldnCt (nd N6/D-
please insert another disk
N6/D- is issing
Press ,trl Alt Del to -estart
,ause0
!. Computer is %ootin2 from a non3%oota%le source.
J. Computer (ard dis& drive is not properl* setup in BI<).
7. Corrupt 5.$D4 andIor 5.D+.+C..C<A fle.
56
6. Aiss conf2uration 'it( t(e %oot.ini fle.
". Attemptin2 to up2rade from a ?indo's 7, 8, or A+ computer t(at is
usin2 6A.!2.
8. 5e' (ard dis& drive %ein2 added.
. Corrupt %oot sector I master %oot record.
1#.)eriousl* corrupted version of ?indo's 2### or ?indo's EP.
11.$oose or 6ault* ID+I+ID+ (ard dis& drive ca%le.
"olutions0
,oputer is booting 4ro a non9bootable sour$e
Aan* times t(is error is caused '(en t(e computer is attemptin2 to %oot
from a non3%oota%le Fopp* dis& or CD34<A. 6irst verif* t(at no Fopp*
dis&ette is in t(e computer, unless *ou are attemptin2 to %oot from a
dis&ette.
If *ou are attemptin2 to %oot from a Fopp* dis&ette and are receivin2 t(is
error messa2e it is li&el* t(at t(e dis&ette does not (ave all t(e necessar*
fles andIor is corrupt.
If *ou are attemptin2 to install ?indo's EP or ?indo's 2### and are
receivin2 t(is error messa2e as t(e computer is %ootin2 verif* t(at *our
computer BI<) (as t(e proper %oot settin2s. 6or e/ample, if *ou are
attemptin2 to run t(e install from t(e CD34<A ma&e sure t(e CD34<A is t(e
frst %oot device, and not t(e (ard dis& drive.
)econd, '(en t(e computer is %ootin2 *ou s(ould receive t(e %elo' prompt.
Press an' ke' to boot 4ro the ,DV
Iportant0 ?(en *ou see t(is messa2e press an* &e* suc( as t(e +nter &e*
immediatel*, ot(er'ise it 'ill tr* %ootin2 from t(e (ard drive and li&el* 2et
t(e 5.$D4 error a2ain.
Note0 If *ou are not receivin2 t(e a%ove messa2e and *our BI<) %oot options
are set properl* itMs also possi%le t(at *our CD34<A drive ma* not %e %ootin2
from t(e CD34<A properl*. >erif* t(e Oumpers are set properl* on t(e CD34<A
drive. Additional information a%out c(ec&in2 t(e CD34<A drive connections
can %e found on document C9###21!.
Additional in4oration0 .(is error (as also %een &no'n to occur '(en a
memor* stic& is in a card reader and t(e computer is attemptin2 to %oot from
it. If *ou (ave an* t*pe of card reader or Fas( reader ma&e sure t(at no
memor* stic& is inside t(e computer.
,oputer hard disk dri#e is not properl' setup in FI1"
57
>erif* t(at *our computer (ard dis& drive is properl* setup in t(e BI<) I CA<)
setup. Improper settin2s can cause t(is error. Additional information on (o'
to enter t(e BI<) I CA<) setup can %e found in document C9###12.
,orrupt N6/D- and/or N6D262,6.,1> (le
?indo's 2### users
?indo's EP users
Windows 2... users
If *our computer is usin2 Aicrosoft ?indo's 2### and *ou are encounterin2
t(e 5.$D4 error. Create t(e %elo' %oot.ini fle on t(e Fopp* dis&ette drive.
W%oot loaderX
timeoutS!#
defaultSmulti,#-dis&,#-rdis&,#-partition,1-V?I55.
Woperatin2 s*stemsX
multi,#-dis&,#-rdis&,#-partition,1-V?I55.STAicrosoft ?indo's 2###
ProfessionalT Ifastdetect
Cop* t(e 5.$D4 and 5.D+.+C..C<A fles from anot(er computer usin2 t(e
same <peratin2 )*stem. Bot( of t(ese fles are located in t(e root director*
of t(e primar* (ard dis& drive. 6or e/ample, C0V5.$D4 and C0V5.D+.+C..C<A
s(ould %e t(e locations of t(ese fles on man* computers.
Please &eep in mind t(at t(ese fles are (idden s*stem fles, if *ou need
additional (elp 'it( vie'in2 (idden fles in ?indo's please see document
C9###716.
