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Sadraj
Strana


0.1.Alfabet - Alphabet 3
1. Brojevi - Numbers 3
1.1. Glavni (cardinals) 3
1.2. Redni (ordinals) 4
1.3. Deobni (fractional numerals) 5
1.4. Brojevi za ponavljanje (repeating numerals) 5
1.5. Brojevi za umnoavanje (multiplicatives) 5
1.6. Broj nula (zero) 5
2. lan - The Article 5
2.1. Odreeni lan 6
2.2. Neodreeni lan 7
3. Glagoli - Verbs 9
3.1. Pomoni glagoli - Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) 10
3.1.1. Pomoni glagol "to be" - Auxiliary Verb "to be" 10
3.1.2. Pomoni glagol "to have" - Auxiliary Verb "to have" 11
3.1.3. Pomoni glagol "to do" - Auxiliary Verb "to do" 14
3.2. Bezlini glagoli - Impersonal Verbs 15
3.3. Nepotpuni glagoli - Defective Verbs 15
3.4. Pravilni i nepravilni glagoli - Regular and Irregular Verbs 16
3.5. Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 19
3.6. Povratni glagoli 19
3.7. Viereni glagoli - Multi-word verbs 20
3.7.1. Frazalni glagoli 20
3.7.2. Predloni glagoli 20
3.7.3. Frazalni predloni glagoli 21
3.8. "-ing" oblici - The "-ing" forms 21
3.9. Gerund - The Gerund 22
3.10. Particip prezenta - The Present Participle 23
3.11. Direktan i indirektan govor - Direct and Indirect Speech 24
3.12. Klauze - Clauses 25
3.12.1. Nezavisne i zavisne klauze 26
3.12.2. Relativne klauze 27
3.12.3. Eliptine klauze 28
3.13. Kondicionali - The conditionals 28
3.13.1. Prvi kondicional - realna mogunost
(First conditional: real possibility) 29
3.13.2. Drugi kondicional - nevjerovatna mogunost
(Second conditional - unreal possibility or dream) 29
3.13.3. Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti
(Third conditional - no possibility) 30
3.13.4. Nulti kondicional - sigurno ispunjenje uslova
(Zero conditional - certainty) 30
3.13.5. Kondicionali - ukratko 31
3.14. Trpno stanje (pasiv) - Passive Voice 31
3.15. Slaganje vremena - Sequence of Tenses 33
3.15.1. Slaganje glagolskih vremena 33
3.15.2. Slaganje vremena sa infinitivima i participima 34
3.16. Sadanja vremena 35
3.16.1. Sadanje prosto vreme - Simple Present Tense 35
3.16.2. Sadanje trajno vreme - Present Continuous Tense 36
3.16.3. Sloeno sadanje vreme - Present Perfect Simple Tense 38
3.16.4. Nesvreni perfekt - Present Perfect Continuous Tense 39




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Sadraj
Strana


3.17. Prola vremena 41
3.17.1. Prolo svreno vreme - Past Simple Tense 41
3.17.2. Prolo trajno vreme - The Past Continuous Tense 43
3.17.3. Pluskvamperfekat (davno prolo vreme) - The Past
Perfect Tense 44
3.17.4. Nesvreni pluskvamperfekt - The Past Perfect
Continuous Tense 45
3.18. Budua vremena 45
3.18.1. Prosto budue vreme - Futur Simple Tense 45
3.18.2. Budue trajno vreme - Futur Continuous Tense 46
3.18.3. Sloeno budue vreme - Futur Perfect Tense 46
3.18.4. Futur Perfect Continuous 47
4. Imenice - Nouns 48
4.1. Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns 48
4.2. Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns 50
4.3. Padei imenica - Cases of Nouns 53
5. Pridevi - Adjectives 54
5.1. Poreenje prideva - Comparasion 54
5.2. Pravopisna pravila pri poreenju 55
5.3. Nepravilna komparacija prideva - Irregular comparasion 56
6. Predlozi - Prepositions 56
7. Prilozi - Adverbs 58
7.1. Poreenje priloga 59
8. Uzvici - Interjections 60
9. Veznici - Conjunctions 61
10. Zamenice - Pronouns 61
10.1. Line zamenice - Personal Pronouns 62
10.2. Prisvojne zamenice - Possessive Pronouns 63
10.3. Povratne zamenice - Reflexive Pronouns 63
10.4. Pokazne zamenice - Demonstrative pronouns 64
10.5. Upitne zamenice - Interrogative Pronouns 64
10.6. Relativne zamenice - Relative pronouns 65
10.7. Deobne zamenice - Distributive Pronouns 66
10.8. Neodreene zamenice - Indefinite Pronouns 67
11. Red rei - Word order 69
12. Skraenice na internetu 69
13. Britansko i ameriko pisanje - British and American writing 70
14. Pisanje velikih slova - Writing of capital letters 70
15. Znaci interpunkcije - Punctuation 71
15.1. Taka - The full stop or period 72
15.2. Zarez - The comma 72
15.3. Dvotaka - The colon 73
15.4. Taka-zarez - The semicolon 74
15.5. Upitnik - The question mark 74
16. Lista najeih imenica koji imaju nepravilne oblike u mnoini 75
17. Izgovor (kopirano iz pdf e-knjige) 77
17.1. Naglasak 77
17.2. Samoglasnici - Vowels 77
17.3. Dvoglasnici - Diphtrhongs 78
17.4. Suglasnici - Consonants 78
17.5. Vie Suglasnika - More consonants 79
17.6. Transkripcija izgovora 79
18. Glasovi engleskog jezika (Fonetika) 79
18.1. Samoglasnici - Vowels - i primeri 80
18.2. Dvoglasnici - Diphthongs - i primeri 81
18.3. Suglasnici - Consonants - i primeri (Primeri - 83 str.) 82
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(0.1.) Alfabet - Alphabet

A, a (ei:) N, n (en)
B, b (bi:) O, o (o:)
C, c (si:) P, p (pi:)
D, d (di:) Q, q (kju:)
E, e (i:) R, r (a:)
F, f (ef) S, s (es:)
G, g (di:) T, t (ti:)
H, h (eie) U, u (ju:)
I, i (ai) V, v (vi:)
J, j (dei) W, w (dabl ju)
K, k (kei) X, x (eks)
L, l (el) Y, y (uai)
M, m (em) Z, z (zi, zed)






(1.) Brojevi - Numbers

Brojevi mogu biti:

1. glavni (cardinals)
2. redni (ordinals)
3. diobni (fractional numerals)
4. brojevi za ponavljanje (repeating numerals)
5. brojevi za umnoavanje (multiplicatives)
6. broj nula (zero)


(1.1.) Glavni brojevi - cardinals
























1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen

19 nineteen
20 twenty
21 twenty one
22 twenty two etc.
30 thirty
40 fourty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 a hundred
101 a hundred and one
200 two hundred
1000 a thousand
2000 two thousand
1.000.000 a million
2.000.000 two million
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Kao to se vidi, brojevi izmeu 13 i 20 obrazuju se kada se broju prve desetine doda sufiks "teen",
izuzev nekih manjih izuzetaka (thirteen umjesto threeteen i fifteen umjesto fiveteen). Brojevi
desetica obrazuju se na slian nain, dodavanjem sufiksa "ty".

Brojevi koji imaju desetice i jedinice prave se kao i u naem jeziku:
25 - twenty five, 71 - seventy one.

Mogu se i jedinice, ali samo za brojeve ispod 40, staviti na prvo mjesto i vezati pomou "and" sa
deseticama:
24 - four and twenty.


Rei hundred i thousand posle kojih dolazi manji broj od stotinu, vezuju se veznikom "and":
328 - three hundred and twenty eight
3.020 - three thousand and twenty.


Hundred i thousand dobijaju "s" u mnoini kada se javljaju kao imenice:
hundreds of men, thousands of insects. (stotine ljudi, hiljade insekata)


"One" ima mnoinu koja glasi "ones" i upotrebljava se kao imenica, najee da bi se izbeglo
ponavljanje imenice u reenici:
Black gloves are stronger than white ones. (crne rukavice su jae od belih)

(1.2.) Redni brojevi - ordinals

Prva tri redna broja se tvore nepravilno:first (prvi), second (drugi) i third (trei). Svi ostali redni
brojevi prave se dodavanjem nastavka "th" na glavne brojeve:
seventh (sedmi), tenth (deseti), sixteenth (esnaesti), ninetieth (devedeseti), thousandth (hiljaditi)
etc.


Slova "ve" kod five postaju slovo "f" kod fifth (peti), fifteenth (petnaesti) i fiftieth (pedeseti). Isto tako
kod twelve se menja u twelfth.

Nine u rednom broju gubi krajnje "-e": nine - ninth.

Kod desetica krajnje "y" mijenja se u "ie" pred nastavkom "th": thirtieth (trideseti).
Kod sastavljenih rei nastavak dobijaju samo jedinice: twenty-fourth (dvadeset etvrti).


Redni brojevi se upotrebljavaju umesto glavnih za oznaavanje:
datuma meseca: the nineteenth of May (devetnaesti Maj);
rodoslovlje vladara: Henry the Sixth (Henry VI)
poglavlja u knjizi: chapter the tenth (glava deseta);
posle rei every, kao to su izrazi: every third day (svakog treeg dana).


Razlomci u nazivniku imaju redni broj:
4/5 - four fifths
3/10 - three tenths
Razlika je jedino kod 1/2 - one half i 1/4 - one quarter ili a quarter,
3/4 - three quarters.

Redni brojevi dobijaju odreeni lan the.
the first class (prvi razred).



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(1.3.) Deobni brojevi - fractional numerals

Izuzev broja half (pola) svi deobni brojevi jednaki su sa rednim brojevima.
U mnoini dobijaju nastavak "s": four sevenths (etiri sedmice).
Iza half dolazi "a" ispred imenice: half a loaf (polovina hleba).
Posle broja, izraza i po (i polovina) prevodi se sa "and a half":
two leagues and a half (dve i po milje).

(1.4.) Brojevi za ponavljanje - repeating numerals

Brojevi za ponavljanje prave se pomou rei "times": four times (etiri puta),
twenty times (dvadeset puta). Izuzetak: once (jedan put), twice (dva puta),
thrice (tri puta) zadrali su se jo u poeziji, inae su zastareli.

(1.5.) Brojevi za umnoavanje - multiplicatives

Brojevi za umnoavanje prave se dodavanjem nastavka "fold" na glavne brojeve:
fourfold (etverostruk).
Izuzetak je broj "twofold" koji se moe izraziti jo reju double (dvostruk).

(1.6.) Broj nula - zero

Nula se u engleskom jeziku kae naught ili zero:

seven degrees below zero (sedam stepeni ispod nule)
206 - two naught six

U telefonskim brojevima nula se izgovara kao glas "o" (ou):

32-049 - three two o four nine.

(2.) lan - The Article

U engleskom jeziku postoje odreeni i neodreeni lan.

Odreeni lan je the. On je nepromenljiv: the man, the woman, the house.

Neodreeni lan je a ili an,
a koristimo ispred suglasnika: a chair, a university, a year;
an koristimo ispred samoglasnika: an hour, an apple, an elephant itd.

Da bi ste odredili koji, i da li upotrebiti lan postavite sebi nekoliko pitanja:

1. Da li va italac zna o kome ili o emu govorite?

da ne
koristite the preite na sledee pitanje


2. Da li je imenica u jednini ili mnoini?

jednini mnoini
preite na sledee pitanje izostavite lan


3. Moe li imenica biti u mnoini, tj. da li je brojiva? (ta su brojive imenice?)

Da Ne
preite na sledee pitanje izostavite lan

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4. Da li govorite o pojedinanoj stvari ili uoptenoj ideji?

pojedinano uopteno
preite na sledee pitanje izostavite lan


5. Da li imenica poinje vokalima (a, e, i, o, u)?

Da Ne
koristite an koristite a


(2.1.) Odreeni lan

Odreeni lan se upotrebljava:

- kada se govori o odreenom licu, stvari ili pojmu:
send me the book (poalji mi knjigu)

- kada je re o imenici koja je blie odreena ili poznata licu koje slua ili ita:
I saw the teacher (video sam uitelja),
she gave the letter to her mother (dala je pismo svojoj majci);

- ispred imenica koje po naem shvatanju postoje u samo jednom primerku:
the Earth moves round the sun (Zemlja se okree oko Sunca);

- ako imenica u jednini odreuje celu vrstu, a ne samo pojedinu stvar koja pripada toj vrsti:
the Earth-satellite is faster then the aeroplane (Zemljin satelit je bri od aviona);

- pred superlativima:
this is the best thing you can do (to je najbolja stvar koju moe uiniti);

- ispred rednih brojeva:
it is the second day of my arrival here (drugi je dan otkako sam stigao ovamo);

- ispred "same": the same to you (isto i vama);

- ispred imena zgrada, ustanova, brodova i sl: The Houses of Parliament (parlament),
The Ministry of Defence (ministarstvo odbrane), The Majestic (hotel) itd;

- ispred imena listova, asopisa, magazina: the Times;

- ispred linih imena koja se sastoje od prideva i imenice:
The Black Sea (Crno more), The Pacific Ocean (Tihi okean);

- ispred imena naroda u mnoini: the English (Englezi);

- ispred imena posle kojih dolazi "of": we signed the treaty of Locarno
(potpisali smo sporazum u Lokarnu);

- ispred imena reka, plananskih lanaca, jezera i mora:
we climbed the Alps (popeli smo se na Alpe);

- ispred prideva koji su upotrebljeni kao imenice:
the poor of London (sirotinja Londona);

- u nekim stalnim izrazima i frazama:
he made a joke at the expense of this old woman (naalio se na raun ove starice)
I don't want to run the risk (ne elim da rizikujem).
- 7 -

Odreeni lan se ne upotrebljava:

- ispred osobnih imenica: Jack gave me an apple (Jack mi je dao jabuku);

- bez lana su imenice koje oznaavaju porodine odnose, a lanovi su porodice:
mother called me back (majka me je pozvala da se vratim);

- imena dana, meseci i godinjih doba: I shall come by Monday (doi u do ponedeljka);

- imena vrhova planina: Magli is the highest mountain in Bosnia
(Magli je najvea planina u Bosni);

- man i woman se upotrebljavaju bez lana kada oznaavaju celu vrstu, tj. ljudski rod:
man is mortal (ovek je smrtan);

- gradivne imenice su bez lana: the table is made of wood (sto je napravljen od drveta);

- misaone imenice su bez lana: I prefer music to poetry (vie volim muziku nego
poeziju);

- imena obroka su bez lana:
children, come, dinner is ready (deco, doite, ruak je
spreman);

- imenice kao to su: school, college, market, court, prison itd, idu bez lana ako oznaavaju rad
koji se tamo obavlja:
after school children go home (posle kole deca se vraaju kui),
he was put in prison (stavljen je u zatvor);

- uz superlativ priloga lan se ne upotrebljava:
he runs best (on najbolje tri),
she writes quickest (ona pie najbre);

- lan se nikad ne upotrebljava u nekim izrazima:
to be at work (biti u poslu)
to catch fire (zapaliti se)
to take breath (odahnuti)
to set sail (isploviti)
to shake hands (rukovati se)
to lose courage (izgubiti hrabrost)
by land (kopnom)
hand in hand (ruku pod ruku)
by heart (napamet)
on board (na brodu).


(2.2.) Neodreeni lan


Neodreeni lan "a" upotrebljava se ispred rei koje poinju suglasnikom, a oblik "an" se
upotrebljava ispred rei koje poinju samoglasnikom ili tihim "h":
a man (ovjek), an open window (otvoren prozor), an hour (as).

Neodreeni lan upotrebljava se samo sa imenicama koje imaju mnoinu.
Misaone i gradivne imenice koje nemaju mnoine i koje se ne mogu brojati, nemaju neodreeni
lan:
I have a book (imam knjigu), ali I have time (imam vremena).


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Neodreeni lan nema mnoinu i ne moe se upotrebiti ispred imenice u mnoini:
a house (kua), houses (kue).

Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava uz imenicu koja je izdvojena iz celine ili mnotva
ali koja nije posebno odreena:
the boy saw a bird in the tree (deak je video pticu na drvetu).

Neodreeni lan moe odrediti itavu vrstu: a cat is an animal (maka je ivotinja);

Neodreeni lan se stavlja uz razlomke: a half (polovina), a third (treina).

Neodreeni lan se stavlja ispred rei koje oznaavaju vreme, broj, teinu i meru:
I see him two times a week (viam ga dvaput sedmino).

Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava sa reima: many, such, quite, rather, what,
no less, so, too, as - ako je imenica u jednini:
we have seen him many a time (videli smo ga mnogo puta),
he is quite a good doctor (on je poprilino dobar doktor).

Neodreeni lan se stavlja ispred rei: dozen (tuce), gross (dvanaest tuceta),
score (dvadeset), hundred, thousand, million: a hundred balls (stotinu lopti).

Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava s imenskim predikatom:
he is a school-teacher (on je uitelj u koli).

Neodreeni lan se moe upotrebiti uz apoziciju koja se dodaje nazivima knjievnih dela:
"Rivals", a comedy by Sheridan ("Suparnici", eridanova komedija).

Neodreeni lan upotrebljen iza "not" pojaava negaciju: I have not a single penny
(nemam niti jedan jedini peni).

Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava u mnogim idiomatskim izrazima, dok se u nekim isputa:

to have a pain (imati bolove)
to be in hurry (uriti se)
to be at loss (biti u neprilici)
as a rule (po pravilu)
on an average (proseno).

Neodreeni lan se izostavlja:

- kad se neto nabraja:
my brother is a runner, swimmer and jumper (moj brat je trka, pliva i skaka);

- uz misaone i gradivne imenice koje se ne mogu brojati:
he put wood on fire (stavio je drva na vatru), we have confidence in you (imamo poverenja u vas);

- u sluaju kada neku titulu moe imati samo jedno lice u isto vreme:
he is President of the Republic (on je predsednik republike);

- posle izraza kao to su: the title of, the post of, the office of, the rank of:
he holds the post of secretary (on zauzima poloaj sekretara);

- posle glagola to turn (kada znai stati):
he was unable to obtain a civil post he turned soldier (poto nije mogao da dobije mesto u civilu,
postao je vojnik);

- kada je predikat deo objekta u aktivnoj konstrukciji, i deo subjekta u pasivnoj konstrukciji:
the called him fool, madman (nazvali su ga ludim, ludakom),
he was made prisoner (zarobili su ga);
- 9 -
- kada je re "part" upotrebljena u smislu "partly":
part of the ceiling came down on people (deo tavanice je pao na ljude);

- kada posle rei "what" koja je upotrebljena kao uzvik, dolazi imenica koja se obino ne
upotrebljava u mnoini:
what wisdom in so young boy (kakva mudrost u tako mladog deaka)


(3.) Glagoli - Verbs

Pomoni glagoli - Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs)
glagol "to be" - biti
glagol "to have" - imati
glagol "to do" - raditi


Bezlini glagoli - Impersonal Verbs
Nepotpuni glagoli - Defective Verbs
Pravilni i nepravilni glagoli - Regular and Irregular Verbs
Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Povratni glagoli - Reflexive Verbs

Viereni glagoli - Multi-Word Verbs
Frazalni glagoli - Phrasal Verbs
Prijedloni glagoli - Prepositional Verbs
Frazalni prijedloni glagoli - Phrasal-prepositional Verbs

"-ing" oblici (gerund,particip prezenta) - The "-ing" Forms

Direktan i indirektan govor - Direct and Indirect Speech
Klauze - Clauses
Kondicionali - The Conditionals
Pasiv - Passive Voice
Slaganje vremena - Sequence of Tenses



Sadanja vremena
Sadanje prosto vreme / Simple present tense
Sadanje trajno vreme / Present continuous tense
Sadanje sloeno vreme / Present perfect simple tense
Sadanje trajno sloeno vreme / Present perfect continuous tense

Prola vremena
Prosto prolo vreme / Simple past tense
Prolo trajno vreme / Past continuous tense
Sloeno prolo vreme / Past perfect simple tense
Sloeno trajno prolo vreme / Past perfect continuous tense

Budua vremena
Prosto budue vreme / Simple future tense
Trajno budue vreme / Future continuous tense
Sloeno budue vreme / Future perfect simple tense
Sloeno trajno budue vreme / Future perfect continuous tense






- 10 -
(3.1.) Pomoni glagoli - Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs)


(3.1.1.) Pomoni glagol "to be" - Auxiliary Verb "to be"

Pomoni glagoli slue za sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta, futura itd.)

Pomoni glagoli su:
be, have, do, shall, will

Glagol "to be" - biti

Glagoli be, have i do mogu biti pomoni glagoli i glagoli punog znaenja.

Glavni delovi glagola be su:
be was been

Be kao pomoni glagol se upotrebljava:

- za graenje trajnih vremena:
I am surfing. (ja surfujem);

- za graenje pasivnih vremena:
The bridge was built. (most je izgraen).


Be kao glagol punog znaenja znai postojati, iveti, stii itd.

To be, or not to be. (biti ili ne biti)
I was in Spain last year. (bio sam u paniji prole godine)

Be se vrlo esto upotrebljava kao dio imenskog predikata.

He is ill. (on je bolestan)
His brother was a sailor. (njegov brat je bio mornar).

Be se upotrebljava za starost, udaljenost i cenu.

It is ten miles. (ima deset milja)
She is twenty. (njoj je dvadeset)
This building is twenty years old. (ova zgrada je stara dvadeset godina)

Kada govorimo o osobi kaemo samo broj (She is twenty.) ali kada govorimo o stvari
years i old se ne mogu izostaviti.

Present Simple - Prezent
I am - I'm (ja sam) I'm not (ja nisam) am I? (jesam li)
you are - you're you're not are you?
he is - he's, she's, it's he's, she's, it's not is he, she, it?
we are - we're we're not are we?
you are - you're you're not are you?
they are - they're they're not are they?


Past Simple - Preterit (Prosto prolo vreme)
I was (ja sam bio) I wasn't (ja nisam bio) was I?
you were you weren't were you?
he was he wasn't was he?


- 11 -



Present Perfect - Perfekt
I have been (ja sam bio) I haven't been have I been?
you have been you haven't been have you been?
he has been he hasn't been has he been?


Past Perfect - Pluskvamperfekt (Pluperfekt)
I had been (ja bijah bio) I had not been had I been?
you had been you had not been had you been?
he had been he had not been had he been?


Futur Simple - Futur
I shall be (ja u biti) I shall not be shall I be?
you will be you will not be will you be?
he will be he will not be will he be?


Futur Perfect - Svreni futur
I shall have been (ja u biti) I shall not have been shall I have been?
you will have been you will not have been will you have been?
he will have been he will not have been will he have been?


Present Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji
I should be (ja bih bio) I should not be should I be?
you would be you would not be would you be?
he would be he would not be would he be)


Past Conditional - Pogodbeni nain proli
I should have been (bio bih bio) I should not have been should I have been?
you would have been you would not have been would you have been?
he would have been he would not have been would he have been?



Imperativ be
Infinitiv prezenta to be
Infinitiv perfekta to have been
Particip prezenta being
Particip perfekta been - having been
Gerund prezenta being
Gerund perfekta having been





(3.1.2.) Pomoni glagol "to have" - Auxiliary Verb "to have"

Pomoni glagoli slue za graenje sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta, futura itd.)

Pomoni glagoli su:
be, have, do, shall, will

Glagol "to have" - imati
- 12 -
Have kao pomoni glagol:

S pomonim glagolom have grade se sledei glagolski oblici:

perfekt (I have spoken)
pluskvamperfekt (I had spoken)
infinitiv perfekta (to have spoken)
particip perfekta (to have spoken)
particip perfekta i gerund proli (having spoken).

Have kao glagol punog znaenja:

- Have iza kojeg sledi infinitiv izraava obavezu. Npr:
They had to leave. (morali su otii)
I have to buy some chocolate for her girl. (moram kupiti okoladu za njenu devojicu)

- U toj se konstrukciji moe upitni oblik graditi s pomou do ili inverzijom, a odrini pomou
do ili dodavanjem not, npr:

Did they have to leave?
Had they have to leave?
They did not have to leave.
They had not to leave.



- Osnovno znaenje glagola have kao glagola punog znaenja jeste posedovati, imati. Npr:
Her brother has a motor-boat. (njen brat ima motorni amac)
The baby has a blue eyes. (detece ima plave oi)

- U govornom se jeziku uz have koje znai posedovati esto stavlja got.
I have got znai isto kao i have.
He has got a TV set. (on ima televizor)

Kada have znai posedovati, ne upotrebljava se u nesvrenim vremenima.

- Have se upotrebljava u nekim stalnim izrazima:
to have breakfast (dorukovati)
to have tea (popiti aj)
to have a good time (dobro se zabavljati)

Causative have

Have iza kojeg slijedi objekt i particip perfekta oznaava da neko drugi vri radnju reenice
po elji ili zapovijedi subjekta. Takvo have se u gramatikama obino zove causative have.

Last week I had a new suit made. (prole sedmice dao sam napraviti novo
odijelo)
You must have your invitation cards printed. (morate dati tampati pozivnice).

Iz tih prijevoda vidimo da se takvo have prevodi na na jezik glagolom 'dati'.

U ovim reenicama osobito je vaan poredak rei:

HAVE + OBJEKT + PARTICIP PERFEKTA

Ako izmijenimo poredak rei, izmeniemo i znaenje reenice:
I have weeded my garden. (oplevio sam svoj vrt)
I have my garden weeded. (dajem pleviti vrt)

{ Jesu li morali otii?
{ Nisu morali otii.
- 13 -
Simple Present Tense - Prezent
I have - I've (ja imam) I haven't have I?
you have - you've you haven't have you?
he has - he's he hasn't has he?


Past Simple Tense - Preterit
I had (ja sam imao) I hadn't had I?
you had you hadn't had you?
he had he hadn't had he?


Present Perfect Tense - Perfekt
I have had (ja sam imao) I have not had have I had?
you have had you have not had have you had?
he has had he has not had has he had?


The Past Perfect Tense - Pluskavamperfekt
I had had (ja bejah imao) I had not had had I had?
you had had you had not had had you had?
he had had he had not had had he had?


Futur Simple - Futur
I shall have (ja u imati) I shall not have shall I have?
you will have you will not have will you have?
he will have he will not have will he have?


Futur Perfect - Svreni futur
I shall have had (ja u imati) I shall not have had shall I have had?
you will have had you will not have had will you have had?
he will have had he will not have had will he have had?


Present Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji
I should have (ja bih imao) I should not have should I have?
you would have you would not have would you have?
he would have he would not have would he have?


Past Conditional - Pogodbeni nain proli
I should have had (bio bih imao) I should not have had should I have had?
you would have had you would not have had would you have had?
he would have had he wuold not have had would he have had?


Imperativ have
Infinitiv prezenta to have
Infinitiv perfekta to have had
Particip prezenta having
Particip perfekta had - having had
Gerund prezenta having
Gerund perfekta having had





- 14 -
(3.1.3) Pomoni glagol "to do" - Auxiliary Verb "to do"

Pomoni glagoli slue za graenje sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta, futura itd.)

Pomoni glagoli su:

be, have, do, shall, will

Glavni oblici glagola do jesu:
do did done

Do kao pomoni glagol

- S pomonim glagolom do gradi se upitni i odrini oblik prezenta i preterita glagola punog
znaenja.

Does he drive a car? (vozi li on auto)
You do not understand me. (vi me ne razumete)
They did not arrive in time. (nisu stigli na vreme)

- U imperativu, prezentu i preteritu upotrebljava se pomoni glagol do i u potvrdnim reenicama
ako elimo istaknuti glagol. Takvo do se zove emfatino do (Emphatic do).

Do sit down! (ta sedi!)
I do like this cakes. (zaista volim ove kolae)

Do se esto upotrebljava da bi se izbeglo ponavljanje glavnog glagola, i to:

-u kratkim odgovorima:
Do you read? -Yes, I do. (itate li, itam)
-uz so, iza kojeg slijedi pomoni glagol, a onda subjekt.
He swims well, and so does his sister. (on dobro pliva, a isto tako i njegova sestra)
-u dodatnom pitanju:
You know what I mean, don't you? (znate na ta mislim, zar ne)

Do kao glagol punog znaenja

-Do se upotrebljava u znaenju initi, raditi. Npr:

They did their job very well. (oni su vrlo dobro obavili svoj posao)
He did not do what he had promised. (nije uinio to je obeao)
When does she do the room? (kada ona sprema sobu)

Simple Present Tense - Prezent
I do (ja inim) I do not - I don't do I?
you do you do not - you don't do you?
he, she, it does he do not - he don't does he?
we do we do not - we don't do we?
you do you do not - you don't do you?
they do they do not - they don't do they?

Past Simple Tense - Preterit
I did (ja uinih) I did not - I didn't did I?
you did you did not - you didn't did you?
he did he did not - he didn't did he?
we did we did not - we didn't did we?
you did you didnot - you didn't did you?
they did they did not - they didn't did they?

Imperativ do
- 15 -
(3.2.) Bezlini glagoli - Impersonal Verbs

Bezlini glagoli su glagoli koji se upotrebljavaju samo u 3. licu jednine sa it.
Oni obino oznaavaju vremenske uslove. Npr.:

Infinitiv Present Simple

to rain (pada kia) it rains
to hail (pada grad) it hails
to freeze (mrznuti se) it freezes
to snow (pada snijeg) it snows
to thunder (grmeti) it thunders

Neki glagoli u treem licu jednine mogu imati bezlino znaenje.
To su sledei glagoli:

to seem (izgledati): it seems to be true (izgleda da je istina)
to appear (izgledati): it appears as if it would be a change in weather
(izgleda kao da e se vreme promeniti)
to look (izgledati): it looks like rain (izgleda kao da e kia)
to feel (oseati): it feels cold (osea se hladnoa)
to make (initi): it makes me afraid (to me plai).

(3.3.) Nepotpuni glagoli - Defective Verbs


Nepotpuni glagoli su: can (moi), may (moi, smeti), ought (trebati) i must (morati).

Zajedniko za nepotpune glagole je da:

- da nemaju sve oblike i vremena,
- u sadanjem vremenu u treem licu nemaju nastavak "s";
- upitni im se oblik pravi inverzijom, odrini oblik obrazuju sa reicom "not";
- trae infinitiv bez "to" (izuzev glagola "ought").

Nepotpuni glagol "can" (moi, umjeti, znati) oznaava fiziku ili umnu sposobnost. Ima oblik "could"
za prolo vreme (Past Tense) i za pogodbeni nain sadanji (Present Conditional):

I can swim (umem, znam da plivam),
I could swim (umeo sam da plivam),
Could you show me the way, please? (da li biste mogli da mi pokaete put, molim?)

Glagol "can" se ne moe upotrebiti s etvrtim padeom bez nekog drugog glagola, tako ne
moemo rei:

I can that - ve I can do that (ja to umem).

Odrini oblik glasi "can not" ili skraeno (saeto, contracted) "can't" i "could not" ili "couldn't".

Umesto glagola "can" u vremenima koje on nema upotrebljava se izraz "to be able" (moi,
biti u stanju):

I shall be able to this for you. (moi u to da uinim za vas).
Nepotpuni glagol "may" (moi, smeti) oznaava odobravanje, doputanje, verovatnou, mogunost
i elju:

he may come tomorrow (moda e on sutra doi)
may I go in? (smem li ui?)
may he join us? (sme li da nam se pridrui?)
may he rest in peace! (neka poiva u miru!).
- 16 -


U prolom vremenu "may" ima svoj drugi oblik "might":

He might have arrived earlier. (mogao je ranije da stigne)
He might be present. (mogao bi biti prisutan).

Might izraava takoe i pogodbu.
Odrini oblik glasi "may not" ili "mayn't" i "might not" ili "mightn't".

Nepotpuni glagol must (morati) ima samo taj jedan oblik. Izraava primoravanje, dunost,
nunost.

I must take leave now. (sada se moram pozdraviti, moram otii),
The soldiers knew that they must die. (vojnici su znali da moraju umreti)

U vremenima koje glagol must nema upotrebljava se glagol to have sa infinitivom bilo kog glagola
sa obaveznim "to":

I had to go at once. (morao sam smesta otii)
We shall have to work hard. (moraemo mnogo raditi)

U odreenom obliku "must not" ne prevodimo sa "ne morati" ve "ne smeti":

You must not to do this. (ne smete to uiniti)

"Ne morati" kaemo pomou glagola "need not".

Skraeni oblik od "must not" je "mustn't".

Nepotpuni glagol "ought" (trebati) je jedini koji se upotrebljava u infinitivu sa "to":

You ought to learn more seriously. (treba da ui ozbiljnije),
You ought to know this. (treba to da zna)

Glagol "ought" izraava obavezu, dunost (prevodi se sa "treba", "mora" i sl.).

Odrini oblik glasi "ought not", skraeno "oughtn't".

Kako ovaj glagol nema prolog vremena, misao o onome to je trebalo da se dogodi izraavamo
sa "ought" i infinitivom prolim (infinitiv proli glasi: "to have said", "to have left" itd.):

You ought to have gone. (trebalo je da ode)




(3.4.) Pravilni i nepravilni glagoli - Regular and Irregular Verbs


Pravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak "-ed". Npr:

play - played, open - opened itd.

Ako se glagol u infinitivu zavrava na "-e" dodaje se samo "-d". Npr:

smile - smiled, hope - hoped itd.

Nepravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta na razne naine.

