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1
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H ouociu q q cioikq ouokoiu uvuveoq uaotcci iu uao ti opc oiutupu-
ev tq uvuveoq, q oaoiu ouevu c tqv Hukooiu Opuveoq Ncupooiu
(World Federation of Neurology) opictui e uaotuiu otqv cku0qoq tq uvuve-
oq oc auioiu c uoiooikq ooikq caioooq kui aupu tq ouutikq oiouokui-
u, to caupkc aoitioiku acpiuov, tu kutuqu kivqtpu, ti uvcauc uio0q-
oci, tq uoiooikq voqoouvq kui epi ooupc vcupooikc uc (Critchley,
1970).
Luevu c tou Harris kui Sipay (1980) o opioo uuto ocv aopci vu cci c-
upoq oc ku0c acpiateoq uvuveotikev ouokoiev. Hupou uutu aooi ou-
puci, kupie Bpctuvoi, pqoioaoiouv tov opo ouociu e ouvevuo tev o-
pev oiutupuq uvuveoq kui ku0uotcpqoq otqv uvuveoq. Acpikuvoi ou-
puci pqoioaoiouv tov opo ku0uotcpqoq otqv uvuveoq e ouvevuo tq
uqq caioooq otqv uvuveoq, cve Bpctuvoi iu tqv ioiu kutuotuoq pqoio-
aoiouv tov opo caipuouvoq otqv uvuveoq epi vu uuvouv uaoq to ouvu-
iko tou auioiou.
H ouociu, cuiu, 0cepcitui oti civui iu caicpou ouokoiu otqv uvuveoti-
kq citoupiu ouvq0e ooupq kui tqv oaoiu uiotu cpikoi tqv ccioikcuouv e
iu ouocitoupiu tou Kcvtpikou Ncupikou Luotquto. Eacioq o opo ouociu
ouvoc0qkc c oc ti oiuopctikc uao0coci octiku c tq oiuoikuoiu kui tq uoq
tev apoqutev uvuveoq, kutcqc vu cci tooc aoc uouci ckooc eotc
cci uoci ku0c apuutikq uiu iu tou ckauiocutikou, ckto uao to oti civui iu
ccioikcucvq cq iu tu apoqutu uvuveoq (Harris & Hodges, 1981).
SLUHL=<=8 :;D <BVA:;D :J? HO9@=V8Q? E?GI?J9;D
H cctq tev ouokoiev uvuveoq ckivqoc uao cvu Bpctuvo o0uooo,
tov Pringle Morgan, o oaoio oc up0po tou oto British Medical Journal to 1896 acpi-
puci tu upuktqpiotiku cvo auioiou aou cic uoiooikc uio0qoci (opuoq kui
ukoq), uoiooikq voqoouvq kui ocv uaqpuv ai0uvotqtc ckcuikq uq.
To auioi uuto otqv qikiu tev 14 ctev cic ouokoic uvuveoq kui ckuvc op0o-
puiku u0q. 1cpc tu puutu kui aopouoc vu tu oiuuoci kui vu tu puci,
oe otov cvtuao oo (uvuveoq, puq) ckuvc tuaiku u0q uvuotpoev, aupu-
qcev kui ouuocev. Acv aupouoiuc oe uvtiotoiu apoqutu otqv ukou-


2
otikq apooqq. H uvuotpoq Precy uvti Percy (aou qtuv to ovou tou auioiou)
uaotcouoc tuaiko aupuociu tq ouokoiu uvuveoq kui puq. O Morgan tq
ouvcococ c cciq cucpciu otq uvtiqq kui otqv oatikq vqq tev ccev. To
cioo uuto tq oiutupuq to opioc e ccvq tueoq cq (congenital word
blindness) kui to uacoeoc oc vcupooiku uitiu uvuou c uutu cvqikev c ckc-
uikq uq oi oaoioi cauouv uao uciu.
Tqv ioiu caoq oti H.H.A. upiouv vu cctevtui acpiateoci oiutupuev oi-
iu kui oou, oi oaoic ciuv uvuou ouateutu c tqv uuoiu, epi oe c-
uvq vcupooiku uitiu. O Bastian to 1898 uvucpctui o uutu e iooikq aoiki-
iu (biological variation) oto iio tou A Treatise on Aphasia and other speech
Defects (Thompson, 1974). To 1926 o McCready oqooicuci oto American Journal
of Psychiatry up0po octiku c oiutupuq otq evq tou oou kui ciouci iu apetq
opu tov opo keeoq cq (word deafness) tqv oaoiu uvtiaupu0ctci otqv tu-
eoq cq.
O Hinshelwood ouvcuc oquvtiku otq cctq tev ouokoiev uvuveoq cvto-
aiovtu ococi uvucou oti ouokoic uvuveoq kui otqv oatikq vqq. Mcc-
tqoc caioq catocpe tq oiuoikuoiu cku0qoq tq uvuveoq kui uaootqpic oti
q uqq caioooq aou aupouoiuouv opiocvu utou otqv ikuvotqtu vqq ccev
kui oi upi0ev ocictui ai0uvu oc ckcuikq uq. Ltq ovopuiu tou Con-
genital word blindness opici ti ouokoic uvuveoq e cq: 1vu utoo 0ce-
pcitui oti aupouoiuci ouokoic uvuveoq, otuv cci uoiooikq opuoq ocv ao-
pci oe vu oiukpivci kui vu kutuvoqoci tov puato kui cvtuao oo. Oi ouokoic
uutc ociovtui oc kuaoiu cciktikq uq q ucvcoiu aou cuvictui otu
apetu otuoiu tq cpuukq uvuatuq oto evieoq ciku tou caikputouvto ckc-
uikou qiouipiou (Goldberg & Schiffman, 1972, oc.11). 1vu oquvtiko otoi-
cio to oaoio uaootqpic o Hinshelwood qtuv oti tu auioiu c tctoiou tuaou apo-
qutu qtuv ouvutov vu 0cpuacutouv c ouotqutikq kui caiovq ueq.
Lti upc tou uievu c tu apoqutu uutu upiouv vu uooouvtui uoooi
kui auioueoi. O Gray (1921) oto iio tou Diagnostic and remedial steps in
reading uaupi0ci iu aoikiiu uitiev aou octiovtui c tq uqq caioooq otqv
uvuveoq oae uvcaupkq ooikq oitqoq, apoqutu uciu, c0votqtu, ukutu-
qc c0oooi oiouokuiu, oatikc q ukouotikc uvcaupkcic, uvcaupkcic tou c-
kcuikou oiou k.u. Eaioq uvucpci iu uq ouou uitiev uooikou upu-