<nce t(ese fles (ave %een copied to a Fopp* dis&ette re%oot t(e computer
and cop* t(e 5.$D4 and 5.D+.+C..C<A fles to t(e root director* of t(e
primar* (ard dis& drive. Belo' is an e/ample of '(at commonl* s(ould %e
performed from t(e A0VK drive.
cop* ntldr c0
cop* ntdetect.com c0
After t(e a%ove t'o fles (ave %een copied, remove t(e Fopp* dis&ette and
re%oot t(e computer.
Windows EP users
1. Insert t(e ?indo's EP %oota%le CD into t(e computer.
2. ?(en prompted to press an* &e* to %oot from t(e CD, press an* &e*.
!. <nce in t(e ?indo's EP setup menu press t(e T4T &e* to repair ?indo's.
58
J. $o2 into *our ?indo's installation %* pressin2 t(e T1T &e* and pressin2
enter.
7. 1ou 'ill t(en %e prompted for *our administrator pass'ord, enter t(at
pass'ord.
6. Cop* t(e %elo' t'o fles to t(e root director* of t(e primar* (ard dis&. In
t(e %elo' e/ample 'e are cop*in2 t(ese fles from t(e CD34<A drive letter
T+T. .(is letter ma* %e di@erent on *our computer.
cop* e0Vi!86Vntldr c0V
cop* e0Vi!86Vntdetect.com c0V
". <nce %ot( of t(ese fles (ave %een successfull* copied, remove t(e CD
from t(e computer and re%oot.
>iss $on(guration with the boot.ini (le
+dit t(e %oot.ini on t(e root director* of t(e (ard dis& drive and verif* t(at it
is pointin2 to t(e correct location of *our ?indo's <peratin2 )*stem and t(at
t(e partitions are properl* defned. Additional information a%out t(e %oot.ini
can %e found on do$uent ,+...)=2.
Attepting to upgrade 4ro a Windows =*@ =<@ or >2 $oputer that
is using %A6!2
If *ou are 2ettin2 t(is error messa2e '(ile *ou are attemptin2 to up2rade to
?indo's 2### or ?indo's EP from ?indo's 7, ?indo's 8, or ?indo's A+
runnin2 6A.!2 please tr* t(e %elo' recommendations.
1. Boot t(e computer 'it( a ?indo's 7, ?indo's 8 or ?indo's A+
%oota%le dis&ette.
2. At t(e A0VK prompt t*pe0
s*s c0 Lpress enterK
!. After pressin2 enter *ou s(ould receive t(e T)*stem .ransferredT
messa2e. <nce t(is (as %een completed remove t(e Fopp* dis&ette and
re%oot t(e computer.
New hard disk dri#e being added
If *ou are attemptin2 to add a ne' (ard dis& drive to t(e computer ma&e sure
t(at drive is a %lan& drive. Addin2 a ne' (ard dis& drive to a computer t(at
alread* (as ?indo's installed on it ma* cause t(e 5.$D4 error to occur.
If *ou are unsure if t(e ne' drive is %lan& or not tr* %ootin2 from a %oota%le
dis&ette and format t(e ne' (ard dis& drive.
,orrupt boot se$tor / aster boot re$ord
59
ItMs possi%le *our computerMs (ard dis& drive ma* (ave a corrupt %oot sector
andIor master %oot record. .(ese can %e repaired t(rou2( t(e Aicrosoft
?indo's 4ecover* console %* runnin2 t(e (3boot and (3br commands.
Additional information and (elp in 2ettin2 into t(e Aicrosoft ?indo's
4ecover* console can %e found on document C9###62".
"eriousl' $orrupted #ersion o4 Windows 2... or Windows EP
If *ou (ave tried eac( of t(e a%ove recommendations t(at appl* to *our
situation and *ou continue to e/perience t(is issue it is possi%le *ou ma*
(ave a seriousl* corrupted version of Aicrosoft ?indo's. .(erefore 'e 'ould
recommend *ou reinstall Aicrosoft ?indo's 2### and ?indo's EP.
If *ou are encounterin2 t(is issue durin2 *our setup *ou ma* 'is( to
completel* erase *our computer (ard dis& drive and all of its e/istin2 data
and t(en install Aicrosoft ?indo's 2### I ?indo's EP. Additional information
a%out erasin2 t(e computer and startin2 over can %e found on document
C9###186.