- 17 -
Preterit i particip perfekta imaju isti oblik:

stand - stood - stood
think - thought - thought

Sva tri oblika su razliita:

sing - sang - sung
drive - drove - driven.



Lista najeih nepravilnih glagola:
















































Sva tri oblika jednaka:

put - put - put
hit - hit - hit
Base Form

awake
be
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bid
bite
blow
break
bring
broadcast
build
burn
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
dig
do
draw
dream
drive
drink
eat
fall
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
forgive
freeze
get
give
go
grow
hang
have

Past Simple

awoke
was, were
beat
became
began
bent
bet
bid
bit
blew
broke
brought
broadcast
built
burned/burnt
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dug
did
drew
dreamed/dreamt
drove
drunk
ate
fell
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
Past Participle

awoken
been
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet
bid
bitten
blown
broken
brought
broadcast
built
burned/burnt
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
dug
done
drawn
dreamed/dreamt
driven
drunk
eaten
fallen
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
gotten
given
gone
grown
hung
had
- 18 -




























































Base Form

hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
lay
lead
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
read
ride
ring
rise
run
say
see
sell
send
show
shut
sing
sit
sleep
speak
spend
stand
swim
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
understand
wake
wear
win
write
Past Simple

heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
learned/learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
showed
shut
sang
sat
slept
spoke
spent
stood
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
won
wrote
Past Participle

heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
learned/learnt
left
lent
let
lain
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
showed/shown
shut
sung
sat
slept
spoken
spent
stood
swum
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken
worn
won
written
- 19 -



(3.5.) Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Prelazni glagoli su oni uz koje moe stajati objekt u akuzativu tj. direktni objekt (subject + verb +
object):

He speaks English. (on govori engleski)
We are watching TV. (mi gledamo TV)
I saw an elephant. (vidio sam slona)

Neprelazni glagoli su oni uz koje ne moe stajati direktni objekt (subject + verb [+indirect object]).

He has arrived. (on je stigao)
She speaks fast. (ona govori brzo)
John goes to school. (John ide u kolu)



(3.6.) Povratni glagoli - Reflexive Verbs

Povratni glagoli su oni kod kojih se radnja vraa na subjekt. Uz takve glagole stoje povratne
zamjenice. Povratnih glagola u engleskom jeziku nema mnogo. Najei su:


to dress oneself (obui se)
to help oneself (pomoi se)
to hurt oneself (povrediti se)
to improve oneself (popraviti se)
to tire oneself (umoriti se)
to excuse oneself (izviniti se)
to flatter oneself (hvaliti se)
to amuse oneself (zabaviti se)
to warm oneself (utopliti se)
to take care of oneself (obui se)


Povratni glagoli se mijenjaju ovako:

infinitiv glasi: "to dress oneself"

Present Simple Tense glasi:
I dress myself (ja oblaim sebe)
you dress yourself (ti oblai sebe)
he, she, it dresses himself, herself, itself
we dress ourselves
you dress yourselves
thes dress themselves

Upitni oblik: Do I dress myself?

Odrini oblik: I do not dress myself

Upitno-odrini oblik: Do I not dress myself?





- 20 -



(3.7) Vierijeni glagoli - Multi-word verbs



(3.7.1.) Frazalni glagoli

Frazalni glagoli spadaju u grupu vierijenih glagola, tj. glagola koji se prave od glagola i jo neke
rei ili vie njih. Frazalni glagoli se grade od:

glagol + prilog

Oni mogu biti:
neprelazni (bez direktnog objekta)
prelazni (sa direktnim objektom)

Primeri nekih frazalnih glagola:














Kada su frazalni glagoli prelazni (tj. kada imaju direktni objekat), obino ih moemo rastaviti na dva
dijela. Npr:
They turned down my offer.
They turned my offer down. (obe reenice su tane)


Meutim, ako je direktni objekat zamenica, nemamo izbora, moramo razdvojiti frazalni glagol i
ubaciti zamenicu. Dat je primer sa frazalnim glagolom "switch on":

Tano: John switched on the radio.
Tano: John switched the radio on
Tano: John switched it on
Netano: John switched on it.





(3.7.2.) Predloni glagoli

se grade na sljedei nain:

glagol + priedlog


Iz razloga to predlozi uvek imaju direktni objekat, svi predloni glagoli imaju direktne objekte.

Znaenje Frazalni
glagol
neprelazni
frazalni
glagol
I don't like to get up.
He was late because
his car broke down.
ustati iz kreveta

prestati sa radom

get up

break down
Direktni
objekat
Primeri
We will have to put off

They turned down

odgoditi

odbiti

put off

turn down

prelazni
frazalni
glagol
the meeting.

my offer.
- 21 -
Primeri:

Predloni glagoli Znaenje (Primjeri) Direktni objekat

believe in verovati u postojanje I believe in God.
look after brinuti se o He is looking after the dog
talk about razgovarati o Did you talk about me?
wait for ekati John is waiting for Mary.


Predloni glagoli se ne mogu razdvajati, to znai da ne moemo umetnuti direktni objekat izmeu.
Na primer, moramo rei: "look after the baby" a ne smemo rei: "look the baby after".






(3.7.3.) Frazalni predloni glagoli

se grade na sledei nain:

glagol + prilog + predlog



Primeri frazalnih predlonih glagola:

Frazalni predloni glagoli Znaenje (Primeri ) Direktni objekat

get on with imati prijateljski odnos sa He doesn't get on with his wife.
put up with tolerisati I won't put up with your
attitude.
look forward to oekivati sa zadovoljstvom I look forward to seeing
you.
run out of iscrpiti We have run out of eggs.



Poto se frazalni predloni glagoli tvore sa predlozima, uvijek imamo direktni objekat, i poput
predlonih glagola ne smeju se razdvajati.
We run out of fuel.
We run out of it.



(3.8.) "-ing" oblici - The "-ing" forms


"-ing" oblici se grade od infinitiva i nastavka -ing, i mogu biti:

gerund: Hunting lions is dangerous. (lov na lavove je opasan)
particip prezenta: I am surfing. (ja surfujem)
imenica: This building is our school. (ova zgrada je naa kola)






- 22 -
(3.9.) Gerund - The Gerund

Gerund je glagolski oblik koji ima osobine glagola i imenice.

Glagolske osobine gerunda su:

iza njega moe stajati prilog:
He is fond of walking quickly. (on voli brzo hodati);

iza njega moe stajati objekt:
I don't like reading books. (ne volim itati knjige);

moe stajati u raznim vremenima, imamo:
gerund sadanji (surfing), gerund proli (having read), a kod prijelaznih glagola postoje i
pasivni oblici gerunda: sadanji (being taught) i proli (having been taught).

Imenike osobine gerunda su:

pred njim moe stajati predlog:
She's good at painting. (ona dobro slika);

pred njim moe stajati atribut:
His being nervous is due to his illness. (njegova nervoza je posledica njegove bolesti);

pred njim moe stajati genitiv:
John's being lazy makes me nervous. (Johnova lenost me ini nervoznim).

Iako izgleda kao glagol, gerund ima istu funkciju kao imenica, i koristi se:

kao subjekat reenice:
Eating people is wrong. (jedenje ljudi je pogreno);
Flying is dangerous. (letenje je opasno);

kao atribut glagola "to be":
One of his duties is attending meetings. (jedna od njegovih dunosti je
prisustvovanje sastancima);
One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed. (jedna od ivotnih ugodnosti je
dorukovanje u krevetu);

posle prijedloga. Ako posle predloga treba doi glagol moramo koristiti gerund:
She is good at painting. (ona dobro slika);
Can you sneeze without opening your mouth? (moe li kinuti a da ne otvori
usta);

iza frazalnih glagola koji su stvoreni po principu "glagol + predlog/prilog":
(to look forward, to give up, to be for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep on):
She always puts off going to dentist. (ona uvek odlae odlazak
zubaru);
When you are going to give up smoking? (kada e prestati puiti);

u sloenim imenicama: a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting;

posle izraza: can't help, can't stand, it's no use/good, do you mind, would you mind i
pridjeva "worth" i "busy".
It's no use trying to escape. (nema koristi pokuavati pobei)
I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams. (ne mogu podneti kad se zaglavim u saobraaju)
This site is worth visiting. (ovu stranicu vredi posetiti)


- 23 -
(3.10.) Particip prezenta - The Present Participle

Prezent particip veine glagola ima oblik osnova+ing, i koristi se u sledeim sluajevima:

kao deo trajnog oblika glagola:
I am working (ja radim)
he was singing (on je pevao)
they have been walking (oni su etali);

nakon glagola pokreta/pozicije po principu: glagol+particip prezenta:
She was shopping. (ona je bila u kupovini)
He came running towards me. (doao je trei prema meni)
She lay looking up at the clouds. (leala je gledajui u oblake)


Ova tvorba je naroito korisna sa glagolom "to go", kao u sledeim primerima:
to go shopping to go walking
to go ski-ing to go swimming
to go fishing to go running
to go surfing to go dancing


nakon glagola percepcije (ula) po principu glagol + objekat + particip prezenta:
I heard someone singing. (uo sam nekoga kako peva)
I can smell something burning! (osetim da neto gori);

kao pridev:
It was an amazing film. (bio je to neverovatan film)
He was trapped inside the burning house. (bio je zatoen unutar kue u plamenu);

sa glagolima catch (uhvatiti) i find (nai) po principu:
glagol+izraz za vrijeme+prezent particip.

Glagol "catch" sa participom prezenta izraava neku ljutnju ili pretnju:

Don't let him catch you reading his letters. (ne dozvoli da te uhvati kako ita njegova
pisma)
If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble! (uhvatim li te jo jednom
kako krade moje jabuke, bie problema)

Ovo nije sluaj sa glagolom find koji ne izraava emocije:

We found some money lying on the ground. (nali smo novca na zemlji)
They found their mother sitting in the garden. (nali su majku kako sedi u bati);

da zameni reenicu ili dio reenice. Kada se dve radnje deavaju u isto vreme, od strane
iste osobe ili stvari, koristimo particip prezenta da ih opiemo:

They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went.
They went laughing into the snow.

He whistled to himself. He walked down on the road.
Whistling to himself, he walked down on the road.


Kada jedna radnja sledi odmah iza druge, od strane iste osobe, moemo prvu radnju izraziti
participom prezenta:

He put on his coat and left the house.
Putting on his coat, he left the house.
- 24 -


She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air.
Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air.


Particip prezenta se moe koristiti umesto poetnih as, since, because, i izraava razlog
radnje:

Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
(= because he felt hungry...)
Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes.
Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.



(3.11.) Direktni i indirektni govor - Direct and Indirect Speech

Ako ponavljamo neije rei tano onako kako ih je neko rekao to je direktni govor (upravni govor,
Direct speech), npr:
on mi je rekao: "poalji mi knjigu".

Ako izvetavamo ono to je neko rekao onda koristimo indirektni govor (neupravni govor, Indirect
Speech or Reported Speech), npr:
on mi je rekao da mu donesem knjigu.

Indirektan govor se uvodi reima kao to su:

he said (on ree)
he asked (un upita)
we enquired (zapitali smo)
she ordered (ona zapovedi)
we believed (verovasmo)
I replied (odgovorih)
I answered (odgovorih) i sl.


Pri pretvaranju direktnog u indirektan govor treba potivati pravila o slaganju vremena:
sva vremena u indirektnom obliku se moraju zameniti odgovarajuim prolim oblicima -
prema pravilima o slaganju vremena:

Direktni govor Indirektni govor

Prosto sadanje Prosto prolo
Prosto prolo
Prezent perfekt Davno prolo
Davno prolo
Prosto budue Sloeno budue

Imperativ Infinitiv



sve rei koje oznaavaju blizinu moraju se zamijeniti reima koje oznaavaju udaljenost;






- 25 -
Prema ovim pravilima:

am postaje was
do " did
shall " should
will " would
have, has " had
can " could
may " might
must " had to
this " that
these " those
here " there
now " then
today " that day
tomorrow " the next day
yesterday " the day before
last night " the night before


D: He said: "I do not understand this letter." (On ree: "Ja ne razumem ovo pismo")
I: He said that he didn't understand this letter. (on ree da ne razume to pismo)

D: She said: "I am going to come soon again." (Ona ree: "Doi u uskoro ponovo".)
I: She said that she was going to come soon again. (ona ree da e uskoro ponovo doi)

ako se u indirektnom govoru saopava tue pitanje, onda je potrebno pored pomenutih
pravila obratiti panju jo i na sledee:

-umesto glagola "say" upotrebiemo glagol "ask";

-ako pitanje ne sadri nikakvu upitnu re (kao to su what, how, when itd.),
onda pitanje u indirektnom govoru mora poeti sa "if" ili "whether".


Primjeri:

D: She said to her brother: "What are you doing?" (ona ree svom bratu: "ta radi?")
I: She asked her brother what he was doing. (ona upita svog brata ta radi)

D: They asked me: "Do you speak Spanish." (upitali su me: "Da li govorite panski?")
I: They asked me whether I speak Spanish. (upitali su me da li govorim panski)


da bi se u indirektnom govoru izrazila zapoved, upotrebljava se infinitiv i uvodi glagol "tell":

D: Father said to his son: "Be careful of yourself." (otac ree sinu: "Pazi se").
I: Father told his son to be careful of himself. (otac ree svom sinu da se pazi).


(3.12.) Klauze - Clauses

Klauza je grupa rei koja sadri vezu subjekat-glagol (za razliku od fraza koje ne sadre vezu
subjekat-glagol). Klauze se dele na:
nezavisne (independent clauses)
zavisne (dependent or subordinate clauses).

Takoe, dele se i na:
neophodne (restrictive or essential clauses)
nebitne (nonrestrictive or nonessential clauses).
- 26 -
Neophodne klauze su kljune za znaenje reenice i ne mogu se izbaciti, jer bi u tom sluaju
znaenje reenice bilo promenjeno.

All students who do their work should pass easily.

Nebitne klauze nisu neophodne za znaenje reenice i mogu se izbaciti iz nje. Obino se odvajaju
zarezima (ako se nalaze u sredini):

Professor Villa, who used to be a secretary for the President, can type 132 words a minute.

Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be
removed. (neophodna i nebitna klauza)



(3.12.1.) Nezavisne i zavisne klauze

Nezavisne klauze mogu stajati samostalno, kao reenica, dok zavisne moraju biti udruene sa
nezavisnom klauzom.

Dve nezavisne klauze mogu biti povezane sa:

dopunskim veznikom (coordinating conjunction):
Today is Tuesday and our papers are due Wednesday.

veznim prilogom (conjunctive adverb):
I need to study for my test; in fact I am going to the library now.
(u ovom sluaju, koritena je i oznaka taka-zarez (;) da se razdvoje dve klauze)

odnosnim veznikom (correlative conjunction):
George not only finished his paper on time, but he also got an A+.

oznakom taka-zarez (;):
This is one of English classes; Shakespeare is my other.

dvotakom (ponekad):
She received the assignment: it is to be turned in next Friday.



Zavisne klauze mogu biti:
pridevske (adjective clauses)
priloke (adverb clauses)
imenike (noun clauses)


-Pridevske klauze opisuju imenice ili zamenice, i skoro uvijek dolaze poslije imenica ili zamenica.
Veina pridevskih klauza poinje sa: who, whom, which ili that. Ponekad se ove rei ne moraju
nalaziti u reenici ali se podrazumevaju.

The book that is on the floor should be returned to the library. (knjiga koja je na podu bi se
trebala vratiti u biblioteku)
The bridge that collapsed in the winter storm will cost millions to replace. (most koji se
sruio u zimskoj oluji e kotati milione za popravku)
My brother, who is an engineer, figured it out for me. (moj brat, koji je inenjer, je shvatio to
za mene)


- 27 -
-Priloke klauze obino dopunjuju glagole i mogu se pojaviti bilo gde u reenici. Oni kau zato,
gde ili pod kojim uslovima se radnja odvijala. Za razliku od pridevskih klauza, priloke klauze se
esto mogu pomerati u reenici. Npr:

When the timer rings, we know the cake is done.
We know the cake is done when the timer rings.

Priloke klauze uvek poinju sa zavisnim veznikom, koji uvodi klauzu i izraava njenu vezu sa
ostatkom reenice.

When the movie is over, we'll go downtown.
John wanted to write a book because he had so much to say about the subject.


-Imenike klauze nisu rei koje dopunjuju druge rei za razliku od prideva i priloga. U reenici
funkcioniraju kao subjekat, direktni objekat ili predloki objekat.
Imenika klauza obino poinje sa: that, which, who, whoever, whomever, whose, what i
whatsoever. Takoe, mogu poinjati i sa zavisnim veznicima: how, when, where, whether, why.

What he knows [subjekat] is no concern of mine.
Do you know what he knows [objekat]?
In fact, he wrote a book about what he had done over the years [objekat predloga].
Whoever wins the game will play in the tournament.