3
ktqpu oae cvikcucvq voqtikq uvcaupkciu, ouokoiu ouvouuoou tq cvvoiu c
tq cq, ouokoiu uvuvepioq, ouokoiu ouvtovioou utiou-evq, ouokoiu u-
vuuoq kui apoopu tev ccev k.u.
Ltu0o otq cctq tou uivocvou uaotcci q ouoq tou Samuel Orton Ac-
pikuvou uiutpou, vcupooou kui vcupoau0ooou, o oaoio cpuotqkc upe otu
1920 oc uiutpcio tq Iowa tev HHA. Tqv caoq uutq civuv oquvtikc uuc
tooo otqv Huioueikq ooo kui otqv 1uiutpikq. Ltqv Huioueikq oo0qkc cuq
e0qoq otqv uvuveoq c tqv cioueq vcev tcvikev kui c0ooev oiouokuiu.
Ltqv 1uiutpikq ctu tov A Hukooio Hoco ciuv oqioupq0ci uauitqoci iu
cpivu kui 0cpuaciu auioiev c cioikc uvukc ce uao to auioio tq voookoci-
ukq acpi0uq. O Orton oiaov cctevtu auioiu c ooiku apoqutu, uvu-
vepioc kui tqv acpiateoq cvo ockucupovou u0qtq aou ocv cic u0ci aotc vu
oiuuci. Luevu c to tcot voqoouvq Stanford Binet cic ociktq voqoouvq
71, cve oto tcot caioooq Printner Patterson uvtuaokpivotuv oc caiacoo cvo u-
oiooikou cvqikou (Orton, 1925). Ltqv op0opuiu aupouoiuc tuaiku u0q ouv
uutu aou uvccpc o Morgan iu tqv tueoq cq ku0e caioq kui kutoatpikq
puq. To uivocvo uuto, uaootqpic, oti aopci vu ocictui tooo oc veotikou
aupuovtc ooo kui oc utuieoci aou aopci vu cvuaupouv oc auioiu c ooupu
eooiku apoqutu. Aacoeoc tu apoqutu uutu oc iu citoupikq oiutupuq
aou tqv ovouoc otpcoouoiu. Hiotcuc oti q uvtiqq tev puutev kui
tev ccev oqioupci iu ocipu apotuaev aou cku0iotuvtui otov ckcuo: Tu
apotuau aou cku0iotuvtui oto ocio qiouipio tou ckcuou civui kutoatpikc
cikovc tev apotuaev aou uaupouv oto upiotcpo qiouipio. Ltou upiotcpocipc
q tou uiociou to upiotcpo qiouipio ocv aopci vu caikputqoci, oae ouui-
vci uoiooiku c tou ociocipc, i uuto kui tcivouv vu pqoioaoiouv uvc-
otpucvu tu apotuau tou ociou qiouipiou. To 1936 o Orton uicpeoc iu ocipu
oiuccev otq vqq cvo oiuoqou ucpikuvou uooou, tou Salmon. Lti oiu-
cci uutc, aou oqooicutqkuv to 1937, uvcuoc 0cutu octiku c tqv ukouotikq
kui oatikq ouociu, tqv kivqtikq upuiu, tqv uuoiu kui tqv uapuiu kui ku0o-
pioc tqv uitiooiu kui tov opioo tou. Eaioquvc tco oti aupoo aou oi ouoko-
ic uvuveoq caqpcuovtui uao ouvuio0qutikou aupuovtc cvtoutoi oto ou-
voo tou ocv apocpovtui ua uutou (Orton, 1937).
"L8=WA:;9; :;D HO9VBKMED


4
Mctu to 0uvuto tou Orton caiotqovc oiuopev cioikotqtev kui ovci iopuouv
to 1949 tqv Orton Society, opcu o oaoio uooq0qkc kupie c tq cctq tev oi-
utupuev uvuveoq. O ouvocoo uuto copuoc cpi to 1960 kui otu auioiu tev
opuotqpiotqtev tou ccoioc to ctqoio acpiooiko The Bulletin of Orton Society.
Lto tcuo tou Muou 1957 too VII q ouuo tou Orton oc up0po tq uaoouq-
vioc tu upuktqpiotiku tq uvuveotikq ouokoiu tuaou otpcoouoiu e
cq (Thompson, 1974):
u) Tu auioiu uaooioouv otqv uvuveoq oquvtiku uqotcpu uao to uvucvo-
cvo c uoq tq voqtikq tou qikiu kui tu poviu ooikq oitqoq. Eaioq ouvu
q caioooq uutq civui kutetcpq tq caioooq otqv upi0qtikq.
) Acv uaupci ai0uvotqtu oquvtikq uq otqv opuoq kui otqv ukoq, oae
caioq ai0uvotqtu ckcuikq uq q apetocvou oiutupuq apooeaikotqtu
q tco kuaoio iotopiko iu tctoic oiutupuc.
) Tu auioiu couv cuq ouokoiu vu 0uouvtui to apotuao tq cq e oou
kui ocv u0uivouv cukou c oatikc c0ooou uvuveoq. Tcivouv vu oucouv i-
kpc cci aou couv aupooic oatikc uvuaupuotuoci.
o) 1ouv uqq ikuvotqtu oi ovo otq evutq uvuveoq uu ouvq0e kui
otqv op0opuiu, aupoo aou aopci vu 0uouvtui uace tqv op0opuiu ccev
iu kuaoio poviko oiuotqu.
c) Ltu upiku otuoiu tq uvuveoq kui tq puq oucouv tov apoouvutoi-
oo puutev (c-e-q, -0, 0-o) kui tq ocipu tev puutev oti cci (auu
uau) q tev upi0ev oc ukoou0ic oae 12-21. Hoc opc aupouoiuouv ku-
toatpikq uvuveoq kui puq.
ot) Luvu aupouoiuouv apoqutu acupieoq, oae utcq acupieoq, tci-
vouv vu civui upiotcpocipu, uiociu q vu couv ciktq acupieoq (oci cpi, upi-
otcpo uti).
) Hoc opc aupouoiuouv caipuouvoq q uvcaupkciu oc acpioootcpc acpi-
oc tou oou. Ekto uao tqv uvuveoq aopci vu couv apoqutu otqv oiiu,
teo apooqatiko kui ckpuotiko cioio, uociotqtu otq puq q oc uc ki-
vqtikc opuotqpiotqtc.
q) Maopci vu apocpovtui uao oikocvcic c uvuoo iotopiko.


5
0) H uvuoiu uopiev-kopitoiev civui 3 q 4 : 1.
Huve o uutq tqv tuaooiu uoiotqkc kui o opioo tq ouociu tq Huko-
oiu Ncupooikq Opuveoq.
Aao tqv caoq tou Orton cpi to 1950 civuv oiuopc cctc auve o uutqv tq
oiutupuq, oi oaoic ouoiuotiku caicuieouv ti 0coci tou Orton octiku c tqv
tuaooiu kui tqv uitiooiu tou uivocvou kui uvuatu0qkuv apopuutu kupi-
e oatiko-uvtiqatiku iu tqv uvticteaioq tq.
To 1953 o Dozier oto iio tou The neurological background of word deafness
cauvcpctui oto 0cu tq cciktikq uuoiu oukpivovtu to c tq ouociu. A-
vucpctui otq kutqopiu ckcivev tev auioiev tu oaoiu, cve aopouv vu ukouv q-
ou uao to acpiuov tou oae to kcioio tq aoptu, to kouoouvi k.u., ocv
aopouv vu uvtiopuoouv uvtiotoiu ukouovtu apoopiku ti cci. Lc ikpu aui-
oiu uu kui oc cuutcpu q oiutupuq uutq cuvictui c acvipo cioio. O
Dozier ouvouuci tq oiutupuq uutq c ouokoic uvuveoq kui uaootqpici oti
aopci vu cuviotci oc qaiu q aio ooupq opq. Otuv uiotu civui ooupq c-
uvictui c uvikuvotqtu vu 0uouvtui kui vu kutuvoouv tov apoopiko oo. Auto
tu ooqci oc uaootcpqoq ukouotikev cpc0ioutev c ouvcaciu oc aoc acpiate-
oci vu 0cepouvtui voqtiku ku0uotcpqcvu. Kutuqovtu uaootqpici oti q ouv-
0qkq uutq civui aupooiu c tq otpcoouoiu q tqv cioikq oiutupuq tq uvu-
veoq e apo tqv uitiooiu uu civui aou aio ooupq, iuti caqpcuci oou
tou toci tq eooikq citoupiu. Lc ooupc uiotu acpiateoci aopci vu
oucctui c tqv keeoq q tqv ku0uotcpqoq, cve oc qaic ocv uvuvepictui aupu
ovo otuv tu auioiu oitqoouv oto oocio kui aupouoiuoouv ouokoic uvuve-
oq. Lc kuaoic acpiateoci aopci vu cvtoaiotci uao to vqaiuecio, otuv tu aui-
oiu aupouoiuouv vqaioopioou oto oo q ku0uotcpqoq otqv cvupq tq oii-
u.
H aopciu tq cctq tq ouociu q tev cioikev oiutupuev tq uvuveoq
ooqqoc otq oiutuaeoq tou caioqou opioou tq ouociu (o.a. oc.1). O opioo
uuto cci octci cpi oqcpu oiuopc kpitikc, kupie iuti acpipuci tu upu-
ktqpiotiku tou apoquto epi vu uvucpctui otqv uitiooiu kui pqoioaoici
e kpitqpio ku0opioou tou tov uaokcioo kuaoiev ouv0qkev. 1oe i uuto o
Eisenberg uvucpocvo oti cioikc ouokoic uvuveoq pqoioaoiqoc tov opo