/oose or %ault' ID2/2ID2 hard disk dri#e $able
.(is issue (as %een &no'n to %e caused %* a loose or fault ID+I+ID+ ca%le. If
t(e a%ove recommendation does not resolve *our issue and *our computer
(ard dis& drive is usin2 an ID+ or +ID+ interface. >erif* t(e computer (ard
dis& drive ca%le is frml* connected %* disconnected and reconnectin2 t(e
ca%le.
If t(e issue continues it is also a possi%ilit* t(at t(e computer (as a fault*
ca%le, tr* replacin2 t(e (ard dis& drive ca%le 'it( anot(er ca%le andIor a ne'
ca%le.
1... DiDeren$es between a Qui$k 4orat and a regular 4orat during
a I$leanI installation?
Durin2 a TcleanT installation of Aicrosoft ?indo's EP, *ou are prompted to
c(oose from t(e follo'in2 format options0
` 6ormat t(e partition %* usin2 t(e 5.6) fle
s*stem ,:uic&-
` 6ormat t(e partition %* usin2 t(e 6A. fle
s*stem ,:uic&-
` 6ormat t(e partition %* usin2 t(e 5.6) fle
s*stem
` 6ormat t(e partition %* usin2 t(e 6A. fle
s*stem
` $eave t(e current fle s*stem intact ,no
6
c(an2es-
.(is article descri%es t(e di@erences %et'een a :uic& format and a re2ular
format.
?(en *ou c(oose to run a re2ular format on a volume, fles are removed
from t(e volume t(at *ou are formattin2 and t(e (ard dis& is scanned for %ad
sectors. .(e scan for %ad sectors is responsi%le for t(e maOorit* of t(e time
t(at it ta&es to format a volume.
If *ou c(oose t(e :uic& format option, format removes fles from t(e
partition, %ut does not scan t(e dis& for %ad sectors. <nl* use t(is option if
*our (ard dis& (as %een previousl* formatted and *ou are sure t(at *our (ard
dis& is not dama2ed.
If *ou installed ?indo's EP on a partition t(at 'as formatted %* usin2 t(e
:uic& format option, *ou can also c(ec& *our dis& %* usin2 t(e $hkdsk /r
command after t(e installation of ?indo's EP is completed.
1.1. Oser pro(les
6here are ! t'pes
1- $ocal profles
2- 4oamin2 profles
!- Aandator* profles
/o$al pro(les0 It is stored in document and settin2 '(en a user lo2s o to a
mac(ine for t(e frst time t(e su%director* mac(ine to t(e name 'ill %e
created under document and settin2s
-oaing pro(les0 .(e user 'ant to access more t(an one mac(ine or move
around t(e net'or& a roamin2 profle is created. 4oamin2 profle can e
created to ensure t(at t(e user 'ills receiver (is or (er user settin2s and
preference no matter '(ere t(e* can lo2 on. It is stored in ntuser.dat and
s(ared over t(e net'or&.
4oamin2 profle can %e modifed (as local profle or mandator*
.o convert a 4oamin2 profle to local profle
4i2(t clic& m* computer3K properties3Kuser profle and select t(e user and
clic& on c(an2e t*pe
?(enever *ou creatin2 a user t(e user account are created 'it( t(e securit*
ID W)IDX under ntuser.dat fle %* default it is (idden and read onl* fle.
4oamin2 profles %asicall* allo' a userUs settin2s to follo' t(em '(en
t(e* move 'or&stations. .(is ma* %e useful for sta@s t(at re2ularl* use
multiple 'or&stations, %ut it comes into its o'n '(en a 'or&station (as to %e
61
re%uilt or replaced. If t(e user (as a roamin2 profle, t(eir settin2s 'ill %e
returned to t(eir ne' mac(ine as soon as t(e* lo2 on.
4oamin2 profles mean t(at at lo2o@ time, all t(e users settin2s are
copied up to a net'or& s(are. ?(en t(e* lo2 on, t(e settin2s are copied %ac&
do'n to t(e local mac(ine, and stored under c0Vdocuments and settin2sV
guseridh. 5ote t(at t(e settin2s are not read directl* from t(e net'or& s(are
'(ile users 'or&, t(e* are al'a*s accessed from t(e local dis& and onl*
copied to and from t(e net'or& s(are at lo2onIlo2o@ time. .(is is ver*
di@erent from 84edirected foldersU, '(ic( are used 64<A t(e net'or& rat(er
t(an copied locall* eac( time.