(3.12.2.) Relativne klauze

Relativne klauze (relative clauses) se zavisne klauze koje dopunjuju (menjaju) imenice ili
zamenice.

Uvode se relativnim zamjenicama: who, whom, which, that, whose. Mogu biti neophodne
(restrictive or essential) ili nebitne (nonrestrictive or nonessential) klauze.


U relativnoj klauzi, relativna zamenica je subjekat glagola i odnosi se na neto s im je klauza u
vezi.

Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be removed.
(U ovoj reenici podvuene rei ine neophodnu klauzu, s toga nee biti odvojene zarezima.
Nakoena (italic) slova ine relativnu nebitnu klauzu, zbog ega su odvojene zarezima od ostatka
reenice, a u ovom sluaju dopunjuje re "wart")


Ponekad relativne klauze mogu da se donose na vie od jedne rei u tekstu, tj. mogu da
dopunjuju, opisuju celu klauzu ili ak vie njih.

Charlie didn't get the job in administration, which really surprised his friends.
Charlie didn't get the job in administration, and he didn't even apply for the Dean's position, which
really surprised his friends.

Relativna klauza koja dopunjuje celu klauzu ili vie njih se naziva reenina klauza (sentential
clause).








- 28 -
(3.12.3.) Eliptine klauze

Eliptine klauze (elliptical clauses) su gramatiki nepotpune, u smislu da im nedostaje relativna
zamenica (zavisna re) koja inae uvodi takvu klauzu. Rei eliptine klauze koje nedostaju se
mogu naslutiti iz konteksta i veina italaca ne osea da neto nedostaje. U stvari, eliptine klauze
su tane ali i korisne, jer su esto elegantne i efikasne u izrazu.
Coach Espinoza knew [that] this team would be the best [that] she had coached in recent
years.
Though [they were] sometimes nervous on the court, her recruits proved to be hard
workers.
Sometimes the veterans knew the recruits could play better than they [could play].



(3.13.) Kondicionali - The conditionals

Kondicional se gradi od pomonog glagola "should" i "would", i infinitiva bez "to" glagola kojeg
menjamo.
Sadanji kondicional se gradi sa should i would i infinitivom prezenta, a proli kondicional se gradi
sa should i would i infinitivom perfekta glagola kojeg menjamo.


Sadanji kondicional {



Proli kondicional {


Odrini oblik se gradi tako to se iza should i would stavi "not":

I should not take. (ne bih uzeo)
I should not have taken. (ne bih bio uzeo).

Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom:

should I take? (da li bih uzeo?)
should I have taken? (da li bih bio uzeo?)

Sadanji i proli kondicional se koriste pri gradnji pogodbenih reenica.
Struktura veine pogodbenih reenica je veoma jednostavna, i izgleda ovako:

if uslov posledica

If y=10 2y=20

ili

posledica if uslov

2y=20 if y=10

To znai ako (if) je odreeni uslov zadovoljen, onda (then) e doi do neke posledice.
Pogodbene reenice se takoe zovu i kondicionalima, a ponekad ih nazivamo "if reenicama", jer
esto (ali ne i uvek) u njima se upotrebljava re "if".
Ovdje e biti obraene tri osnovna tipa kondicionala i tzv. nulti-kondicional.
Prvi kondicional (First Conditional)
Drugi kondicional (Second Conditional)
Trei kondicional (Third Conditional)
Nulti-kondicional (Zero Conditional)
I should take - uzeo bih
you should take - ti bi uzeo itd.
I should have taken - bio bih uzeo
you should have taken - ti bio uzeo itd
- 29 -
(3.13.1.) Prvi kondicional - realna mogunost (First conditional: real possibility)

Govorimo o budunosti. Razmiljamo o nekom uslovu ili situaciji u budunosti, i njenoj posledici.
Postoji stvarna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti. Na primer, jutro je, kod kue ste i planirate igrati
tenis popodne. Meutim na nebu se javljaju oblaci, zamislite da pone padati kia. ta ete uraditi?


If it rains, I will stay at home. (ako bude padala kia, ostau kod kue)

If uslov posledica
If it rains I will stay at home.
- prosto sadanje vreme budue vreme

Treba primetiti da kia jo nije pala, meutim nebo je oblano i postoji realna mogunost (real
possibility) da e kia pasti. Kao to vidite da bi izrazili mogui uslov koristili smo sadanje prosto
vreme (Present Simple Tense). Za izraavanje mogue posledice koristili smo futur.
Najvanije je zapamtiti da kod prvog kondicionala postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti.

posledica if uslov
budue vreme if prosto sadanje vreme

I will tell Mary if I see her.
What will you do if it rains tomorrow.
Their teacher will be sad if they do not pass the exam.

Ponekad moemo koristiti: shall, can ili may umesto will, na primer:

If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight. (ako bude danas dobar, moe gledati TV
veeras)


(3.13.2.) Drugi kondicional - nevjerovatna mogunost (Second conditional - unreal
possibility or dream)

Kod drugog kondicionala, kao i kod prvog, razmiljamo o nekom uslovu u budunosti, i rezultatu
tog uslova, meutim, za raziliku od prvog kondicionala, ovde ne postoji realna mogunost da e se
uslov ispuniti.
Na primer: veeras je izvlaenje brojeva lota, niste kupili loto listi, i ne postoji nikakva
ansa da ete dobiti novac. Ali moda ete kupiti listi do veeras, i onda postoji ansa, ali je to
neverovatna mogunost, jer su izgledi opet jako mali da izvuku va listi.

If uslov posledica
If prosto prolo vreme kondicional sadanji

If I married Mary I would be happy.
If it snowed next July would you be suprised?
If Ram became rich she would marry him.
If I won the lottery I would by a car.

Primjetite, da kod drugog kondicionala koristimo prosto prolo vrijeme za izraavanje uslova, a
sadanji kondicional za izraavanje eventualne posledice.

Bitna stvar kod drugog kondicionala je da ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti, tj.
anse su jako male da e se uslov ispuniti.

Ponekad, umesto glagola would koristimo should, could or might:
If I won a million dollars, I could stop working. (da dobijem milion dolara, mogao bih prestati
raditi)
- 30 -
(3.13.3.) Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti (Third conditional - no possibility)

Kod prvog i drugog kondicionala govorimo o budunosti, meutim kod treeg govorimo o prolosti,
govorimo o uslovu u prolosti koji se nije dogodio. Zbog toga ne postoji mogunost da se uslov
ispuni. Prole sedmice ste kupili loto listi ali niste dobili .


If uslov posledica
If sloeno prolo vreme (past perfect) kondicional proli

If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car.
If I had seen Mary I would have told her.
If it had rained yesterday what would you have done?
If Tara had been free yesterday I would have invited her.

If they had not passed their exam, their teacher would have been sad. (da nisu poloili ispit,
njihov uitelj bi bio tuan)

Da bi smo izrazili uslov u prolosti koji se nije ostvario koristili smo sloeno prolo vreme (past
perfect), dok za izraavanje posledice koja se nee dogoditi smo koristili kondicional proli.

Bitna stvar kod treeg kondicionala je da ne postoji sada nikakva ansa da se uslov i posledica
dogode.

Ponekad umesto would have koristimo should have, could have, might have:

If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won. (da si kupio listi lota, mogao si dobiti)



(3.13.4.) Nulti kondicional - sigurno ispunjenje uslova (Zero conditional - certainty)

Tzv. nulti kondicional koristimo kada je uslov uvek taan, poput neke opte poznate injenice. Na
primer, ako zagrevamo led iznad 0 stepeni on e se poeti topiti.

If uslov posledica
If prosto sadanje vreme prosto sadanje vreme

If you heat ice it melts.

Vano je napomenuti da kod nultog kondicionala ne govorimo ni o prolosti, ni o sadanjosti ni o
budunosti, ve jednostavno priamo o nekoj opepoznatoj injenici.

Da bi izrazili uslov i posljedicu koristimo prosto sadanje veme. Najvanije kod nultog kondicionala
je zapamtiti da uslov ima uvek istu posledicu.

If uslov posledica
if prosto sadaenje vreme prosto sadanje vreme

If I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work.
If I am late for work my boss gets angry.
If people don't eat they get hungry.

Takoe, umesto if moemo koristiti when:

When I get up late I miss by bus. (kada ustanem kasno, zakasnim na autobus)



- 31 -
(3.13.5.) Kondicionali - ukratko


Tip kondicionala glavna reenica "if" reenica

Prvi kondicional budue vrijeme sadanje vrijeme
Drugi kondicional kondicional sadanji prosto budue vrijeme
Trei kondicional kondicional proli sloeno prolo vrijeme
Nulti kondicional prosto sadanje vrijeme prosto sadanje vrijeme

Sledea tabela daje prikaz kondicionala po verovatnosti ispunjenja uslova. Naravno, procenti za
prvi i drugi kondicional su dati samo orijentaciono za poreenje.

verovatnoa kondicional primer vreme

100% nulti If you heat ice, it melts. -
50% prvi If it rains, I will stay at home. budunost
5% drugi If I won the lottery, I would buy a car. budunost
0% trei If I had won a lottery, I would have bought a car. prolost


(3.14.) Trpno stanje (pasiv) - Passive Voice


subjekat + pomoni glagol "to be" + particip proli glavnog glagola

Trpno stanje (pasiv) mogu imati samo prelazni glagoli, tj. takvi koji uz sebe mogu imati objekat.

Pasiv pokazuje da subjekat ne vri radnju, ve da se radnja vri na subjektu:

The road has been repaired. (put je popravljen)

Pasivni oblici se grade tako to se uzme ono vrijeme glagola "to be" koje nam je potrebno i doda
se particip proli glagola kojeg menjamo. To znai, da se pasivni prezent gradi od prezenta glagola
"to be" i participa prolog glagola koji menjamo.

Aktivnu reenicu moemo pretvoriti u pasivnu ako se glagol stavi u trpno stanje, subjekat aktivne
reenice postaje objekat pasivne, i ispred njega se stavlja predlog "by":

A: Everybody drinks water. (svi piju vodu)
P: Water is drunk by everybody. (voda se pije od svih)

- subjekat glagol objekat

aktiv Everybody drinks water
pasiv Water is drunk by everybody.


A: I wrote this letter. (ja sam napisao ovo pismo)
P: This letter was written by me. (pismo je napisano od mene)

Neprelazni glagoli mogu postati prelazni ako im se doda predlog.


Trpno stanje se upotrebljava mnogo ee u engleskom jeziku nego u naem, koristi se:
kada subjekat koji vri radnju nije poznat:

My car has been stollen. (ukraden mi je auto)
She was given a nice birthday present. (dobila je lep poklon za roendan)
- 32 -

ako se ne eli pomenuti vrilac radnje:

I have been told that you are engaged. (reeno mi je da ste se verili)
She was said to have left her husband. (pria se da je ostavila svog mua)

ako nije potrebno pomenuti vrioca radnje jer to proizilazi iz konteksta (smisla) reenice ili
nije bitno za smisao da mora biti pomenut:

Mistakes are always made. (greke se uvek prave)

ako je subjekat pasivne reenice vaniji od vrioca radnje:

The "Tower" was written by Mea Selimovi. (Roman "Tvrava" je napisana od
strane Mee Selimovia)
The boy was punished by his father. (deko je kanjen od svog oca)
Aleksa was attended by his sister during his illness. (Aleksu je njegova sestra
negovala za vreme bolesti)

Bezlini oblici u naem jeziku kao to su "kae se", "razume se", "podrazumeva se" u engleskom
jeziku se iskazuju u treem licu jednine srednjeg roda:

it is understood (razume se, podrazumeva se)
that is known (to se zna)
it is said (pria se)


Konjugacija pasiva u veini moguih vremena:


infinitiv to be called

simple present it is called
past it was called
future it will be called
conditional it would be called

continous present it is being called
past it was being called
future it will be being called
conditional it would be being called

perfect simple present it has been called
past it has been called
future it will have been called
conditional it would have been called

perfect continous present it has been being called
past it had been being called
future it will have been being called
conditional it would have been being called









- 33 -
(3.15.) Slaganje vremena - Sequence of Tenses

(3.15.1.) Slaganje glagolskih vremena

Tabele ispod pokazuju ispravno slaganje vremena u reenicama kod kojih je vreme od vitalnog
znaaja.

Vreme u glavnoj reenici Vreme u zavisnoj reenici Primer


























































Sadanje prosto

(Simple Present)










Prosto prolo vreme

(Simple Past)






Prezent perfekt ili past
perfekt

(Present Perfect or
Past Perfect)



Budue vreme

(Futur)







Predbudue vreme,
svreni futur

(Future Perfect Tense)




Da se izrazi istovremena radnja,
koristite sadanje prosto vreme.

Da se izrazi prola radnja, koristite
prosto prolo vreme.


Da se izrazi radnja koja je poela u
trenu u prolosti i traje do danas,
koristite present perfect.

Da izrazite radnju koja e se desiti,
koristite prosto budue vreme.



Da izrazite drugu zavrenu radnju,
koristite prosto prolo vreme.

Da izrazite radnju koja se desila
prije druge radnje koristite past
perfect.

Da izrazite ope poznatu injenicu
koristite sadanje vreme.




U svakom sluaju koristite prolo
vreme.




Da izrazite istovremenu radnju
koristite sadanje vreme.

Da izrazite radnju koja se desila
ranije, koristite prolo vreme.

Da se izrazi radnja u budunosti
koja e se desiti prije radnje u
nezavisnoj reenici, koristite
prezent perfekt.

U svakom sluaju koristite
sadanje vreme ili prezent perfekt.
I am eager to go to the concert
because I love the Wallflowers.

I know that I made the right
choice.


They believe that they have
elected the right candidate.


The President says that he will
veto the bill.



I wanted to go home because I
missed my parents.

She knew she had made the
right choice.


The Deists believed that the
universe is like a giant clock.



She has grown a foot since she
turned nine.

The crowd had turned nasty
before the sheriff returned.


I will be so happy if they fix my
car today.

You will surely pass this exam if
you studied hard.

The college will probably close
its doors next summer if
enrollments have not increased

Most students will have taken
sixty credits by the time they
graduate.
Most students will have taken
sixty credits by the time they
have graduated.


- 34 -
(3.15.2.) Slaganje vremena sa infinitivima i participima

Infinitiv
































Participi

Vreme participa Uloga participa Primeri






















Vreme infinitiva




Infinitiv sadanji

(Present Infinitive, to
see)






Infnitiv perfekta

(Perfect Infinitive, to
have seen)
Uloga infinitiva




Da se izrazi istovremena radnja ili
radnja posle glagola.








Da se izrazi radnja koja se desila
pre glagola.
Primer

Coach Espinoza is eager to
try out her new drills.
["eagerness" je sada; "to
try out" e se desiti posle.]

She would have liked to
see more veterans
returning. [Infinitiv prezenta
"to see" je u istom trenutku
kao i prolo vreme "would
have liked".]
The fans would like to have
seen some improvement
this year. ["Would like"
opisuje stanje u
sadanjosti; "to have seen"
opisuje neto pre tog
vremena.]

They consider the team to
have been coached very
well.
[Infinitiv perfekta to have
been coached ukazuje na
radnju prije glagola
consider.]
Prezent participa

(Present of Participle,
seeing)
Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava
u isto vreme kada i glagol.
Working on the
fundamentals, the team
slowly began to improve.
[Unapreujui osnove, tim
je poeo polahko
napredovati, radnja se
deava u paralelno, u isto
vreme]
- 35 -


























(3.16.) Sadanje vreme


(3.16.1.) Sadanje prosto vreme - Simple Present Tense

Sadanje vreme svih glagola obrazuje se tako da se uz glagolska vremena uvek
stavljaju line zamenice. Jedino se tree lice jednine prezenta razlikuje od ostalih lica, jer dobija
nastavak "-s" ili "-es", osim glagola:

to be - biti, to have - imati, can, may - moi, must - morati, ought - trebati.

Nastavak "-s" za sadanje vreme izgovara se kao "s" ako dolazi iza bezvunog
suglasnika, ili "z" ako dolazi iza zvunog suglasnika ili samoglasnika:

he speaks (hi spi:ks), he reads (hi ri:dz).

Glagoli koji se zavravaju na s, x, z, sh i ch obrazuju tree lice nastavkom jednine
nastavkom "-es":

he dresses, he teaches.

Glagoli koji se u infinitivu zavravaju na "-y", kad pred tim "y" stoji suglasnik, menjaju "y" u "i", u
treem licu jednine:

to cry (he cries), to try (to tries).

Odrini oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vreme pomonog glagola "to
do", pa se zatim doda negacija "not" i infinitiv glagola koji se menja, bez predloga "to":

I write (ja piem) - I do not write, I don't write

Upitni oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vreme pomonog
glagola "to do" u inverziji i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez prijedloga "to".
You write (ti pie) - Do you write? (pie li?)