6
cioiko c tqv iutpikq cvvoiu tou opou, tou ioioau0ou, oquoq uveotou uitio-
oiu apoquto (Eisenberg, 1978, oc. 34). Eaioq, o ioio caioquivci oti oi
opiooi aopci vu apokucoouv cuutcpq ouuoq ua o,ti to ioio to apoqu
kui uov to acpiackouv uvti vu to cpqvcuouv, cvtoaici oc tu octiku otoiciu
tou opioou aou aopci vu apokucoouv uoucic:
) !#$&'() ,&-. .01.2,-: oc aoio cciktiko otuoio tq uvuveoq, oto otuoio
tq uaq uaokeoikoaoiqoq q oto otuoio tq kutuvoqoq; Tu cupqutu tq cpcu-
vu otov tocu uuto civui acpioootcpo otutiotiku kui apoooiopiouv e uaotuiu
ouo tuaikc uaokioci uao to coo uoiooiko oc otu0iocvu kpitqpiu q otqv
qikiu tev 10 povev cvuiou povo ku0uotcpqoq otqv caioooq otqv uvuveoq oc
oukpioq c tqv uvucvocvq c uoq tqv tuq kui to voqtiko ouvuiko tou auioiou
(Office of Education, 1976).
3) 4',5$6$1578 9#):$,-: oc aoio auioio, oc aoio oocio, c aoiu kpitqpiu, oc
aoiu u0iou;
1) #;0 &- ,'<3&578 :5:,76): Mc tov opo ouutikq cvvocitui uvuutiko-
ouv0ctikq q oikq c0ooo oiouokuiu tq uvuveoq; Eivui veoto oti cvu auioi
aopci vu u0ci kui c tou ouo tpoaou, ku0e kui c tov ouvouuoo tev ouo uu-
tev c0ooev. Mc tqv cioueq oe tq oikq c0ooou otu oociu ciuc iu c-
aioqiu apoqutev uvuveoq (Monroe, 1976). Aao tqv uq cpiu qae uao-
voci oti iu kuaoiu auioiu o povo oiouokuiu tq uvuveoq ocv civui caupkq;
:) =;0 &$ 9#;7>? #$65&5,<570 #9;53066$.: uuto uaovoci cacipic oi oaoic
aopci vu caiopouv otqv cku0qoq tq uvuveoq, apuu to oaoio oquivci oti q
caupkciu eooikev ociotqtev caqpcuctui uao aoitioikou aupuovtc, oi o-
aoioi oe uaciocpovtui otu Avuutiku Hpopuutu kui otu kpitqpiu uiooq-
oq. Tu kpitqpiu oe uutu ocv uaoti0ctui oti uoiovtui oc koivc cacipic oev
tev u0qtev; Mqae uaovocitui oti tu auioiu tev q apovoiouev koivevikev
tucev oc uvti0coq c tu auioiu coouotikev tucev ocv uaoktouv uic kui ocv
oiuopevouv kivqtpu iu ooikq caioooq (Bernstein, 1974); Mqae aui to apo-
qu aopci vu ouvocctui c tq uqotcpq eooikq caioooq tev koiveviko-
aoitioiku ciovcktouvtev ouoev ouevu c tu cupqutu tq koivevioeooo-
oiu (Slosberg Andersen, 1990); Aao tqv uq cpiu aupuctpoi oae to cuo
cc0o tq oikocvciu, q ocipu cvvqoq tou auioiou, apoqutu ococev cou


7
otqv oikocvciu, o toao kutoikiu, q ckauiocuoq tou ckauiocutikou uaotcouv koi-
veviko-aoitioikou aupuovtc aou aopci vu caqpcuouv tqv caioooq otqv uvu-
veoq (Berger, Yule & Rutter, 1975).
9) @ .B$;0 ,&5? .>#B9? 5,C8,95? uaokcici auioiu c apoqutu otu ui-
o0qtqpiu opuvu, oae apoqutu ukoq q opuoq. H uvuveoq oe apoao0c-
tci oatiko-ukouotikq ouvcpiu. He uutq caituuvctui otuv uaupci cciu otu
uio0qtqpiu opuvu (Rutter & Yule, 1975);
,&) =;0 &- B',5$6$1578 .$-<$,D.-: Hpokcitui iu ukoq cvu aupuovtu uao-
kcioou, o oaoio oquivci oti citoupiku uaupci iu uivocvooikq oiuopu
uvucou, ucvo o cvu auioi aou uaooioci uqu oc tcot voqoouvq kui uqu
otqv uvuveoq kui uctcpou oc cvu auioi aou uaooioci uqu auvtou. H 0coq uutq
civui oiuopctikq uao tqv apoqoucvq aou uaootqpici oti to auioi uaooioci uq-
u otqv uvuveoq kui uqu oc ou tu uu u0qutu; H voqoouvq uvtiapooe-
acuci cvu ouvuiko to oaoio uvtikutoatpictui otqv uvuveotikq ikuvotqtu. Hoiu
civui oe tu opiu uvucou otqv voqoouvq kui otqv caioooq; Lioupu q voqoou-
vq uaotcci iu uao ti aupuctpou aou ouvuptevtui c tqv caioooq (Hupuokcuo-
aouo, 1982). Oe q caioooq uaotcci iu uutovoq ovtotqtu otqv oaoiu cac-
kovtui ckto uao voqtikou koivevikoi, aoitioikoi kui auioueikoi aupuovtc
(Sleeter, 1987). Iiuti oiaov ouvocctui ovooquvtu q caioooq c tq voqoouvq kui
ae oiuepictui uutq q ocoq uao tou uou koiveviko-aoitioikou aupuo-
vtc;
E) F>6$?, &$ 7;5&8;5$ (2;)? ,$3;>? .9';$6$157>? :5&;(>? ae oiukpivctui uao
to uvtiotoio tou uvcauou tev uio0qocev; O caioqo opioo tev Mu0qoiu-
kev Auokoiev tou National Joint Committee of Learning Disabilities oae kui u-
ooiuveotiku kpitqpiu 0cepouv ocoocvo oti oc acpiateoci vcupooikev oiutu-
puev aopci ocutcpocve vu cuviotouv cioiku u0qoiuku apoqutu, oae
ouociu. Ltqv acpiateoq oe uutq to kupiupo apoqu civui q vcupooikq
uvcaupkciu kui oi q u0qoiukq ouokoiu. 1ci caioq auputqpq0ci oti aou aui-
oiu c ckcuikq aupuuoq cuviouv ooupc oiutupuc otqv uvuveoq ukou
ki otuv couv uoiooiko ociktq voqoouvq. Ltqv acpiateoq uutq aopouc vu
aouc oti couv ouociu kui ckcuikq uq q oti couv oiutupuq otqv uvu-
veoq cacioq couv ckcuikq uq;


