Answers 1. What is IP address? IP address is an identifer for a Computer or Device. Class A IP Address 1 126, Class B IP Address 128 11, Class C IP Address 12 22!. And 12".#.#.1 is $oop %ac& IP address. It 'ill c(ec& t(e )*stem Connectivit*. +ac( mac(ine connected to t(e Internet (as an address &no'n as an Internet Protocol address ,IP address-. .(e IP address ta&es t(e form of four num%ers separated %* dots, for e/ample0 12.168.#.1 1ou 'ant to see )*stem IP address 2oes to )tart3 4un3 .*pe cmd t*pe ipconf2 /all 1ou 'ant to confrm an* s*stem connected in t(e s*stem net'or& t*pe pin2 12.168.#.1 ,12.168.#.1 t(is s*stem IP address- 2. What is subnet ask? )u%net mas& is used for identif* t(e 5et'or&. +/ample0 6or a class A address, a standard su%net mas& is 277.#.#.#, 6or a class B address, a standard su%net mas& is 277.277.#.#, 6or a class C address, a standard su%net mas& is 277.277.277.#, !. What is DN"? Doain Naing "er#i$e. It8ll 4esolve IP Address to 9ostname ,6:D5- and 9ostname to IP address. In D5) t(ere are t'o ;ones. 1. 6or'ard $oo&up ;one 2. 4everse $oo&up ;one. %QDN & %ull' Quali(ed Doain Nae ). What is WIN"? Windows Internet Naing "er#i$e. It is used to resolve 5etBI<) name to IP address = >ice versa. )(ort for Windo's Internet Namin2 "ervice, a s*stem t(at determines t(e IP address associated 'it( a particular net'or& computer. .(is is called name resolution. ?I5) supports net'or& client and server computers runnin2 ?indo's and can provide name resolution for ot(er computers 'it( special arran2ements. Determinin2 t(e IP address for a computer is a comple/ process '(en D9CP servers assi2n IP addresses d*namicall*. 6or e/ample, it is possi%le for D9CP to assi2n a di@erent IP address to a client eac( time t(e mac(ine lo2s on to t(e net'or&. 1 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions ?I5) uses a distri%uted data%ase t(at is automaticall* updated 'it( t(e names of computers currentl* availa%le and t(e IP address assi2ned to eac( one. D5) is an alternative s*stem for name resolution suita%le for net'or& computers 'it( f/ed IP addresses. *. What is D+,P? D'nai$ +ost ,on(guration Proto$ol. It is used to Assi2n IP address automaticall* to t(e Client Aac(ine. D9CP is a protocol used %* net'or&ed computers ,clients- to o%tain IP addresses and ot(er parameters suc( as t(e default 2ate'a*, su%net mas&, and IP addresses of D5) servers from a D9CP server. It facilitates access to a net'or& %ecause t(ese settin2s 'ould ot(er'ise (ave to %e made manuall* for t(e client to participate in t(e net'or&. D9CP operations fall into four %asic p(ases. .(ese p(ases are IP lease reBuest, IP lease o@er, IP lease selection, and IP lease ac&no'led2ement D9CP discover* D9CP o@ers D9CP reBuests D9CP ac&no'led2ement What proto$ol and port does D+,P use? D9CP, li&e B<<.P runs over CDP, utiliDin2 ports 6" and 68. DN" -oot +ints in Windows 2..! 4oot 9ints are a vital co2 in conf2urin2 *our D5) )erver. If *our server receives a Buer* for an un&no'n domain, t(en t(e root (ints 2ive a clue as to '(ere to searc( for t(e ans'er. Aa*%e *ou 'ere luc&* and t(e root (ints ma2icall* conf2ured t(emselves correctl*. Per(aps it 'as a triump( for plannin2 t(at *ou e/amined t(e root (ints as soon as *ou ran DCP4<A<. 9o'ever, in m* opinion *ou cannot %e a successful D5) trou%les(ooter 'it(out understandin2 root (ints. D+,P in Windows "er#er 2..! D *namic 3 Aeans t(at clients IP address ma* c(an2e + ost 3 Indicates t(at t(is is a s*stem for clients, e.2. EP mac(ines , onf2uration 3 A clue t(at *ou are in c(ar2e of t(e options, e.2. D5) )erver P rotocol 3 .(e rules controllin2 t(e Fo' of pac&ets %et'een client and server D+,P Address /eases 2 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions $ease is a 2ood name for a D9CP IP propert*. .a&e for e/ample t(e 8 da* default leaseG if t(e client is s(utdo'n for 2 da*s, '(en it restarts it 'ill continue to (ave t(e same IP address. 9alf'a* t(rou2( t(eir lease clients attempt to rene' t(eir lease. IPC<56IH Iall 'ill s(o' *ou t(e lease, '(ile Irene' 'ill do '(at it sa*s, top up t(e lease. <nl* reduce t(e duration if *ou are s(ort of IP addresses. 6or e/ample, if *ou onl* (ave 27# IP addresses %ut !## possi%le clients. It also ma&es sense to set s(ort leases if *ou are li&el* to discontinue a scope in t(e near future. 9ere is a ta%le summarisin2 (o' a D9CP service results in clients 2ettin2 an IP address. If *ou are interested in seein2 t(ese pac&ets, use 5et'or& monitor to capture D9CP in action. 9ere are t(e classic J pac&ets t(at clients e/c(an2e durin2 a lease ne2otiation. ,lient "er#er D9CPDiscover 33K L333 D9CP<@er D9CP4eBuest 33K L333 D9CPac&
D9CPInform )erver c(ec& t(at it is Aut(oriDed in Active Director*
Note 10 D9CP4eBuest ma* seem stran2e, %ut it comes into pla* if t(ere are t'o D9CP servers and %ot( ma&e an o@er to a potential client. Note 20 D9CPac&. <nce in a %lue moon *ou see D9CP5ac& t(is is a ne2ative ac&no'led2ement '(ic( mean, M I do no &no' *ouM. .(e most li&el* cause of 5ac& is t(e client is tr*in2 to rene' an IP address from t(e 'ron2 D9CP server. "$ope 1ptions. .a&e t(e time to investi2ate )cope <ptions, t(is t(e most li&el* place t(at I 'ill 'in m* %et t(at *ou 'ill fnd a ne' settin2 '(ic( 'ill improve *our net'or& performance. .(ese options can %e set at t(e )cope $evel, )erver $evel, 4eservation $evel or at t(e Class $evel ,.ric&*-. )o fnd all four places and ma&e up *our mind '(ic( 'ould %e t(e %est level for *our net'or&. 23aples o4 D+,P "$ope 1ptions0 4outer ,Default Hate'a*-, D5) )ervers ,##6- Domain 5ame ,#17- ?I5) ,#JJ and #J6- ,lasses 5Ad#an$ed 6ab7 3 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions >endor Class 3 ?indo's 8 Aac(ines Cser Class 3 4outin2 and 4emote Access Creatin2 *our o'n Cser Class Address -eser#ation 4eservin2 IP addresses is useful in t'o situations, for fle and print servers and for important mac(ines '(ere leases are in s(ort suppl*. 9o' does D9CP &no' '(ic( mac(ine to lease a particular IPN .(e ans'er is %* its AAC address ,also called 5IC or P(*sical address-. In ?indo's 2##! '(en *ou enter t(e AAC address D9CP strips out t(e (*p(ens if *ou a%sentmindedl* include t(em amon2st t(e 9+E num%ers. .o fnd t(e AAC address pin2 t(e mac(ine t(en t*pe arp 3a. 4emem%er t(at *ou can set D9CP <ptions for t(e reservationsG after all t(at ma* (ave %een t(e ver* reason '(* *ou decided to ma&e reservations in t(e frst place. Authori8e 9 D+,P "er#er In a ?indo's )erver 2##! ,or 2###- domain all D9CP servers need to %e aut(oriDed in Active Director*. .(is is an e/ample of AicrosoftMs ne' securit* initiative, and an attempt to eliminate ro2ue D9CP servers set up Ounior administrators in a lar2e compan*. )o, *ou need to lo2on ,or 4unAs- a mem%er of t(e +nterprise Admins 2roup. .(en ri2(t clic& t(e D9CP server icon, and aut(oriDe. Incidentall*, .(e 4I) service also needs to %e aut(oriDed %efore it %ecomes active. A$ti#ate 9 D+,P "$ope +ven after *ou aut(oriDe a server, eac( scope must %e activated individuall*. )o, ri2(t clic& t(e scope to activate ,or deactivate-. Peep *our e*e on t(e red or 2reen arro's to Oud2e *our success. 5ote *ou ma* (ave to refres( from t(e server icon, often pressin2 67 is not enou2(. :. What is -ela' Agent? If 'e 'ant to assi2n IP address automaticall* to ot(er su%nets t(en 'e need to reBuire rela* a2ent. D9CP server al'a*s uses %roadcast traQc to assi2n IP address for t(e clients. But 4outer does not for'ard %roadcast Pac&ets. 4outer onl* %roadcast unicast pac&ets. .o overcome t(is pro%lem across su%nets 'e are usin2 D9CP 4ela* a2ent. ;. What is ,lustering? 4 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions Clusterin2 means it is a 2roup of t'o or more server runnin2 same application and fault tolerance it is called Clusterin2. ?indo's 2### Advanced server support and Data center server support 8 5odes. ?indo's 2##! enterprise edition and Datacenter server support J 5odes. But, ?indo's 2### server and 2##! )tandard +dition 5ot support for Clusterin2. <. What is 6rans4erring and "ei8ing? 6rans4erring0 If *our Domain Computer 'ants to )(utdo'n for a '(ile, *ou can transfer roles to anot(er domain controller. "ei8ing0 If *our Computer 'ants to )(utdo'n Permanentl* t(en *ou can seiDe *our 4oles from *our Computer to anot(er Computer %* usin2 Ntdsutil. =. What is De#i$e anager? .(e Device Aana2er is a tool included 'it( Aicrosoft ?indo's operatin2 s*stems t(at allo's t(e user to displa* and control t(e (ard'are attac(ed to t(e computer. ?(en a piece of (ard'are is not 'or&in2, t(e o@endin2 (ard'are is (i2(li2(ted '(ere t(e user can deal 'it( it. 1.. De(nition o4 ,>1"? 5,opleentar' >etal o3ide "ei$ondu$tor7 A part of t(e mot(er%oard t(at maintains s*stem varia%les in static 4AA. It also supplies a real3time cloc& t(at &eeps trac& of t(e date, da* and time. CA<) )etup is t*picall* accessi%le %* enterin2 a specifc seBuence of &e*stro&es durin2 t(e P<). at s*stem start3up. 11. %">1 5%le3ible "ingle >aster 1peration7 -oles? 1. "$hea >aster0 It 'ill Contain all t(e o%Oect Attri%utes, 5ot(in2 %ut user Properties. 2. Doain naing >aster0 If 'e are addin2 an* server or 4emovin2 an* server from t(e Domain. .(is 'ill contain all t(e information. !. PD, 2ulator0 An* pass'ord c(an2es %* ot(er Domain it 'ill %e updated to PDC +mulator, It 'ill 'or& in mi/ed mode, '(ere 5. B dc domain is t(ere. ). -ID >aster0 It 'ill 2ive "ID 5 "e$urit' Identi4'7 to an* o%Oects created in t(at Domain. *. In4rastru$ture >aster0 It 'ill (ave t(e 2roup information for t(at Domain. 12. ?olue t'pes? 17 "iple #olue@ 27 "tripped #olue !7 "panned ?olue )7 >irrored ?olue 5-aid 17 *7 -aid * ?olue. 5 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions -aid 1 5>irrored ?olue7 Airrored volumes are created usin2 t'o p(*sical dis&s. A mirrored volume reBuired same amount of unallocated space on eac( p(*sical dis& is used. ?(en t(e data is 'ritten to a mirrored volume t(e data is 'ritten to a dis& and t(en s*nc(roniDed on t(e second dis& an e/act cop* of t(e data is availa%le on %ot( p(*sical dis&s. -aid * 4aid 7 volume provides fault tolerance and performance. But 'rite operation is slo'er t(an stripped volume. 9ere 'e need ! hard disk. 9ere it is a distri%uted data@ data and parit'. If data loss 'e can 2et information from parit* 1!. %A6 (le s'ste want to $on#ert in to N6%" (le s'ste whi$h $oand? Convert +0 I6)0 5.6) 1). What is NA6? Network Address 6ranslator. 5et'or& devices t(at are assi2ned private IP address cannot access Internet site directl* t(erefore traQc must %e routed t(rou2( a net device called 5A.. 9ere 'e (ave to assi2n Private IP address and a Pu%lic IP address 1*. What is AD"? Ads is t(e Active director* service It 'ill store all t(e information data%ase in t(e centraliDed location and allo' t(e users to access t(e resources from t(e net'or&. In 'indo's Ntds.dit data%ase I5 ?in 5. "A> data%ase A$ti#e Director* is an implementation of $DAP director* services %* Aicrosoft for use in ?indo's environments. Active Director* allo's administrators to assi2n enterprise3'ide policies, deplo* pro2rams to man* computers, and appl* critical updates to an entire or2aniDation. An Active Director* stores information and settin2s relatin2 to an or2aniDation in a central, or2aniDed, accessi%le data%ase. Active Director* net'or&s can var* from a small installation 'it( a fe' (undred o%Oects, to a lar2e installation 'it( millions of o%Oects. A$ti#e Dire$tor' is a director* service used to store information a%out t(e net'or& resources across a domain. An Active Directory ,AD- structure is a (ierarc(ical frame'or& of o%Oects. .(e o%Oects fall into t(ree %road cate2ories R resources ,e.2. printers-, services ,e.2. e3mail-, and users ,accounts, or users and 2roups-. .(e AD provides information on t(e o%Oects, or2aniDes t(e o%Oects, controls access, and sets securit*. 6 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions +ac( o%Oect represents a sin2le entit* R '(et(er a user, a computer, a printer, an application, or a s(ared data sourceRand its attri%utes. <%Oects can also %e containers of ot(er o%Oects. An o%Oect is uniBuel* identifed %* its name and (as a set of attri%utesRthe $hara$teristi$s and information that the obAe$t $an $ontainBde(ned b' a s$hea, '(ic( also determines t(e &ind of o%Oects t(at can %e stored in t(e AD. +ac( attri%ute o%Oect can %e used in several di@erent sc(ema class o%Oects. .(ese sc(ema o%Oects e/ist to allo' t(e sc(ema to %e e/tended or modifed '(en necessar*. 9o'ever, %ecause eac( sc(ema o%Oect is inte2ral to t(e defnition of AD o%Oects, deactivatin2 or c(an2in2 t(ese o%Oects can (ave serious conseBuences %ecause it 'ill fundamentall* c(an2e t(e structure of AD itself. A sc(ema o%Oect, '(en altered, 'ill automaticall* propa2ate t(rou2( Active Director* and once it is created it can onl* %e deactivated R not deleted. C(an2in2 t(e sc(ema usuall* reBuires a fair amount of plannin2 Active director* $o2ical Cnit SK )c(ema, Domain .ree Active Director* P(*sical Cnit SK <C, )ite, <%Oects "$hea conceptual sc(ema, a map of concepts and t(eir relations(ips lo2ical sc(ema, a map of entities and t(eir attri%utes and relations p(*sical sc(ema, a particular implementation of a lo2ical sc(ema %le3ible single aster operation0 %orest9wide %">1 -oles0 "$hea >aster t(at mana2es modifcations to t(e AD sc(ema and its replication to ot(er Domain controllers. Doain Naing >aster t(at mana2es addin2, and some modifcation operations for domains. Doain9wide %">1 -oles0 -elati#e ID >aster t(at allocates securit* 4IDs to DCs to assi2n to ne' AD securit* principals ,users, 2roups or computer o%Oects-. It also mana2es o%Oects movin2 %et'een domains. Infrastructure Aaster t(at maintains securit* identifers, HCIDs, and D5s for o%Oects referenced across domains. Aost commonl* it updates user and 2roup lin&s. PDC +mulator t(at emulates a ?indo's 5. Primar* Domain Controller ,PDC-. It is also t(e favored DC for ot(er DCs in replicatin2 and confrmin2 pass'ord information, and is t(e aut(oritative source of time in t(e domain. /ightweight Dire$tor' A$$ess Proto$ol 5/DAP7 7 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions In computer net'or&in2, t(e /ightweight Dire$tor' A$$ess Proto$ol, or /DAP ,It is a net'or&in2 protocol for Buer*in2 and modif*in2 director* services runnin2 over .CPIIP. A director* is a set of information 'it( similar attri%utes or2aniDed in a lo2ical and (ierarc(ical manner. .(e most common e/ample is t(e telep(one director*, '(ic( consists of a series of names ,eit(er of a person or or2aniDation- or2aniDed alp(a%eticall*, 'it( an address and p(one num%er attac(ed. A client starts an $DAP session %* connectin2 to an $DAP server, %* default on .CP port !8. .(e client t(en sends operation reBuests to t(e server, and t(e server sends responses in turn. ?it( some e/ceptions t(e client need not 'ait for a response %efore sendin2 t(e ne/t reBuest, and t(e server ma* send t(e responses in an* order. 6he basi$ operations are0 )tart .$) 3 optionall* protect t(e connection 'it( .ransport $a*er )ecurit* ,.