Particip proli ili
particip prezent
perfekta

(Past Participle or
Present Perfect
Participle








Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava
pre glagola.
Having experimented with
several game plans, the
coaching staff devised a
master strategy.
[Particip prezent perfekta
"having experimented",
ukazuje na vreme pre
glagola u prolom vremenu
"devised".]


Prepared by last year's
experience, the coach
knows not to expect too
much.
[Radnja izraena pomou
glagola u prezentu
"knows", je posledica
glagola u prolom vremenu
"prepared".]
- 36 -

Sadanje prosto vreme se upotrebljava:

da oznai radnju ije trajanje nije odreeno: I write (ja piem), I work (ja radim);
da potvrdi jednu poznatu istinu: fish live in water (ribe ive u vodi);
da oznai radnju koja se vri po navici: I always rise early (uvek ustajem rano);
da oznai radnju koja se ponavlja: I have an English lesson three times a week
(imam as engleskog tri puta sedmino).



The sun rises.

past present future

Sunce izlazi svaki dan, pre, sada i posle.


Jenny is not here.

past present future

Jenny trenutno nije prisutna.




to call - zvati

I call ja zovem I do not call do I call?
you call ti zove you do not call do you call?
he, she, it calls on, ona , ono zove he, she, it does not call does, he ,she, it call?
we call mi zovemo we do not call do we call?
you call vi zovete you do not call do you call?
they call oni, one, ona zovu they do not call do they call?




(3.16.2.) Sadanje trajno vreme - Present Continuous Tense

prezent glagola "to be" + prezent particip glavnog glagola


I am speaking (ja govorim)
you are speaking
he, she, it is speaking
we are speaking
you are speaking
they are speaking

Present participle se pravi dodavanjem glagolu nastavka "-ing". Meutim, ponekad moramo malo
promeniti re, verovatno udvostruiti ili izostaviti jedno slovo.







- 37 -

























Present Continuous Tense (sadanje trajno vreme) se upotrebljava:
da oznai radnju koja se vri u vremenu kada o njoj govorimo:

I am learning English now. (sada uim engleski)

You are reading this now. (sada ovo itate)

past present future

Radnja se dogaa sada.



Knjiga Svea Devojka

...the pages are turning. ...the candle is burning. ...the girl is dancing.




Meutim, radnja se ne mora odvijati tano sada, ali se deavala neto ranije i moda e se
deavati poslije trenutka kada o njoj govorimo:

She is reading a book.

past present future


Ona moda ne ita knjigu tano sada.


da oznai radnju ije je trajanje neprekidno, i tada se obino upotrebljavaju prilozi always,
constantly, forever itd:
The Sun is rising constantly. (Sunce izlazi svaki dan)
You are always complaining about your mother-in-law. (uvek se alite na svoju tatu)




Izuzetak 1










Izuzetak 2



Izuzetak 3
run > running
stop > stopping
begin > beginning

Ovo pravilo ne vai kada naglasak nije na zadnjem slogu
glagola:

open > opening

Ako glagol zavrava na ie, menjamo ie u y:

lie > lying
die > dying

Ako glagol zavrava na vokal + suglasnik + e, izostavljamo e:

come > coming
mistake > mistaking
Ako se glagol zavrava na: suglasnik - naglaeni vokal-
suglasnik zadnje slovo se udvostruava:
s t o p
suglasnik naglaeni vokal suglasnik
- 38 -
da se izrazi radnja koja je ve isplanirana i desie se u budunosti:
I'm meeting my girlfriend tonight. (veeras u se nai sa devojkom)


Glagoli koji oznaavaju neko stanje, a ne radnju, obino se ne koriste u trajnom obliku.
Lista glagola koji se veinom koriste u "simple" formi:

ula (percepcija)
feel*, hear, see*, smell, taste
miljenje
assume, feel, consider, doubt, feel (misliti), find (misliti), suppose, think*
mentalna stanja
forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognise, remember, understand
emocije/elje
envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, want, wish
merenja
contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh
ostali
look (biti slian), seem, be (u veini sluajeva), have (kada znai posedovati)



- glagoli ula (feel, see, hear, taste,smell) se esto koriste sa glagolom 'can':
I can see... (mogu videti) itd.

- * Ovi glagoli mogu se koristiti u trajnoj formi ali sa drugim znaenjem, npr:
This coat feels nice and warm. (ovaj brod je lep i udoban, to je naa
percepcija, oseaj kvaliteta broda)
John's feeling much better now. (Don se osea mnogo bolje sada, njegovo
zdravlje se poboljava);

She has three dogs and a cat. (ona ima tri psa i maku, posedovanje)
She's having supper. (ona veera, ona jede);

I can see Anthony in the garden. (vidim Anthony-a u bati, percepcija)
I'm seeing Anthony later. (susreu Anthony-a kasnije, planiramo se susresti)


to call - zvati

I'm calling I'm not calling am I calling?
you're calling you aren't calling are you calling?
he, she, it's calling he, she, it isn't calling is he, she, it calling?
we're calling we aren't calling are we calling?
you're calling you aren't calling are you calling?
they're calling you aren't calling are they calling?




(3.16.3.) Sloeno sadanje vreme - Present Perfect Simple Tense

pomoni glagol "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola

Sloenim sadanjim vremenom se izraava povezanost izmeu prolosti i sadanjosti, tano
vreme deavanja radnje nije naznaeno, to znai da smo vie zainteresirani za rezultat radnje
nego za samu radnju.

Kada bi smo rekli kada se radnja odvija morali bismo upotrebiti prolo vreme (past simple tense).

- 39 -
Sloeno sadanje vreme se koristi:
da se opie radnja ili stanje koje je poelo u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti:
This website has been in existence for 5 years, 10 months, and 20 days. (ova stranica
postoji ve...);
I have lived in Sarajevo since 1970. (ivim u Sarajevu od 1970-te, i jo uvek ivim);

da se izrazi radnja koja je zavrena u vremenskom periodu koji jo traje:

I have been to Novi Sad this week. (ove nedelje sam putovao u Novi Sad, sedmica
jo nije zavrena);

da se oznai radnja koja je zavrena nekad u prolosti, ali je rezultat radnje vaan:

I have buoght a car. (kupio sam auto, vano je da je auto kupljen, nije bitno kada);
uz priloge koji oznaavaju neprekidan razmak vremena: ever, never, yet, already, since,
for:
Have you ever been to Serbia? (jeste li ikada bili u Srbijii?);

da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just'' ili ''just now''):
The guests have just entered the hall. (gosti su upravo uli u dvoranu).

Amerikanci ne koriste sloeno sadanje vreme toliko kao Britanci. Amerikanci ee
upotrebljavaju prolo vreme umesto sloenog sadanjeg vremena. Amerikanac bi rekao:
"Did you have lunch?", dok bi Britanac rekao: "Have you had lunch?".

to call - zvati
I have called (ja sam zvao) I haven't called have I called?
you have called you haven't called have you called?
he, she, it has called he, she, it hasn't called have he, she, it called?
we have called we haven't called have we called?
you have called you haven't called have you called?
they have called they haven't called have they called?


(3.16.4.) Nesvreni perfekt - Present Perfect Continuous Tense

prezent perfekt glagola "to be" (have/has been) + prezent particip glavnog glagola

I have been playing
You have been working

Upitni oblik se pravi konverzijom: Have I been playing?
Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rei "not": I have not been playing.

Kada piemo present continous, esto se upotrebljavaju skraenice:
I have been - I've been itd.

Present Perfect Continous Tense koristimo:
da izrazimo radnju koja je nedavno ili upravo zavrila. I obino imamo sada imamo neku
posledicu:

I'm tired because I've been running.

past present future
!!!!!

-
-

radnja koja se
desila nedavno
sad imamo
posledicu
- 40 -


I'm tired because I've running. (umoran sam (sada) jer sam trao)
Why is the grass wet? Has it been raining? (zato je trava vlana (sada)? je li padala
kia?)
You don't understand because you haven't been listening. (ne razumete (sada), jer niste
sluali).


da izrazimo radnju radnju koja je poela u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti, u ovom
sluaju esto se koriste for i since:

I've been reading for two hours.

past present future








I've been reading for two hours. (itam ve dva sata, i jo uvijek itam)
How long have you been learning English? (koliko dugo ui engleski? a jo ga ui)
We have not been smoking. (nismo puili, a ni sada ne puimo).


Kako je ranije napomenuto uz present perfect continuous esto koristimo "for" i "since".

For koristimo kada priamo o razdoblju vremena: 5 minuta, 7 sedmica, 20 godina.
Ako to razdoblje see do sadanjeg trenutka upotrebljavamo uz for perfekt, a ako je to razdoblje
zavreno moramo upotrebiti past simple (preterit).

Tara hasn't been feeling well for two weeks. (Tara se ne osea dobro ve dve sedmice)

ali

Tara didn't feel well for two weeks, and now she feels well. (Tara se nije dobro oseala ve
dve sedmice, a sada se osea dobro).


Since koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske take se odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara, u
petak.

for since

period vremena od vremenske take




20 minutes 6.15 am
three days Monday
six months January
a long time I left school
ever the beginning of time
itd. itd.
nastavlja se u
sadanjosti
radnja poela
u prolosti
- 41 -
I've been studying for three hours. (uim ve tri sata)
I've been watching TV since 7pm. (gledam TV od 7 sati posle podne)
Tara hasn't been visiting us since March. (Tara nas nije posetila od Marta)

For se moe koristiti u svim vremenima, since se obino koristi samo sa perfect vremenima.


to call - zvati

I have been calling I have not been calling have I been calling?
you have been calling you have not been calling have you been calling?
he, she, it has been calling he, she, it has not been calling has he, she, it been calling?
we have been calling we have not been calling have we been calling?
you have been calling you have not been calling have you been calling?
they have been calling they have not been calling have they been calling?

(3.17.) Prola vremena

(3.17.1) Prolo svreno vreme - Past Simple Tense

Da bi napravili prolo svreno vreme koristimo infinitiv i proli oblik (preterit) glagola.
























Tvorba prolog svrenog vremena:

a) potvrdna reenica:

subjekat + glavni glagol u prolom obliku (preteritu)

I lived in that house when I was young. (iveo sam u toj kui kada sam bio mlad)
She played basketball last week. (ona je igrala koarku prole sedmice)

b) odrina reenica:

subjekat + preterit od "do" + not + infinitiv glavnog glagola

He didn't like the movie. (nije mu se dopao film)
Mary did not go to work last Monday. (Mary nije otila na posao prolog ponedeljka)
-



pravilni
glagoli





nepravilni
glagoli
infinitiv



work
explode
like




go
see
sing
preterit



worked
exploded
liked




went
saw
sang
past particip



worked
exploded
liked




gone
seen
sung




Past particip
nam nije
potreban pri
graenju
prolog
vremena.
-



Proli oblik svih
glagola zavrava
na -ed.




Proli oblik
nepravilnih
glagola se ne
gradi po nekom
pravilu i ui se
napamet.
- 42 -
c) upitna reenica:
preterit od "do"+ subjekat + infinitiv glavnog glagola

Did you play tennis last week. (je si li igrao tenis prole sedmice)
Did he watch TV last night. (je li gledao TV prole sedmice)

Glagol did (preterit od "do") u svim licima ima isti oblik.

I did not go to London. (nisam bio u Londonu)
You did not go to London.
He did not go to London. itd.

Glagol be nema u svim licima isti oblik, upitnu reenicu pravimo zamenom subjekta
i glagola.

I, he, she, it was here. - Was I, he, she, it here?
You were here. - were you here?

Ako glagol zavrava na suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak naglaen vokal, krajnji samoglasnik se
udvostruava:

plan - planned
skip - skipped

Krajnje "l" se uvek udvostruava:

level - levelled
call - called

Ako glagol zavrava na "-y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, taj se "y" mijenja u "i":

worry - worried
cry - cried

Prosto prolo vreme koristimo:

a) da se izrazi radnja koja se desila u prolosti i potpuno zavrila pa nema nikakve veze sa
sadanjou:
I was in Liverpool last year. (bio sam u Liverpulu prole godine);

b) da se izrazi radnja koja je trajala neko vreme u prolosti bez ikakve veze sa sadanjou:
We went to school when we were children. (ili smo u kolu kada smo bili deca);

c) kada govorimo o stvarima koje elimo da se dogode ili bi trebalo da se dogode:
It's time they were back. (vreme je da se vrate)
I wish I had a new computer. (voleo bih da imam novi kompjuter)

d) u zavisnoj reenici ako je u glavnoj prosto prolo vreme (slaganje vremena):
The policeman told me I drove to much. (policajac mi je rekao da sam previe vozio)

Kada kaemo kada ili gde se radnja dogodila, moramo koristiti prosto prolo vreme,
a ne sloeno sadanje vreme (present perfect tense).

to call - zvati
I called (ja sam zvao) I didn't call did I call?
you called you didn't call did you call?
he, she, it called he, she, it didn't call did he, she, it call?
we called we didn't call did we call?
you called you didn't call did you call?
they called they didn't call did they call?
- 43 -
(3.17.2.) Prolo trajno vreme - The Past Continuous Tense

prolo vrijeme glagola "to be" + particip prezenta glavnog glagola


She was reading. (ona je itala)
We were playing. (mi smo igrali)

Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem reice not:
She was not reading - She wasn't reading.

Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom:
Was she playing?
Were we playing?


Nesvreni preterit se upotrebljava:

da se opie pozadina, odnosno da se pred itaoce postavi scena prie pisana u
prolom vremenu. Obino pria poinje nesvrenim preteritom, a zatim se nastavlja prolim
vremenom, npr:

"James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody
was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a
telephone box...";

da se opie radnja koja je trajala do trenutka kada ju je prekinula neka druga
prola radnja:

I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang. (divno sam sanjao
kada se alarm oglasio);
I was watching TV when you telephoned. (gledao sam TV kada si nazvao)

da se izrazi promjena miljenja:

I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead.
(mislio sam provesti dan na plai ali sam odluio otii na ekskurziju)

za dve radnje koje se deavaju istovremeno:

The children were playing while their mothers were chatting. (deca su se igrala
dok njihove majke avrljale)

u zavisnoj reenici umesto nesvrenog prezenta ako je u glavnoj reenici preterit:

I knew that he was talking to her about her daughter. (znao sam da se sa
njom razgovara o njenoj keri).

Kod glagola koji se ne koriste u trajnom obliku upotrebljava se obini preterit.


to call - zvati

I was calling I was not calling was I calling?
you were calling. you were not calling were you calling?
he, she, it was calling he, she, it wasn't calling was he, she, it calling?
we were calling we weren't calling were we calling?
you were calling you weren't calling were you callingg?
they were calling they weren't calling were they calling?

- 44 -
(3.17.3.) Pluskvamperfekat (davno prolo vreme) - The Past Perfect Tense

subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola

U odrinim reenicama ubacujemo reicu not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola, a upitnu
reenicu pravimo zamenom subjekta i pomonog glagola.

Past Perfect Tense (pluperfekt) se upotrebljava:

1) da bi se izrazila radnja u prolosti koja se desila prije neke druge radnje u prolosti, takoer
izraava radnju za koje se pretpostavljalo da je trebalo da se dogodi u prolosti - pre neke
druge radnje:

We had left home before he came. (bili smo otili pre nego to je on doao)
The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. The train had left when we arrived.
(voz je krenuo u 9 sati. Mi smo stigli u 9 i 15. Voz je bio otiao kada smo mi stigli.)

The train had left when we arrived.

past present future

Voz odlazi u 9 sati.
9 9.15

Mi stiemo u 9 i 15.


I was not hungry. I had just eaten. (nisam bio gladan, upravo sam bio jeo)
I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before. (nisam znao ko je on,
nisam ga nikad bio video)
He said that he had seen him at the theatre. (rekao je da ga je bio vidio kod
pozorita).
U ovom primeru past perfect je upotrebljen u indirektnom govoru umesto past simple u
direktnom.

2) u zavisnim reenicama uz after:

He got a headache after he had washed his hair. (dobio je glavobolju nakon to je oprao
kosu);

3) iza izraza: as if (kao da), if only (kad bi barem), I wish (kamo sree da), past perfectom se
izraava neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti:

I wish I had met you before. (kamo sree da sam te ranije sreo)
If only you had sent me the SMS. (da si mi barem poslala SMS)
He played the basketball as if he had played in NBA. (igrao je koarku kao da je igrao
u NBA)


to call - zvati

I had called I had not called had I called?
you had called you had not called had you called?
he, she, it had called he, she, it had called had he, she, it called?
we had called we had called had we called?
you had called you had called had you called?
they had called they had called had they called?



- 45 -
(3.17.4.) Nesvreni pluskvamperfekt - The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip od "to be" + present particip gl. glagola

Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem reice not, a upitni oblik inverzijom subjekta i glagola "to have".