8
H aopciu tq cctq tev ouokoiev otqv uvuveoq cpi tq ockuctiu tou 60
upuktqpictui uao tq oiukpioq tpiev ouev acpiateocev uvcuptqtu uao tqv o-
pooiu aou pqoioaoiq0qkc kutu kuipou:
u) tqv cioikq ouokoiu uvuveoq q ouociu c to upuktqpu aou tq ciuv
apoooeoci oi Morgan, Orton, Hinselwood, oquoq, e tuutooqq cvvoiu c tqv c-
cvq tueoq cq q tq otpcoouoiu.
) tqv cioikq oiutupuq tou oou (cciktikq uuoiu q ououoiu) c tqv cvvoiu
aou tq ciuv apoooeoci o McCready kui o Dozier e keeoq cq kui
) tq oiutupuq uvuveoq q oaoiu uaotcci ukpuiu ckooq tev ouo aupuauve
acpiateocev (uciu q uuoiu uvtiotoiu) kui q oaoiu aupouoiuci ouc vcupoo-
iko uaootpeu.
-L<;?BO:8@G <=?:AVE :;D HO9VBKMED
Mctu tq ockuctiu tou 60 q uaopcetikq ckauiocuoq upici vu cvikcuctui oic-
0ve kui q uvuveotikq ikuvotqtu upici vu uaotcci uoiko kpitqpio oi ovo tq
ooikq caioooq uu kui tq koivevikq caituiu tou utoou. H cvikcuoq tq
uaopcetikq ckauiocuoq cic e ouvcaciu tqv uuqoq tev acpiateocev auioiev
aou ouokocuovtuv otqv uvuveoq cou oto auioio tou oociou. Hupuqu, tqv
ioiu acpiaou caoq, oto epo tq 1uooiu tev Atoikev Aiuopev uvuatuooo-
vtui aouaupuovtiku cpqvcutiku ovtcu iu tq citoupiu tq voqoouvq kui
tq u0qoq, tu oaoiu ciuv e ouvcaciu kui tqv aupueq uvtiotoiev uvuutikev
cpuciev (tests) iu tqv uiooqoq tq voqoouvq kui tq u0qoq. Mc tqv au-
puqq uvuatuq tev iutpoauioueikev uaqpcoiev oi cpcuvqtc kui oi cauc-
utic uaoktouv vcu cpuciu iu tqv uiooqoq tev ouokoiev uvuveoq. 1toi
oi caiotqovc couv tq ouvutotqtu acov vu cvtoaiouv aio ccioikcucvc ouc-
tuqtc tq uvuveotikq citoupiu. Aaoouqviovtui oi uao0coci tev apoopo-
ev tev uvuveotikev ouokoiev (Orton, Hinselwood) c ctpqoiu otoiciu, tu
oaoiu ucvo caicuievouv tqv uao0coq tou oittou tq oiutupuq, uctcpou uvu-
ocikvuouv kui uc aupuctpou aou octiovtui c tqv uvuveotikq uvcaupkciu.
H acpiateoq tq ouociu ouvocctui aoc opc uitiooiku c uqq caioooq
oc uaoookiuoic tou vooctpikou kpitqpiou WISC (keoikc, apuktiko okco
tou kpitqpiou) q oto caiacoo uutoutioou kui otqv oatiko-kivqtikq oiooo caikoi-
veviu tou Illinois Test uoeooikev ikuvotqtev, k.u. (Kavale & Forness, 1985).


9
Avtiotoiu q cciktikq oiutupuq tou oou ouvocctui aoc opc caioq uitio-
oiku c ckateoq oto cktiko okco kpitqpiev voqoouvq oae to WISC q oto
ukouotiko-evqtiko okco tou Illinois Test uoeooikev ikuvotqtev. Hupu-
qu, uvuatuooovtui cioiku kpitqpiu iu tq cctq tq ocoq tq ouociu c tqv
oatiko-uvtiqatikq ikuvotqtu oae tq Frosting, tou Bender tou Benton, k.u. H ui-
ooqoq tq eoou uao tqv acupu tq uooiu cvtoaioc caioq oiuopoaoiq-
oci otqv caioooq tq citoupiu tou oou (apooqq ckpuoq) c uvtiotoic
oiutupuc apooqatikou q ckpuotikou tuaou. Eaiacov ouvoc0qkuv tu apoqu-
tu oto caiacoo tq uaokeoikoaoiqoq c oiutupuc ouocktikou tuaou, cve oto
caiacoo tq kutuvoqoq c oiutupuc tou oou (Mupkoitq & Toupiuoou,
1995). Hupuqu epi ioiuitcpq cpcuvqtikq cctq uvuocikvuctui iu vcu oiutu-
puq q cciktikq oiutupuq tq upi0qtikq.
Oi vcc uutc apoocioci ooqqouv otq oiutuaeoq 0cepiev octiku c tqv
cpqvciu tev cioikev oiutupuev uvuveoq. Aiutuae0qkuv ouo cvikoi tuaoi 0ce-
piev, oi ovoaupuovtikc kui oi aouaupuovtikc. Oi ovoaupuovtikc uacoeouv
tqv uvuveotikq ouokoiu oc oiutupuq tq oatiko-epikq oiuoikuoiu ouvcaciu
vcupooikq ouocitoupiu (Hermann, 1959, Bender, 1975). Ac oe cpqvcic
uacoeouv oquvtiko poo otq eoou kui otqv oiiu e apoqutu aou aopci
vu cpqvcuouv tq ouociu (Liberman & Shankweiler, 1978).
Oi aouaupuovtikc 0cepic uacoeouv ti uvcaupkcic oc oiuopctiku uitiu.
Apkctoi cpcuvqtc kuvouv uvuopu oc oiuopctikou tuaou ouociu aou u-
puktqpiovtui uao apoqutu citc oto ukouotiko citc oto oatiko acoio (Myklebust
& Johnson, 1962, Johnson & Myklebust, 1967, Boder, 1971, Mattis, French & Rapin,
1975). Autq oe aou caqpcuoc acpioootcpo tq cctq tq ouociu kui tev uvu-
veotikev ouokoiev cvikotcpu civui q 0cepiu tq Birch.
H Birch (1962) uaootqpic oti aopci vu uaupouv touuiotov tpci uaokutqo-
pic tq ouociu:
u) ouokoic uvuveoq aou ociovtui oc apoqutu oatikq icpupikq kupi-
upiu c ouvcacic otq oiukpioq opq auioiou,
) ouokoic otqv uvuveoq e uaotccou apoqutev otqv oatikq uvuuoq
kui ouv0coq c ouvcacic otq ocoq cpou oou, kui
) uqq caioooq otqv uvuveoq aou kupie ocictui oc uvcaupkcic otq oiui-