$)-, to (ave a more secure connection Bind 3 aut(enticate and specif* $DAP protocol version )earc( 3 searc( for andIor retrieve director* entries Compare 3 test if a named entr* contains a 2iven attri%ute value Add a ne' entr* Delete an entr* Aodif* an entr* Aodif* D5 3 move or rename an entr* A%andon 3 a%ort a previous reBuest +/tended <peration 3 2eneric operation used to defne ot(er operations Cn%ind 3 close t(e connection ,not t(e inverse of Bind- %">1 PA-6I6I1N Application partition )c(ema Partition Conf2uration Partition 1:. What is global $atalog? ?(en *ou installin2 a ne' domain in t(e forest it is called as 2lo%al catalo2. It 'ill (ave all t(e information o%Oect of entire forest 1;. WhatCs the diDeren$e between Windows 2... and Windows EP? 8 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions ?indo's 2### and ?indo's EP are essentiall* t(e same operatin2 s*stem ,&no'n internall* as ?indo's 5. 7.# and ?indo's 5. 7.1, respectivel*.- 9ere are some considerations if *ouMre tr*in2 to decide '(ic( version to use0 Windows 2... bene(ts ?indo's 2### (as lo'er s*stem reBuirements, and (as a simpler interface ,no T)t*lesT to mess 'it(-. ?indo's 2### is sli2(tl* less e3pensi#e, and (as no produ$t a$ti#ation. ?indo's 2### (as %een out for a '(ile, and most of t(e common pro%lems and securit* (oles (ave %een uncovered and f/ed. .(ird3part* soft'are and (ard'are products t(at arenMt *et EP3 compati%le ma* %e compati%le 'it( ?indo's 2###G c(ec& t(e manufacturers of *our devices and applications for EP support %efore *ou up2rade. Windows EP bene(ts ?indo's EP is some'(at 4aster t(an ?indo's 2###, assumin2 *ou (ave a fast processor and tons of memor* ,alt(ou2( it 'ill run fne 'it( a !## A(D Pentium II and 128AB of 4AA-. .(e ne' ?indo's EP interface is more c(eerful and colorful t(an earlier versions, alt(ou2( t(e less3cartoon TClassicT interface can still %e used if desired. ?indo's EP (as more %ells and '(istles, suc( as t(e ?indo's Aovie Aa&er, %uilt3in CD 'riter support, t(e Internet ,onne$tion %irewall, and -eote Desktop ,onne$tion. ?indo's EP (as %etter support for 2ames and comes 'it( more 2ames t(an ?indo's 2###. ?indo's EP is t(e latest <) 3 if *ou donMt up2rade no', *ouMll pro%a%l* end up mi2ratin2 to EP eventuall* an*'a*, and 'e mere mortals can onl* ta&e so man* <) up2rades. Aanufacturers of e/istin2 (ard'are and soft'are products are more li&el* to add ?indo's EP compati%ilit* now t(an ?indo's 2### compati%ilit*. 1<. DiDeren$e bet doain and workgroup. Doains Domains are collections of computers 2rouped for mana2ement purposesG t(e* s(are a 2roup name. Domains let usersU access resources usin2 a sin2le lo2on. Administrators donUt (ave to create multiple user accounts for a sin2le user to 2ive t(at user access to all domain resources. 9 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions 6rom a securit* perspective, a domain is a set or collection of computers t(at s(are a common securit* data%ase and a common securit* polic*. 5. domains advance t(e concepts seen in $A5 Aana2er for C5IE and $A5 )erver domains. +ac( domain (as a uniBue domain name. Workgroups .(e terms workgroup and domain are used e/tensivel* in Aicrosoft net'or&in2 and refer to t(e mana2ement mec(anisms availa%le to net'or& mem%ers. ?or&2roups impl* decentraliDed mana2ement, '(ereas domains impl* centraliDed control. ?or&2roups are collections of computers 2rouped Oust for vie'in2 purposesG eac( computer user is responsi%le for mana2in2 its securit* functions. A 'or&2roup can consist of 5. ?or&stations, 5. )ervers, C5IE computers runnin2 )erver Aessa2e Bloc& ,)AB- services, and ot(ers. .(e* communicate usin2 a common set of net'or&in2 protocols at all seven la*ers of t(e <)I model 1=. DiDeren$e between N6).. & windows 2... 6ile s*stem di@erence ,5.6), 6A., 6A.!2- In 'innt server concept pdc and %dc %ut t(ere is no concept in 2###. In 'innt server sam data%ase rI' format in pdc and read onl* format in %dc ,%ut in 2### domain and ever* domain controller sam data%ase readI'riter format . 2### server can an* time an* moment %ecome server or mem%er of server simple addIremove dcpromo. But in 'innt *ou (ave to reinstall operatin2 s*stem. +ven t(ou2( ?indo's 2### is %uilt on t(e ?indo's 5. arc(itecture, Aicrosoft (as added man* ne' features ,Plu2 and Pla*, C)B support, 4ecover* Console, IntelliAirror, Hroup Polic*, Active Director*, inte2ration of II) and .erminal )ervices- 2.. What is Foot.ini? .(e T%oot.iniT is a Aicrosoft initialiDation fle found on t(e Aicrosoft ?indo's 5. Aicrosoft ?indo's 2###, and Aicrosoft ?indo's EP operatin2 s*stems. .(is fle is al'a*s located on t(e root director* of t(e primar* (ard dis& drive. In ot(er 'ords, it is located at TC0VT director* or t(e TC DriveT. .(is fle is used %* Aicrosoft ?indo's as a met(od of displa*in2 a menu of operatin2 s*stems currentl* on t(e computer and allo'in2 t(e user to easil* select '(ic( operatin2 s*stem to load. In addition, t(is fle is also used to point to t(e locations of eac( of t(e operatin2 s*stems. Fasi$ e3aple o4 the boot.ini (le0 1 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions W%oot loaderX timeoutS7 defaultSmulti,#-dis&,#-rdis&,1-partition,1-V?I5D<?) Woperatin2 s*stemsX multi,#-dis&,#-rdis&,1-partition,1-V?I5D<?)STAicrosoft ?indo's EP 9ome +ditionT Ifastdetect In t(e a%ove e/ample, t(e %oot.ini contains t'o sections, t(e TW%oot loaderXT, and TWoperatin2 s*stemsXT. ?it(in t(e %oot loader section t(ere are t'o lines. .(e TtimeoutT line is used for (o' lon2 t(e %oot menu time s(ould %e displa*ed, in secondsG 'e recommend t(at t(e timeout %e set to at least fve if *ou 'is( t(e computer to %oot faster and commonl* use t(e default operatin2 s*stems. .(e TdefaultT line is t(e default operatin2 s*stem t(at t(e %oot.ini 'ill load. If multiple operatin2 s*stems are in t(e %oot.ini, t(e default operatin2 s*stem 'ill %e automaticall* selected and used if t(e user does not specif* a di@erent operatin2 s*stem %* t(e time t(e timeout value e/pires. .(e ne/t section, or t(e Toperatin2 s*stemT section, is used to list and specif* t(e location of eac( of t(e operatin2 s*stems installed on t(e computer. Belo' is a listin2 of eac( of t(e options. 1ption Des$ription ulti537 .(is option is used 'it( ID+ and +)DI drives and is also used 'it( )C)I drives for computers usin2 ?indo's 5.. .(e num%er used in t(e a%ove e/ample is T#T, t(is num%er is t(e adapterMs num%er and s(ould al'a*s %e T#T for computers t(at rel* on t(e BI<) to load s*stem fles. In a computer usin2 onl* ID+ t(is option 'ill 'or& 'it( up to four (ard dis& drives. In a computer usin2 onl* )C)I t(is option 'ill 'or& 'it( t(e frst t'o drives on t(e primar* )C)I controller. 6inall*, if a computer is usin2 ID+ and )C)I t(is option 'ill 'or& 'it( t(e ID+ drives on t(e frst controller. s$si537 If t(e computer (as a )C)I controller and is not usin2 BI<) to load t(e s*stem fles, t(e %oot.ini ma* (ave Tscsi,/-T instead of Tmulti,/-. disk537 .(e dis& on t(e controller. If Tmulti,/-T is used used, t(is value 'ill al'a*s %e T#T. 9o'ever, if Tscsi,/-T is defned, t(is value 'ill %e )C)I address. rdisk537 ?(ic( dis& on t(e controller is %ein2 used. In t(e a%ove 11 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions e/ample 'e are usin2 an rdis& of T1T, '(ic( indicates t(e second dis& on t(e primar* controller is %ein2 used. .(is value ma* %e %et'een T#T and T!T and is al'a*s set to T#T '(en Tscsi,/-T is %ein2 used. paritions537 ?(ic( partition t(e operatin2 s*stem is on. In t(e a%ove e/ample, t(e operatin2 s*stem is on t(e frst partition of t(e drive. G WIND1W"HI... I 6inall*, t(e last portion of t(is line defnes t(e director* of '(ere 'indo's is located and '(at t(e %oot menu s(ould displa* as t(e operatin2 s*stem. In t(e a%ove e/ample, t(e %oot menu 'ould displa* TAicrosoft ?indo's EP 9ome +ditionT as a selection. 23aple o4 the boot enu0 If multiple operatin2 s*stems are setup in t(e %oot.ini, as t(e computer is %ootin2 *ou 'ill see a menu similar to t(e %elo' e/ample. .(is allo's t(e user to select %et'een multiple operatin2 s*stems. If *our computer does not (ave multiple operatin2 s*stems, %ut t(is menu still appears eac( time *our computer %oots, it is li&el* t(at *our %oot.ini is improperl* conf2ured. 12 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions Please select t(e operatin2 s*stem to start0 Aicrosoft ?indo's EP 9ome +dition Aicrosoft ?indo's 2### Cse t(e up and do'n arro' &e*s to move t(e (i2(li2(t to *our c(oice. Press +5.+4 to c(oose.
6or trou%les(ootin2 and advanced startup options for ?indo's, press 68.
+ow to odi4' the boot.ini0 .(e %oot.ini fle is a (idden s*stem fle located in t(e root director* of *our primar* (ard dis& drive. .o edit t(is fle 'e recommend *ou follo' t(e %elo' steps. 1. 6rom ?indo's, open an A)3D<) prompt %* clic&in2 T)tartT and t(en T4unT and t*pin2 TcmdT in t(e te/t %o/. If *ou are not a%le to 2et into a A)3D<) prompt to edit t(e %oot.ini fle, %oot into t(e recover* console to edit t(e fle. Additional information a%out t(e recover* console can %e found on document C9###62". 2. At t(e A)3D<) prompt, t*pe0 ,0G Jpress enterK ,0G $dG Jpress enterK ,0G attrib 9r 9a 9s 9h boot.ini Jpress enterK ,0G edit boot.ini Jpress enterK 21. What is ">6P@ pop!? Port nuber 4or the sae )(ort for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a protocol for sendin2 e3mail messa2es %et'een servers. Aost e3mail s*stems t(at send mail over t(e Internet use )A.P to send messa2es from one server to anot(erG t(e messa2es can t(en %e retrieved 'it( an e3mail client usin2 eit(er P<P or IAAP. In addition, )A.P is 2enerall* used to send messa2es from a mail client to a mail server. .(is is '(* *ou need to specif* %ot( t(e P<P or IAAP server and t(e )A.P server '(en *ou conf2ure *our e3mail application. Port nuber0 2* 13 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions P1P! 5Post 1L$e Proto$ol !7 is t(e most recent version of a standard protocol for receivin2 e3mail. P<P! is a clientIserver protocol in '(ic( e3mail is received and (eld for *ou %* *our Internet server. Periodicall*, *ou ,or *our client e3mail receiver- c(ec& *our mail3%o/ on t(e server and do'nload an* mail, pro%a%l* usin2 P<P!. Port nuber 0 11. 22. DiDeren$e between 1utlook e3press & >i$roso4t 1utlook. 1utlook 23press <utloo& +/press is t(e e3mail client t(at is included 'it( Aicrosoft Internet +/plorer J./, Aicrosoft Internet +/plorer 7./, t(e Aicrosoft ?indo's 8 operatin2 s*stem, t(e Aicrosoft ?indo's Aillennium +dition ,Ae- operatin2 s*stem, t(e Aicrosoft ?indo's 2### operatin2 s*stems, and Aicrosoft <Qce 8 for t(e Aacintos(. <utloo& +/press is desi2ned for (ome users '(o 2ain access to t(eir e3mail messa2es %* dialin2 in to an Internet service provider ,I)P-. Built on open Internet standards, <utloo& +/press is desi2ned for use 'it( an* Internet standard s*stem, for e/ample, )imple Aail .ransfer Protocol ,)A.P-, Post <Qce Protocol ! ,P<P!-, and Internet Aail Access Protocol ,IAAP-. It provides full support for toda*Ms most important e3mail, ne's, and director* standards suc( as $i2(t'ei2(t Director* Access Protocol ,$DAP-, Aultipurpose Internet Aail +/tension 9*perte/t Aar&up $an2ua2e ,A9.A$-, 9*perte/t Aar&up $an2ua2e ,9.A$-, )ecureIAultipurpose Internet Aail +/tensions ,)IAIA+-, and 5et'or& 5e's .ransfer Protocol ,55.P-. 6ull support ensures t(at *ou can ta&e advanta2e of ne' tec(nolo2ies as 'ell as seamlessl* send and receive e3mail. 5e' mi2ration tools t(at automaticall* import *our e/istin2 mail settin2s, address %oo& entries, and e3mail messa2es from +udora, 5etscape, Aicrosoft +/c(an2e )erver, t(e ?indo's In%o/, and <utloo& ma&e it eas* for *ou to Buic&l* ta&e advanta2e of all t(at <utloo& +/press (as to o@er. .(e a%ilit* to receive mail from multiple e3mail accounts, as 'ell as t(e a%ilit* to create In%o/ rules, (elps *ou mana2e and or2aniDe *our e3mail. In addition, full support for 9.A$ mail ena%les *ou to personaliDe *our messa2es 'it( custom %ac&2rounds and 2rap(ics. .(is ma&es it eas* to create uniBue, visuall* po'erful messa2es. . 14 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions 1utlook <utloo& is AicrosoftMs premier messa2in2 and colla%oration client. It is a stand3alone application t(at is inte2rated into Aicrosoft <Qce and +/c(an2e )erver. <utloo& also provides performance and inte2ration 'it( Internet +/plorer 7.7. Complete inte2ration of e3mail, calendarin2, and contact mana2ement, ma&es <utloo& t(e perfect client for man* %usiness users. <utloo& (elps *ou fnd and or2aniDe information so t(at *ou can 'or& seamlessl* 'it( <Qce applications. .(is (elps *ou communicate and s(are information more e@ectivel*. Po'erful In%o/ rules ena%le *ou to flter and or2aniDe e3mail messa2es. ?it( <utloo&, *ou can inte2rate and mana2e e3mail from multiple e3mail accounts, personal and 2roup calendars, contacts, and tas&s. ?(en *ou use <utloo& 'it( +/c(an2e )erver, *ou can use 'or&2roup information s(arin2 and 'or&Fo' communications, 2roup sc(edulin2, pu%lic folders, forms, and en(anced Internet connectivit*. <utloo& is desi2ned for use 'it( t(e Internet ,)A.P, P<P!, and IAAPJ-, +/c(an2e )erver, or an* ot(er standards3%ased communication s*stem t(at supports Aessa2in2 Application Pro2rammin2 Interface ,AAPI-, includin2 voice mail. <utloo& is %ased on Internet standards and supports toda*Ms most important e3mail, ne's, and director* standards, includin2 $DAP, A9.A$, 55.P, AIA+, and )IAIA+, vCalendar, vCard, iCalendar, and full support for 9.A$ mail. 1utlook ,on(guration0 "tep 1 3 <pen A) <utloo&. If t(is is t(e frst time *ou (ave opened <utloo& +/press, and *ou do not (ave an* e3mail accounts set up, *ou 'ill %e prompted to set up a ne' account, 2o t(rou2( t(e 'iDard until *ou see t(e screen t(at loo&s li&e 6i2 1. If *ou are prompted to import an account from <utloo& +/press A5D 15 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions t(at account is t(e e3 mail (osted on our server, 2o a(ead and follo' t(e 'iDard to import t(e settin2s, *ou s(ould %e complete once t(at 'iDard is done. If t(e 'iDard does not come up, clic& on M.oolsM and t(en on M+3Aail AccountsM. 1ou s(ould see a similar screen as 6i2 1, clic& on MAdd a ne' e3mail accountM, clic& M5e/tM. "tep 2 3 )elect t(e t*pe of e3mail account as s(o'n and clic& M5e/tM 16 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions "tep ! Aicrosoft +/c(an2e )erver 0 fm23nt Cser 5ame 0 aOa*&a ,for e/ample-
Clic& 5e/t "tep )
Clic& 6inis( 6o ,on(gure P"60 17 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions "tep * <pen <utloo& Ho to .ools 3K <ptions "tep : In <ptions 2o to Aail )etup ta% Clic& on Data 6ilesY "tep ; Clic& Add )elect <ption as s(o'n Clic& <P 18 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions "tep < Create 5e' 6ile 6or e/ample 0 aOa*& ,as s(o'n-
Ho to 3KAail )etup 3K +3mail Accounts C(ec& <ption as s(o'n Clic& Ne3t In Deliver ne' e3 mail to follo'in2 location dropdo'n list select *our P). instead of Aail%o/.
6o $on(gure ultiple P"6? ?e can Conf2ure multiple P). %* repeatin2 t(e same step from step 7 step . 6o $hange deli#er' option to #arious P"6? In Deliver ne' e3 mail to follo'in2 location dropdo'n list select *our P). instead of Aail%o/. *ou can select t(e deliver* mail location.
Clic& %inish
Clic& 1M on >ail "etup tab
,lose 1utlook
-eopen 1utlook
5o' <utloo& is read* 'it( *our P). 21 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions 22. About t'pes o4 Printer?