5ote also, t(at if *ou do not use 4edirected folders t(en t(e users 8m*
documentsU and 8des&topU folders are considered part of t(e profle. Cop*in2
t(ese to and from t(e server '(en ever a user lo2s in or out 'ill ta&e a lon2
time, so 4edirected 6olders s(ould %e implemented %efore roamin2 profles.
Alt(ou2( I)) do provide central fle store, 'e are not *et in a position
to implement roamin2 profles for all mem%ers of sta@. .(erefore, t(is
document deals 'it( )c(ools '(o 'is( to use fle store provided %* one or
more servers installed and supported %* t(e )c(ool itself.
-oaing Pro(les Perissions Sroup
Permissions are reBuired on t(e net'or& s(are used to (old t(e
roamin2 profles, and as 'it( all permissions 'it(in Active Director* and
?indo's servers, *ou s(ould avoid 2ivin2 permissions directl* to user
o%Oects. Instead, al'a*s 2rant permissions to 2roup o%Oects. 6ollo'in2 t(e
8Account 3K Hroup 3K Domain $ocal Hroup 3K PermissionsU model, *ou s(ould
2rant t(e permissions to a Domain $ocal 2roup, place t(e users into a Hlo%al
2roup and nest t(e t'o to2et(er. 6urt(er details on t(e A3KH3KD$3KP model
can %e found in t(e related lin&s.
,reating the "hare
.o allo' users to (ave a roamin2 profle, *ou must frst provide a
s(ared folder to store t(em. .(is is Oust a standard s(are, from a
?indo's2###I2##! server ,or almost an* )AB compati%le s*stem, suc( as
)AABA-. It is recommended t(at t(e profle s(are is (eld on a separate 5.6)
partitionIvolume, for reasons of Buota limits e/plained %elo'.
Create a folder on a ne' 5.6) volume, and s(are it as normal. If *ou donUt
'ant t(e s(are to %e visi%le to users '(o use net'or& nei2(%our(ood to
%ro'se, use a c c(aracter on t(e end of t(e name0
e.g. GGser#erWnaeGshareWnaeR
)et t(e 8)(are $evelU permissions as s(o'n in 6i2ure 1 %elo' ,donUt 'orr*G
s(are level permissions are overridden %* t(e 5.6) permissions %elo'-.
62
)(are level permissions are conf2ured from t(e 8)(arin2U ta% of t(e folder
properties as s(o'n in 6i2ure 2
Cser Account Ainimum Permissions
4eBuired
+ver*one 5o permissions
)ecurit* 2roup of users
needin2 to use roamin2
profles
6ull Control
6i2ure 2 3 )(are $evel Permissions for Profles director*
<nce t(e s(are is esta%lis(ed, and t(e )(are Permissions set, *ou need
to set t(e 5.6) permissions. .(e pro%lem (ere is t(at '(en a user lo2s in for
t(e ver* frst time, t(eir Profle folder 'ill %e created, usin2 t(eir o'n
credentials rat(er t(an 8administrator levelU permissions. .(is means t(at *ou
need to 2ive t(e user permissions to create folders in t(e profle director*,
and t(en to 8o'nU t(e folders t(e* (ave created.