Past Perfect Continuous upotrebljava se da bi se oznaila radnja koja je trajala u prolosti prije
neke druge prole radnje:

Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am.
When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours.


Ram had been waiting for two hours when I arrived.

past present future




9 11

Ja sam stigao u 11 sati.

John was very tired. he had been running. (John je bio veoma umoran, trao je cele
veeri)
I could smell cigarettes. somebody had been smoking. (osetio sam cigarete, neko je
puio).

Past Perfect Continous se takoe upotrebljava u indirektnom govoru umesto trajnog oblika prolog
vremena (past continous tense) u direktnom govoru.

D: Peter said: "Some of my friends have playing cards all night."
(Peter ree: "Neki moji prijatelji su igrali karte cele veeri".)
I: Peter said that some of his friends had been playing cards all night.

to call - zvati
I had been calling I had not been calling had I been calling?
you had been calling you had not been calling had you been calling?
he, she, it had been calling he, she, it had not been calling had he, she, it had been
calling?
we had been calling we had not been calling had we been calling?
you had been calling you had not been calling had you been calling?
they had been calling they had not been calling had they been calling?


(3.18.) Budua vremena


(3.18.1.) Prosto budue vreme - Futur Simple Tense

subjekat + pomoni glagol will + infinitiv glavnog glagola

Odrine reenice se prave umetanjem reice not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola,
a upitne reenice inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola.

U prvom licu jednine i mnoine umesto glagola will, moe se koristiti glagol shall,
meutim u modernom engleskom will se vie koristi od shall:

I shall call - we shall call (ja u zvati - mi emo zvati).
Ram je poeo
sa ekanjem u 9
sati.
- 46 -
Prosto budue vreme se upotrebljava da bi oznaila radnja koja e se desiti u budunosti.
Prostobudue vreme se naroito esto upotrebljava posle glagola koji oznaavaju oekivanje,
nadu itd.Takoe se koristi da bi se izrazila namera, odluka, pretnja ili obeanje.

I hope we will have better luck next day. (nadam se da emo imati vie sree drugi put)
I expect that he will come tomorrow. (oekujem da e on doi sutra)
I will help her because she is beautiful. (pomoi u joj jer je lepa)

to call - zvati
I will call (ja u zvati) I will not call will I call?
you will call you will not call will you call?
he, she, it will call he, she, it will not call will he, she, it call?
we will call we will not call will we call?
you will call you will not call will you call?
they will call they will not call will they call?


(3.18.2.) Budue trajno vreme - Futur Continuous Tense

subjekat + pomoni g. will + pomoni g. be + present participle glavnog glagola

Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem reice not izmeu glagola will i be, a upitni oblik inverzijom
subjekta i glagola will.

Trajno budue vreme oznaava radnju koja e trajati izvesno vreme u budunosti.

At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working.

past present future



U 4 sata biu usred posla.

Kada koristimo budue trajno vreme, na slualac obino zna ili razume u koje vreme se radnja
odvija.
I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow. (igrau tenis sutra u 10 sati)
We'll be having dinner when film starts. (veeraemo kada film pone)
Take your umbrella, it will be raining when you return. (uzmi kiobran, padae kia
kada se bude vraao)

to call - zvati
I will be calling (ja u zvati) I won't be calling will I be calling?
you will be calling you won't be calling will you be calling?
he, she, it will be calling he, she, it won't be calling will he, she, it be calling?
we will be calling we won't be calling will we be calling?
you will be calling you won't be calling will you be calling?
they will be calling they won't be calling will they be calling?


(3.18.3.) Sloeno budue vrijeme - Futur Perfect Tense

subjekat + pomoni g. will + pomoni g. have + past particip glavnog glagola

Predbudue vreme izraava radnju koja e se desiti pre neke druge radnje u budunosti:

The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am.
When you arrive the rain will have left.
(Voz dolazi u stanicu u 9 sati. Vi stiete u stanicu u 9 i 15. Voz e otii
kada vi stignete.)
4pm
- 47 -

The train will have left when you arrive.

past present future


Voz odlazi u 9 sati.
9 9.15

Vi stiete u 9 i 15.


Ovo vreme takoer izraava i radnju koja e se desiti i zavriti do odreenog vremena u
budunosti:

They will have left the Parlament by 12 o'clock. (Oni e napustiti parlament do 12 sati.)

to call - zvati
I will have called (budem bio zvao) I will not have called will I have called?
you will have called you will not have called will you have called?
he, she, it will have called he, she, it will not have called will he, she, it have called?
we will have called we will not have called will we have called?
you will have called you will not have called will you have called?
they will have called they will not have called will they have called?



(3.18.4.) Futur Perfect Continuous

subjekat + pomoni g. will + pomoni g. "have" + past particip od "be" + present particip
glavnog glagola

Odrine reenice se prave umetanjem reice not izmeu will i have, a upitne reenice
inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola will.

Kada koristimo predbudue trajno vreme obino saimamo (contract) subjekat i pomoni glagol
will:

I will - I'll
you will - you'll itd.

Kod odrinih reenica saimamo glagol will i reicu not:

I will not - I won't
you will not - you won't itd.

Predbudue trajno vreme izraava radnju koja traje odreeni period vremena do jedne
druge budue radnje ili oznake budueg vremena kada ova prva radnja jo traje.
Drugim reima izraava radnju koja e trajati do odreenog budueg vremena ili trenutka u
budunosti, a ne u nekom odreenom trenutku u budunosti:

At 20 o'clock in the evening, I will have been working ten hours. (do 20 sati uvee ja u
imati za sobom ve 10 sati rada).
Znai radnja poinje u 10 sati pre podne, traje deset sati, sve do 20 sati uvee kada jo
traje.

He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours.
(Bie umoran kada stigne. Putovae ve 24 sata.)


- 48 -
to call - zvati

I will have been calling I will not have been calling will I have been calling?
you will have been calling you will not have been calling will you have been
calling?
he, she, it will have been calling he, she, it will not have been calling will he, she, it have been
calling?
we will have been calling we will not have been calling will we have been
calling?
you will have been calling you will not have been calling will you have been
calling?
they will have been calling they will not have been calling will they have been
calling?



(4.) Imenice - Nouns


Imenice su rei kojima neto imenujemo. Npr:
man (ovek),
town (grad),
happiness (srea),
love (ljubav) itd.

Imenice delmo na nekoliko vrsta. One mogu biti:
opte imenice (common nouns), slue za imenovanje svih bia ili stvari iste vrste.
boy (deak), computer (raunar), eye (oko) itd;

vlastite imenice (proper nouns), slue za imenovanje pojedinanih bia, mesta itd.
Mary, London, Edinburgh, Bosnia, Dreamweaver itd;

zbirne imenice (collective nouns), slue za oznaavanje skupa ili mnotva u jednini.
team (momad), sugar (eer), flock (jato), army (vojska) itd;

gradivne imenice (material nouns), slue oznaavanje tvari ili materija.
lead (olovo), milk (mlijeko), air (zrak), ice (led) itd.

apstraktne imenice (abstract nouns), oznauju neto nestvarno, neko svojstvo ili stanje.
fear (strah), health (zdravlje), thirst (e) itd.


Takoer, imenice delimo i na: brojive i nebrojive (Countable and Uncountable nouns).
Mnoinu grade samo opte imenice. One obino oznaavaju neto to se moe brojati, pa ih
zovemo brojnim imenicama:
two girls (dve devojke), three months (tri meseca) itd.
Gradivne i apstraktne imenice, uzete u opem smislu, se ne mogu brojati. One su nebrojive i ne
mogu se upotrebljavati u mnoini:
silver (srebro), thirst (e), air (zrak) itd.

Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns
Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns
Padei imenica - Cases of Nouns

(4.1.) Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns

Opto pravilo:
U engleskom jeziku rod imenica nije gramatiki ve se odreuje prema polu, tj. prirodan je. Imena
mukih bia mukog su roda (masculine), imena enskih lica enskog su roda
(feminine) i imena ivih bia gde rod nije izriito podvuen srednjeg su roda (neuter).
- 49 -
Kod ivih bia rod razlikujemo na vie naina:

- postoje razliiti izrazi za muki i enski rod:

boy - girl deak - devojica
father - mother otac - majka
brother - sister brat - sestra
son - daughter sin - ki
uncle - aunt ujak - tetka
nephew - niece neak - neaka
king - queen kralj - kraljica
monk - nun kaluer - kaluerica
horse - mare konj - kobila
cock - hen petao - kokoka
drake - duck patak - patka
gander - goose gusak - guska



- dodajemo nastavke:

abbot - abbess opat - opatica
actor - actress glumac - glumica
count - countess grof - grofica
duke - duchess vojvoda - vojvotkinja
emperor - empress car - carica
poet - poetess pesnik - pesnikinja
prince - princess princ - princeza
negro - negress crnac - crnkinja
heir - heiress naslednik - naslednica
sorcerer - sorceress arobnjak - arobnica
lion - lioness lav - lavica
hero - heroine heroj - heroina



- obrazuju se sloenice:

man-servant - maid-servant sluga - slukinja
cock-sparrow - hen-sparrow vrabac - vrabica
bull-calf - cow-calf junac - junica
male-elephant - female-elephant slon - slonica
landlord - landlady gazda - gazdarica



Mnoge imenice imaju isti oblik i u enskom i u mukom rodu:

pupil (uenik, uenica)
friend (prijatelj, prijateljica)
teacher (uitelj, uiteljica)
cousin (roak, rodica)



Ponekad da bismo oznaili rod ovih imenica dodajemo ove rei:
gentleman, lady, male, female, man, woman:

lady-teacher (uiteljica).

- 50 -



Od opeg pravila postoje sledei izuzeci:

"horse" i "dog" nisu sredneg ve mukog roda;
"cat" je enskog roda;
"child" moe biti sva tri roda;
imenice: boat, ship, streamer, man-of-war, vessel nisu srednjeg ve enskog roda i
oznaavaju se sa she;
enskog roda su:
imena drava i zemalja;
neki apstraktni pojmovi (misaone imenice) kao: victory, liberty, mercy grace, virtue;
enskog roda su i nature, earth i moon;
imenice koje izraavaju jaka oseanja mukog su roda: love, anger, despair, fear;
mukog roda su takoer i: sun, death, time;
ptice, ribe, insekti su obino srednjeg roda;

U basnama ivotinje su personificirane pa su uvek enskog ili mukog roda.



(4.2.) Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns


Opta pravila:

mnoina imenica obrazuje se dodavanjem nastavka "-s". Ovo se "s" izgovarakao nae "z" izuzev
kada dolazi posle tvrdih suglasnika.
Primjeri:

book - books (knjiga - knjige)
face - faces (lice - lica)


Imenice koje se zavavaju na: -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -tch dobijaju nastavak "-es",
koji se izgovara iz:

class - classes razred - razredi
bush - bushes grm - grmlje
bench - benches klupa - klupe


Imenice na "-o" dobijaju nastavak "-es" ako se "o" nalazi posle suglasnika:

hero - heroes heroj - heroji
potato - potatoes krompir - krompiri
negro - negroes crnac - crnci


Izuzeci od ovog pravila su:

piano - pianos klavir - klaviri
canto - cantos spev - spevovi
octavo - octavos oktava - oktave

Imenice na "o" poslije samoglasnika dobijaju u mnoini samo nastavak "-e":

cuckoo - cuckoos kukavica - kukavice
- 51 -
Imenice na "y" poslije suglasnika menjaju "y" u "i" i dobijaju nastavak "-es":

country - countries zemlja - zemlje
lady - ladies dama - dame
story - stories pria - prie

ali:

day - days dan - dani
boy - boys deak - deaci
toy - toys igraka - igrake


Imenice na "f" i "fe" menjaju "f" u "v" i dobijaju u mnoini nastavak "-es":

half - halves polovina - polovine
calf - calves tele - telad
knife - knives no - noevi
wife - wives supruga - supruge


Izuzeci od ovog pravila su:

strife - strifes borba - borbe
fife - fifes svirala - svirale
staff - staffs tab - tabovi
gulf - gulfs struja - struje


Imenice koje zavavaju na "-oof", "-ief", "-ff" ne menjaju u "f" i dobijaju nastavak "-s":

roof - roofs krov - krovovi
dwarf - dwarfs patuljak - patuljci
chief - chiefs poglavica - poglavice
cliff - cliffs greben - grebeni


Neke imenice imaju u mnoini nastavak "-en":

ox - oxen vo - volovi
child - children dete - deca


Neke imenice obrazuju mnoinu promjenom osnovnog samoglasnika:

man - men ovek - ljudi
woman - women ena - ene
tooth - teeth zub - zubi
Englishman - Englishmen Englez - Englezi
sportsman - sportsmen sportista - sportisti

ali:

Roman - Romans Rimljanin - Rimljani
Norman - Normans Norman - Normani
German - Germans Nemac - Nemci




- 52 -
Neke imenice imaju dva oblika u mnoini sa razliitim znaenjem:

brother


cloth


Latinske imenice na "-us" i "-um" te grke na "-on" i "-is" imaju u mnoini obino svoj
latinski odnosno grki nastavak:

radius - radii (poluprenik, poluprenici)
oasis - oases (oaza, oaze)

Sloenice obrazuju mnoinu tako da se nastavak za mnoinu doda glavnoj rei od koje
je sloenica sastavljena, tj. od rei koja nosi smisao. Ako je sloenica sastavljena bez
imenica, onda nastavak za mnoiniu dobija poslednja re:

looker-on - lookers-on (gledalac, gledaoci)
pick-pocket - pick-pockets (deparo, deparoi)
forget-me-not - forget-me-nots (nezaboravak (cvee), nezaboravci)

Neke sloenice dobijaju obeleje mnoine uz oba dela rei:
manservant - menservants (sluga, sluge)

Neke se imenice upotrebljavaju samo u jednini:

advice (savet)
furniture (nametaj)
information (obavetenje)
progress (napredak)

Ako je potrebno izraziti mnoiniu, onda se upotrebi neka re u mnoini:

two pieces of furniture (dva komada nametaja)

Neke su imenice po svom obliku u jednini, a imaju znaenje mnoine:

people (ljudi)
mankind (oveanstvo)
cattle (stoka)

Imenica "news" (vest) i "means" (sredstvo) imaju oblik mnoini ali su u jednini:

what is the news (kakve su vesti)
by the means (na ovaj nain)

Mnoge imenice se upotrebljavaju samo u mnoini:

cards (karte)
contents (sadrina)
poltics (politika)
mathematics (matematika)

Neke imenice imaju u mnoini drugaije znaenje nego u jednini:

arm (ruka) arms (ruke, oruje)
letter (slovo) letters (knjievnost)
compass (kompas) compasses (estar)
drawer (fioka) drawers (donje gae)
- brothers
- brethren
(braa po krvi)
(braa u crkvenoj organizaciji, drutvu)
- cloths
- clothes
(tof)
(odelo)
- 53 -
(4.3.) Padei imenica - Cases of Nouns

U engleskom jeziku mogu se izraziti svih sedam padea kao i u naem jeziku:

Primjer:

Jednina:
1. pad. A teacher had a book. (neki uitelj je imao knjigu)
2. pad. The book of the teacher was big. (knjiga tog uitelja bila je velika)
3. pad. We went to the teacher. (otili smo uitelju)
4. pad. And we asked the teacher. (i zapitali smo uitelja)
5. pad. Teacher, is your book big? (uitelju, je li vaa knjiga velika?)
6. pad. After our conversation with the teacher. (poslije naeg razgovora sa uiteljem)
7. pad. We know more about the teacher. (znamo vie o uitelju)


mnoina:
1. pad. Some teachers had books. (neki uitelji imali su knjige)
2. pad. The books of the techers were big. (knjige tih uitelja su bile velike)
The teacher's books are always big. (knjige uitelja su uvijek velike)
3. pad. We went to the teachers. (otili smo uiteljima)
4. pad. And we asked the teachers. (i zapitali smo uitelje)
5. pad. Teachers, are your books big. (uitelji, jesu li vae knjige velike)
6. pad. After the conversation with the teachers. (poslije razgovora sa uiteljima)
7. pad. We know more about the teachers. (znamo vie o uiteljima)


Prema tome, padei se odreuju prema mestu u reenici (prvi i etvrti), pomou predloga (drugi
pade pomou predloga "of" ili nastavkom kad imamo prisvojni genitiv, trei pade pomou
predloga "to", esti pomou predloga "with", sedmi pade pomoi predloga "about"). Peti pade
izraava se imenicom bez lana.


Drugi pade - Genitive

U engleskom jeziku drugi pade se moe izraziti na vie naina:

Normanskim genitivom (Norman genitive) koji se obrazuje pomou prijedloga "of":
the book of the teacher (uiteljeva knjiga).

Saksonskim genitivom (Saxon genitive), koji se jo zove "prisvojni genitiv"
(Possessive case). Ovaj pade se obrazuje tako da se imenici doda nastavak -'s.
teacher's book (uiteljeva knjiga).