An* of t(e current t*pes of printers satisfes t(e 'or& and cost reBuirements for someone. +ac( (as stren2t(s and 'ea&nesses. C(oose *our t*pe of printer %ased on '(ic( of t(e features previousl* discussed are important to *our 'or&, t(en c(oose t(e specifc printer t(at %est suits %ot( *our tas&s and poc&et%oo&. Impact Printers ?it( t(is t*pe of printer somet(in2 stri&es paper = ri%%on to2et(er to form a c(aracter, li&e a t*pe'riter. Advantages: $ess e/pensive 6ast (some types) Can ma&e multiple copies 'it( multipart paper Disadvantag es: 5ois*Z Print Bualit* lo'er in some t*pes. Poor 2rap(ics or none at all. Types of Impact Printers 1. Dot matrix 2. Daisy Wheel . !hain and "and printer Dot >atr i3 6orms c(aracters usin2 ro',s- of pins, , 18, or 2J '(ic( impact t(e ri%%on on top of t(e paper. Also called pin printers. .(e more pins, t(e smoot(er3loo&in2 t(e c(aracters. Aost dot matri/ printers (ave t(e c(aracteristics %elo'0 Fi9dire$tional 9 prints left to ri2(t and also ri2(t to left 22 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions 6ra$tor 4eed 9 uses sproc&ets to pull continuous3feed paper %ri$tion 4eed 9 uses pressure to pull sin2le s(eets Advantages: Ine/pensive Can do multi3cop* forms Disadvantages : Can %e slo' $oud Hrap(ics of lo' Bualit*, if possi%le at all Dais' Wheel
C(aracters are full* formed on t(e TpetalsT, li&e t*pe'riter &e*s. Advantages: Best print Bualit* Disadvantag es: >er* slo' 3 2# to 8# cps <nl* one font can %e used at a time %ecause *ou must c(an2e out t(e Dais* ?(eel to c(an2e fonts. Cannot print 2rap(ics. ,hain and Fand Printers Cses c(aracters on a %and or c(ain t(at is moved into place %efore stri&in2 t(e c(aracters onto t(e paper. Advantages: >er* fast up to !### lp (lines per minute) Disadvantag es: >er* e/pensive >er* loud Non-Impact Printers .(is t*pe of printer does not involve actuall* stri&in2 t(e paper. Instead, it uses in& spra* or toner po'der. Advantages: :uietZ Can (andle 2rap(ics and often a 'ider variet* of fonts t(an impact printers. Disadvantag es: Aore e/pensive )lo'er Types of Non-Impact Printers In& [et )pra*s in& onto paper to form c(aracters Advantages: :uiet 9i2( Bualit* te/t and 2rap(ics. )ome can do color. Disadvantag es: Cannot use multiple3cop* paper In& can smear .(ermal Cses (eat on c(emicall* treated paper to form 23 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions c(aracters. 6a/ mac(ines t(at use rolls of paper are also of t(is t*pe. Advantages: :uiet Disadvantag es: 4elativel* slo' +/pensive, reBuirin2 special paper Cannot use multiple3cop* paper Pa2e Printer ?or&s li&e a cop* mac(ine, usin2 toner and a (eat %ar. $aser printers are in t(is cate2or*. Advantages: :uiet 6aster t(an ot(er non3impact printers, from J to 16 ppm ,pa2es per minute- 9i2( Bualit* print and 2rap(ics. )ome can do color. Disadvantag es: Aore e/pensive t(an impact printers Cannot use multiple3cop* paper Thus, Things to Consider When Choosing a Printer: 9o' muc( outputN ?(at speed is neededN Is (eav*3dut* eBuipment necessar*N :ualit* of output neededN $etter Bualit*N 5ear letter Bualit*N DraftN $ocation of printerN 9o' %i2 a footprint can %e (andledN Is loudness importantN Aultiple copies neededN Color print needed 2). 23plain about Printer "pooler? )pooler Introduction .(e Printer )pooler ena%les t(e printer to %e s(ared amon2 multiple processes. .(is allo's eac( process to see a virtual printer '(ic( it can print to and also allo's a process to su%mit a fle for printin2. It can %e used %* %ot( native tas&s and %* virtual tas&s via t(e \vprinterM module. )pooler <peration ?(en a fle is su%mitted for printin2, its name is added to a list. A separate process processes t(is list in order to print t(e fles. .(e list is processed in a 6I6< ,6irst In 6irst <ut- fas(ion. Alt(ou2( sc(edulin2 al2orit(ms are availa%le includin2 )[6 ,)(ortest [o% 6irst- and $[6 ,$on2est [o% 6irst-, a 6I6< s*stem 'as 24 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions used in order to maintain simplicit* and functionalit*. A virtual printer can also %e opened allo'in2 a process to print to a fle '(en it doesnMt &no' (o' muc( is to %e printed. ?(en t(e fle is closed, it is added to t(e list. .(is is used %* t(e \vprinterM module for emulatin2 printer ports. ?(en t(e t(read (andlin2 t(e printin2 of fles is initiall* created, it loo&s in t(e spool director* and if t(ere are an* fles t(ere it automaticall* adds t(em to t(e list. .(e spool director* is defned in t(e (eader fle \LvmmIspooler.(KM and is %* default set to spool. Because of t(e dual access to t(e spool list %* %ot( t(e t(read addin2 a spool fle and t(e t(read processin2 t(e spool list, access to t(e list is protected %* a semap(ore. If t(e Print )pooler service fails '(en printin2, '(en ?indo's starts or it can not %e restarted, t(e usual reason is t(at one or more printer drivers is defective. If t(e Print )pooler service is not runnin2, t(e Printers and %a3es folder 'ill %e empt* and *ou can not use it to remove ,or add- printers or printer drivers. 2*. +ow to edit registr' anuall' to $lean up spooler and dri#ers? 9ereMs (o' to clean up t(e print spooler stu@ if an* t(ird part* &it is not availa%le or *ou prefer to do t(in2s manuall*.
?arnin2Z %e ver* careful usin2 re2edit 3 if *ou delete t(e 'ron2 t(in2s, *ou ma* render *our computer inoperativeZ 1. open re2edit ,e.2. clic& "tart, &e* regedit and press #nter- 2. navi2ate to 9P+1]$<CA$]AAC9I5+V)1).+AVCurrentControl)etVControlVPrintV+nvironme ntsV?indo's 5. /86VDrivers under t(is &e*, t(ere 'ill %e t(e &e*s ?ersion92 and ?ersion9! ,one or t(e ot(er of t(ese ma* %e a%sent 3 not a pro%lem- t(e su%3&e*s under t(ese contain t(e printer driver conf2uration information delete all t(e su%3&e*s inside ?ersion92 and ?ersion9!, %ut not t(ese &e*s t(emselves. .(e Aicrosoft Pno'led2e%ase article at (ttp0IIsupport.microsoft.comIdefault.asp/NscidS&%Gen3usG!12#72 lists some ot(er re2istr* entries to delete, %ut t(is is not usuall* necessar*. !. <pen a ,oand Propt 'indo' J. Pe* t(e commands net stop spooler net start spooler 7. <pen ?indo's +/plorer 25 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions 6. 5avi2ate to Ns'sterootNGs'ste!2GspoolGprintersG and delete an* fles t(ere. B* default, t(is is '(ere t(e print spooler stores print fles. ". 5avi2ate to Ns'sterootNGs'ste!2GspoolGdri#ersGw!23<: ,^s*stemroot^ is usuall* Windows, %ut it mi2(t %e winnt or somet(in2 elseG t(is is set '(en t(e <) is installed-. 8. Inside w!23<:, t(ere 'ill %e folders 'it( t(e names 2 and ! ,one or more of t(ese ma* %e a%sent 3 not a pro%lem- delete all of t(e fles and su%3folders in eac( of t(e 2 and ! folders, %ut not t(e folders t(emselves inside w!23<:, t(ere ma* %e ot(er folders 'it( names startin2 'it( T(e'lett]pac&ardT, T(p(pT or somet(in2 elseG delete t(ese folders also. . 4estart t(e print spooler ,see steps 8 and a%ove- At t(is point, t(e s*stem s(ould %e prett* 'ell %ac& to t(e 'a* it 'as %efore an* printers 'ere installed. )ome 'ould su22est restartin2 ?indo's at t(is point, %ut 'it( ?indo's 2### and later, t(is does not seem to %e reBuired. ,hange the Printer "pooler Priorit' (Windos NT!"###!$P% 5ormall* t(e printer spooler runs at t(e same priorit* as ot(er services on a s*stem. If *our s*stem is %ein2 mainl* used for printin2 or (andles a lar2e num%er of print Oo%s *ou can use t(is t'ea& to c(an2e t(e priorit* class t(e print spooler. <pen *our re2istr* and fnd or create t(e &e* %elo'. Create a ne' D?<4D value, or modif* t(e e/istin2 value, called T)poolerPriorit*T and set it accordin2 to t(e value data %elo'. +/it *our re2istr*, *ou ma* need to restart or lo2 out of ?indo's for t(e c(an2e to ta&e e@ect. ,Default- 4+H]); ,value not set- )poolerPriorit* 4+H]D?<4D#/#######1 ,1- 9P+1]$<CA$]AAC9I5+V)1).+AVCurrentControl)etVControlVPrint -egistr' "ettings "'ste Me'0 W9P+1]$<CA$]AAC9I5+V)1).+AVCurrentControl)etVControlVPrintX 26 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions ?alue Nae0 )poolerPriorit* Data 6'pe0 4+H]D?<4D ,D?<4D >alue- ?alue Data0 # S 5ormal priorit*, 1 S 9i2( priorit*, #/66666666 S Idle priorit* 6roubleshooting Printers )olution .itle0 Print )pooler )ervice 'onMt start 3 ?indo's EP I can not print or add printers %ecause t(e Print )pooler )ervice is not started. .(e startup t*pe is set to Automatic %ut it is not runnin2. ?(en I tr* and start t(e service receive t(e follo'in2 error0 Could not start t(e Print )pooler )ervice on $ocal Computer. +rror 1#680 .(e dependenc* service or 2roup failed to start. .(e onl* dependenc* t(at I &no' of is 4emote Procedure Call is is started. IMm missin2 somet(in2 %ut donMt &no' '(at it is. An* (elp 'ould %e 2reatl* appreciated. .r* t(is0 Clic& )tart3K4un3K)ervices.msc $ocate t(e Printer )pooler service dou%le3clic&s it to 2et to t(e properties. 6rom t(e recover* ta%, c(an2e all t(ree options to T4estart t(e )erviceT. $eave t(e %ottom t'o options set to T1_ <& out of t(is dialo2ue. 5o' 2o %ac& and tr* to restart t(e service... 2:. About 2thernet? +t(ernet uses an access met(od called C)AAICD. .(is is a s*stem '(ere eac( computer listens to t(e ca%le %efore sendin2 an*t(in2 t(rou2( t(e net'or&. If t(e net'or& is clear, t(e computer 'ill transmit. If some ot(er node is alread* transmittin2 on t(e ca%le, t(e computer 'ill 'ait and tr* a2ain '(en t(e line is clear. )ometimes, t'o computers attempt to transmit at t(e same instant. ?(en t(is (appens a collision occurs. +ac( computer t(en %ac&s o@ and 'aits a random amount of time %efore attemptin2 to retransmit. ?it( t(is access met(od, it is normal to (ave collisions. 9o'ever, t(e dela* caused %* collisions and retransmittin2 is ver* small and does not normall* a@ect t(e speed of transmission on t(e net'or&. .(e +t(ernet protocol allo's for linear %us, star, or tree topolo2ies. Data can %e transmitted over t'isted pair, coa/ial, or f%er optic ca%le at a speed of 1# A%ps. 2;. About %ast 2thernet? .o increase transmission speed, t(e +t(ernet protocol (as developed a ne' standard t(at supports 1## A%ps. .(is is commonl* called 6ast +t(ernet. 6ast +t(ernet reBuires t(e use of di@erent, more e/pensive net'or& 27 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions concentratorsI(u%s and net'or& interface cards. In addition, cate2or* 7 t'isted pair or f%er optic ca%le is necessar*. 2<. About 6oken -ing? In .o&en 4in2, t(e computers are connected so t(at t(e si2nal travels around t(e net'or& from one computer to anot(er in a lo2ical rin2. A sin2le electronic to&en moves around t(e rin2 from one computer to t(e ne/t. If a computer does not (ave information to transmit, it simpl* passes t(e to&en on to t(e ne/t 'or&station. If a computer 'is(es to transmit and receives an empt* to&en, it attac(es data to t(e to&en. .(e to&en t(en proceeds around t(e rin2 until it comes to t(e destination computer. At t(is point, t(e data is captured %* t(e receivin2 computer. .(e .o&en 4in2 protocol reBuires a star3'ired rin2 usin2 t'isted pair or f%er optic ca%le. It can operate at transmission speeds of J A%ps or 16 A%ps. Due to t(e increasin2 popularit* of +t(ernet, t(e use of .o&en 4in2 (as decreased. . 2=. About ,abling? In a t'isted3pair net'or& ,1# Base .- eac( PC (as a t'isted3pair ca%le t(at runs to a centraliDed (u%. Cate2or* 7 is t(e most relia%le and 'idel* compati%le t'isted3pair. It runs easil* 'it( 1#A%ps or net'or&s, and is reBuired for 6ast +t(ernet. 1ou can %u* Cate2or* 7 ca%lin2 t(at is pre3made, or *ou can cut = crimp *our o'n. Cate2or* 7 ca%les can %e purc(ased or crimped as eit(er straight through or crossed. A Cate2or* 7 ca%le (as 8 t(in, color3coded 'ires inside t(at run from one end of t(e ca%le to t(e ot(er. <nl* 'ires 1, 2, !, and 6 are used %* +t(ernet net'or&s for communication. Alt(ou2( onl* four 'ires are used, if t(e ca%le (as 8 'ires, all t(e 'ires (ave to %e connected in %ot( Oac&s. "traight9through $ables are used for connectin2 computers to a (u%. 28 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions ,rossed $ables are used for connectin2 devices of similar t*pe li&e (u%3to3 (u%, s'itc(3to3s'itc(, etc In a strai2(t3t(rou2( ca%le, also &no'n as a pat$h $able, 'ires 1, 2, !, and 6 at one end of t(e ca%le are also 'ires 1, 2, !, and 6 at t(e ot(er end. In a crossed ca%le, t(e order of t(e 'ires c(an2es from one end to t(e ot(er0 'ire 1 %ecomes ! and 2 %ecome 6. .o f2ure out '(ic( 'ire is 'ire num%er 1, (old t(e ca%le so t(at t(e end of t(e plastic 4[3J7 tip, ,t(e part t(at 2oes into a 'all Oac& frst-, is facin2 a'a* from *ou. 6lip t(e clip so t(at t(e copper side faces up, ,t(e sprin2* clip 'ill no' %e parallel to t(e Foor-. ?(en loo&in2 do'n on t(e coppers, 'ire 1 'ill %e on t(e far left. !.. What is a la'er ! swit$h? $a*er ! s'itc(es com%ine t(e speed and cost3e@ectiveness of s'itc(in2, 'it( t(e control and scala%ilit* of routin2. $i&e a router, a $a*er ! s'itc( runs routin2 protocols suc( 4IP, 4IP2, <)P6 or an* ot(er routin2 protocol. .(e $a*er ! s'itc( communicates 'it( all ot(er TroutersT in t(e net'or&. 6rom a routerMs perspective, it appears as if t(e $a*er ! s'itc( is Oust anot(er router e/c(an2in2 information a%out topolo2* and movin2 pac&ets. Cnli&e traditional routers a $a*er ! s'itc( applies s'itc(in2 tec(nolo2ies in t(e for'ardin2 plane. .(e main CPC does not inspect pac&ets unless t(e* are e/ceptions !1. DiDeren$e between -outer9"wit$h9+ub9Fridge? 9u%s 'or& at t(e P(*sical la*er. A (u% is a totall* dum% device. If it 2ets a data si2nal, it Oust for'ards t(e si2nal to all devices. It cannot do an* &ind of flterin2 or addressin2. Performance is not so 2ood %ecause a (u% canMt esta%lis( a direct connection from one computer to anot(er. If a s'itc( 2ets a data pac&et, it 'ill tr* and fnd t(e destination device, and t(en send it to t(at device onl*, i.e. it esta%lis(es a point3to3point connection %et'een t(e sendin2 and receivin2 devices. But t(e devices must %e on t(e same su%net. A s'itc( 'onUt send data pac&et to computers on 29 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions di@erent su%nets. A s'itc( %rea&s up collision domains %ut it does not %rea& up %roadcast domains unless 'e use >$A5s. $i&e )'itc(es, Brid2es operate at t(e Data $in& la*er and flter pac&ets %ased on t(e AAC address. Henerall* %rid2es are used to e/tend t(e distance capa%ilities of t(e net'or& '(ile minimiDin2 overall traQc, and s'itc(es are used mainl* for t(eir flterin2 capa%ilities to create multiple >$A5s. Brid2es (ave less num%er of ports t(an s'itc(es. 4outers 'or& at t(e 5et'or& la*er and operate on t(e IP Address. 4outer onl* 2ets a data pac&et if t(e destination computer isnUt on t(e same su%net or $A5. .(e router t(en fnds t(e location of t(e destination device and t(en sends it in t(e ri2(t direction. A router %rea&s up %roadcast domains. !2. +ow is a 4ull9duple3 swit$h diDerent 4ro a swit$h? A full duple/ s'itc( (as one set of lines for receivin2 and one set of lines for transmittin2, t(us it can do %ot( operations at t(e same time. ,onne$ting to a 2*.. -outer Basicall* t(e router is connected from t(e console port Cse a rollover ca%le, t(e one supplied %* Cisco is %lue and Fat, 4[3J7 connectors. Connect 1 end to t(e console port and t(e ot(er to an 4[3J7 to serial converterG Plu2 t(at to t(e computersM serial port .(en 2o to 9*per.erminal )elect t(e C<A port from connect usin20 pro%a%l* C<A2 or C<A! C(an2e %its per second on t(e ne/t screen to 6## and clic& o& 1ou s(ould %e in t(e router if u did it correctl*... Pi$ture o4 2*.! -outer 3 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions !!. DiDeren$e between %irewall and Pro3'? !). /a'ers in 6,P/IP? ProcessIApplication $a*er 9ost3to39ost $a*er Internet $a*er 5et'or& Access $a*er !*. DiDeren$e between 6,P and ODP? .CP converts upper la*er data in to se2ments and t(e se2ments are num%ered and seBuenced so t(at t(e destination .CP can place t(em in t(e same order, and can easil* detect a missin2 se2ment. But in CPD data is %ro&en in to se2ments and t(e se2ments are num%ered %ut not seBuenced. .CP is connection oriented %ecause it creates a virtual circuit %et'een t(e source and destination %efore sendin2 data. But CDP does not create an* virtual circuit %efore sendin2 data. .CP uses ac&no'led2ement to resent missin2 se2ments, %ut t(ere is no ac&no'led2ement in CDP. )o 'e can sa* .CP provide relia%le communication %ut CDP provides unrelia%le communication. )ince .CP is creatin2 virtual circuits, .CP is costl* in terms of %and'idt(. But CDP (as lo' over(ead !:. ,lasses o4 IP Address?