10
o0qtqpiukq ookqpeoq.
Hupu ti oiuopoaoiqoci aou upuktqpiouv tooo ti ovoaupuovtikc ooo kui
ti aouaupuovtikc 0cepic iu tq ouociu, tcoocpi uivctui vu civui oi uoi-
kc oiuoikuoic aou cackovtui otq oiutupuq: oatikq uvtiqq, oiuio0qtqpiukq
ookqpeoq, povikq uqouiu kui eooikq citoupiu. Avuokoaqoci cpcuvev
caicuieouv ti cpqvcic octiku c tqv uvtiqatikq uvcaupkciu e cpqvcutiko
aupuovtu tev ouokoiev uvuveoq. Aao tu cupqutu tev cpcuvev oiuaiote0qkc
oti u0qtc c uqq caioooq otqv uvuveoq uacoiouv uqotcpu uao o,ti oi ou-
voqikoi tou epi apoqutu, tooo oc cktiku ooo kui oc q cktiku cpu kui
oi ovo oti oatiko-kivqtikc ctpqoci (Jansky & de Hirch, 1972, Silver & Hagin,
1971, Lovell, Gray & Oliver, 1964). Miu aio apoocktikq cctq tev cupqutev
aopci vu ooqqoci otqv cpqvciu oti tu auioiu tev cpcuvev uutev ciuv acpiooo-
tcpo cvikcucvc ouokoic uao o,ti cioikc, oi oaoic aopci vu ouvocovtuv c cv-
voiooikou, ouvuio0qutikou kui acpiuovtikou aupuovtc (Vellutino, 1978).
Oi 0cepic aou ouvocovtui c ti uvtiqatikc uvcaupkcic couv aupci oiuopc
opc kui couv ouvoc0ci c uqc caioooci oc tcot oatikq uvuuoq, apoou-
vutoioou oto epo ku0e kui oc tcot oatikq vqq epi vu caicuievouv kui
tqv aupuqq uaupq cvikcucvq uvtiqatikq uvcaupkciu (Lovell, Gray &
Oliver, 1964, Vernon, 1971). H apoocioq q oaoiu ouvcococ ti ouokoic uvuve-
oq c tqv caioooq oc cktiku q q cktiku cpu uaootqpitqkc uao to covo oti
oc oukpioq c auioiu aou ocv ciuv apoqutu, tu auioiu c ouokoic uvuveoq
uacoiouv uqotcpu oc cpu oatiko-cktikq u0qoq kui oi oc cpu q oatiko-
cktikq u0qoq (Vellutino et al. 1975).
H otpoq tq 1uooiu apo tq veotikq kutcu0uvoq caccpc uuc otov
tpoao cctq kui cpqvciu tev ouokoiev uvuveoq. O Gaddes (1980) uaootq-
pic oti oi uvuveotikc ouokoic aou cuviovtui oc auioiu couv uvuou upu-
ktqpiotiku uutu aou cuviovtui oc cvqikou aou auoouv uao uciu q uu-
oiu.
Oi cpcuvc caikcvtpe0qkuv otqv kutqopioaoiqoq tou tuaou tev u0ev aou c-
uviovtui oti ouokoic uvuveoq ouvocovtu tu c ovtcu caccpuoiu tev
aqpoopiev, tu oaoiu ciuv apotu0ci iu tqv cpqvciu tq citoupiu tq uvuve-
oq. Evociktiku, tu u0q kutqopioaoiq0qkuv oc oatiku, oquoiooiku, uaokutu-
otuoq citoupikev ccev, kutuqktiku u0q. Oi kutqopioaoiqoci oe uutc


11
civui ouvu uouci kui uicocvc.
O Seymour (1986) apotcivc iu uq tuivoqoq u0ev.
u) Acikoaoiqoq (lexicality): Tu u0q tuivoouvtui uvuou c to uv ivovtui
oc cci q q cci. Ltqv acpiateoq tctoiev u0ev apoooioctui cvvoiu cq (c-
ikotqtu) oc q cci (a.. aou uvti aou).
) Lquoiooiku q aupueiku u0q: Tu auioiu kuvouv u0q otu puutiku
opqutu ccev c to ioio ciko opqu (a.. auie, auioi, auivioi).
) Au0q evqtikq pu0ioq: To auioi oucovtu to evqu c to puqu ku-
vci uaokutuotuoci (a.. utu-utu, aooi-toai).
Tou uaooiaou tuaou u0ev o Seymour tou acpipuci e u0q ctuopu
uao tov apoopiko oto puato oo q uvtiotpou. Ltqv kutqopiu uutq cvtuooo-
vtui tu acpioootcpu u0q aou kuvouv tu auioiu c ouociu.
Oi aupuauve kutqopic u0ev ouvoc0qkuv c to ovtco caccpuoiu tev
aqpoopiev. Au0q oti cci uaoti0ctui oti ouvocovtui c tqv uvukqoq tou ci-
oiou kui aio cioiku c tqv uvuvepioq tev opqutev otov oatiko caccpuotq
q c tqv ctuopu uao tov cioiko otov puqiko. Avti0ctu u0q oti q cci
0cepcitui oti apocpovtui uao tq citoupiu tq ctuopu uao tov puqiko otov
evqiko epi cioikq caokq. To ioio ouuivci kui c tu u0q evqtikq
pu0ioq. Aao tqv uq cpiu cvu oquoiooiko - aupueiko u0o uivctui oti
cuptutui uao tov oquoiooiko caccpuotq kui tqv caikoiveviu tou c tov e-
vooiko (Morton & Patterson, 1980, Patterson, Suzuki & Nakayama Wydell, 1996).
Mc uoq uutq tqv apoocioq o Seymour apotcivc tqv evooikq kui op-
qikq ouociu, opou aou uio0ctqouv kui uoi cpcuvqtc (Coltheart, 1996), cve
iu ti cvikcucvc acpiateoci ti oaoic ouvocouv c tqv uciu uoi cpcuvqtc
apotcivuv tov opo u0iu ouociu (deep dyslexia) (Marshall & Newcombe, 1973).
H tccutuiu uutq apoocioq cci ivci apooutu ioiuitcpu oqoiq kui otqv c-
qvikq iiopuiu (Hopaoou, 2002, Huvtciuoou, 2000).
Eaioq uao tqv acupu tq eooooiu kui tq uoeooooiu uvtiotoiu,
q uvuveoq ouvoc0qkc citc c apoqutu aou caqpcuouv to ouvoo tq eooi-
kq citoupiu citc c ccioikcucvu apoqutu aou uopouv oto evqiko q oto
puqiko ouotqu tou oou (Petrauskas & Rourke, 1979). Iiu oc ti aupuauve


12
oiutupuc pqoioaoiq0qkuv oiuopctikoi opoi, oae ukouotikq q oatikq ouociu
iu ti acpiateoci tev ccioikcucvev oiutupuev kui u0iu ouociu iu ti acpi-
ateoci tev cvikcucvev oiutupuev.
H aopciu tq cctq tev ouokoiev uvuveoq oc auioiu epi apoqutu vo-
qoouvq, uvcuptqtu uao ti apoocioci kui tou opou aou pqoioaoiq0qkuv
kutu kuipou, uvcociuv ouo tuaou ouokoiev uvuveoq:
u) Auokoic uvuveoq aou ouvocovtui c oatiko-kivqtikc citoupic.
) Auokoic uvuveoq aou ouvocovtui c tq citoupiu tou oou.
H cpi oqcpu cpcuvu oe cci ocici oti ocv iouci q uvtiotpoq ocoq, oqu-
oq auioiu c ouokoic oti acpioc uutc ocv cuviouv uaupuitqtu kui ouokoi-
c uvuveoq q apoqutu ooikq caioooq cvikotcpu.
Luvoiovtu, oi 0cepic kui oi cpqvcutikc apoocioci aou apouvucp0qkuv
uoiovtui oc uao0coci ouoctioou oiuopev aupuctpev tq uvuveotikq ci-
toupiu c tq uqq caioooq otqv uvuveoq. Akou kui tu cpqvcutiku ovtcu
civui uao0ctiku kui ocv couv caicuie0ci cpcuvqtiku. Muov aopci kuvci vu
uaootqpici oti apokcitui iu cpqvcutikc uao0coci kui oi iu 0cepic, oi oaoic
ocv caituuvouv vu uvuociouv tq ocoq uvucou oti ouokoic uvuveoq kui
otu uitiu aou ti apokuouv. To ioio apoqu caioquivouv oi Kavale kui Forness
(1985) iu tqv cpcuvu oto cuputcpo acoio tev u0qoiukev ouokoiev. Yaootqpi-
ouv oti oi cpqvcutikc apoocioci uoiovtui oc cupqutu cacipikev cpcuvev
kui oi oc 0cepqtiku ovtcu. To aq0o tev cpcuvev aou apuutoaoiq0qkuv oto
acoio tev u0qoiukev ouokoiev ouooepcuoc aou cupqutu, tu oaoiu oe ocv
cvtuooovtui oc kuaoio 0cepqtiko ovtco aou vu tu cpqvcuci. Auto 0cepcitui oti
civui kui to uoiko caiotqooiko apoqu tev u0qoiukev ouokoiev. H uaou-
oiu 0cepqtikev ovtcev ooqqoc otqv oiuopeoq 0cepqtikev uaocev cou
uao ti ouoctioci tev cpcuvqtikev cupqutev. H 0cepiu oe aou apokuatci uao
ti ouoctioci cupqutev civui cacipikq kui oi caiotqovikq. O 0cepqtiko c-
acipioo oti u0qoiukc ouokoic upuktqpictui uao tq pqoq cacipikev ku-
tqopiev aou opiovtui c uoq tqv auputqpqoq kui ocv ouoctiovtui c uc
0cepqtikc cvvoic. Ii uuto kui o oqutioo tctoiev 0cepiev civui acpioootcpo
cviko, aupu uuipctiko, kui kutu ouvcaciu uouq. Acv ouviotutui uao tiaotc
uo aupu uao tq cvikcuoq, iu oiuoikuoiu q oaoiu ouvoici o,ti cci auputqpq-