)et t(e permissions as follo's0
Cser Account Ainimum
Permissions
4eBuired
)pecial Permissions Appl* .o
)ecurit* 2roup of users
needin2 to use roamin2
profles
)pecial
Permissions
.raverse 6olderI+/ecute
6ile
$ist 6olderI4ead Data
4ead Attri%utes
4ead +/tended Attri%utes
Create 6oldersIAppend
Data
4ead Permissions
.(is 6older
<nl*
C4+A.<4 <?5+4 )pecial
Permissions
6ull Control )u%6olders
and 6iles
<nl*
Administrator 6ull Control
)1).+A 6ull Control
+ver*one 5o
Permissions
6i2ure J 3 5.6) $evel Permissions for Profles director*
63
5ote t(at t(e Hroup permissions and t(e C4+A.<4 o'ner permissions are
8specialU and cannot %e set from t(e usual 5.6) permissions interface. .o set
t(ese, clic& t(e Advanced %utton on t(e 5.6) securit* ta%. 5ote also, t(at
t(ese t'o sets of permissions appl* to di@erent o%Oects ,.(is 6older <nl*, and
)u% 6olders and 6iles onl*-. .(is must also %e set from t(e 8AdvancedU
Permissions dialo2
,on(guring Osers to ha#e a roaing pro(le
4oamin2 profles are ena%led on a per user %asis, t(ere is no 'a* to do t(is
t(rou2( Hroup Polic*. .o ena%le a roamin2 profle for a user, use t(e Active
Director* Csers and Computers tool and set t(e 8profle pat(U value on t(e
properties of t(e user. 5ote, *ou can use ^username^ in t(e pat( value,
'(ic( 'ill automaticall* %e replaced %* t(e user name
-oaing Pro(le si8e liits
It is possi%le to set Buota limits of profles, to limit t(e siDe t(e* can
2ro' to and t(erefore minimiDe %ot( t(e stora2e reBuirements and t(e time
ta&en to lo2 on and lo2o@. .(is I) set via t(e Hroup Polic* &e* 8$imit Profle
)iDeU, '(ic( is located in t(e Csers Conf2uration i Administrative .emplates i
)*stem i Cser Profles section. .(e ma/imum *ou can set t(e profle siDe to is
!#AB. I)) recommend t(at *ou do t(is %efore startin2 to use roamin2
profles, as unlimited profles can cause pro%lems.
If a profle constantl* 2ets %i22er t(an t(is limit, it ma* %e %ecause an
application is incorrectl* storin2 data t(ere, rat(er t(an in 8m* documentsU
etc. If t(is is t(e case, *ou can use t(e 8+/clude directories in roamin2
proflesU 2roup polic* settin2 to ensure t(at t(e folder causin2 pro%lems does
not 8roamU. .(is value (as a (ard limit of 26# c(aracters, and 'ill stop
'or&in2 entirel* if *ou e/ceed t(is. 4emem%er t(at e/cludin2 folders usin2
t(is polic* 'ill mean t(e settin2s or data stored in t(e folder is not availa%le
on ot(er 'or&stations '(en t(e user lo2s on.
<nce *ou (ave limited t(e siDe of t(e profle, it is sensi%le to set a
Buota limit for t(e 5.6) volume t(at (olds t(e profles on t(e net'or&. .(e
recommended Buota limit is t(ree times t(e ma/imum siDe of a Buota plus a
little %it e/tra, so 1##AB is recommended in t(is case. .(is is due to t(e 'a*
in '(ic( a profle is copied %ac& up to t(e server '(en a user lo2s o@,
mer2ed 'it( t(e e/istin2 one and t(en a ne' cop* created. In 2eneral, users
'ill onl* use !#AB of space on t(e servers, %ut ma* temporaril* use up to
1##AB at t(e time t(e* lo2 o@.
>andator' pro(les0 Aandator* profles can %e used '(en user s(ould %e
prevented from savin2s c(an2es to t(e user settin2s.
Aandator* profles are t(e permanent profle '(ic( can not %e modif* furt(er.
<nce after convertin2 mandator* profle lo2 in (as a user 2o to
A* computer3Kuser profle, no' *ou can not c(an2e (e mandator* profle
.(e %eneft of 4oamin2 Profle and Aandator* Profle is all t(e user data is
stored I t(e server in centraliDed location t(e administration is eas*
64
+/0 .a&in2 %ac& up
Convertin2 4oamin2 Profle to Aandator* Profle
D 0VK cd s(ared folder name
D0 V s(ared folder nameKcd user name
D0 V s(ared folder nameKcd user nameKdir
333333333 ,some (idden fle is containin2
(ere-
3333333
D0 V s(ared folder nameKcd user nameK attri% r ( ,r3K read fle (3K
(idden fle-
D0 V s(ared folder nameKcd user nameK dir
D0 V s(ared folder nameKcd user nameKren ntuser.dat ntuser.man
N6O"2-.DA60 t(is fle contains all of t(e re2istr* settin2s t(at are specifc to
a user account '(en a user lo2s onG t(e settin2s in fle are copied to t(e
9P+1]CC44+5.]C)+4 re2istr* settin2s on t(e local computer.