31 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions !;. What is the Pri#ate IP Address range? 1#.#.#.# 3 1#.277.277.277 1"2.16.#.# 3 1"2.!1.277.277 12.168.#.# 3 12.168.277.277 !<. +ow an' b'tes in an IPE network address? 8# Bits or 1# B*tes !=. DiDerent t'pe o4 onitoring tools Performance Aonitor 3 Aonitors net'or& and computer statistics. Is a%le to lo2 t(e data and e/port it for spreads(eet usa2e. 5et'or& Aonitor 3 Aonitors net'or& activit* and is a%le to capture and loo& at pac&ets of data sent over t(e net'or&. 5etstat 3 Displa*s protocol statistics and current .CPIIP net'or& connections. 5etstat s(o's statistics since t(e server 'as %ooted. ).. Network troubleshooting $oands? )1. What are soe o4 the probles asso$iated with operating a swit$hed /AN? +ven t(ou2( s'itc( %rea&up collision domains it cannot %rea& up %roadcast traQc. Broadcasts, multicasts and slo' conver2ence of spannin2 tree can cause pro%lems. )2. What is a /a'er ) "wit$h? $a*er J s'itc(es operate at t(e transport la*er of t(e .CPIIP stac&. $a*er J s'itc(es operate at t(e CDP and .CP level, ma&in2 s'itc(in2 decisions %ased on information (eld in t(e transport la*er )!. What is binding? 32 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions A process t(at esta%lis(es t(e initial communication c(annel %et'een t(e protocol driver and t(e net'or& adapter card driver In a clientIserver s*stem, a client transmits a reBuest to a server, t(e server performs a processin2 operation, and t(e server returns a result. $ist all t(e possi%le t(in2s t(at can 2o 'ron2 'it( transmission in t(is scenario. 1. 4eBuest 2ets lost, client 'aits. 2. 4eBuest 2ets temporaril* lost, client sends anot(er, and t(en t'o reBuests arrive at server. !. 4esults from server are lost. J. 4esults from server temporaril* lost, t(en client sends reBuest a2ain, 2ettin2 t'o sets of results. 7. Client cras(es %efore results come %ac&. 6. )erver cras(es %efore reBuest arrives or after results start t(eir 'a* %ac&. )). What is the diDeren$e between ""/ and "9+66P? ""/0 "e$ure "o$kets /a'er@ a protocol developed %* 5etscape for transmittin2 private documents via t(e Internet. ))$ 'or&s %* usin2 a private &e* to encr*pt data t(atMs transferred over t(e ))$ connection. Bot( 5etscape 5avi2ator and Internet +/plorer support ))$ and man* ?e% sites use t(e protocol to o%tain confdential user information, suc( as credit card num%ers. B* convention, ?e% pa2es t(at reBuire an ))$ connection start 'it( (ttps0 instead of (ttp0)39..P0 )ecure39..P is t(e protocol used for transmittin2 data securel* over t(e ?orld ?ide ?e% ?(ereas ))$ creates a secure connection %et'een a client and a server, over '(ic( an* amount of data can %e sent securel*, )39..P is desi2ned to transmit individual messa2es securel*. ))$ and )39..P, t(erefore, can %e seen as complementar* rat(er t(an competin2 tec(nolo2ies. Bot( protocols (ave %een su%mitted to t(e Internet +n2ineerin2 .as& 6orce ,I+.6- for approval as a standard )*. What is Pa$ket "wit$hing? Pac&et s'itc(in2 refers to protocols in '(ic( messa2es are divided into pac&ets %efore t(e* are sent. +ac( pac&et is t(en transmitted individuall* and can even follo' di@erent routes to its destination. <nce all t(e pac&ets formin2 a messa2e arrive at t(e destination, t(e* are recompiled into t(e ori2inal messa2e. Aost modern ?ide Area 5et'or& ,?A5- protocols, includin2 .CPIIP, E.27, and 6rame 4ela*, are %ased on pac&et3s'itc(in2 tec(nolo2ies. .(e normal telep(one service is %ased on a circuit3s'itc(in2 tec(nolo2*, in '(ic( a dedicated line is allocated for transmission %et'een t'o parties. Circuit3s'itc(in2 is ideal '(en data must %e transmitted Buic&l* and must arrive in t(e same order in '(ic( it is sent. .(is is t(e case 'it( most real3 time data, suc( as live audio and video. Pac&et s'itc(in2 is more eQcient and ro%ust for data t(at can 'it(stand some dela*s in transmission, suc( as e3 mail messa2es and ?e% pa2es. A pac&et s'itc(ed net'or& is simpl* a di2ital data transmission net'or& t(at uses pac&et s'itc(in2 tec(nolo2*. 33 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions ):. %irewalls & An o#er#iew As t(e 5ame implies, fre'alls are an electronic %arrier desi2ned to e/clude unaut(oriDed access to private net'or&s. .(e* come in various forms and di@erent de2rees of sop(istication, dependin2 on t(e siDe of t(e or2aniDation and t(e nature of t(e information stored. 6ire'alls, %ot( (ard'are and or soft'are3%ased, primaril* protect a net'or& or central s*stem from (ac&er intrusion from t(e Internet or ot(er pu%lic net'or&. In addition, some fre'alls also restrict $A5 user access to inappropriate 'e%sites. All net'or&s 'it( access to t(e Internet need a fre'all. +ow a %irewall works 1. In t(e middle of t(e t'o net'or&s sits a router. 2. An access control list is placed on t(e router '(ic( (as a list of IP addresses t(at can %e allo'ed on to t(e net'or&. !. ?(en *ou tr* to access t(e net'or&, t(e router automaticall* c(ec&s t(e list. J. If *our IP address is one of t(ose on t(e list, *ouMre allo'ed in. If not, *ou sit outside /iitations o4 %irewalls ` 6ire'alls must %e updated 'it( a list of inappropriate %anned 'e%sites, as ne' sites appear ver* Buic&l*. ` 6ire'alls are not an e@ective protection a2ainst soft'are viruses. ?e recommend t(at all users install anti33virus soft'are. ` <ften 6ire'alls are positioned %et'een an Internet router and t(e internal $A5, t(is result in a net'or& %ottlenec&. Careful consideration s(ould %e paid to '(ere a fre'all is placed. ?e recommend t(at t(e fre'all is installed %et'een a s'itc( and an Internet router. ` 6ire'alls cannot protect a2ainst M%ac& doorsM, '(ere a sin2le net'or& user (as installed a separate Internet connection. .o prevent t(is, companies s(ould put an e@ective Internet access polic* in place. ` +Buipped 'it( t(e correct pass'ord, (ac&ers can 2ain access to *our net'or& in spite of a fre'all. .o solve t(is, all pass'ords s(ould %e c(an2ed re2ularl* );. In the 6,P $lient9ser#er odel@ how does the three9wa' handshake work in opening $onne$tion? A0 .(e client frst sends a pac&et 'it( seBuence T/T to t(e server. ?(en t(e server receives t(is pac&et, t(e server 'ill send %ac& anot(er pac&et 'it( seBuence T*T, ac&no'led2in2 t(e reBuest of t(e client. ?(en t(e client receives t(e ac&no'led2ement from t(e server, t(e client 'ill t(en send an ac&no'led2ement %ac& to t(e server for ac&no'led2in2 t(at seBuence T*T (as %een received. 34 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions )<. What is the purpose o4 e3$hanging beginning sePuen$e nubers during the $onne$tion in the 6,P $lient9ser#er odel? .o ensure t(at an* data lost durin2 data transfer can %e retransmitted. )=. What is +66P 6unneling? 9..P .unnelin2 is a securit* met(od t(at encr*pts pac&ets travelin2 t(ou2(t t(e internet. <nl* t(e intended recipient s(ould %e a%le to decr*pt t(e pac&ets. It can %e used to Create ?irtual Pri#ate Networks. 5?PN7 *.. >ost ,oon Port Nubers *1. 1"I /a'ers & %un$tions *2. "iple >ail 6rans4er Proto$ol )A.P allo's A)CII te/t messa2es to %e sent to mail%o/es on .CPIIP (osts t(at (ave %een conf2ured 'it( mail service. 1. A user 'antin2 to send mail interacts 'it( t(e local mail s*stem t(rou2( t(e Oser Agent ,CA- component of t(e mail s*stem. 2. .(e mail is deposited in a local out2oin2 mail%o/. 35 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions !. .(e sender )A.P process periodicall* polls t(e out2oin2 %o/ and if a messa2e is found it esta%lis(es a .CP connection on port 27 'it( t(e destination (ost to '(ic( t(e messa2e is to %e sent. J. .(e receiver3)A.P at t(e destination receives t(e connection and t(e mail messa2e is sent on t(at connection. 7. .(e receiver3)A.P deposits t(e mail in t(e destination mail %o/ in t(e dest. (ost. 6. If no matc(in2 mail%o/ is found, a mail is send to t(e sender indicatin2 t(at t(e mail %o/ does not e/ists. ,.(e sender3)A.P and receiver3)A.P processes '(ic( are responsi%le for t(e transfer of mail are called >essage 6rans4er Agents- .o send nonte/t messa2es usin2 )A.P, 'e can encode t(em as te/t usin2 t(e CC+5C<D+ utilit*. .(e receiver 'ill decode it usin2 anot(er utilit* called CCD+C<D+. ?e can also use AIA+ protocol ,Aultipurpose Internet Aail +/tensions- to send nonte/t messa2es li&e ric( te/t, ima2e, audio, video and 9.A$. *!. "oe ">6P $oands *). Osing telnet to $onta$t ">6P on port 2* 56roubleshooting7 ,lient0 6elnet 1!#.1!#.2#.1 27 ,1!#.1!#.2#.10 IP of )A.P )erver. If connection is esta%lis(ed, t(en server is reac(a%le- .r* sendin2 a mail to t(e server ,lient0 9+$< machine ,mac(ine0 <ur mac(ines D5) (ost name- "er#er0 9+$< machine pleased to meet *ou ,lient0 AAI$ 64<A0 san$o%&&'yahoo.com "er#er0 27# <P ,lient0 4CP. .<0 krishna%&&'yahoo.com "er#er0 27# <P ,lient0 DA.A "er#er0 !7J start mail inputG end 'it( LC4$6K.LC4$6K ,lient0 .(is is t(e test messa2e 1 ,lient0 .(is is t(e test messa2e 1 ,lient0 . "er#er0 27# <P 36 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions **. Post 1L$e Proto$ol ?ersion ! )A.P 'ants t(e destination (ost ,Aail )erver- to %e online. <t(er'ise a .CP connection can not %e esta%lis(ed 'it( t(e destination (ost. )ince des&top mac(ines are not al'a*s online 'e can not use )A.P for receivin2 mail. .(e )A.P mail server is al'a*s online and provides a mail drop service. ?or& stations retrieve mail from server usin2 P<P!. P<P! .CP and listens on port 11#. P<P! is used onl* to do'nload mail. ?it( P<P!, >D* 5>essage Digest #ersion *7 can %e used for aut(entication. A P<P! session (as J p(ases 1. ,onne$tion state0 .CP connection 'it( P<P! server is esta%lis(ed 2. Authori8ation state0 Cser must provide Csername and Pass'ord to %e aut(enticated %* t(e server !. 6ransa$tion state0 After aut(entication is t(e transaction state in '(ic( a num%er of commands li&e ).A., $I)., 4+.4, D+$+ and 4)+. can %e issued. ). Opdate state0 After t(e messa2e (as %een do'nloaded P<P! enters update state in '(ic( P<P! clients issue t(e :CI. command to close t(e connection P1P! 6roubleshooting 6elnet 1!#.1!#.2#.1 11. ,If telnet connection is esta%lis(ed it means t(e server is reac(a%le- ()* +)+ server is ready O"2- sanOo##a*a(oo.com ()* PA"" QQQQQQQQQ ()* m n ,> is t(e num%er of messa2es and N is t(e total %*tes in all messa2es- /I"6 1 s1 2 s2 ,)1, )2 are t(e siDe of messa2e 1 and 2- -26- 1 ,4etrieves messa2e 1- ,ere goes the text o- message 1 37 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions D2/2 1 ,Deletes messa2e 1- QOI6 ()* +)+ server signing o. *:. Internet >essage Appli$ation Proto$ol 5I>AP7? P<P! does not allo' t(e direct manipulation of mail messa2es at t(e server. .(e mail must %e do'nloaded to t(e 'or&station %efore it can %e manipulated. IAAPJ is desi2ned to access and manipulate mails on t(e server. ?it( IAAPJ 'e can manipulate remote mail%o/es li&e local mail%o/es. IAAPJ allo's an obine client to res*nc(roniDe its mail%o/ 'it( t(e server. 6eatures of IAAP include t(e a%ilit* to0 ` Access and manipulate portions of email on a server 'it(out do'nloadin2 t(em. ` 4evie' messa2es and attac(ment 'it(out do'nloadin2 t(em ` Do'nload all messa2es for obine operation ` 4es*nc(roniDe local mail%o/es 'it( t(ose at t(e server With I>AP we $an0 ` Create, delete, and rename mail%o/es ` C(ec& for ne' messa2es ` Permanentl* remove messa2es from mail%o/es ` )et and clear Fa2s indicatin2 t(e status of messa2es ` 4eco2niDe 46C3822 (eaders and parse AIA+3encoded messa2es ` )earc( and selectivel* fetc( messa2e attri%utes, te/t, and portions t(ereof Aessa2es in IAAPJ are accessed %* t(e use of num%ers eit(er messa2e seBuence num%ers or uniBue identifers. IAAPJ can %e used onl* to receive mail. I>AP) $an be in one o4 4our states. 5on3Aut(enticated .(is state is entered '(en a connection starts Aut(enticated 3 .(is state is entered '(en accepta%le aut(entication credentials (ave %een provided )elected 3 .(is state is entered after a valid mail%o/ (as %een selected $o2out 3 .(e Connection is terminated and IAAP server closes t(e connection. *;. What is an operating s'ste? /ist the basi$ 4un$tions o4 an operating s'ste. .(e <peratin2 )*stem is a soft'are pro2ram t(at controls t(e processin2 and (ard'are associated 'it( a computer. .(e operatin2 s*stem is t(e frst piece of soft'are loaded into memor* '(en a computer starts. It is t(e operatin2 s*stem t(at launc(es or starts ot(er soft'are pro2rams suc( as 'ord processors, spreads(eets, data%ases, etc. .(e operatin2 s*stem mana2es all of t(e resources on t(e computerG it controls all t(e (ard'are in a mac(ine. Aana2e all pro2rams and resourcesG (andle II<, securit*, memor* mana2ement, stora2e mana2ement, etc are t(e important functions of an <). 38 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions *<. "haring a 4older? ?(o can create s(are a folder In a DC 3 Aem%ers of Domain Admins, Administrator and )erver <perators 2roups $ocal Computer 3 Aem%ers of Administrator and Po'er Csers 2roups )(are permissions ` )(are permissions are 6ull Control, 4ead, and C(an2e. ` $east restrictive permission is t(e userUs e@ective permission. ` A denied permission al'a*s overrides an allo'ed permission ` ?(en 5.6) and )(are permissions are applied to a folder t(e most restrictive 'ill %e applied '(en 'e access t(e folder over t(e net'or& Administrative )(ares <ne for t(e root of eac( 9DD volume, ,R@ DR and so on AD>INR 3 .(e s*stem root e.2. C0V?I55. .(e c si2n (ides t(e s(are from normal users ot(er t(an Administrator. 5amin2 conventions )(are 5ame can %e up 8# c(ar. But 'in 8I7 can read up to 12 c(ar. ON, & Oni#ersal Naing ,on#ention Consists of )erver name and s(are name e.g. GG"er#erG"hare %QDN Csed in net'or&s '(ic( use D5) and .CPIIP +.2. server]name.domain]name.root]domain]name Cse 5+. C)+ to map a s(ared folder. 5et use d0 VV)erver1V)(are1 *=. N6%" %ile & %older "e$urit' )tandard 5.6) permissions are0 6ull Control, Aodif*, ?rite, $ist 6older Contents, 4ead = +/ecute, 4ead , Default 5.6) permission is +ver*one 6ull Control ?e can use +/plorer or Cacls.e/e to assi2n 5.6) permissions .o appl* 5.6) permissions *ou must (ave 6ull Control 1- *ou must %e t(e <'ner of t(e fle. +ow perissions are applied to New@ >o#ed and ,opied (les? Aove to di@erent folder on di@erent volume 4eceives destination permission re2ardless of ori2inal Permission Aove to di@erent folder on same volume -etains ori2inal permissions re2ardless of destination Permission Cop* to a di@erent folder on a di@erent volume 4eceives destination permission re2ardless of ori2inal Permission Cop* to a di@erent folder on t(e same volume 4eceives destination permission re2ardless of ori2inal Permission Who $an take ownerships? Administrator, user 'it( 6ull Control, or user 'it( d.a&e <'ners(ip of 6iles and 6olders_ user ri2(t assi2ned 39 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions :.. About Disk Quota? <nl* Administrators can conf2ure dis& Buota. Dis& Buota cannot %e set to Hroups :1. Perissions 4or Printing? Who $an add a printer? $ocal Computer0 Administrators and Po'er Csers DC0 Administrators, Print <perators and )erver <perators ` ?e can add printers on a remote computer %* %ro'sin2 t(rou2( t(e net'or& nei2(%or(ood ` .o access internet printer t(rou2( t(e 'e% %ro'ser t*pe (ttp0II )erver#1I Printer)(are5ame :2. Oser A$$ounts Who $an $reate Oser A$$ounts? Administrator or Po'er Csers Hroup in a 5on3DC Administrator = Account <perators Hroup In DC ,.(e Po'er Csers and Account <perators cannot do ever*t(in2 re2ardin2 user conf2uration- Cser5ame can %e up to 2# c(ar ,Allo's enterin2 more t(an 2# %ut 'ill reco2niDe onl* 1st 2#- $o2on scripts for all domain users are stored in t(e N26/1S1N s(are in t(e ^s*stemroot^V)1)><$Vs*svolVdomain]nameVscripts :!. /ist o4 Fuilt9in Sroups? .