13
0ci. Oe iu tctoiu ouvoioq ocv ooqci outc otqv cpqvciu outc otqv apocq,
iuti q uouciu aou cvuaupci acpiopici tqv ukpiciu. H aupueq 0cepiu cou
uao tq ouoctioq tev auputqpqocev oiuci ctoi c tq uikq okcq. Auto i-
oe civui cvu uao tou oou aou cve couc iu aupueq aq0epu opioev
kui cpqvcutikev ovtcev, uutu ocv aopcouv aotc vu ouoctiotouv kui vu pouv
uvtuaokpioq cou oto auioio tq ckauiocuoq, aupu ovo e pqtopikc uaootpo-
c.
/ HO9VBKME 9:= I?J98=@B?:L8@U 9X=VBM=
Mctu tq ockuctiu tou 70 kui tq oiukqpuq tq caitpoaq Warnock otq M. Bpc-
tuviu q cpcuvu iu ti ouokoic uvuveoq, ku0e kui iu ou tu apoqutu oo-
ikq u0qoq, ctutoaiotqkc uao tu iutpiku kui uooiku upuktqpiotiku tev
apoqutev, uaokciotiku otu upuktqpiotiku tq caioooq tev auioiev oto oo-
cio iu vu apoooiopiotouv ctoi oi cioikc ckauiocutikc tou uvukc. 1toi couc
aq0epu cacipikev cpcuvev aou cctouv tu u0q uvuveoq q kui op0opuiu,
ku0e kui tqv caioooq ouvoiku otqv uvuveoq, op0opuiu kui upi0qtikq. Eai-
acov oti uoouovikc epc apooutu couc tqv cuvioq cpcuvev aou uo-
pouv oto evooiko okco tou oou, ioe iuti uutc oi eooc civui evoo-
ikc. H cpcuvu, oiaov, ooqqoc oc iu uacpcvikcuoq tq kutuotuoq tev uvu-
veotikev ouokoiev kui tev octikev opev, uao cioikq ckauiocutikq uvukq otqv
uvuveoq oc ouokoiu u0qoq (learning difficulties) kui cvtcci oc ouociu. Tu
opiu o uutc ti kutuotuoci ivovtui uouq kui tu auioiu c ouokoic uvuveoq
cvtuooovtui uvuou o cvu uao tou aupuauve opou. L uuto cuiu cci ouu-
ci kui o ioio o opioo tq ouociu, o oaoio aupu to covo oti opio0ctci tq
ouociu uao ti uc uvuveotikc ouokoic, ocv upuktqpictui oae uvucp-
0qkc apoqoucve uao ouq kpitqpiu apoooiopioou. Eaiacov, uvcuptqtu uao
tqv apoccuoq tev apoqutev, tu auioiu ku0e cuevouv upiouv vu cuvi-
ouv cvikcucvc ouokoic oc caiacoo ooikq u0qoq e ouvcaciu caioepcuti-
kq uvcaupkciu citc iuti otcpouvtui uvuveotikev cpc0ioutev (oe ouociu)
citc iuti ouokocuovtui oto oo, citc iuti couv cvikcucvu veotiku caooiu
(Mupkoitq & Toupiuoou, 1995).
Auto civui kui o oo aou uvti tou opou ouociu pqoioaoiq0qkc kupie
oti HHA o opo u0qoiukc ouokoic e acpioootcpo oukivev apo ti uvu-
veotikc ouokoic (Federal Register, 1977). H ouociu 0cepq0qkc oti oukivci


14
c ti u0qoiukc ouokoic iuti ouvocctui oi ovo c ti ouokoic uvuveoq
uu cvococve kui c tqv apoopikq kui puatq ckpuoq, c tqv apooqq, tqv
kutuvoqoq, to ouoioo kui tou u0qutikou uaooioou. Eaioq oi ouo opoi
uvucpovtui oc kutuotuoci cvoocvou uoq kui oc acpiateoci oiukuuvoq u-
vucou otq caioooq kui to ouvuiko tev auioiev. O opo oe u0qoiukc ouoko-
ic uaokcici acpiateoci aou ociovtui oc uio0qtqpiukq uq, voqtikq ku0u-
otcpqoq ku0e kui oc ouocvci acpiuovtikc ouv0qkc, acpiateoci oi oaoic
aopci vu ouvouuovtui c uvuveotikc ouokoic kui ciuv acpiq0ci otov opo
ouociu. Iiu to oo uuto oto tccutuio opioo tev u0qoiukev ouokoiev tou
National Joint Committee of Learning Disabilities oicukpivictui oti kui auioiu uao
ti tccutuic uutc acpiateoci aopci vu couv u0qoiukc ouokoic, oi oaoic
oe ocv civui ucoq ouvcaciu tev ouv0qkev uutev (Hamill et al., 1987).
Hup ou uutu cpi oqcpu cukoou0ouv vu uaupouv uvtiveic octiku c
to uv oi u0qoiukc ouokoic, c tqv cvvoiu tou opou, uaotcouv apuutikq q
cuoq kutuotuoq kui uv uvucpovtui oc ou tu auioiu c uaocaioooq q oc cpiku
ua uutu. O Cruickshank (1983) uaootqpic oti uopu ovo ckcivu tu auioiu c uao-
caioooq aou to apoqu tou cvtoaictui otqv uvtiqatikq citoupiu. Oi Kirk kui
Kirk (1983) ciuv uaootqpici oti o opo u0qoiukc ouokoic pqoioaoicitui
iu auioiu aou couv ccvq apoqutu kui oi iu auioiu aou civui ckauiocuoiu
voqtiku ku0uotcpqcvu kui to apoqu tou ocictui oc cecvci aupuovtc.
Avti0ctu o Mann kui oi ouvcputc tou (1983) uio0ctqouv tov opo u0qoiukc ou-
okoic e cvu cviko opo iu ou tu auioiu c qaiu voqtikq ku0uotcpqoq apokci-
cvou vu uvtikutuotu0ouv opoi oi oaoioi tu otiutiuv.
Aiuaiotevctui oiaov oti kui oto cuputcpo acoio tev Mu0qoiukev Auokoiev
kutupuovtui uvuoc uoucic uutc tev cioikev uvuveotikev ouokoiev
(Ouzilou, 2001).
Eve oi caiotqovc oiuevouv q ouevouv oto ae vu opioouv ti u0qoiukc
ouokoic, oi ckauiocutikoi otu oociu cacvououv c oukckpicvo voqu ti u-
0qoiukc ouokoic oc ku0qcpivq uoq. Ou acpicvc kuvci to voqu uuto vu civui
oiuopctiko uao toao oc toao, cooov oi opiooi aoikiouv. Oe uuto ocv ouui-
vci iuti oi opiooi uaotcouv iu ovo aqq voquto iu tou ouokuou.
O Pougach (1985) uoiocvo oc ouvcvtcuci ouokuev 39 tucev, pqkc oti to