N6O"2-.DA6./1S0 .(is fle is used %* 'indo's 2### to recover t(e userUs
ori2inal N6O"2-.DA6 fle if an error occurs '(ic( updatin2 t(e
N6O"2-.DA6 fles.
N6O"2-.ini0 t(is fle contains settin2s t(at determine t(e components of a
users roamin2 users profle t(at are not copied to t(e server eac( time t(e
user lo2s o@.
1.2. %eatures o4 Windows ?ista0
1 Cser interface
1.1 ?indo's Aero
1.2 )(ell
1.! ?indo's 6lip and 6lip !D
1.J )earc(
1.7 )ide%ar
2 5e' and up2raded applications
2.1 ?indo's Internet +/plorer "
2.2 ?indo's Aedia Pla*er 11
2.! ?indo's Aedia Center
2.J Internet Information )ervices "
! )ecurit* and safet*
J Hrap(ics
J.1 Des&top ?indo' Aana2er
J.2 DirectE
J.! Icons
J.J ?indo's Ima2in2 Component
J.7 Color mana2ement
7 Audio
7.1 Audio devices support
7.2 )peec( reco2nition
7.! )peec( s*nt(esis
65
6 Print
6.1 EA$ Paper )pecifcation
6.2 EP) Print Pat(
6.! Print )c(emas
" 5et'or&in2
".1 IPv6
".2 ?ireless net'or&s
".! 5et'or& profles
".J 5et'or& performance
".7 )ecurit* and net'or& relia%ilit*
".6 ?indo's 6ilterin2 Platform
"." Peer3to3peer communication
".8 )erver Aessa2e Bloc& 2.#
8 Ao%ile computin2
8.1 Po'er mana2ement
Pernel and core <) c(an2es
.1 Aemor* mana2ement
.2 6ile s*stems
.! Drivers
.J )*stem performance
1# Aana2ement and administration
1#.1 Installation and recover*
1#.2 Deplo*ment
1#.! Dia2nostics, monitorin2 and reportin2
1#.J 4emote mana2ement
1#.7 )*stem tools
1#.6 Aana2ement Console
1#." Hroup polic*
1#.8 .as& )c(eduler
1#. Command3line tools
1#.1# )criptin2
11 Pro2ramma%ilit*
11.1 .5+. 6rame'or& !.#
11.1.1 ?P6
11.1.2 ?C6
11.1.! ?6
11.1.J ?indo's Card )pace
11.1.7 <t(er .5+. 6rame'or& APIs
11.2 Aedia 6oundation
11.! ?insoc& Pernel
11.J Cr*pto 5e/Hen
66
1.!. +ardware ,oponents
)oc&et J"8 SK Pentium I>
)lot 1 SK Pentium II, III and all )+CC and )+CC2
"'ste board $oponents
23pansion slots0
I)A WIndustr* )tandard Arc(itectureX SK made %efore 1" t(ese are 16 %it
and 8 %it
PCI WPerip(eral Component InterconnectX SK it is s(ort ! inc(es lon2 ,'(ite
color- t(ese are 6J%it
AHP WAccelerated Hrap(ics PortX SK Csed as (i2( speed accelerated !d
2rap(ics video card, it is s(orter t(an PCI. .(ese are 128 %it
>eor' slots0 4AA
67
,PO and Pro$essor slots or so$kets0 CPC is %rain of computer.
Power $onne$tors0 A.E Po'er connector (avin2 2# pin.
)AP)0 It converts AC input to lo'er level DC output
2!#v SK e73 Kred, 373K'(ite, e123K*ello', 3123K%lue, #v and Hnd3K %lac&,
p23K oran2e
1n9board disk dri#e $onne$tors0
Me'board $onne$tors0
Aouse psI2 SK )tandard Hreen color (avin2 6 pin
Pe*%oard psI2 SK )tandard Purple color
Peripheral port and $onne$tors0
)erial port SK pin male serial ports and 27 pin male serial ports
Parallel ports SK Csed for Printer. 9avin2 27 pin female connector
C)B ports HK Cniversal serial %us, its supports # to 12" devices. )peed is
1.7m%ps
)>HA Ports SK 17 pin 2eneral
+t(ernet port SK 4[3J7
FI1" $hip XFasi$ input/output "'steY0 Processor (o' to interact 'it(
t(e rest of t(e (ard'are.