(ere are 12 %uilt3in special 2roups0 +ver*one, Anon*mous $o2on, Aut(enticated users, Creator <'ner, Creator, Batc(, Dialup, Interactive, 5et'or&, )ervice, )*stem, .erminal )erver Cser, '(o can lo2on locall* on a DC Administrators, Account <perators, Bac&up <perators, Print <perators, and )erver <perators 4 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions :). -elationship between AD & DN" AD uses D5) for name resolution. )o '(en 'e setup AD, D5) must %e present. AD is a director* service and D5) is name resolution service. AD uses D5) to resolve name to IP address. )pecifcall*, AD uses D5) to fnd D5) resource ,)4>- records for $DAP services. AD use $ADP protocol to e/c(an2e director* information and uses D5) to discover t(e IP address of $DAP services. :*. 2ergen$' -epair Disk +4D contains ! fles AC.<+E+C.5. ,Installs CD 4<A support-, C<56IH.5. ,$oads D<) in to Cpper Aemor* Bloc& in conventional memor* and loads 9IA+A.)1) to read memor* a%ove 6J#PB- and )+.CP.$<H. ::. "e$uring the PWs? DonUt use *our name, name of famil* mem%ers or part of t(e name as pass'ord 5ever tell t(e pass'ord to an* one Do not 'rite do'n t(e pass'ord on a paper of f/ it to monitor Cse si2nifcantl* lon2 pass'ords Cse a mi/ of uppercase, lo'ercase, num%er and special c(aracters in t(e pass'ord C(an2e pass'ord re2ularl* and donUt use t(e same pass'ord a2ain :;. 23plain the boot pro$ess o4 Windows 2... "tep 1 /oading N6/D- 5.$D4 is located in t(e %oot partition of t(e serversU (ard dis&. ?(at it does is, 1. )(ift t(e processor in to !86 mode 2. )tart a simple fle s*stem t(at allo's '2& to %oot from t(e 9DD !. 4eads t(e content of Boot.ini and displa*s a list of possi%le %oot options J. Accepts our c(oice of '(ic( <) to load 5o' 5.D$4 pass t(e control to 5.D+.+C..C<A to detect t(e (ard'are. "tep 2 -unning N6D262,6.,1> 5.D+.+C..C<A is responsi%le for f2urin2 out '(at (ard'are is present on t(e server. And it involves 1. PCUs mac(ine ID t*pe 2. .(e BC) t*pe !. .(e video %oard t*pe J. .(e &e*%oard and mouse t*pe 7. .(e serial and parallel ports present on t(e mac(ine 6. .(e 6lopp* and CD drives present on t(e computer If *ou cannot 2et pass t(e 5.D+.+C..C<A sta2e, it means t(ere is some (ard'are pro%lem. 41 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions ?(en 5.D+.+C..C<A is successfull* completed, it %uilds t(e (ard'are &e* of t(e registr'@ listed under t(e 9P+1]$<CA$]AAC9I5+. .(is part of re2istr* is %uilt ever* time *ou %oot t(e computer so t(at t can reFect t(e current (ard'are conf2uration. "tep ! /oading N61"M-N/ ?2P &ernel loads 'it( t(e 9ard'are A%straction $a*er ,9A$.D$$-, some assem%l* lan2ua2e code t(at acts as an interface %et'een serverUs (ard'are and t(e operatin2 s*stem and t(us '2& to %e (ard'are independent. .(e &ernel loads in J p(ases. Pernel load p(ase Pernel initialiDation p(ase )ervice load p(ase ?indo's su%s*stem load p(ase Mernel load phase <nce t(e 9A$.D$$ and 5.<)P45$ are loaded in to memor*, '2& loads t(e s*stem settin2s, and stores t(em in 9P+1]$<CA$]AAC9I5+ V)*stemVCurrent Control )etV )ervices. ?2& reads t(e information to determine '(ic( drivers it must load and in '(ic( order. Mernel initiali8ation phase After t(e &ernel load p(ase, t(e &ernel initialiDes and scans t(e Current Control )et for drivers 'it( a current value of 1 and starts t(em. ?2& %uilds a ne' Current Control )et %ut does not save it. AC.<C9P.+E+, a C9PD)P3li&e utilit* runs to ma&e sure t(at t(e fle s*stem is intact. And t(is is also t(e sta2e '(ere t(e pa2e fle is set up. "er#i$e load phase 5o' '2& loads t(e service mana2er ,)A).+E+- and t(e 'in!2 su%s*stem. All services 'it( a start value of 2 starts and 'rite t(e Current Control )et to t(e )*stem &e*. Windows subs'ste load phase 6inall*, t(e 'indo's su%s*stem ,t(e most part of '2&, t(e one t(at users most often interacts 'it(-. .(e su%s*stem starts 'it( winlogon.e3e t(at (andles t(e lo2on and lo2o@. ?inlo2on.e/e captures t(e username and pass'ord and passes t(em to local securit* aut(orit* ,$)A)).+E+- '(ic( compares t(e username and pass'ord 'it( t(e information stored in )AA. If t(e* matc( and user (as lo2on ri2(ts, anot(er process called C)+4I5I..+E+ runs t(e s(ell referenced in t(e s(ell value of 9P+1]$<CA$]AAC9I5+V )oft'areV Aicrosoft V?indo's 5.V Current >ersionV ?inl o2on. ,5ormall*e/plorer.e/e, '(ic( loads t(e des&top- :<. DiDeren$e Windows 2... and Windows =<? ` ?2P supports 5.6) and provides more securit* t(an ?in 8 i.e., 6ile and 6older )ecurit* permissions, +ncr*ption, Dis& :uota. 42 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions ` ?2P (as easier mana2ement of t(e (ard'are 'it( Advanced Plu23n3pla* li&e 89ot )'appin2U. ` ?indo's 8 is Oust for t(e des&top and (ome users, %ut '2& is for a net'or&ed corporate environment. ` ?2& is more sta%le t(an 'in8 :=. DiDeren$e between Windows 2... and N6 )..? +ven t(ou2( ?indo's 2### is %uilt on t(e ?indo's 5. arc(itecture, t(ere are man* ne' features ` ?2P supports 6A.!2, and t(e +6). 5. does not support 6A.!2 and +6). ` Instead of )AA data%ase in 5., ?2& uses Active Director* and Hroup Polic* for centraliDed and scala%le domain administration. ` ?2P (as easier mana2ement of t(e (ard'are 'it( Advanced Plu23n3pla* li&e 89ot )'appin2U. ` 5. uses 5.I$A5 Aana2er as t(e aut(entication protocol. But ?2& uses Internet standard &er%erose >7 for aut(entication. ` And some ot(er ne' features of '2& are, C)B support, 4ecover* Console, IntelliAirror, inte2ration of II) and .erminal )ervices ` And redesi2ned man* of t(e mana2ement tools AAC, Dis& Administration, AD)I, etc ;.. What are the diDeren$es between Windows 2... Pro4essional@ "er#er@ Ad#an$ed "er#er@ and Data ,enter? ?indo's 2### Professional is a des&top operatin2 s*stem. It can support 2 processors, J HB 4AA, as 'ell as multiple monitors. ?indo's 2### )erver supports J processors, J HB 4AA and is desi2ned to (old t(e role of a DC, fle and print server, application server, etc. ?indo's 2### Advanced )erver is desi2ned for (i2( end mission critical platforms, supports 8 processors, 8 HB 4AA and includes support for 2 'a* server clusterin2. ?indo's 2### Data Center )erver 2oes even furt(er t(an Advanced )erver in t(at it can support up to !2 processors, 6J HB 4AA, cascadin2 failover amon2 J nodes, and !2 node net'or& load %alancin2. ;1. What is the diDeren$e between EP +oe 2dition and Pro4essional? ?indo's EP Professional includes0 4oamin2 user profles, 4emote des&top, +ncr*ptin2 fle s*stem, <bine fles and folders, 4emote installation service, ?indo's server domain support, Hroup polic*. ;2. What are the disad#antages o4 Windows 2... "er#er? ?indo's 2### )erver reBuires more s*stem resource. 1ou need a po'erful mac(ine to run ?indo's 2### )erver. .(e ?indo's 2### )erver does not (ave a 2ood reputation in term of server sta%ilit*. .(e ?indo's 2### )erver needs re%oot more freBuent t(an C5IE and $inu/. If *ou are usin2 ?indo's 2### )erver (ostin2 services, *ou need to invest a lot of mone* in t(e 43 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions development tools. Aost of t(em are Aicrosoft products. .(e costs of applications t(at can run on *our 'e% site are usuall* (i2(er t(an t(at of C5IE. 6or e/ample, *ou can fnd a lot of free scripts to run 'e% %oard, c(at room, 'e% stats, email for *our Cni/3%ased 'e% site, %ut *ou 'onMt fnd man* free applications in ?indo's 2### )erver 'orld. ;!. WhatCs the diDeren$e between Windows 2... and Windows EP? ` ?indo's EP (as (i2(er s*stem reBuirements %ut some'(at faster t(an ?indo's 2###. ` EP (as more colorful HCI t(an earlier versions and 'e can s'itc( %ac& to 2### li&e classic interface. ` ?indo's EP (as more features, suc( as t(e ?indo's Aovie Aa&er, %uilt3in CD 'riter support, t(e Internet Connection 6ire'all, and 4emote Des&top Connection. ` ?indo's EP (as %etter support for 2ames and multimedia. ` Bac&'ard compati%ilit* 'it( 7I8IAeI'2& and 5.J,)P7-. ` ?indo's EP (as product activation ` )'itc(in2 %et'een di@erent users sessions 'it( out lo22in2 of. ` ?e (ave t(e option of usin2 simple fle s(arin2 or fle permissions at an 5.6) drive. ` Aore advanced searc( for fndin2 users, 2roups, etc. ;). What is A$ti#e Dire$tor'? AD is t(e director* service in ?indo's2### net'or&. AD is a (ierarc(ical data%ase. A director* service stores information a%out net'or& resources and ma&e t(e resources accessi%le to users and computers. It (elps to centrall* mana2e, or2aniDe and control access to resources. AD o%Oects include users, 2roups, computers, printers, etc. )ervers, domains and sites are also considered as AD o%Oects. ;*. De(ne >ultitasking@ >ultipro$essing and >ultithreading? Aultitas&in2 is t(e a%ilit* to e/ecute more t(an one tas& at t(e same time. In Aultitas&in2, onl* one CPC is involved, %ut it s'itc(es from one pro2ram to anot(er so Buic&l* t(at it 2ives t(e appearance of e/ecutin2 all of t(e pro2rams at t(e same time. Aultiprocessin2 is t(e capa%ilit* of an <) to use more t(an one processors in a sin2le computer simultaneousl*. )*mmetric Aultiprocessin2 is t(e t*pe of multiprocessin2 in '(ic( s*stem processes and applications can %e run on an* availa%le processor. 9ere no particular application or process is assi2ned to a particular processor. .(e smallest unit of processin2 t(at can %e sc(eduled %* '2& &ernel is called a t(read. All applications reBuire at least one t(read. ?(en an application (as more t(an one t(read eac( of t(em can %e e/ecuted independentl*. .(is is called multit(readin2. 44 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions ;:.What is ulti$asting? It is t(e transmission of an IP data2ram to a 2roup of (osts t(at is identifed %* a sin2le class D IP address i.e. from a sin2le source to man* destinations. ;;. What are the bene(ts o4 N6%"? Provides %ot( fle and folder securit*, supports encr*ption, compression, dis& Buota and provides faster access t(an 6A. and 6A.!2, maintains a rec*cle %in for eac( user, allo's dis& mountin2 and it is a (i2(l* relia%le and recovera%le fle s*stem. Is (as %uilt in automatic fle s*stem repairin2 capa%ilities. %A6 !2 N6%" It does not support fle level securit* onl* It support %ot( fle level and director* It support director* level securit* level securit* It support onl* net'or& level securit* It supports %ot( local and net'or& level )ecurit* It does not support fle compression and It support %ot(. +ncr*ption data It does not support dis& Buota It support dis& Buota. ;<. DiDeren$e between %A6@ %A6!2 and N6%" ?indo's 2###I5.I7I8 support CD6) and CD6 and does not support 9P6). ?2& does not support 9P6). <nl* 5. !.71 and some earlier versions support 9P6) ;=. Tou $annot log on to ' network. What will 'ou do? 45 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions ` Aa&e sure t(at t(e 9u%I)'itc( is on ` Aa&e sure t(at t(e mac(ine is in t(e correct 'or& 2roup or domain. ` Aa&e sure t(at t(e appropriate net'or& client and protocols installed ` C(ec& t(e adapter settin2s and verif* .CPIIP conf2uration i.e. c(ec& t(e IP and )u%net Aas&. ` Aa&e sure t(at t(e net'or& adapter is installed correctl*. ` .(e adapter and slot functionin2 are properl*. ` .(e ca%le securel* connected to *our net'or& adapter ` )ome times some failed services can prevent *ou from lo22in2 into t(e domain <.. Oser5s7 are $oplaining o4 dela's when using the network. What would 'ou do? ` C(ec& '(et(er t(is is net'or&3'ide pro%lem or s*stem specifc. ` Aa&e sure *ou donMt (ave man* pro2rams runnin2 in t(e %ac&2round, particularl* ones t(at use an Internet connection. 6ile s(arin2 pro2rams can often cause e/treme slo'ness. ` Delete an* temporar* Internet fles and ma&e sure t(e cac(e siDes are set correctl*. ` Bad connections are sometimes caused %* fault* ca%les. .r* a di@erent ca%le. ` 4un a virus scan. >iruses often run in t(e %ac&2round and use up tons of resources. <1. Fasi$ Disk and D'nai$ Disk? Fasi$ disks use standard formattin2 and partitionin2 and contain primar* partitions, e/tended partitions and lo2ical drives. A %asic dis& can (ave ma/imum of J partitions. .(ere can %e onl* one e/tended partition '(ic( can %e divided in to lo2ical drives. 1ou must use %asic dis& if *ou 'ant to support dual %ootin2 since d*namic dis& is onl* reco2niDed %* '2&. D'nai$ disk does not contain primar* partitions, e/tended partitions or lo2ical drives. It contains d*namic volumes. Cnli&e t(e J partition limit in %asic dis& d*namic dis& can support unlimited num%er of volumes. In '2& 'e must use d*namic dis& to create an* volume t(at e/tents over more t(an one p(*sical dis&. ?2& 'ill support 5. %asic dis& if t(e* are created in 5. %ut 'it( '2& *ou can create onl* d*namic dis&s. <2. What is a -AID? De(ne diDerent -AID le#els? A 4AID s*stem is a collection of (ard drives Ooined to2et(er for speed and fault tolerance. -AID .0 At least 2 (ard drives are reBuired, prefera%l* identical. 5one of t(e space is 'asted as lon2 as t(e (ard drives used are identical. Data is stored evenl* and seBuentiall* across all dis&s. A striped volume is accessed 'it( a sin2le drive letter as if all t(e dis&s 'ere com%ined in to a sin2le drive. It can %e created on 6A., 6A.!2 and 5.6). .(is level o@ers t(e (i2(est level of 46 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions performance %ut no redundanc*. If an* of t(e (ard drives in t(e arra* fails, ever*t(in2 'ill %e lost. -AID 10 .(is level is &no'n as mirrorin2. .'o identical copies of data are stored on t'o drives. ?(en one drive fails, t(e ot(er drive still (as t(e data to &eep t(e s*stem 2oin2. 4e%uildin2 a lost drive is ver* simple since *ou still (ave t(e second cop*. It can %e created on 6A., 6A.!2 and 5.6). Csin2 an e/tra 4AID controller can increase t(e fault tolerance even more. +ven t(ou2( t(e performance %enefts are not 2reat, it provides t(e (i2(est de2ree of fault tolerance. It is supported onl* in ?indo's 2### )erver and Advanced )erver -AID *0 4AID37 is identical siDed areas of formatted dis& space located in ! or more d*namic dis&s. Data is stored evenl* and seBuentiall* amon2 all dis&s and parit* information is 'ritten across all dis&s in t(e volume. 4AID7 is accessed 'it( a sin2le drive letter as if all t(e dis&s 'ere com%ined in to a sin2le drive. It can %e formatted 'it( 6A., 6A.!2 and 5.6). If a sin2le dis& in t(e 4AID7 fails data can %e recovered usin2 t(e parit* information %ut if more t(an one dis& fails *ou can not recover data. It is supported onl* in ?indo's 2### )erver and Advanced )erver. Non9-AID and -AID 4AID prevents data loss and ensures continuous data suppl*, even durin2 and after limited dis& failure. But non34AID does not support fault tolerance. 4AID is more e/pensive t(an non 4AID. "o4tware -AID and +ardware -AID 9ard'are 4AID is t*picall* easier to mana2e, maintain, and up2rade. )oft'are 4AID does not allo' man* advanced 4AID features li&e <nline Capacit* +/pansion nor does soft'are 4AID allo' pre3notifcation of dis& drive failure, auto re%uild, or (ot3plu22a%le (ard dis& drives. <!. What is +ot "pares? A (ot spare is a stand %* drive assi2ned to an* dis& arra* or a 2roup of arra*s. If a drive 2oes do'n in an arra*, it 'ill %e automaticall* replaced %* t(e (ot spare. <). What is a $oputer #irus? A computer virus is a piece of malicious code t(at attac(es to important areas 'it(in computers, suc( as e/ecuta%le fles, and t(e %oot areas of Fopp* dis&s and (ard dis&s. .(e %asic virus t*pes are defned %* t(e area of t(e computer t(e* infect0 Foot #iruses0 Insert instructions into t(e %oot sectors of Fopp* dis&s, or t(e %oot sector or master %oot record ,partition sector- of a (ard dis&. Progra #iruses0 Infect e/ecuta%le fles suc( as .C<A, .