15
27% coievuv tou u0qtc uao tqv tuq, 54% qtououv oq0qtikq oiouokuiu kui
19% qtqouv oq0ciu ovo iu to apopuutioo. To apoqu tev ouokuev tq
cvikq ckauiocuoq civui q uqq caioooq. Ti ouviotu oe tq uqq caioooq;
Eve oi opiooi tev u0qoiukev ouokoiev kutupuouv iu aoikiiu acpioev oti
oaoic cvu auioi aopci vu uaooioci uqu oae uvuveoq puq, op0opuiu, ku-
tuvoqoq, ouoioo, u0qutiku, otqv apuq q acpioq otqv oaoiu uvucpovtui
kupie oi ouokuoi civui q uvuveoq. Oi Torgeson kui Dice (1980) uotcpu uao tpic-
tq cctq oc 8 acpiooiku u0qoiukev ouokoiev pqkuv oti q uqq caioooq ku-
0opiotuv uao to caiacoo tq caioooq tev auioiev otqv uvuveoq oc ocoq c to
uvucvocvo iu tqv tuq tou. Lto ioio uaotccou kutcquv oi Kavale kui For-
ness (1985) oi oaoioi oiuaioteouv oti to 87% tev u0qtev c u0qoiukc ouokoic
cic uvukq 0cpuacutikq oiouokuiu otqv uvuveoq. 1toi aupoo aou oi u0qoi-
ukc ouokoic ocv ku0opiovtui uaokciotiku uao tqv uvuveotikq uvcaupkciu,
otqv apuq auipvouv uuto to voqu. Oi Shepard kui Smith (1983) oiuaioteouv oti
ovo to 23% tev auioiev c u0qoiukc ouokoic cic oquvtikq oiukuuvoq oc
tcot caioooq u0qutikev kui uvuveoq. Oi acpioootcpoi citoupououv oto cai-
acoo tq tuq tou, ioiuitcpu oti ikpotcpc tuci. Eaiacov oi u0qtc c u0q-
oiukc ouokoic cvoouv tou ouokuou cuitiu tq ouacpiopu tou kui uuto
uaotcci cvu aupuovtu oiuopoaoiqoq uao uc acpiateoci uqq caioooq
(Ysseldyke et al. 1982, Furlong & Yanagida, 1985).
Tu ocoocvu tev aupuauve cpcuvev aopci vu ooqqoouv oto ouacpuou oti
to apuutiko auioi c u0qoiukc ouokoic ocv civui uuto aou acpipuouv oi
caioqoi opiooi uu uuto aou o ouokuo tq kuvovikq tuq ouvq0e 0cepci e
apoqu, oquoq to auioi to oaoio cuitiu tq ouokoiu tou otqv uvuveoq uao-
oioci uqotcpu o oou tou toci kui oiutupuooci q cvoci c tq ouacpiopu
tou tq citoupiu tq tuq (Sleeter, 1987).
Aao o,ti uivctui to voqu tev u0qoiukev ouokoiev otqv ku0qcpivq auiou-
eikq apuq civui uuto aou tou apoooioouv kupie oi ouokuoi. H 0coq uutq otq-
pictui kui uao iu ocipu cpcuvev aou civuv oti HHA. Oi Shepard kui Smith
(1983) cctqouv tou ukcou 790 u0qtev oc tuci u0qoiukev ouokoiev tou
Colorado. Aiuaiote0qkc oti ovo to 42,6% tou ociuto ouevouoc c tov opi-
oo tev u0qoiukev ouokoiev. Aao to uaooiao to 10,3% 0cepq0qkc oti ciuv
uvukq uev apopuutev cioikq ueq. To 30% ai0uve vu ciuv aoikiu


16
apoqutu ooikq u0qoq aou uauitououv cvtuq tev auioiev otqv cioikq ck-
auiocuoq. Lto 6,4% cic ivci uvcaupkq uiooqoq kui to 10,6% qtuv auioiu aou
ciuv upuktqpiotci e auioiu c u0qoiukc ouokoic iu aoikiou oou. Eai-
oq oi ioioi coeouv cpetqutooio oc 1006 cioikou aou cpuovtuv oc oociu, oi
oaoioi ciuv caukci otq oiuoikuoiu aupuaoaq. Tu cupqutu cociuv oti uaqpc
oquvtikq aoikiiu uaocev ctuu tev cioikev octiku c tou caioqou opi-
oou tev u0qoiukev ouokoiev.
To apoqu uivctui oti ocv acpiopictui ovo otqv kukq aqpoopqoq q otqv
uvoiu tou opioou tev u0qoiukev ouokoiev. H tuaoaoiqoq uutq uivctui oti
pqoioaoicitui uao tou ouokuou uvcuptqtu uv octictui q uiooqoq c tov
opioo. O Ysseldyke (1983) uaootqpic oti uutoi aou auipvouv ti uaouoci uivc-
tui oti pqoioaoiouv tu ocoocvu tev uiooqocev iu vu ti uaootqpiouv
uvcuptqtu uao tu ioiu tu ocoocvu.
1vu uoiko koivo upuktqpiotiko tq ouou tev auioiev c u0qoiukc ouoko-
ic, ouevu c tou Shepard kui Smith, civui oti to cuutcpo aooooto tou
(76%) aupuacaovtui iu uiooqoq uao to ouokuo tq tuq. Eaioq aupuac-
aovtui c tqv apooookiu oti aopouv vu toao0ctq0ouv o cvu auioio Eioikq A-
eq, iuti oi ouokuoi tou aiotcuouv oti uaocpouv uao uvcaupkcic ti oaoic
oi ioioi ocv aopouv vu cipiotouv. Oae uvucpci o Ysseldyke oi ouokuoi uvuc-
vouv oti to auioi to oaoio 0u uiooq0ci 0u aupuac0ci oc kuaoiu ovuou Eioikq
Aeq. O ioio oc cpcuvu tou oiuaioteoc oti to 92% tev auioiev aou aupuac-
0qkuv uiooq0qkuv oti ciuv u0qoiukc ouokoic kui to 78% ua uutu aupu-
ac0qkuv oc uaqpcoic Eioikq Aeq. Movo to 2% tev ouokuev 0cepqouv oti
to apoqu ouvocotuv c uvcaupkq oiouokuiu q c apoqutu tou ooikou
ouotquto.
Avuou cupqutu oiuaiote0qkuv kui oc cpcuvc aou apuutoaoiq0qkuv otov
cuoiko epo. Evociktiku oc cpcuvu iu tu upuktqpiotiku tev apoqutev tev
u0qtev aou oitouv oc tuci cvtuq oc oqotiku oociu tq Ocoouovikq, oi-
uaiote0qkc oti to 62,8% tev u0qtev uutev aupuac0qkuv uao to ouokuo tq
tuq kui cvtu0qkuv otqv cioikq ckauiocuoq c tov upuktqpioo u0qoiuku
apoqutu epi uq uiooikq oiuoikuoiu (Toupiuoou kui uoi, 2001).
Ltqv Euou q cctq tq ouociu ckivqoc oti upc tq ockuctiu tou 80