,>1" batter' X,opleentar' >etal 13ide "ei$ondu$torY0 A c(ip
located on t(e mot(er %oard t(at contains data used %* t(e s*stem BI<) or
)*stem conf2uration.
It 'ill store t(e settin2s
Zupers and DIP "wit$hes
%ir ware
>eor'
D-A> WD'nai$ -ando A$$ess >eor'Y SK It is used e/pand t(e
memor* in t(e computerG it is c(eaper and less comple/. 9avin2 J##A9D
s*stem %us speed
"-A> X"tati$ -ando A$$ess >eor'Y SK it is 6asterG t(is is more
comple/ and more e/pensive. 9avin2 168 pin
"I>> HK )in2le Inline Aemor* Aodules, 9avin2 !# pin
DI>> HK Dual Inline Aemor* Aodules, 9avin2 "# pin
-I>>@ "1DI>>@ >i$ro DI>>.
,D &-1> dri#e0
,D- and ,D9-W dri#e0 !2/316/3J/ , means read !2/, 'rite 16/, and
re'rite J/.
D?D9-1>0
Adapter $ards0
>ideo Cards
68
5et'or& Interface Card W5ICX
Aode m 3K )peed of mode m is 76&%ps,its called Po'dered
)ound Card
DF "eries Port0 173pin video port, 273pin J male printer port and 3pin male
serial port
-Z9"eries0 4[311 and 4[3J7
4[311 SK connectors used most often telep(one (oo&ups
4[3J7 SK commonl* found in +t(ernet
O"F0 It is used for connectin2 multiple ,up to 12"- perip(erals to one
computer t(rou2( a sin2le port
-,A Aa$k0 It is used in p(ono2rap(s %ot( audio and video information.
Ps/20 It is also &no'n as mini3pin 6 connectors.
,entroni$s0 It (as a uniBue s(ape used in parallel printer connectors.
>other board Ar$hite$ture0 It is t(e lar2est component of a computer,
components are
1- C(ipset
2- Aemor* slot t*pe
!- Communication ports
J- Processor )oc&ets
7- Cac(e Aemor*
6- BC) Arc(itecture
"- BI<)
,on(guring Zupers0 .(e* s(ould %e located in %et'een t(e data
connector and po'er connector.
6'pes o4 +DD
1. st,)ea2ate- 7#6IJ12
2. +)DI 3K +n(anced s*stem Driver Interface
!. ID+3K Inte2rated Driver +lectronic 3K Its (avin2 J# pin and data
transfer speed of ID+ 1#m%ps,2#,!#,J#m%ps, 'e can conf2ure up to J
ID+
J. +ID+
7. )C). 3K Its (avin2 "# pins and "#m%ps
1.). Distributed (le s'ste 5D%"7
D6) provides fault tolerance and load %alance
%ault toleran$e0 t(e application install in one server 'ill %e a replicated to
t(e ot(er computer, if computer one fails computer t'o provides services to
t(e users 'it(out net'or& failure.
/oad balan$e0 '(en *ou (ave more no of users t(e net'or& load WtraQcX
can %e s(ared %* %ot( t(e computer '(ic( ate (avin2 t(e same application
cop*.
.(is concepts reduces t(e net'or& traQc
69
+/0 D6) and C(ild domain
D6) is t(e default service availa%le under administrative tools.
Hoto start3Kpro2rams3Kadministrative tolls3KD6)L3ne' dfsroot3Kcreate a
domain dfs root3K&eep t(e default domain name3K&eep *our e/istin2 ,server
name and it is called 6ull :ualif* Domain 5ame W6:D5X3K select on e/istin2
s(are L3 dfs lin& select automatic replication at t(e end of t(at under
replication plic* clic& on set master.
)elect replica and clic& on ena%le
5o' lin& 'ill %ecome master = 4eplica 'ill %ecome slave
In domain *ou must (ave onl* one dfsroot, *ou can create multiple lin& and
replica
D6) also provide centraliDed data administration 'e can conf2ure t(e data
availa%le from di@erent place to a centraliDed place.
1.*. Networking 6ers
Froadband0 A net'or& transmission met(od in '(ic( a sin2le transmission
medium is divided so t(at multiple si2nals can travel across t(e same
medium simultaneousl*.
Frowser0 A computer pro2ram t(at uses t(e 9..P and is used on a
'or&station to access (osts on t(e 'e%.