+E+, and .D$$ fles. Aacro viruses0 Infect document fles suc( as Aicrosoft ?ord .D<C fles %* c(an2in2 t(e 'a* macros %e(ave. 47 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions <t(er t*pes of destructive code include 'orms, .roOan (orses, and lo2ic %om%s. .(ese t*pes of destructive code are di@erent t(an viruses %ecause t(e* donMt replicate. <*. 1:bit and !2bit 1perating "'stes? <:. What is O"F? O"F 5Oni#ersal "erial Fus7 is a ne' met(od of connectin2 perip(erals to a PC t(at is simpler and more Fe/i%le t(an traditional met(ods. 6or eac( C)B port on a computer, users can connect up to 12" devices. +ver* time a device is added, t(e operatin2 s*stem ,?in7 >ersion 2, ?in8, ?in2###, AAC <) 8.1 or (i2(er- loads t(e devices automaticall*, allo'in2 t(e device to %e used 'it(out (avin2 to re%oot t(e PC. .(e device ma* %e unplu22ed, used else'(ere, t(en plu22ed %ac& a2ain 3 and it 'ill 'or& ri2(t a'a* 'it(out (avin2 to re%oot t(e PC. C)B operates at t'o speeds, 1.7A%ps for devices suc( as mice, &e*%oards and scanners, and 122 A%ps for devices usin2 lar2e amounts of data li&e (ard drives and video cameras ,compared 'it( older serial ports '(ic( (ave a ma/imum speed of onl* 117.2 PBps-. <;. >ost ,oon hardware probles? <ne of t(e most common pro%lems is (ard'are conFict, '(en t'o devices are conf2ured to use t(e same I4:. 4econf2ure one of t(e conFictin2 devices to use a nonconFictin2 settin2. Anot(er t*pe of (ard'are pro%lem occurs '(en a device is p(*sicall* conf2ured in one 'a* ,i.e. t(rou2( Oumpers, s'itc(es- and t(e driver soft'are is conf2ured in anot(er 'a*. +it(er c(an2e t(e (ard'are settin2s or use device mana2er to use t(e soft'are settin2s. ,oon steps in hardware troubleshooting ` $oo& for conFicts ` >erif* t(at t(e correct device driver is installed ` If it is an e/ternal device ma&e sure t(at it is po'ered on and all ca%les are correctl* connected to t(e s*stem ` >erif* t(at t(e device is ena%led in t(e current (ard'are profle ` .r* re%ootin2 t(e computer ` .r* uninstallin2 and reinstallin2 t(e device ` 4eplace t(e device 'it( anot(er similar device ` C(ec& t(e device 'it( 9C$ 48 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions "oe hardware probles and $auses "'pto ,ause 5Probabl'7 Computer does not %oot at all, does not ma&e an* noise, does not do an*t(in2 at all Dead Po'er )uppl* or Dead Po'er Cord. <nl* starts t(e fan and does not do an*t(in2 Pro%lem 'it( mot(er %oard Counts up memor* %ut does not displa* an*t(in2 on t(e screen ,Can (ear it, canUt see it- Pro%lem 'it( video cars Boots and fnds t(e CD and 6lopp*, %ut not t(e 9DD Pro%lem 'it( 9DD controller Boot and identif* t(e 9DD controller %ut does not fnd a %oota%le 9DD 9DD pro%lem. <<. DiDeren$e between uninstalling and unplugging a de#i$e? Cninstallin2 completel* remove all drivers associated 'it( a (ard'are device t(at *ou plan to p(*sicall* remove from a device. In unplu22in2 *ou onl* stop all divers runnin2 for a device %efore p(*sicall* removin2 t(e device from t(e computer. But all t(e drivers remain installed in t(e computer so t(at *ou can plu2 t(e device %ac& at a later time. <=. "wit$hed >ode Power "uppl' 5">P"7? .(e main function of )AP) is to convert AC in to DC. It converts Ac to eI3 7 or eI3 12 DC. =.. What is FI1"? FI1"0 Fasi$ input 1utput "'ste It is a small pro2ram stored in a 4<A c(ip soldered to t(e mot(er%oard. .(is is never c(an2in2 and controls t(e core devices of t(e PC. It also mana2es data Fo' %et'een t(e computerMs operatin2 s*stem and attac(ed devices suc( as t(e (ard dis&, video adapter, &e*%oard, mouse, and printer. FI1" shadowing )(ado'in2 is t(e process of cop*in2 BI<) code from slo' 4<A c(ips into faster 4AA c(ips durin2 %ootup so t(at an* access to BI<) routines 'ill %e faster. D<) and ot(er operatin2 s*stems ma* access BI<) routines freBuentl*. )*stem performance is 2reatl* improved if t(e BI<) is accessed from 4AA rat(er t(an from a slo'er 4<A c(ip. =1. What is ,>1"? A c(ip located in t(e mot(er %oard t(at contains t(e data used %* t(e s*stem BI<) for s*stem conf2uration. .(is information is updata%le and reBuires constant po'er to &eep it from loosin2 information. ,>1"0 ,'lindri$al >etal 13ide "ei$ondu$tor =2.I-Q 9 Interrupt -ePuests An I4: is a (ard'are interruptG t(is means t(at t(ere is a p(*sical line run to eac( of t(e slots on t(e mot(er%oard. .(ere are 8 I4: ,I4:#3"- lines t(at run to t(e 8 %it I)A slot. .(ere are 8 more ,I4:8317- t(at run to t(e 16 %it I)A e/tension slot. 6or a total of 16 I4:s in a 49 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions t*pical I)A %us PC. I-Q. (as t(e (i2(est priorit* and I-Q; t(e lo'est priorit*. I4:8317 (as TspecialT priorit* as 'ill %e e/plained. An I4: can %e assi2ned to onl* one a$ti#e device at a time. If 2 devices s(are t(e same I4:, t(is is called a $onUi$t. .(is means t(at '(en t(e I4: line %ecomes active, t(e CPC does not &no' '(ic( device needs to Ttal&T. 6or e/ample if a modem used I4:7 and a 5IC used I4:7. I-Q %un$tion I4: # )*stem .imer I4: 1 Pe*%oard Controller I4: 2 Cascaded to I4:8317 I4: ! Com2IComJ I4: J Com1ICom! I4: 7 )ound cardI$P.2 I4: 6 6lopp* drive controller I4: " Parallel port $P.1 I4: 8 4eal3time cloc& I4: f3Availa%le ,I4:2- I4: 1# 5IC I4: 11 )C)I adapter I4: 12 Aot(er%oard mouseIavaila%le I4: 1! Aat( coprocessor I4: 1J Primar* ID+ controller I4: 17 )econdar* ID+ controller ,1> Port ,onUi$ts 5ote t(at C<A1 and C<A! s(are I4:J. .(is is allo'ed as lon2 as onl* one device is active at a time. .(is means t(at if *ou are runnin2 a mouse on C<A1 t(en *ou cannot use C<A! for an internal modem. 1ou 'ill run into a conFict. )ome communication pac&a2es 'ill allo' *ou to do t(is %ut most 'ill c(o&e or cause Fa&* operation. A common s*mptom is if *ou move t(e mouse, *ou see 2ar%a2e on *our terminal pro2ram. C<A2 and C<AJ (ave a similar pro%lem e/cept t(at most people donMt use C<A2. It is usuall* safe to conf2ure an internal modem to C<AJ. If C<A2 is used, it is t*picall* used for an e/ternal modem or a plotter. Csuall*, %ot( are not active at t(e same time. )tandard C<A Port Assi2nment =!. ","I ,ard 5"all "$ale "'ste Inter4a$e70 A )C)I card is a card t(at 'ill control t(e interface %et'een )C)I (ard drives, CD34<A drives, CD4<A %urners, remova%le drives, e/ternal devices suc( as scanners, and an* ot(er )C)I components. Aost are PCI and t(ere is a 'ide ran2e of t*pes. .(e t(ree main t*pes of connectors on t(ese cards are 273pin for )C)I31, 7#3pin for 5arro' )C)I, and 683pin for ?ide )C)I ,and Cltra3?ide )C)I, Cltra23)C)I, and Cltra16# )C)I-. 5 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions )C)I controllers provide fast access to ver* fast )C)I (ard drives. .(e* can %e muc( faster t(an t(e ID+ controllers t(at are alread* inte2rated into t(e mot(er%oards. )C)I controllers (ave t(eir o'n advanced processin2 c(ips, '(ic( allo' t(em to rel* less on t(e CPC for (andlin2 instructions t(an ID+ controllers do. )C)I cards also (ave t(e a%ilit* to (ave up 17 devices or more per card, '(ile an ID+ controller is limited to onl* J devices. )C)I cards allo' t(ese drives to %e in a c(ain alon2 t(e ca%le. +ac( drive on t(e ca%le (as to (ave a separate )C)I ID ,t(is can %e set %* Oumpers on t(e drive-. .(e last drive on t(e end of t(e ca%le ,or t(e ca%le itself- (as to TterminateT t(e c(ain. 1ou turn termination on %* settin2 a termination Oumper on t(e drive. =). Sroup Poli$' Hroup Polic* and t(e Active Director* services infrastructure in ?indo's )erver 2##! ena%le I. administrators to automate one3to3man* mana2ement of users and computersRsimplif*in2 administrative tas&s and reducin2 I. costs. ?it( t(e de%ut of Hroup Polic* Aana2ement Console ,HPAC-, polic*3 %ased mana2ement is even easier. Administrators can eQcientl* implement securit* settin2s, enforce I. policies, and distri%ute soft'are consistentl* across a 2iven site, domain, or ran2e of or2aniDational units %ile ser#er (as t(e follo'in2 meanin2s0 A form of dis& stora2e t(at (osts fles 'it(in a net'or&G fle servers do not need to %e (i2(3end %ut must (ave enou2( dis& space to incorporate a lar2e amount of data. Aan* people mista&e fle servers for a (i2(3end stora2e s*stem, %ut in realit*, fle servers do not need to possess 2reat po'er or super fast computer specifcations. A computer pro2ram, t(at allo's di@erent pro2rams, runnin2 on ot(er computers, to access t(e fles of t(at computer In common parlance, t(e term (le ser#er refers specifcall* to a computer on '(ic( a user can map or mount a drive or director* so t(at t(e director* appears to %e on t(e mac(ine at '(ic( t(e user is sittin2. Additionall*, on t(is t*pe of fle server, t(e user can read or 'rite a fle as t(ou2( it 'ere part of t(e fle s*stem of t(e userMs computer. 6iles and directories on t(e remote computer are usuall* accessed usin2 a particular protocol, suc( as ?e%DA>, )AB, CI6), 56), Appletal& or t(eir mutations. Alt(ou2( fles can %e sent to and received from most ot(er computers unless t(eir primar* function is access %* t(e a%ove means, t(e* are 2enerall* not considered fle servers as suc(. 51 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions =*. Pro3' ser#er A pro/* server is a computer t(at o@ers a computer net'or& service to allo' clients to ma&e indirect net'or& connections to ot(er net'or& services. A client connects to t(e pro/* server, t(en reBuests a connection, fle, or ot(er resource availa%le on a di@erent server. .(e pro/* provides t(e resource eit(er %* connectin2 to t(e specifed server or %* servin2 it from a cac(e. In some cases, t(e pro/* ma* alter t(e clientMs reBuest or t(e serverMs response for various purposes. =:. -eote Installation "er#i$e 4emote Installation )ervice ,4I)- is a feature included in AicrosoftMs ?indo's 2### server t(at allo's net'or& administrators to install t(e ?indo's 2### Professional operatin2 s*stem and its up2rades to an* num%er of client computers at one time from a centraliDed location. If t(e client computer is connected to t(e server t(rou2( a local area net'or& ,$A5-, t(e computerMs (ard'are 'ill fnd t(e 4I) server and reBuest a cop* of t(e operatin2 s*stem. .(e net'or& administrator can use t(e 4I)rep ima2in2 option to cop* several versions, or ima2es, of a compan*Ms des&top conf2uration to t(e server so t(at if a reBuest is made, t(e server can issue an Tima2eT for a particular computer or user. Aicrosoft promotes t(e use of 4I) as a 'a* to conf2ure ne' computers ri2(t out of t(e %o/ and to restore t(e operatin2 s*stem on a computer t(at (as failed -I" Pre9rePuisites and Dependen$ies Active Director* in 2eneral and D5) in particular. D9CP 3 to ena%le t(e PE+ net'or& cards to fnd t(e 4I) )erver. 2HB ,e- 5.6) partition. )tore t(e ima2e a'a* from t(e s*stem fles. >ir2in client mac(ines 'it( PE+ net'or& cards Detailed "tep9b'9"tep -I" "etup Phase 1 9 Add or -eo#e Progras0 .(in& of installin2 t(e actual 4I) )ervice as a t'o sta2e process. Be2in Oust as *ou install ?I5) or Certifcate or an* ot(er service. 5avi2ate to Add or 4emove Pro2rams, ?indo's Components, select 4emote Installation )ervices. Cnli&e an* anot(er service t(at I &no', t(ere is more 'or& to do after t(e Add or 4emove pro2rams session completes. After *ou re%oot t(e ?indo's 2##! )erver, see& out t(e Administrative .ools menu, and 4emote Installation )ervices )etup. .(e 4I) 'iDard is one of AicrosoftMs %estG it 2uides *ou t(rou2( selectin2 t(e partition, and t(e name for t(e frst EP Professional ima2e. 52 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions 5ote0 .(e a%ove met(od 'or&s for ?indo's )erver 2##!, %ut on ?indo's 2###, return to t(e Add or 4emove pro2rams and see t(e ne'l* added item, '(ic( leads *ou t(rou2( to p(ase 2. Be'are t(is is a trul* %iDarre e/perience and man* 2ive up at t(is point Phase 2 9 Wi8ard to ,op' the EP Iage0 It sounds sill* no', %ut t(e frst time t(e 4I) 'iDard prompted me for t(e CD, I put in t(e ?indo's )erver 2##! CD. ?ron2. I s(ould (ave put t(e EP Professional CD in t(e cadd*, clearl* t(e 'iDard 'ants to create t(e client ima2e. ,It did not need an* server fles.- It ta&es a fair time to cop* t(e ima2e into *our 5.6) partition. 9ere is a screen s(ot ta&en at t(e cop*in2 sta2e. Phase ! 9 A$ti#e Dire$tor' Osers and ,oputers0 Anot(er surprise, most of t(e rest of *our 4I) conf2uration is at t(e Computer o%Oect in Active Director* Csers and Computers ,ADCC-. 9o'ever, if *ou t(in& a%out '(atMs 2oin2 to (appen, it ma&es sense to conf2ure 4I) in Active Director*. In t(e ADCC interface, navi2ate to t(e Computers container or t(e Domain Controllers if *ou installed 4I) on a DC. .(e initial surprise is t(at t(e Computer <%Oect of t(e mac(ine '(ere *ou Oust installed 4I) (as e/tra .a% called, 4emote Install. )ee dia2ram %elo'. 5ote t(at t(e 4espond to client computers reBuestin2 service is not c(ec&ed %* default. As an aside, m* vie' is t(at fndin2 t(is c(ec& %o/ is *our passin2 out test. <Qciall*, t(e reason its unc(ec&ed is t(at Aicrosoft donMt 'ant ro2ue laptops pic&in2 up ima2es %efore *ou are read*. What Ne3t? )o, *ou (ave successfull* installed t(e )ervice, ?(at ne/tN Aut(oriDe 4I) I D9CP 53 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions Aore Conf2uration at t(e 4emote Install .a%. Includin2 c(ec&in2 4espond to client computers reBuestin2 service. Collect more 4I) Ima2es Het read* at t(e client to install t(e actual EP Professional Client usin2 4I) =;. Fa$kup %ull ba$kup .(is is t(e elementar* t*pe of %ac&in2 up. +ac( time t(e ne'l* created %ac&up fle replaces t(e old one. "ta$k ba$kup .(is arc(ive consists of t(e last created %ac&up and 5 previous versions. ,5 3 is a stac& siDe parameter-. .(is 5 previous versions are or2aniDed in stac& manner. .(eir flenames are di@ers 'it( suQ/ T]PT added to flename ,P is in ran2e 135-. .(an older t(e %ac&up, t(at 2reater t(e P. All %ac&up fles are located in t(e same director*. Ad#an$ed sta$k ba$kup .(e structure of t(is arc(ive is li&e stac& arc(ive 'it( one addition0 it allo's not to store t(e unc(an2ed fles in t(e old versions of %ac&up copies. In$reental ba$kup .(is is a %ac&up in '(ic( onl* t(e fles t(at (ave %een modifed since t(e last %ac&up are copied. It consists of Tfull %ac&upT and 5 folo'in2 seBuental incremental %ac&ups. ,'(ere 5 3 is a stac& siDe parameter-. .(e frst %ac&up s(ould include all fles 3 a Tfull %ac&upT. .(e ne/t %ac&up cop* could also %e a Tfull %ac&upT %ut it is usuall* muc( Buic&er to do, %ecause onl* fles '(ic( (ave %een c(an2ed since t(e last %ac&in2 up 'ill %e included in t(e incremental %ac&up. ?(en 5 incremental copies 'ill %e created, at t(e ne/t step all old %ac&up fles 'ill %e deleted and t(e c*cle 'ill %e repeated from t(e %e2innin2. +/ists possi%ilit* to save t(e full %ac&up at t(e %e2innin2 of t(e ne' c*cle. If an additional parameter sa#e 4ull ba$kups it c(ec&ed, t(en t(e full %ac&up is renamed and saved in t(e same director*. DiDerential ba$kup .(is %ac&up is consists of t'o fles 3 full and di@erential %ac&up. At frst t(e pro2ram creates full %ac&up. 5e/t e/ecutions 2enerate a diDerential ba$kup 3 t(e %ac&up cop* of c(an2ed or ne'l* added fles since t(e last full %ac&in2 up. If t(e volume of di@erential cop* e/ceeds 5 percents of t(e full cop* ,/ake a -ull 0ackup only i- ... parameter- or at least 5 da*s 54 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions (as passed since t(e full %ac&up creation ,/ake a -ull 0ackup only a-ter ... parameter- t(en t(e pro2ram %e2ins a ne' c*cle 'it( a full %ac&up. 6he ain diDeren$e between in$reental and diDerential ba$kups 6he in$reental ba$kup saves several intermediate versions of fles '(ic( (ave %een modifed or created since t(e last %ac&in2 up. 6he diDerential ba$kup saves fles '(ic( are not included in t(e full %ac&up ,ne'l* created or added fles- or '(ic( are di@er from t(e same fles in t(e full %ac&up. ,.