17
kui uvuocitqkc e apoqu ctu to 1985, oaotc 0coaio0qkuv ctpu kupie iu
tqv ooikq uiooqoq tev auioiev c ouociu. Kui otqv Euou q ouociu opi-
o0ctq0qkc c tu ioiu uouq kpitqpiu aou pqoioaoiq0qkuv oic0ve kui ouacpi-
q0qkc oto 0coiko auioio tq Eioikq Ekauiocuoq. 1vu ioiuitcpo apoqu tou
cqvikou 0coikou auioiou civui q pqoq cvoeooev opev oi oaoioi ku0e c-
tucp0qkuv otqv cqvikq eoou couv caitcivci ti uoucic. 1toi opoi ouvevu-
oi (ouociu, ououvuveoiu, cuo0cvciu) pqoioaoiouvtui e oiuopctikc acpi-
ateoci oiutupuev. Eaiacov epi vu apotcivovtui oukckpicvu auioueiku c-
tpu, apocactui uaokutuotuoq tq puatq uiooqoq uao apoopikq, c ouvc-
aciu tu tccutuiu poviu vu ouvuvtutui to uivocvo u0qtc vu uiooouvtui iu
apetq opu iu ouociu otq u0iou tou Aukciou. Auto ooqci tu aooootu tq
ouociu oc aou uqu caiacou, to oc uivocvo tcivci vu aupci tq opq tq cai-
oqiu.
H kutuotuoq aou oiuope0qkc otqv Euou aopci vu ouvocctui kui c to ci-
oo tq cpcuvu aou cci aupu0ci. Eve oc caiacoo 0cepiu oi cpcuvqtc, kupie oi
uoooi, ukoou0ouv tu caiotqoviku ocoocvu aou caikputouv oic0ve, otqv
cacipikq cpcuvu kutupuovtui kutu kuvovu upuktqpiotiku caioooq, ioiuitcpu
otqv op0opuiu, tu oaoiu uaooioovtui ouvq0e otq ouociu (Ltuoivo, 1999, Hu-
vtciuoou, 2000).
1O<7BLE9<E:8@AD B789;<G?9B8D
Luvoiovtu, q apoocioq q oaoiu caicipq0qkc oto up0po uuto iu tq oiupo-
vikq cctq tq ouociu u ooqci oti aupukute ouacpuoutikc caioquv-
oci.
Ekuto poviu cctq, tou apoquto uao caiotqovc oiuopev cioikotqtev
caicuievouv tqv uaupq tq kutuotuoq uutq, q oaoiu uvucpctui oc iu ouou
auioiev c ouokoic otqv uvuveotikq citoupiu upiku kui otq puq kui op0o-
puiu otq ouvcciu. Hupu to covo oti q cctq tq ckivqoc uao kiviku acpi-
otutiku, to apoqu uvuoci0qkc c tqv ku0icpeoq tq uaopcetikq ckauiocuoq
oto veoiokcvtpiko oocio. Aao oou uvucp0qkuv ocv uivctui vu cci oiutuae0ci
cpi oqcpu iu caiotqovikq 0cepiu iu tqv cpqvciu tq, uaupouv oe ouci
cvocici aou caicuievouv to uaupkto tou apoquto. Tu cpqvcutiku ovtcu
kupie uao tqv acupu tq uooiu uu kui tq vcupooiu cvtoaiouv ouq


18
upuktqpiotiku tq oiutupuq oto ioio to auioi. Aao tu cupqutu oe tev cpcu-
vev caioquivovtui ouokoic otq oiuopikq oiuveoq uao uc kutuotuoci, oi
oaoic couv kui uutc e upuktqpiotiko ti ouokoic otqv uvuveoq. Hupu to
covo oti to apoqu uvuocikvuctui cou oto ooiko auioio, to ouvoo tev
cpcuvev ocv u oivci otoiciu iu to ae oi ouokoic uutc uqcaiopouv c to
auioueiko kui ckauiocutiko auioio. 1ci cuiu uaootqpi0ci oti to apoqu
tccievci c tqv uaoukpuvoq tou auioiou uao to oocio. O ioio o opioo u-
aokcici aupuovtc auioiou oae oiouokuiu, acpiuov, k.u. Aao tqv uq o-
e cpiu cpiku uao tu auioiu upuktqpiovtui e ouocktiku c upiko kpitqpio
tq ooikq caioooq. Auto uaotcci uoiko oqcio uvtiuoq otqv ioiu tqv cpqvciu
tou apoquto. Eaioq cci oiuaiote0ci oti uv q voqoouvq tou auioiou civui ku-
q, uv oi acpiuovtikc ouv0qkc civui 0ctikc kui uv to auioi oc0ci tqv kutuq-
q auioueikq oq0ciu totc to apoqu tq ouociu uaoku0iotutui (Mupkoi-
tq & Toupiuoou, 1995). Avcuptqtu oiaov uao tou opioou, civui ouvutov vu
ioupiotouc oti cooov apokcitui iu cvu apoqu ooikq u0qoq pciuctui
vu cctq0ouv oc ckcivc oi aupuctpoi aou uaciocpovtui otq ocoq tou auioiou
c tq ooikq u0qoq. H 0coq uutq cviouctui kui uao to covo oti tu apopu-
utu uvticteaioq tq ouociu aopci vu uacoeouv oc cpuotqpiuko auioio,
ocv aopcouv oe vu cvoeute0ouv oto ooiko apopuu kui cvtcci vu oq-
0qoouv tu auioiu (Lenz, 1992). H ooikq caioooq ocv ouvuptutui ovo c tu ve-
otiku kui voqtiku upuktqpiotiku tou auioiou` ouvuptutui kui c aoc uc au-
puctpou, oi oaoic uv ocv q0ouv uaoq tooo otqv uiooqoq ooo kui otqv ck-
auiocutikq aupcuoq oc 0u aopcoouv vu oq0qoouv tu auioiu.
Hupu to covo oti ocv cci oiutuae0ci cpi oqcpu iu caiotqovikq 0cepiu
aou vu cpqvcuci kui vu apocaci to uivocvo, tu kpitqpiu aou couv apotu0ci
uao tqv acupu kupie tq uooiu oivouv tq ouvutotqtu vu cvtoaiotci to apo-
qu kui uiotu apiv uao tqv cioooo tou auioiou oto oocio, otuv ckoqe0ouv
kuaoiu upuktqpiotiku ouateutu. H cpi oqcpu oe cpcuvu cocic oti tu kpi-
tqpiu uutu oc uuvovtui kutu kuvovu uaoq uao tou ckauiocutikou, oi oaoioi
acpiopiocvoi otu upuktqpiotiku tq caioooq kutuokcuuouv tqv oikiu tou
ouociu. Auto caqpcuctui uao ti uvuaupuotuoci tou octiku c tqv uvuc-
vocvq caioooq kui oi uao tu upuktqpiotiku tev auioiev, outc c tu caiotqoviku
ocoocvu, tu oaoiu oqcpu oi acpioootcpoi vepiouv. Auto ioe ouvocctui c to


19
covo oti o ckauiocutiko cci e uoiko apoouvutoioo otq u0qoiukq oiuoi-
kuoiu tq oiouokocvq veoq kui oi tq ocoq tou auioiou c tq veoq. 1toi q oic-
aiotqovikotqtu, q oaoiu civui uaupuitqtq iu vu oicpcuvq0ci uutq q ocoq kui vu
uioaoiq0ouv tu caiotqoviku kpitqpiu, aupoo aou apocactui otqv oiuveotikq
oiuoikuoiu, tciku uvocitui otqv ooikq apuq.
Hpcaci oiaov vu uvuvepioouc oti q ouociu aupu to covo oti uaotcci iu
uaupktq kutuotuoq civui tuutopovu iu koivevikq kutuokcuq q oaoiu uvuoci0qkc
oto veoiokcvtpiko oocio. To apoqu, kutu ouvcaciu, uauitci caiuoq auiou-
eikq kui oi uau 0cpuacic uao covecvou cioikou. Iiu vu apoepqoouc
caiotqoviku apo uutq tqv kutcu0uvoq civui uvukuio uvuvepiovtu tu utoiku
upuktqpiotiku tou auioiou aou cci ouociu vu cctqoouc tqv uqcaiopuoq
tou c to oukckpicvo u0qoiuko kui ooiko auioio oto oaoio cvtuooctui, cc-
tq uao tqv oaoiu aopci vu apokuouv tooo uiooiku ooo kui auioueiku cpu-
ciu iu tqv uvticteaioq tou apoquto.


20
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