Saksonski genitiv se obrazuje nastavkom -'s na imenicu koji se izgovara "z" iza zvunih suglasnika
i samoglasnika, a "s" iza bezvunih suglasnika.
U jednini se dodaje -'s

teacher's book (uiteljeva knjiga)
Peter's toy (Peterova igraka)
boy's eyes (deakove oi)

Ako se osobna imenica zavrava na -s, onda dodajemo samo apostrof, a nastavak
se izgovara kao "z":

Burn's works (Burnsova dela)




- 54 -
Ako se imenica zavrava na -s ili -ce kao i ispred rei "sake", dodaje se samo
apostrof:

for goodness' sake (za Boju volju)
for conscience' sake (radi smirenja savesti).

Osobne imenice mogu se zavravati na -s, pa da ipak dobijaju nastavak -'s:

St. James's Square (trg Sv. Dejmsa)
for Doris's sake (radi Doris)
my boss's sister (sestra mog gazde).

Sloenice dobijaju nastavak -'s na kraju:

after my mother-in-law's leaving (posle odlaska moje tate).

U mnoini koja se zavrava na -s dodaje se samo apostrof:

my brothers' wives (ene moje brae).

Ako se imenica ne zavrava na -s u mnoini, onda ona ima nastavak -'s:

the children's toys (deije igrake)
the mice's legs (miije noge)
woman's right (enska prava).


(5.) Pridevi - Adjectives


Pridev je u engleskom jeziku nepromenljiva re, pa se prema tome pridevom ne moe izraziti ni
rod, ni broj ni pade. Pridev obino stoji ispred imenice.
Pridevi se dijele na:
line (proper), koji se piu velikim slovom: Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, English, German,
Italian;
opisne (descriptive): young, beautiful, green;
koliinske (quantitative): some, few, much, all, enough;
pokazne (demonstrative): the this, that, these, those, such, younder, the same, the order;
neodreene (indefinite): a, an, any, one, certain, another;
deobne (distributive): each, every, either, neither;
prisvojne (possessive): my, your, his, her, its, our, their;
upitne (interrogative): what, which.

(5.1.) Poreenje prideva - Comparasion

Pridevi imaju tri stepena poreenja:

prvi stupanj - jednakost - positive
drugi stupanj - nejednakost - comparative
trei stupanj - nadmonost - superlative.

Jednakost se izraava pomou rei "as...as" i pozitiva prideva.

He is as rich as his friend. (on je isto toliko bogat kao njegov prijatelj).
He is as strong as a horse. (jak je kao konj)

Komparativ, kojim se izraava umanjenost, obrazuje se pomou rei "less...then":

He is less rich than his brother. (on je manje bogat od svog brata)
- 55 -
Komparativom se izraava uveanost, i obrazuje se:

kod jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih prideva dodavanjem nastavka "er":
He is richer than his friend. (on je bogatiji od svog brata);

kod vieslonih prideva dodavanjem nastavka "more" ispred prideva:
He is more independent than his brother. (on je samostalniji od svog brata);

"sve vie i vie" se prevodi svezom "and" koja prethodi i dolazi poslije komparativa za
uveanje: stronger and stronger (sve jai i jai).
Ako je pridjev viesloan, ponavlja se samo prilog "more":
more and more contemptible (sve vie omrznutiji).

Trei stepen, superlativ, moe biti:
relativni, kada je poreenje izraeno pridevom na najviem ili najniem stepenu.

On se pravi kod:
-jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih prideva kojima prethodi lan the i dodaje im se nastavak
"-est": he is the richest (on je najbogatiji);
-vieslonih prideva kojima prethode rei "the most":
he is the most intelligent (on je najpametniji);

apsolutni superlativ se pravi kada se ispred pridjeva stavi prilog most ili very:
It is most true. (to je veoma tano, to je ponajvie tano).
Ako umesto prideva stoji prilog vremena sadanjeg koji ima ulogu prideva, umesto very
upotrebljava se much ili very much:
I am much obliged to you. (veoma sam vam zahvalan).


(5.2.) Pravopisna pravila pri poreenju


Ako se pridev zavrava kratkim samoglasnikom iza kojeg dolazi suglasnik, taj se suglasnik
udvostruuje:
fat - fatter - the fattest (debeo),
big - bigger - the biggest (velik).

Ako se pridev zavrava muklim "e", na komparativ i superlativ dodaju se nastavci "-r", odnosno "-
st":
fine - finer - the finest (lijep).

Ako se pridev zavrava sa slovom "y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik ono se menja u "i":

pretty - prettie - the prettiest (drag),
ali gray - grayer - the grayest (jer "y" dolazi posle samoglasnika, a ne suglasnika).

Poreenje prideva pomou nastavka "-er" za komparativ i "-est" za superlativ naziva se germansko
poreenje. Na ovaj nain porede se svi jednosloni predevi - sa izuzetkom sledeih:

just, more just, the more just
right, more right, the most right.

Germanskim nainom poreenja porede se jo i dvosloni pridevi koji se zavravaju na "-y", "-ow",
"-er" ili na slogovno "l", kao i pridev koji imaju naglasak na drugom slogu:

pretty, prettier, the prettiest;
narrow, narrower, the narrowest;
clever, cleverer, the cleverest
simple, simplier, the simpliest;
polite, politer, the politest.
- 56 -
Poreenje koje se dobiva dodavanjem rei "more" za komparativ i "the most" za superlativ ispred
prideva naziva se romansko poreenje. Ovim nainom porede se svi viesloni pridevi koji imaju
naglasak na prvom slogu, kao i pridjevi koji se zavavaju na "-ed" i "-ing":

famous, more famous, the most famous;
learned, more learned, the most learned;
beautiful, more beautiful, the most beautiful.

mnogi dvosloni pridevi mogu se porediti na oba naina. Takvi su pridevi:

common, cruel, pleasant, quiet, cheerful, handsome itd.


(5.3.) Nepravilna komparacija prideva - Irregular comparasion

Nepravilno se porede sledei pridevi:

Positive Comparative Superlative

good (dobar) better the best
bad (lo)
evil (zao) worse the worst
ill (bolestan)
much (mnogo)
many (mnogo) more the most
little (malen) less the least
late (kasan) later (kasniji) the latest (najnoviji)
latter (dalji po redu) the last (poslednji)
pnear (blizak) nearer the nearest (najblii)
the next (sledei, do)
pold (star) older the oldest
elder the eldest
far (daleko) farther (prostorno dalji) the farthest
further (dalji po redu) the furthest

Komparativ i superlativ sloenih prideva:

kada sloeni pridevi poinju jednosloni pridevom onda nastavke za komparativ i superlativ dobija
jednosloni pridev:

I never saw a faster sailing ship. (nikad nisam video breg jedrenjaka)
I never saw a worse looking man. (nikad nisam video oveka koji loije izgleda)



(6.) Predlozi - Prepositions


Predlozi u engleskom jeziku imaju posebnu vanost jer padei nemaju svoje nastavke.

Predlozi se dele na:

a) predloge za mesto: at (u, na, kod, pri), to (u, ka, prema), in (u), into (u), on (na),
between (izmeu), in front of (ispred), before (ispred), above (iznad), behind (iza),
under (ispod) i dr;

b) predlozi za vreme: before (pre), after (posle), since (od), on (u) i dr;

c) predlozi za ouvanje porekla, uzroka, cilja: from (od), by (od), through (pomou),
towards (prema);
- 57 -

d) predlozi za sredstva: by (od, pomou), in (u), with (s, sa), without (bez).

Predlozi mogu biti sloeni, tj. sastavljeni su od vie rei: into (u), upon (na), within (u), outside
(napolju), throughout (skroz).

Posle predloga uvek sledi "imenica", a nikad glagol. Pod "imenica" mislimo na:

imenice (dog, money, house, love);
line imenice (Sarajevo, Zagreb, Beograd, Edin, Mary);
zamjenice (you, him, us);
grupne imenice (my first job, your blue book);
gerund (swimming).


Poto posle predloga ne moe ii glagol, a ako to elimo onda moramo koristiti "-ing" oblik koji je
ustvari gerund ili glagolska imenica.

subjekat + glagol predlog "imenica"

The food is on the table.
She lives in Japan.
Mary is looking for you.
The letter is under your blue book.
Pascal is used to English people.
She isn't used to working.
I ate before coming .


Upotreba nekih glavnih predloga:

of - he is a friend of mine (on je moj prijatelj)
what are you thinking of? (o emu mislite?)

from - where did you came from? (odakle ste?)
whom did you get this book from? (od koga ste dobili ovu knjigu)
I translated this from English into Serbian (preveo sam to sa engleskog na srpski)

to - I get into my office every morning (svako jutro idem u kancelariju)
we went to see him (poli smo da ga posetimo)
I want to tell you the truth (elim da vam kaem istinu)

at - the family is at dinner (porodica rua)
she is at the dressmaker's (ona je kod krojaice)
he is standing at the door (on stoji kod vrata)

in - I live in Kragujevac (ivim u kragujevcu)
my money is in my pocket (moj novac je u depu)
I'll be back in a minute (vraam se za minut)

into - he came into the room (uao je u sobu)
I put the money into my pocket (stavio sam novac u dep)

about - what are you talking about? (o emu priate)
she walked about the house (hodala je po kui)
it's about seven o'clock (oko sedam je sati)
I was about to go home when she came (upravo sam htio da odem kad je ona dola)

since - I haven't seen you since last Friday (nisam vas video od prolog petka)

- 58 -
for - I haven't seen you for ages (nisam vas video od odavno)
I waited for an hour (ekao sam jedan sat)
I did it for you (to sam za vas uinio)

except - there was no one at the conference except the president (niko sem predsednika
nije bio na konferenciji)

between - what is between you and her (ta je izmeu tebe i nje)
there is great difference between words and deeds (velika je razlika izmeu rei i dela)

among - you will find some interesting girls among this students (nai ete
interesantne devojke meu ovim studentkinjama)

before - she stood before the door waiting (stajala je pred vratima i ekala)
came before eight o'clock (doi prie osam)

beyond - this is beyond my understanding (to ne mogu da shvatim)
his house stands beyond that road (njegova kua se nalazi iznad ovog puta)

without - I shall be lonely without you (bit u usamljen bez vas)
she left without saying good-bye (otila je bez zbogom)

towards - they came to the house (prili su kui)

until - I shall wait until day come (ekat u dok oni dou)

till - I have been waiting for you till now (sve do sada sam vas ekao)

with - will you take me with you (hoete li me povesti sa sobom)
the proposal was approved with great majority (predlog je prihvaen velikom veinom)
I cannot remain with him any longer (ne mogu vie ostati s njim)
he cut himself with a knife (posekao se noem)

regarding - what have you done regarding this report? (ta ste uinili u vezi sa ovim
izvetajem)

Pored ovih predloga u engleskom jeziku imamo i tzv. predlone fraze (prepositional frases):

in spite of (uprkos)
in front of (ispred)
according to (prema)
because of (zbog)
on account of (radi)
by means of (pomou)

There was a pool in front of his house. (pred njegovom kuom se nalazio bazen)
This is not truth in spite of what he has said. (to nije istina uprkos tome to je on rekao)


(7.) Prilozi - Adverbs

Prilozi su rei koje poblie oznaavaju glagole, prideve ili druge priloge:

uz glagol:
John speaks loudly. (John pria glasno)
She never smokes. (ona nikad ne pui)

uz pridev:
He is really handsome. (on je stvarno zgodan)
She is less beautifull than her sister. (ona je manje lepa nego njena sestra)
- 59 -
uz prilog:
She drives incredibly slowly. (ona vozi nevjerovatno sporo)
There is truly quietly. (tamo je zaista )

Meutim, pred ovih funkcija prilozi imaju i druge funkcije, oni mogu:

izmeniti smisao reenice: Obviously, I can't know everything. (oito, ne mogu sve
znati)

izmeniti predlonu frazu: It's immediately inside the door. (to je odmah iza vrata)


Po svom sastavu prilozi se u engleskom jeziku dele na: proste, izvedene i sloene.

Prosti prilozi su: now (sada), then (tada), fast (brzo), loud (glasno), right (pravo) i dr.

Izvedeni prilozi su oni koji se obrazuju od prideva nastavkom "ly":
beautiful - beautifully (lep - lepo)
bad - badly (lo - loe) itd.

Sloeni prilozi su: a great deal (mnogo), at least (bar), at present (sada), at last (najzad) itd.


Po svom znaenju prilozi se dele na:
priloge za vreme: always (uvek), ever (ikad), never (nikad), seldom (retko), often (esto),
soon (uskoro), sometimes (ponekad), early (rano), late (kasno) i dr.

priloge za mesto: here (ovde), there (tamo), in (u), out (iz), near (blizu), far (daleko), down
(dole), up (gore) i dr.

priloge za koliinu: more (vie), no more (ne vie), most (najvie), little (malo), many
(mnogi), less (manje) i dr.

priloge za nain: how (kako), as (kao), so (tako), quickly (brzo), why (zato), truly (zaista),
quietly (mirno), hardly (jedva), usefully (korisno), happily (sreno) i dr. Prilozi za nain se
obino tvore dodavanjem nastavka "-ly" na pridjev.

prilozi stupnja: very (vrlo), too (previe), enough (dovoljno), quite (sasvim) i dr.




(7.1.) Poreenje priloga



Prilozi obrazuju prvi i drugi stepen poreenja na sledee naine:

dvosloni i viesloni prilozi, kao i prilozi sa nastavkom "ly" porede se na taj nain
to se za komparativ ispred priloga dodaje re "more", a za superlativ re "most".
beautifully - more beautifully - most beautifully (lepo - lepe...);

jednosloni prilozi (kao i prilozi often i early) obrazuju komparativ nastavkom "er",
a superlativ nastavkom "est":
long - longer - longest (dugo - due...);




- 60 -
Nepravilno se porede sledei prilozi:

well (dobro) - better - best
badly (loe) - worse - worst
much (mnogo) - more - most
little (malo) - less - least
near (blizu) - nearer - nearest, next
far (daleko) - farther, further - farthest, furthest
late (kasno) - later - latest, last


Inae, u poreenju priloga vae sva ostala pravila koja se primenjuju i na prideve.

U engleskom jeziku ima vie prideva koji se upotrebljavaju i kao prilozi:

cheap (jeftin) - to sell cheap (prodavati jeftino)
dear (drag, skup) - to buy dear (kupiti skupo)
fair (lep, pravilan) - to copy fair (prepisati isto)
false (laan) - to play false (varati u igri)
hard (teak) - to work hard (naporno raditi)
high (visok) - to charge high (propisati visoke ciene)
loud (glasan) - to speak loud (govoriti glasno)
low (nizak) - to speak loud (govoriti )
near (blizak) - to draw near (pribliiti se)
right (prav) - to sing right (raditi kako treba)
short (kratak) - to stop short (iznenada stati)
wide (irok) - wide open (iroko otvoren)


Napomena: kada ovi prilozi dobiju priloki nastavak "ly", oni esto menjaju smisao:

hard (teak, naporan) - hardly (jedva),
near (blizak) - nearly (skoro).

Prilog moe imati tri poloaja u reenici:

na poetku (pre subjekta):
Now we will study adverbs. (sada emo uiti priloge)

u sredini (izmeu subjekta i glavnog glagola):
We often study adverbs. (mi esto uimo priloge)

na kraju (iza glavnog glagola ili objekta):
We study adverbs carefully. (mi paljivo uimo priloge)



(8.) Uzvici - Interjections

Uzvici mogu izraavati:

uenje: ah! eh! what! strange! impossible! heavens! indeed! (zaista)

bol: ah! oh! o! alas! alack! ah me! woe to me! (jao meni) mercy to me! (nek mi se nebo
smiluje)

radost: ah! o joy! ha,ha! hurra! huzza!

odobravanje: right! bravo! cheer up! (hrabro) well done!
- 61 -
obraanje panje: behold! lo! see! holla! help! hark! (uj) hold! I say! attention!
wait! come on! hear, hear! what's the matter!

pretnju: go away! get away! (gubite se) beware! (pazite) off! off! (gubite se)

pozdrav: good-morning! (dobro jutro), good-afternoon! (dobar dan) good-evening! good-
night! welcome! farewell! (zbogom) hail! (zdravo)


(9.) Veznici - Conjunctions

Prema funkciji u reenici veznici se dele na:

dopunske (coordinative): and (i), but (ali), or (ili), yet (ipak) i dr.
zavisne (subordinative): that (da), if (ako), when (kada), though (iako) i dr.