,lient/"er#er network0 A server3centric net'or& in '(ic( all resources are
stored on a fle server. Processin2 po'er is distri%uted amon2 'or&stations
and t(e fle server.
De4ault gatewa'0 .(e router t(at all pac&ets are sent to '(en t(e
'or&station doesnUt &no' '(ere t(e destination station is or '(en it canUt
fnd t(e destination station on t(e local se2ment.
DN"0 .(e net'or& service used in .CPIIP net'or&s t(at translates (ost
names to IP addresses
DN" "er#er0 An* server t(at performs D5) (ost name to IP address
resolution.
DN" resol#er0 Client soft'are used to ma&e reBuests of t(e D5) server in
order to resolve D5) (ost names into IP addresses.
D+,P0 A protocol used on a .CPIIP %ased net'or& to send client
conf2uration data, includin2 .CPIIP address, default 2ate'a*, su%net mas&,
and D5) conf2uration to clients.
Satewa'0 .(e (ard'are and soft'are needed to connect to' disparate
net'or& environments so t(at communication.
7
+6>/0 A set of codes used to format te/t and 2rap(ics t(at 'ill %e displa*ed
in a %ro'ser. .(e codes defne (o' data 'ill %e displa*ed.
+66P0 .(e protocol used for communication %et'een a 'e% server and a
'e% %ro'ser.
Internet0 A 2lo%al net'or& made up of a lar2e num%er for individual
net'or&s interconnected t(rou2( t(e use of pu%lic telep(one lines and .CPIIP
Protocols.
IP address0 A address used %* t(e internet protocol t(at identifes t(e
devices location on t(e net'or&.
Ip$on(g0 A ?indo's 5. utilit* used to displa* t(at mac(ineUs current
conf2uration.
IPE0 Internet 'or& pac&et e/c(an2e.
IPE network address0 A num%er t(at represents an entire net'or&. All
servers on t(e net'or& must use t(e same e/ternal net'or& num%er.
6ra$ert0 .(is utilit* is similar to t(e C5IE tra$eroute. It reports t(e IP
address and name of eac( interface %et'een t(e client and t(e
tar2et. If Pin2 fails, .racert can tell *ou '(ere t(e responses (ave
stopped
+/0 C0VDocuments and )ettin2sVAdminK tracert '''.2oo2le.com
9ere are t(e .racert s'itc(es0
.racert d. turns o@ (ost name loo&ups. .(is si2nifcantl* speeds up
traces. 9i2(l* recommended.
.racert (. Increases t(e ma/imum (op count. .(e default is !#.
.racert O (ost3list. .(is option is used to force .racert to use a specifc
router via source routin2.
.racert '. Increases t(e ma/imum timeout
1.:. De(nition o4 Foot Partition and "'ste Partition?
"'ste partition0 .(is is t(e partition t(at contains t(e fles reBuired to
%oot ?indo's. 6or an Intel platform, t(ese fles are 5tldr, Boot.ini,
5tdetect.com, Bootsect.dos, and 5t%ootdd.s*s ,if a )C)I device (as no
71
on%oard BI<)-. .(e s*stem partition must %e Fa22ed as Active ,or %oota%le-
in t(e Aaster Boot 4ecord. .(e fles must %e at t(e root of t(e %oot drive.
)etup assumes t(at t(e frst ID+ drive on t(e primar* ID+ controller is t(e
%oot drive. If a partition on t(is drive is not mar&ed Active, )etup 'ill mar& it
as Active.
Foot partition0 .(is is t(e partition t(at contains t(e fles reBuires to run t(e
operatin2 s*stem. B* default in ?indo's )erver 2##!, )etup puts t(ese fles
in a director* called V?indo's. ,In ?indo's 2### and 5., t(e %oot fles are
put in t(e V?I55. folder.- .(e %oot partition can %e on an* drive. If *ou put
t(e %oot partition some'(ere ot(er t(an t(e %oot drive, )etup prompts *ou
to create a small s*stem partition on t(e %oot drive. .(is partition can %e less
t(an 1AB, Oust %i2 enou2( to (old 5tldr, 5tdetect.com, Boot.ini, and
5t%ootdd.s*s.
72

Desktop &networking Question & Answers: Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Desktop &networking Question & Answers: Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions

Desktop &Networking Question &

You might also like