(e fles are considered identical, if t(e* (ave eBual siDe and date3time stamp- Fa$kup Adinistrator or Fa$kup 1perator can ta&e %ac&ups. <4 Csers 'it( ba$kup (les and dire$tories user ri2(t can ta&e %ac&up. 1ou cannot %ac&up s'ste state data over t(e net'or&. =<. DiDeren$e between windows ser#er 2..! and windows ser#er 2... 1. In 2&! ?e can 4ename t(e Domain and Domain Controller name. 2. )tu% Done is availa%le. !. 4emote Des&top connection is t(ere. J. Automated )*stem 4ecover*,A)4- is t(ere, %ut 2& onl* +mer2enc* 4epair Dis&,+4D- is t(ere. In 2##! 'e (ave concept of >olume s(ado' cop* service '(ic( is used to create (ard dis& snap s(ot '(ic( is used in Disaster recover* and 2### doesnUt (ave t(is service A- In 2### 'e cannot rename domain '(ereas in 2##! 'e can rename Domain B- In 2### it supports of 8 processors and 6J HB 4AA ,In 2### Advance )erver- '(ereas in 2##! supports up to 6J processors and ma/ of 712HB 4AA C-2### )upports II) 7.# and 2##! )upports II)6.# D- 2### doesnUt support Dot net '(ereas 2##! )upports Aicrosoft .5+. 2.# +- 2### (as )erver and Advance )erver editions '(ereas 2##! (as )tandard, +nterprise, Datacenter and ?e% server +ditions. 6- 2### doesnUt (ave an* 6J %it server operatin2 s*stem '(ereas 2##! (as 6J %it server operatin2 s*stems ,?indo's )erver 2##! E6J )td and +nterprise +dition- H- 2### (as %asic concept of D6) ,Distri%uted 6ile s*stems- 'it( defned roots '(ereas 2##! (as +n(anced D6) support 'it( multiple roots. 9- In 2### t(ere is comple/it* in administerin2 Comple/ net'or&s '(ereas 2##! is eas* administration in all = Comple/ net'or&s I- In 2### 'e can create 1 million users and in 2##! 'e can create 1 %illion users. 55 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions [- In 2##! 'e (ave concept of >olume s(ado' cop* service '(ic( is used to create (ard dis& snap s(ot '(ic( is used in Disaster recover* and 2### doesnUt (ave t(is service. P- In 2### 'e donUt (ave end user polic* mana2ement, '(ereas in 2##! 'e (ave a +nd user polic* mana2ement '(ic( is done in HPAC ,Hroup polic* mana2ement console-. $- In 2### 'e (ave cross domain trust relation s(ip and 2##! 'e (ave Cross forest trust relations(ip. A- 2### )upports J3node clusterin2 and 2##! supports 83node clusterin2. 5- 2##! (as 9i2( 9C$ )upport ,9ard'are Compati%ilit* $ist- issued %* Aicrosoft <- Code name of 2### is ?in 5. 7.# and Code name of 2##! is ?in 5. 7.1 P- 2##! (as service called AD6) ,Active Director* 6ederation )ervices- '(ic( is used to communicate %et'een %ranc(es 'it( safe aut(entication. :- In 2##! t(eir is improved stora2e mana2ement usin2 service 6ile )erver 4esource Aana2er ,6)4A- 4- 2##! (as service called ?indo's )(are point )ervices ,It is an inte2rated portfolio of colla%oration and communication services desi2ned to connect people, information, processes, and s*stems %ot( 'it(in and %e*ond t(e or2aniDational fre'all.- )- 2##! (as Improved Print mana2ement compared to 2### server .- 2##! (as telnet sessions availa%le. C- 2### supports IP>J '(ereas 2##! supports IP>J and IP>6 ==. N6/D- is issing0 Issue0 N6/D- is issing. 4elated errors0 Belo' are t(e full error messa2es t(at ma* %e seen '(en t(e computer is %ootin2. N6/D- is >issing Press an' ke' to restart Foot0 ,ouldnCt (nd N6/D- please insert another disk N6/D- is issing Press ,trl Alt Del to -estart ,ause0 !. Computer is %ootin2 from a non3%oota%le source. J. Computer (ard dis& drive is not properl* setup in BI<). 7. Corrupt 5.$D4 andIor 5.D+.+C..C<A fle. 56 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions 6. Aiss conf2uration 'it( t(e %oot.ini fle. ". Attemptin2 to up2rade from a ?indo's 7, 8, or A+ computer t(at is usin2 6A.!2. 8. 5e' (ard dis& drive %ein2 added. . Corrupt %oot sector I master %oot record. 1#.)eriousl* corrupted version of ?indo's 2### or ?indo's EP. 11.$oose or 6ault* ID+I+ID+ (ard dis& drive ca%le. "olutions0 ,oputer is booting 4ro a non9bootable sour$e Aan* times t(is error is caused '(en t(e computer is attemptin2 to %oot from a non3%oota%le Fopp* dis& or CD34<A. 6irst verif* t(at no Fopp* dis&ette is in t(e computer, unless *ou are attemptin2 to %oot from a dis&ette. If *ou are attemptin2 to %oot from a Fopp* dis&ette and are receivin2 t(is error messa2e it is li&el* t(at t(e dis&ette does not (ave all t(e necessar* fles andIor is corrupt. If *ou are attemptin2 to install ?indo's EP or ?indo's 2### and are receivin2 t(is error messa2e as t(e computer is %ootin2 verif* t(at *our computer BI<) (as t(e proper %oot settin2s. 6or e/ample, if *ou are attemptin2 to run t(e install from t(e CD34<A ma&e sure t(e CD34<A is t(e frst %oot device, and not t(e (ard dis& drive. )econd, '(en t(e computer is %ootin2 *ou s(ould receive t(e %elo' prompt. Press an' ke' to boot 4ro the ,DV Iportant0 ?(en *ou see t(is messa2e press an* &e* suc( as t(e +nter &e* immediatel*, ot(er'ise it 'ill tr* %ootin2 from t(e (ard drive and li&el* 2et t(e 5.$D4 error a2ain. Note0 If *ou are not receivin2 t(e a%ove messa2e and *our BI<) %oot options are set properl* itMs also possi%le t(at *our CD34<A drive ma* not %e %ootin2 from t(e CD34<A properl*. >erif* t(e Oumpers are set properl* on t(e CD34<A drive. Additional information a%out c(ec&in2 t(e CD34<A drive connections can %e found on document C9###21!. Additional in4oration0 .(is error (as also %een &no'n to occur '(en a memor* stic& is in a card reader and t(e computer is attemptin2 to %oot from it. If *ou (ave an* t*pe of card reader or Fas( reader ma&e sure t(at no memor* stic& is inside t(e computer. ,oputer hard disk dri#e is not properl' setup in FI1" 57 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions >erif* t(at *our computer (ard dis& drive is properl* setup in t(e BI<) I CA<) setup. Improper settin2s can cause t(is error. Additional information on (o' to enter t(e BI<) I CA<) setup can %e found in document C9###12. ,orrupt N6/D- and/or N6D262,6.,1> (le ?indo's 2### users ?indo's EP users Windows 2... users If *our computer is usin2 Aicrosoft ?indo's 2### and *ou are encounterin2 t(e 5.$D4 error. Create t(e %elo' %oot.ini fle on t(e Fopp* dis&ette drive. W%oot loaderX timeoutS!# defaultSmulti,#-dis&,#-rdis&,#-partition,1-V?I55. Woperatin2 s*stemsX multi,#-dis&,#-rdis&,#-partition,1-V?I55.STAicrosoft ?indo's 2### ProfessionalT Ifastdetect Cop* t(e 5.$D4 and 5.D+.+C..C<A fles from anot(er computer usin2 t(e same <peratin2 )*stem. Bot( of t(ese fles are located in t(e root director* of t(e primar* (ard dis& drive. 6or e/ample, C0V5.$D4 and C0V5.D+.+C..C<A s(ould %e t(e locations of t(ese fles on man* computers. Please &eep in mind t(at t(ese fles are (idden s*stem fles, if *ou need additional (elp 'it( vie'in2 (idden fles in ?indo's please see document C9###716. <nce t(ese fles (ave %een copied to a Fopp* dis&ette re%oot t(e computer and cop* t(e 5.$D4 and 5.D+.+C..C<A fles to t(e root director* of t(e primar* (ard dis& drive. Belo' is an e/ample of '(at commonl* s(ould %e performed from t(e A0VK drive. cop* ntldr c0 cop* ntdetect.com c0 After t(e a%ove t'o fles (ave %een copied, remove t(e Fopp* dis&ette and re%oot t(e computer. Windows EP users 1. Insert t(e ?indo's EP %oota%le CD into t(e computer. 2. ?(en prompted to press an* &e* to %oot from t(e CD, press an* &e*. !. <nce in t(e ?indo's EP setup menu press t(e T4T &e* to repair ?indo's. 58 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions J. $o2 into *our ?indo's installation %* pressin2 t(e T1T &e* and pressin2 enter. 7. 1ou 'ill t(en %e prompted for *our administrator pass'ord, enter t(at pass'ord. 6. Cop* t(e %elo' t'o fles to t(e root director* of t(e primar* (ard dis&. In t(e %elo' e/ample 'e are cop*in2 t(ese fles from t(e CD34<A drive letter T+T. .(is letter ma* %e di@erent on *our computer. cop* e0Vi!86Vntldr c0V cop* e0Vi!86Vntdetect.com c0V ". <nce %ot( of t(ese fles (ave %een successfull* copied, remove t(e CD from t(e computer and re%oot. >iss $on(guration with the boot.ini (le +dit t(e %oot.ini on t(e root director* of t(e (ard dis& drive and verif* t(at it is pointin2 to t(e correct location of *our ?indo's <peratin2 )*stem and t(at t(e partitions are properl* defned. Additional information a%out t(e %oot.ini can %e found on do$uent ,+...)=2. Attepting to upgrade 4ro a Windows =*@ =<@ or >2 $oputer that is using %A6!2 If *ou are 2ettin2 t(is error messa2e '(ile *ou are attemptin2 to up2rade to ?indo's 2### or ?indo's EP from ?indo's 7, ?indo's 8, or ?indo's A+ runnin2 6A.!2 please tr* t(e %elo' recommendations. 1. Boot t(e computer 'it( a ?indo's 7, ?indo's 8 or ?indo's A+ %oota%le dis&ette. 2. At t(e A0VK prompt t*pe0 s*s c0 Lpress enterK !. After pressin2 enter *ou s(ould receive t(e T)*stem .ransferredT messa2e. <nce t(is (as %een completed remove t(e Fopp* dis&ette and re%oot t(e computer. New hard disk dri#e being added If *ou are attemptin2 to add a ne' (ard dis& drive to t(e computer ma&e sure t(at drive is a %lan& drive. Addin2 a ne' (ard dis& drive to a computer t(at alread* (as ?indo's installed on it ma* cause t(e 5.$D4 error to occur. If *ou are unsure if t(e ne' drive is %lan& or not tr* %ootin2 from a %oota%le dis&ette and format t(e ne' (ard dis& drive. ,orrupt boot se$tor / aster boot re$ord 59 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions ItMs possi%le *our computerMs (ard dis& drive ma* (ave a corrupt %oot sector andIor master %oot record. .(ese can %e repaired t(rou2( t(e Aicrosoft ?indo's 4ecover* console %* runnin2 t(e (3boot and (3br commands. Additional information and (elp in 2ettin2 into t(e Aicrosoft ?indo's 4ecover* console can %e found on document C9###62". "eriousl' $orrupted #ersion o4 Windows 2... or Windows EP If *ou (ave tried eac( of t(e a%ove recommendations t(at appl* to *our situation and *ou continue to e/perience t(is issue it is possi%le *ou ma* (ave a seriousl* corrupted version of Aicrosoft ?indo's. .(erefore 'e 'ould recommend *ou reinstall Aicrosoft ?indo's 2### and ?indo's EP. If *ou are encounterin2 t(is issue durin2 *our setup *ou ma* 'is( to completel* erase *our computer (ard dis& drive and all of its e/istin2 data and t(en install Aicrosoft ?indo's 2### I ?indo's EP. Additional information a%out erasin2 t(e computer and startin2 over can %e found on document C9###186. /oose or %ault' ID2/2ID2 hard disk dri#e $able .(is issue (as %een &no'n to %e caused %* a loose or fault ID+I+ID+ ca%le. If t(e a%ove recommendation does not resolve *our issue and *our computer (ard dis& drive is usin2 an ID+ or +ID+ interface. >erif* t(e computer (ard dis& drive ca%le is frml* connected %* disconnected and reconnectin2 t(e ca%le. If t(e issue continues it is also a possi%ilit* t(at t(e computer (as a fault* ca%le, tr* replacin2 t(e (ard dis& drive ca%le 'it( anot(er ca%le andIor a ne' ca%le. 1... DiDeren$es between a Qui$k 4orat and a regular 4orat during a I$leanI installation? Durin2 a TcleanT installation of Aicrosoft ?indo's EP, *ou are prompted to c(oose from t(e follo'in2 format options0 ` 6ormat t(e partition %* usin2 t(e 5.6) fle s*stem ,:uic&- ` 6ormat t(e partition %* usin2 t(e 6A. fle s*stem ,:uic&- ` 6ormat t(e partition %* usin2 t(e 5.6) fle s*stem ` 6ormat t(e partition %* usin2 t(e 6A. fle s*stem ` $eave t(e current fle s*stem intact ,no 6 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions c(an2es- .(is article descri%es t(e di@erences %et'een a :uic& format and a re2ular format. ?(en *ou c(oose to run a re2ular format on a volume, fles are removed from t(e volume t(at *ou are formattin2 and t(e (ard dis& is scanned for %ad sectors. .(e scan for %ad sectors is responsi%le for t(e maOorit* of t(e time t(at it ta&es to format a volume. If *ou c(oose t(e :uic& format option, format removes fles from t(e partition, %ut does not scan t(e dis& for %ad sectors. <nl* use t(is option if *our (ard dis& (as %een previousl* formatted and *ou are sure t(at *our (ard dis& is not dama2ed. If *ou installed ?indo's EP on a partition t(at 'as formatted %* usin2 t(e :uic& format option, *ou can also c(ec& *our dis& %* usin2 t(e $hkdsk /r command after t(e installation of ?indo's EP is completed. 1.1. Oser pro(les 6here are ! t'pes 1- $ocal profles 2- 4oamin2 profles !- Aandator* profles /o$al pro(les0 It is stored in document and settin2 '(en a user lo2s o to a mac(ine for t(e frst time t(e su%director* mac(ine to t(e name 'ill %e created under document and settin2s -oaing pro(les0 .(e user 'ant to access more t(an one mac(ine or move around t(e net'or& a roamin2 profle is created. 4oamin2 profle can e created to ensure t(at t(e user 'ills receiver (is or (er user settin2s and preference no matter '(ere t(e* can lo2 on. It is stored in ntuser.dat and s(ared over t(e net'or&. 4oamin2 profle can %e modifed (as local profle or mandator* .o convert a 4oamin2 profle to local profle 4i2(t clic& m* computer3K properties3Kuser profle and select t(e user and clic& on c(an2e t*pe ?(enever *ou creatin2 a user t(e user account are created 'it( t(e securit* ID W)IDX under ntuser.dat fle %* default it is (idden and read onl* fle. 4oamin2 profles %asicall* allo' a userUs settin2s to follo' t(em '(en t(e* move 'or&stations. .(is ma* %e useful for sta@s t(at re2ularl* use multiple 'or&stations, %ut it comes into its o'n '(en a 'or&station (as to %e 61 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions re%uilt or replaced. If t(e user (as a roamin2 profle, t(eir settin2s 'ill %e returned to t(eir ne' mac(ine as soon as t(e* lo2 on. 4oamin2 profles mean t(at at lo2o@ time, all t(e users settin2s are copied up to a net'or& s(are. ?(en t(e* lo2 on, t(e settin2s are copied %ac& do'n to t(e local mac(ine, and stored under c0Vdocuments and settin2sV guseridh. 5ote t(at t(e settin2s are not read directl* from t(e net'or& s(are '(ile users 'or&, t(e* are al'a*s accessed from t(e local dis& and onl* copied to and from t(e net'or& s(are at lo2onIlo2o@ time. .(is is ver* di@erent from 84edirected foldersU, '(ic( are used 64<A t(e net'or& rat(er t(an copied locall* eac( time. 5ote also, t(at if *ou do not use 4edirected folders t(en t(e users 8m* documentsU and 8des&topU folders are considered part of t(e profle. Cop*in2 t(ese to and from t(e server '(en ever a user lo2s in or out 'ill ta&e a lon2 time, so 4edirected 6olders s(ould %e implemented %efore roamin2 profles. Alt(ou2( I)) do provide central fle store, 'e are not *et in a position to implement roamin2 profles for all mem%ers of sta@. .(erefore, t(is document deals 'it( )c(ools '(o 'is( to use fle store provided %* one or more servers installed and supported %* t(e )c(ool itself. -oaing Pro(les Perissions Sroup Permissions are reBuired on t(e net'or& s(are used to (old t(e roamin2 profles, and as 'it( all permissions 'it(in Active Director* and ?indo's servers, *ou s(ould avoid 2ivin2 permissions directl* to user o%Oects. Instead, al'a*s 2rant permissions to 2roup o%Oects. 6ollo'in2 t(e 8Account 3K Hroup 3K Domain $ocal Hroup 3K PermissionsU model, *ou s(ould 2rant t(e permissions to a Domain $ocal 2roup, place t(e users into a Hlo%al 2roup and nest t(e t'o to2et(er. 6urt(er details on t(e A3KH3KD$3KP model can %e found in t(e related lin&s. ,reating the "hare .o allo' users to (ave a roamin2 profle, *ou must frst provide a s(ared folder to store t(em. .(is is Oust a standard s(are, from a ?indo's2###I2##! server ,or almost an* )AB compati%le s*stem, suc( as )AABA-. It is recommended t(at t(e profle s(are is (eld on a separate 5.6) partitionIvolume, for reasons of Buota limits e/plained %elo'. Create a folder on a ne' 5.6) volume, and s(are it as normal. If *ou donUt 'ant t(e s(are to %e visi%le to users '(o use net'or& nei2(%our(ood to %ro'se, use a c c(aracter on t(e end of t(e name0 e.g. GGser#erWnaeGshareWnaeR )et t(e 8)(are $evelU permissions as s(o'n in 6i2ure 1 %elo' ,donUt 'orr*G s(are level permissions are overridden %* t(e 5.6) permissions %elo'-. 62 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions )(are level permissions are conf2ured from t(e 8)(arin2U ta% of t(e folder properties as s(o'n in 6i2ure 2 Cser Account Ainimum Permissions 4eBuired +ver*one 5o permissions )ecurit* 2roup of users needin2 to use roamin2 profles 6ull Control 6i2ure 2 3 )(are $evel Permissions for Profles director* <nce t(e s(are is esta%lis(ed, and t(e )(are Permissions set, *ou need to set t(e 5.6) permissions. .(e pro%lem (ere is t(at '(en a user lo2s in for t(e ver* frst time, t(eir Profle folder 'ill %e created, usin2 t(eir o'n credentials rat(er t(an 8administrator levelU permissions. .(is means t(at *ou need to 2ive t(e user permissions to create folders in t(e profle director*, and t(en to 8o'nU t(e folders t(e* (ave created. )et t(e permissions as follo's0 Cser Account Ainimum Permissions 4eBuired )pecial Permissions Appl* .o )ecurit* 2roup of users needin2 to use roamin2 profles )pecial Permissions .raverse 6olderI+/ecute 6ile $ist 6olderI4ead Data 4ead Attri%utes 4ead +/tended Attri%utes Create 6oldersIAppend Data 4ead Permissions .(is 6older <nl* C4+A.<4 <?5+4 )pecial Permissions 6ull Control )u%6olders and 6iles <nl* Administrator 6ull Control )1).+A 6ull Control +ver*one 5o Permissions 6i2ure J 3 5.6) $evel Permissions for Profles director* 63 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions 5ote t(at t(e Hroup permissions and t(e C4+A.<4 o'ner permissions are 8specialU and cannot %e set from t(e usual 5.6) permissions interface. .o set t(ese, clic& t(e Advanced %utton on t(e 5.6) securit* ta%. 5ote also, t(at t(ese t'o sets of permissions appl* to di@erent o%Oects ,.(is 6older <nl*, and )u% 6olders and 6iles onl*-. .(is must also %e set from t(e 8AdvancedU Permissions dialo2 ,on(guring Osers to ha#e a roaing pro(le 4oamin2 profles are ena%led on a per user %asis, t(ere is no 'a* to do t(is t(rou2( Hroup Polic*. .o ena%le a roamin2 profle for a user, use t(e Active Director* Csers and Computers tool and set t(e 8profle pat(U value on t(e properties of t(e user. 5ote, *ou can use ^username^ in t(e pat( value, '(ic( 'ill automaticall* %e replaced %* t(e user name -oaing Pro(le si8e liits It is possi%le to set Buota limits of profles, to limit t(e siDe t(e* can 2ro' to and t(erefore minimiDe %ot( t(e stora2e reBuirements and t(e time ta&en to lo2 on and lo2o@. .(is I) set via t(e Hroup Polic* &e* 8$imit Profle )iDeU, '(ic( is located in t(e Csers Conf2uration i Administrative .emplates i )*stem i Cser Profles section. .(e ma/imum *ou can set t(e profle siDe to is !#AB. I)) recommend t(at *ou do t(is %efore startin2 to use roamin2 profles, as unlimited profles can cause pro%lems. If a profle constantl* 2ets %i22er t(an t(is limit, it ma* %e %ecause an application is incorrectl* storin2 data t(ere, rat(er t(an in 8m* documentsU etc. If t(is is t(e case, *ou can use t(e 8+/clude directories in roamin2 proflesU 2roup polic* settin2 to ensure t(at t(e folder causin2 pro%lems does not 8roamU. .(is value (as a (ard limit of 26# c(aracters, and 'ill stop 'or&in2 entirel* if *ou e/ceed t(is. 4emem%er t(at e/cludin2 folders usin2 t(is polic* 'ill mean t(e settin2s or data stored in t(e folder is not availa%le on ot(er 'or&stations '(en t(e user lo2s on. <nce *ou (ave limited t(e siDe of t(e profle, it is sensi%le to set a Buota limit for t(e 5.6) volume t(at (olds t(e profles on t(e net'or&. .(e recommended Buota limit is t(ree times t(e ma/imum siDe of a Buota plus a little %it e/tra, so 1##AB is recommended in t(is case. .(is is due to t(e 'a* in '(ic( a profle is copied %ac& up to t(e server '(en a user lo2s o@, mer2ed 'it( t(e e/istin2 one and t(en a ne' cop* created. In 2eneral, users 'ill onl* use !#AB of space on t(e servers, %ut ma* temporaril* use up to 1##AB at t(e time t(e* lo2 o@. >andator' pro(les0 Aandator* profles can %e used '(en user s(ould %e prevented from savin2s c(an2es to t(e user settin2s. Aandator* profles are t(e permanent profle '(ic( can not %e modif* furt(er. <nce after convertin2 mandator* profle lo2 in (as a user 2o to A* computer3Kuser profle, no' *ou can not c(an2e (e mandator* profle .(e %eneft of 4oamin2 Profle and Aandator* Profle is all t(e user data is stored I t(e server in centraliDed location t(e administration is eas* 64 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions +/0 .a&in2 %ac& up Convertin2 4oamin2 Profle to Aandator* Profle D 0VK cd s(ared folder name D0 V s(ared folder nameKcd user name D0 V s(ared folder nameKcd user nameKdir 333333333 ,some (idden fle is containin2 (ere- 3333333 D0 V s(ared folder nameKcd user nameK attri% r ( ,r3K read fle (3K (idden fle- D0 V s(ared folder nameKcd user nameK dir D0 V s(ared folder nameKcd user nameKren ntuser.dat ntuser.man N6O"2-.DA60 t(is fle contains all of t(e re2istr* settin2s t(at are specifc to a user account '(en a user lo2s onG t(e settin2s in fle are copied to t(e 9P+1]CC44+5.]C)+4 re2istr* settin2s on t(e local computer. N6O"2-.DA6./1S0 .(is fle is used %* 'indo's 2### to recover t(e userUs ori2inal N6O"2-.DA6 fle if an error occurs '(ic( updatin2 t(e N6O"2-.DA6 fles. N6O"2-.ini0 t(is fle contains settin2s t(at determine t(e components of a users roamin2 users profle t(at are not copied to t(e server eac( time t(e user lo2s o@. 1.2. %eatures o4 Windows ?ista0 1 Cser interface 1.1 ?indo's Aero 1.2 )(ell 1.! ?indo's 6lip and 6lip !D 1.J )earc( 1.7 )ide%ar 2 5e' and up2raded applications 2.1 ?indo's Internet +/plorer " 2.2 ?indo's Aedia Pla*er 11 2.! ?indo's Aedia Center 2.J Internet Information )ervices " ! )ecurit* and safet* J Hrap(ics J.1 Des&top ?indo' Aana2er J.2 DirectE J.! Icons J.J ?indo's Ima2in2 Component J.7 Color mana2ement 7 Audio 7.1 Audio devices support 7.2 )peec( reco2nition 7.! )peec( s*nt(esis 65 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions 6 Print 6.1 EA$ Paper )pecifcation 6.2 EP) Print Pat( 6.! Print )c(emas " 5et'or&in2 ".1 IPv6 ".2 ?ireless net'or&s ".! 5et'or& profles ".J 5et'or& performance ".7 )ecurit* and net'or& relia%ilit* ".6 ?indo's 6ilterin2 Platform "." Peer3to3peer communication ".8 )erver Aessa2e Bloc& 2.# 8 Ao%ile computin2 8.1 Po'er mana2ement Pernel and core <) c(an2es .1 Aemor* mana2ement .2 6ile s*stems .! Drivers .J )*stem performance 1# Aana2ement and administration 1#.1 Installation and recover* 1#.2 Deplo*ment 1#.! Dia2nostics, monitorin2 and reportin2 1#.J 4emote mana2ement 1#.7 )*stem tools 1#.6 Aana2ement Console 1#." Hroup polic* 1#.8 .as& )c(eduler 1#. Command3line tools 1#.1# )criptin2 11 Pro2ramma%ilit* 11.1 .5+. 6rame'or& !.# 11.1.1 ?P6 11.1.2 ?C6 11.1.! ?6 11.1.J ?indo's Card )pace 11.1.7 <t(er .5+. 6rame'or& APIs 11.2 Aedia 6oundation 11.! ?insoc& Pernel 11.J Cr*pto 5e/Hen 66 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions 1.!. +ardware ,oponents )oc&et J"8 SK Pentium I> )lot 1 SK Pentium II, III and all )+CC and )+CC2 "'ste board $oponents 23pansion slots0 I)A WIndustr* )tandard Arc(itectureX SK made %efore 1" t(ese are 16 %it and 8 %it PCI WPerip(eral Component InterconnectX SK it is s(ort ! inc(es lon2 ,'(ite color- t(ese are 6J%it AHP WAccelerated Hrap(ics PortX SK Csed as (i2( speed accelerated !d 2rap(ics video card, it is s(orter t(an PCI. .(ese are 128 %it >eor' slots0 4AA 67 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions ,PO and Pro$essor slots or so$kets0 CPC is %rain of computer. Power $onne$tors0 A.E Po'er connector (avin2 2# pin. )AP)0 It converts AC input to lo'er level DC output 2!#v SK e73 Kred, 373K'(ite, e123K*ello', 3123K%lue, #v and Hnd3K %lac&, p23K oran2e 1n9board disk dri#e $onne$tors0 Me'board $onne$tors0 Aouse psI2 SK )tandard Hreen color (avin2 6 pin Pe*%oard psI2 SK )tandard Purple color Peripheral port and $onne$tors0 )erial port SK pin male serial ports and 27 pin male serial ports Parallel ports SK Csed for Printer. 9avin2 27 pin female connector C)B ports HK Cniversal serial %us, its supports # to 12" devices. )peed is 1.7m%ps )>HA Ports SK 17 pin 2eneral +t(ernet port SK 4[3J7 FI1" $hip XFasi$ input/output "'steY0 Processor (o' to interact 'it( t(e rest of t(e (ard'are. ,>1" batter' X,opleentar' >etal 13ide "ei$ondu$torY0 A c(ip located on t(e mot(er %oard t(at contains data used %* t(e s*stem BI<) or )*stem conf2uration. It 'ill store t(e settin2s Zupers and DIP "wit$hes %ir ware >eor' D-A> WD'nai$ -ando A$$ess >eor'Y SK It is used e/pand t(e memor* in t(e computerG it is c(eaper and less comple/. 9avin2 J##A9D s*stem %us speed "-A> X"tati$ -ando A$$ess >eor'Y SK it is 6asterG t(is is more comple/ and more e/pensive. 9avin2 168 pin "I>> HK )in2le Inline Aemor* Aodules, 9avin2 !# pin DI>> HK Dual Inline Aemor* Aodules, 9avin2 "# pin -I>>@ "1DI>>@ >i$ro DI>>. ,D &-1> dri#e0 ,D- and ,D9-W dri#e0 !2/316/3J/ , means read !2/, 'rite 16/, and re'rite J/. D?D9-1>0 Adapter $ards0 >ideo Cards 68 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions 5et'or& Interface Card W5ICX Aode m 3K )peed of mode m is 76&%ps,its called Po'dered )ound Card DF "eries Port0 173pin video port, 273pin J male printer port and 3pin male serial port -Z9"eries0 4[311 and 4[3J7 4[311 SK connectors used most often telep(one (oo&ups 4[3J7 SK commonl* found in +t(ernet O"F0 It is used for connectin2 multiple ,up to 12"- perip(erals to one computer t(rou2( a sin2le port -,A Aa$k0 It is used in p(ono2rap(s %ot( audio and video information. Ps/20 It is also &no'n as mini3pin 6 connectors. ,entroni$s0 It (as a uniBue s(ape used in parallel printer connectors. >other board Ar$hite$ture0 It is t(e lar2est component of a computer, components are 1- C(ipset 2- Aemor* slot t*pe !- Communication ports J- Processor )oc&ets 7- Cac(e Aemor* 6- BC) Arc(itecture "- BI<) ,on(guring Zupers0 .(e* s(ould %e located in %et'een t(e data connector and po'er connector. 6'pes o4 +DD 1. st,)ea2ate- 7#6IJ12 2. +)DI 3K +n(anced s*stem Driver Interface !. ID+3K Inte2rated Driver +lectronic 3K Its (avin2 J# pin and data transfer speed of ID+ 1#m%ps,2#,!#,J#m%ps, 'e can conf2ure up to J ID+ J. +ID+ 7. )C). 3K Its (avin2 "# pins and "#m%ps 1.). Distributed (le s'ste 5D%"7 D6) provides fault tolerance and load %alance %ault toleran$e0 t(e application install in one server 'ill %e a replicated to t(e ot(er computer, if computer one fails computer t'o provides services to t(e users 'it(out net'or& failure. /oad balan$e0 '(en *ou (ave more no of users t(e net'or& load WtraQcX can %e s(ared %* %ot( t(e computer '(ic( ate (avin2 t(e same application cop*. .(is concepts reduces t(e net'or& traQc 69 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions +/0 D6) and C(ild domain D6) is t(e default service availa%le under administrative tools. Hoto start3Kpro2rams3Kadministrative tolls3KD6)L3ne' dfsroot3Kcreate a domain dfs root3K&eep t(e default domain name3K&eep *our e/istin2 ,server name and it is called 6ull :ualif* Domain 5ame W6:D5X3K select on e/istin2 s(are L3 dfs lin& select automatic replication at t(e end of t(at under replication plic* clic& on set master. )elect replica and clic& on ena%le 5o' lin& 'ill %ecome master = 4eplica 'ill %ecome slave In domain *ou must (ave onl* one dfsroot, *ou can create multiple lin& and replica D6) also provide centraliDed data administration 'e can conf2ure t(e data availa%le from di@erent place to a centraliDed place. 1.*. Networking 6ers Froadband0 A net'or& transmission met(od in '(ic( a sin2le transmission medium is divided so t(at multiple si2nals can travel across t(e same medium simultaneousl*. Frowser0 A computer pro2ram t(at uses t(e 9..P and is used on a 'or&station to access (osts on t(e 'e%. ,lient/"er#er network0 A server3centric net'or& in '(ic( all resources are stored on a fle server. Processin2 po'er is distri%uted amon2 'or&stations and t(e fle server. De4ault gatewa'0 .(e router t(at all pac&ets are sent to '(en t(e 'or&station doesnUt &no' '(ere t(e destination station is or '(en it canUt fnd t(e destination station on t(e local se2ment. DN"0 .(e net'or& service used in .CPIIP net'or&s t(at translates (ost names to IP addresses DN" "er#er0 An* server t(at performs D5) (ost name to IP address resolution. DN" resol#er0 Client soft'are used to ma&e reBuests of t(e D5) server in order to resolve D5) (ost names into IP addresses. D+,P0 A protocol used on a .CPIIP %ased net'or& to send client conf2uration data, includin2 .CPIIP address, default 2ate'a*, su%net mas&, and D5) conf2uration to clients. Satewa'0 .(e (ard'are and soft'are needed to connect to' disparate net'or& environments so t(at communication. 7 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions +6>/0 A set of codes used to format te/t and 2rap(ics t(at 'ill %e displa*ed in a %ro'ser. .(e codes defne (o' data 'ill %e displa*ed. +66P0 .(e protocol used for communication %et'een a 'e% server and a 'e% %ro'ser. Internet0 A 2lo%al net'or& made up of a lar2e num%er for individual net'or&s interconnected t(rou2( t(e use of pu%lic telep(one lines and .CPIIP Protocols. IP address0 A address used %* t(e internet protocol t(at identifes t(e devices location on t(e net'or&. Ip$on(g0 A ?indo's 5. utilit* used to displa* t(at mac(ineUs current conf2uration. IPE0 Internet 'or& pac&et e/c(an2e. IPE network address0 A num%er t(at represents an entire net'or&. All servers on t(e net'or& must use t(e same e/ternal net'or& num%er. 6ra$ert0 .(is utilit* is similar to t(e C5IE tra$eroute. It reports t(e IP address and name of eac( interface %et'een t(e client and t(e tar2et. If Pin2 fails, .racert can tell *ou '(ere t(e responses (ave stopped +/0 C0VDocuments and )ettin2sVAdminK tracert '''.2oo2le.com 9ere are t(e .racert s'itc(es0 .racert d. turns o@ (ost name loo&ups. .(is si2nifcantl* speeds up traces. 9i2(l* recommended. .racert (. Increases t(e ma/imum (op count. .(e default is !#. .racert O (ost3list. .(is option is used to force .racert to use a specifc router via source routin2. .racert '. Increases t(e ma/imum timeout 1.:. De(nition o4 Foot Partition and "'ste Partition? "'ste partition0 .(is is t(e partition t(at contains t(e fles reBuired to %oot ?indo's. 6or an Intel platform, t(ese fles are 5tldr, Boot.ini, 5tdetect.com, Bootsect.dos, and 5t%ootdd.s*s ,if a )C)I device (as no 71 Frequently Asked Desktop Interview Questions on%oard BI<)-. .(e s*stem partition must %e Fa22ed as Active ,or %oota%le- in t(e Aaster Boot 4ecord. .(e fles must %e at t(e root of t(e %oot drive. )etup assumes t(at t(e frst ID+ drive on t(e primar* ID+ controller is t(e %oot drive. If a partition on t(is drive is not mar&ed Active, )etup 'ill mar& it as Active. Foot partition0 .(is is t(e partition t(at contains t(e fles reBuires to run t(e operatin2 s*stem. B* default in ?indo's )erver 2##!, )etup puts t(ese fles in a director* called V?indo's. ,In ?indo's 2### and 5., t(e %oot fles are put in t(e V?I55. folder.- .(e %oot partition can %e on an* drive. If *ou put t(e %oot partition some'(ere ot(er t(an t(e %oot drive, )etup prompts *ou to create a small s*stem partition on t(e %oot drive. .(is partition can %e less t(an 1AB, Oust %i2 enou2( to (old 5tldr, 5tdetect.com, Boot.ini, and 5t%ootdd.s*s. 72