Glavni veznici i njihova upotreba:

before - We saw him before he left his office. (videli smo ga pre nego to je napustio ured)
since - It was a long time since we met. (odavno se nismo videli)
until, till - We all waited until the rain stopped. (svi smo ekali dok kia nije prestala)
as soon as - As soon as he came we called his father. (im je doao pozvali smo
njegovog oca)
as well as - He did it as well as he could. (on je to uinio onako kako je on mogao)
as long as - You may keep this book as long as you want. (moete zadrati ovu knjigu
koliko god elite)
either...or - Either you or your brother must go. (ili vi ili va brat morate ii)
neither...nor - Neither he or his sister knew this lesson. (ni on ni njegova sestra nisu
znali ovu lekciju)
both...and - Both you and I think so. (oboje mislimo tako)
unless - I am not going to do this unless it is necessary. (neu to da uradim ako nije
potrebno)
in order to - He came in order to hear news. (doao je da bi uo vest)
as much as - I have read as much I had time. (itao sam onoliko koliko sam imao
vremena)
though (although) - He knows that I was right, although he wouldn't admit it.
(on zna da sam bio u pravu iako on to ne bi priznao)
whether - I don't know whether to go or not. (ne znam da li da idem ili ne)
because - I don't like it because it's too tiresome. (ne volim to jer je isuvie zamorno)


(10.) Zamenice - Pronouns

U engleskom jeziku zamenice se dele na:

Line zamenice - Personal pronouns
Prisvojne zamenice - Possessive pronouns
Povratne zamenice - Reflexive pronouns
Pokazne zamenice - Demonstrative pronouns
Upitne zamenice - Interrogative pronouns
Relativne zamenice - Relative pronouns
Deobne zamenice - Distributive pronouns
Neodreene zamenice- Indefinite pronouns

- 62 -
(10.1.) Line zamenice - Personal Pronouns

Line zamenice imaju dva oblika:

a) u prvom padeu: I (ja), you (ti), he- she- it (on-ona-ono) u jednini,
we (mi), you (vi) i they (oni-one-ona) u mnoini;

b) u etvrtom padeu: me (mene), you (tebe), him- her- it (njega-nju-njega) u jednini, i us
(nas), you (vas), them (njih) u mnoini.

Drugi pade kod linih imenica pravi se pomou predloga "of", trei pomou "to" i esti pomou
with s oblikom etvrtog padea: of me, to me, with me, of you, to you, with you.

Posle glagola: to tell (rei), to give (dati), to bring (doneti), to throw (baciti), to send (poslati), to sell
(prodati), to write (pisati), to read (itati) i jo nekih, predlog "to" se izostavlja ako dolazi pre
objekta, ali ako dolazi posle objekta predlog "to" se ne izostavlja:

I gave him the book. (dao sam mu knjigu)
I gave the book to him . (dao sam mu knjigu).

Kod glagola "to say" (rei) predlog "to" se mora pisati, bilo da stoji ispred ili iza objekta:

I said nothing to him. (nisam mu nita rekao)
I said to him nothing. (nisam mu nita rekao)

etvrti pade line zamenice za prvo lice upotrebljava se umjesto prvog padea u obinom
svakodnevnom engleskom:

Who is there? -Me. (ko je tamo? -Ja)
Who is speaking? - Me (ko govori?)

etvrti pade line zamenice se takoer upotrebljava umesto prvog padea u poreenju iza rei
"than":
He is taller than me. (vii je od mene)

Zamenica "it" moe se upotrebiti i kao bezlina zamenica, koja se ne odnosi ni na lice ni na stvar:
It is a cold day, isn't it? (hladan je dan, zar ne)
It seems to me that we shall have rain. (izgleda mi da emo imati kiu)

Zamenica "it" se takoer moe upotrebiti da se uvede subjekat reenice:

It was not difficult to understand him. (nije bilo teko razumjeti ga)
It is only my brother who is here in time. (samo je moj brat doao na vrijeme)

Zamenice "we" i "they" se esto upotrebljavaju kao neodreene zamenice i imaju
znaenje neodreene zamenice "one". U tom sluaju prevode se sa ljudi (uope). Kad upotrebimo
zamenicu "we", ukljuujemo lice koje govori, a kad upotrebimo zamenicu "they", onda ne
ukljuujemo:

We are not going to ask you to go. (neemo traiti od vas da idete)
They say that the accident was inevitable. (kau da je nesretan sluaj bio neizbean)

U obinom govoru se u ovakvim sluajevima moe upotrijebiti i zamenica "you":

You are not supposed to know everything. (ne moe se pretpostaviti da sve znate)





- 63 -
(10.2.) Prisvojne zamenice - Possessive Pronouns


Prisvojne zamenice su:

mine (moj,a,e), yours (tvoj,a,e), his (njegov), hers (njen), its (njegov) u jednini;
ours (na,a,e), yours (va,a,e), theirs (njihov,a,e) u mnoini.

Prisvojne zamenice slue za odgovor na pitanje iji, ija, ije:

Whose hat is this? It is mine. (iji je ovo eir? moj je)

Prisvojne zamenice upotrebljavaju se takoer u naroitim izrazima koji prave dvostruki pade:

a friend of mine (moj prijatelj)

Kad se zamenica eli naglasiti, moe se umesto prisvojne zamjenice "mine", upotrijebiti "my own":

This book is my own. (ovo je moja vlastita knjiga)

Dok se prisvojni pridevi upotrebljavaju samo uz imenice, prisvojne zamjenice
upotrebljavaju se samostalno:

this book is my own (ovo je moja knjiga) - pris. pridev;
and where is yours (a gdje je vaa) - prisv. zamenica.


(10.3.) Povratne zamjenice - Reflexive Pronouns

Povratne zamenice su:

myself (ja sam, lino ja), yourself (ti sam, ti lino),
himself (on sam), herself (ona sama), itself (ono samo) za jedninu,
ourselves (mi sami), yourselves (vi sami), themselves (oni sami) za mnoinu.

"One's self" ili "oneself" je neodreeni oblik i upotrebljava se kad je objekat u reenici "one"
ili kad je glagol u reenici bezlian:

to wash one's face (oprati neije lice), to dress one's self (obui se)

Povratna zamenica moe se upotrebiti i u izrazima kao: "by myself" (sam):

I did it by myself (sam sam to uinio, bez iije pomoi), ili u
izrazu:
as for myself (to se mene tie).

Zamenice za isticanje (emphasizing pronouns) imaju isti oblik kao i povratne zamjenice i
upotrebljavaju se da se u reenici istakne predmet ili objekt:

He himself did this heroic deed. (lino on je uinio to herojsko djelo).










- 64 -
(10.4.) Pokazne zamjenice - Demonstrative pronouns

Pokazne zamenice su:

this (ovaj, ova, ovo) za blie predmete ili lica u jednini;
these (ovi, ove, ova) za blie predmete ili lica u mnoini;
that (onaj, ona, ono) za dalje predmete u mnoini;
zatim
such (takav, a, o) i the same (isti);
the former (preanji, raniji), the latter (zadnji, dalji po redu);
one i ones.

Pokazne zamjenice this i that mogu biti samostalne samo u apstraktnom znaenju:

This is not true. (to nije istina).



Such i the same imaju isti oblik u mnoini:

Such is my opinion, such are his words. (takvo je moje miljenje, takve su njegove rei)
the same to you (takoer i vama).

Zamjenica "the same" moe se pojaati sa "the very same" (ba taj isti).


(10.5.) Upitne zamenice - Interrogative Pronouns

Upitne zamenice su: who, what i which.

Promena zamenice "who":

1. pad. who (ko)
2. pad. whose (iji, kojega)
3. pad. to whom (kome)
4. pad. whom (koga)
5. pad. with whom (s kim)


Promena zamenice "what":

1. pad. what (ta)
2. pad. of what (ega)
3. pad. to what (emu)
4. pad. what (ta)
5. pad. with what (ime)


Promena zamenice "which":

1. pad. which (koji)
2. pad. of which (kojega)
3. pad. to which (kojemu)
4. pad. which (kojega)
5. pad. with which (s kojim)


"What" se upotrebljava samo za stvari :

what do you want (ta hoete), what is this made of (od ega je ovo napravljeno).
- 65 -
"Who" se upotrebljava samo za lica:

who lives in your house (ko ivi u vaoj kui),
whom do you see (koga vidite).

"Which" se upotrebljava i za lica i stvari kada je u pitanju izbor:

which of these two books is yours (koja od ove dve knjige je vaa),
which of these girls is your sister (koja od ovih devojaka je vaa sestra).

Ako se iza "which" i "what" nalazi imenica, onda su to pridevi (which - koji; what - kakav):

which man is your brother (koji od ovih ljudi je va brat),
what colour is your bag (koje je boje vaa torba).

Upitne se zamenice mogu kombinovati sa "ever" ili "soever" radi isticanja:

whoever, whatever, whichever;
whosoever, whatsoever, whichsoever.

Ako su "who" i "what" predmeti u reenici, onda glagol nije u upitnom obliku:

who speaks here (ko ovde govori)
what comes after spring (ta dolazi posle proljea).


(10.6.) Relativne zamenice - Relative pronouns

Relativne zamenice su: who, what, which, that, as, but.

"Who" se upotrebljava za lica:

she lives with her daughter who is a teacher (ona ivi sa svojom erkom koja je
uiteljica),
I saw the man to whom you were talking (video sam oveka sa kojim ste
razgovarali);

"Whom" se moe izostaviti:

the journalist I met at the conference left for Italy (novinar koga sam sreo na konferenciji
otputovao je za Italiju).

"Whose" se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari:

this is the woman in whose house we live (to je ena u ijoj kui mi ivimo),
I saw the dog whose leg was broken (video sam psa ija noga je bila
slomljena).

"Of whom" i "of which" dolaze posle rei na koje se odnose:

a writer the fame of whom is great has died (jedan pisac, ija je slava velika, umro
je).

"Which" se odnosi na stvari i na ivotinje:

the house in which I live is in small street (kua u kojoj ivim nalazi se u maloj ulici).

"Which" se moe odnositi i na celu reenicu:

we came home by car which was great fun (vratili smo se kolima to je bilo vrlo zabavno).
- 66 -
"Which" se moe izostaviti kad je objekt u etvrtom padeu:

Peter lost the watch his wife had given him (Peter je izgubio sat koji mu je poklonila
supruga).

"That" se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari:

the boy that showed you the way is my brother (deak koji vam je pokazao put je moj
brat),
the book that you are reading is interesting (knjiga koju itate je zanimljiva).

Kad je "that" predmet odnosne reenice moe se izostaviti:

the man you met is my father (ovek koga ste sreli je moj otac).

"That" se upotrebljava umesto "who" ili "which" i to:

posle superlativa prideva: this is most beautiful picture that I have ever seen (to je
najlepa slika koju sam ikad video);
posle rednih brojeva: this is the first book that I have read with real interest (to je prva
knjiga koju sam proitao sa stvarnim zanimanjem);
poslije rei: all, everything, anything, nothing, something, some, any, none, much,
little, only, very:
there is much that must be done (ima mnogo toga to se mora uraditi).

"What" kao odnosna zamenica znai "ono to":

tell me what you want to know (kaite mi ta elite znati),
I know what you mean (znam ta mislite).

Relativna zamenica "as" upotrebljava se za lica, ivotinje i stvari, i dolazi posle "same" i "such":

bread was given to such as were most hungry (hleb je dat onima koji su bili najgladniji).

"But" kao relativna zamenica odnosi se na imena lica, ivotinja i stvari, a upotrebljava se
samo iza negacije:

there is no man here but loves his country (nema ovde oveka koji ne voli svoju zemlju).

Relativne zamenice se mogu pojaati reima "ever" ili "soever":

whatever they do, they are not right (ta bilo da ine, nisu u pravu).


(10.7.) Deobne zamenice - Distributive Pronouns

Deobne zamenice su: each, each other, either, neither.

Each se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari. Znai svaki od dvojice ili vie njih uzeti posebno.
Glagol je uvek u jednini:

each shows his own card (svaki pokazuje svoju kartu).

Each other ima uzajamno znaenje (jedan drugoga, jedan drugome itd.):

good friends always help each other (dobri prijatelji uvek pomau jedan drugoga).

Umesto "each other" moe se upotrebiti "one another":

they help one another (oni pomau jedan drugoga).
- 67 -
"Either" i "neither" upotrebljavaju se za lica, ivotinje i stvari, a znae jedan ili drugi
(ni jedan ni drugi) od dvojice:

either of these two pupils will read the story properly (i jedan i drugi uenik proitae priu
kako treba).

"Either" i "neither" su takoer i veznici, i u tom sluaju upotrebljavaju se sa "or" ili "nor":

either you or your father should pay this money (ili vi ili va otac morae platiti taj
novac).



(10.8.) Neodreene zamenice - Indefinite Pronouns

Samostalno i pridevski upotrebljavaju se sledee neodreene zamenice:

all ceo, svi
few malo
a few neto, nekoliko
little malo
a little neto malo
many, much mnogo
some, any neki, neto, nekoliko
other drugi
another (jedan) drugi
one neki
several nekoliko
both oba


Samo pridevski upotrebljavaju se:

every svaki (ako znai celinu)
no niko
many a mnogi


Samo samostalno se upotrebljavaju:

others drugi
something, anything neto
somebody neko
someone neko
anybody neko, bilo ko
anyone neko, bilo ko
everybody svako
everyone svako
everything sve
nobody niko
no one niko
none niko
nothing nita



Neodreena zamenica "all" upotrebljava se:

a) samostalno: all will come (sve e doi), all is lost (sve je izgubljeno);
b) pridevski: all hope was lost (sva je nada bila izgubljena).
- 68 -
"All" znai celinu. Glagol stoji u jednini ili mnoini:

all is correct (sve je tano),
the house is empty, all have gone (kua je prazna, svi su otili).

"Some" i "any" upotrebljavaju se za lica, ivotinje i stvari. Mogu se upotrebiti u jednini
ili mnoini. "Some" oznaava dio koji je uzet iz celine, izvjestan broj, koliinu ili stepen.


"Any" ima neodreeno znaenje, dok je "some" ipak ogranien:

I am short of money but I think I can spare some (nemam novaca ali mislim da mogu
neto odvojiti);

there are many interesting books here, I am going to take some (ovde ima mnogo
zanimljivih knjiga, uzet u neke);

many people are said to have arrived but I still cannot see any (kau da je mnogo
svijeta stiglo, ali ja jo uvek nikog ne vidim).

"Both" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari. Glagol je uvijek u mnoini:

both came to see me (oboje su doli da me vide);

two artists have exhibited their paintings; works of both are of great value (dva slikara su
izlagali svoje slike, radovi obojice su od velike vrednosti).

"Much" se upotrebljava kada je u pitanju velika koliina. Upotrebljava se samo u jednini
(kolektivno):

much has been said, but in vain (mnogo je bilo reeno, ali uzalud).

"Many" se upotrebljava za neodreeni broj lica, ivotinja i stvari. Glagol je samo u mnoini:

many will come, and still more will leave (mnogi e doi, ali jo vie njih e otii).

Sve to je reeno za "much" i "many" vai za njihove komparative i superlative (more i most).

"Nobody" i "no one" znae isto i upotrebljavaju se samo u jednini u smislu: niko, nijedna osoba,
nijedno lice:
nobody has come at all (niko nije dolazio uope),
in this work I had nobody's assistance (u ovom poslu niko mi nije pomogao).

"Nothing" se upotrebljava samo u jednini u smislu "no thing" (nita):

nothing has been said about this (nita nije reeno o tome).

"One" se upotrebljava za lica u jednini. Znai neko neodreeno lice:

one never knows what will happen to one (nikad se ne zna, ta e se oveku dogoditi).

"Others" je zamenica koja se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u mnoini:

I suggested to go, others said I should stay (predloio sam da odem, drugi su rekli da
ostanem).

"Another" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u jednini:

one came at once, another after some minutes (jedan je stigao odmah, drugi poslije
nekoliko minuta).
- 69 -
(11.) Red riei - Word order


Imenice u engleskom jeziku nemaju nastavaka za padee (osim za genitiv), zato se njihovo
znaenje esto odreuje mestom na kojem stoje u reenici. Engleski jezik je veoma precizan u
redu, odnosno rasporedu rei u reenici, jer od toga zavisi jasnoa i tanost izraavanja misli.

Na prvom mestu je subjekt (S), pa predikat (P), zatim objekt (O) i na kraju dolaze priloke odredbe
za nain (PN), mesto (PM) i vreme (PV).

My daughter (S) reads (P) newspaper (O) very carefuly (PN) in her room (PM) every day (PV).
(moja erka ita novine veoma paljivo u svojoj sobi svaki dan)

U srpskom jeziku bi mogli promeniti red rei u gornjoj reenici a da smisao ostane jasan, meutim
u engleskom to nije mogue jer nema razlike izmeu subjekta i objekta.


(12.) Skraenice na internetu

Internet korisnici stvaraju potpuno nov nain pisanja engleskog jezika. U e-mailovima, na forumima
i chatovima zbog breg pisanja nastaje sve vie udnih ali interesantnih skraenica.

aamof = as a matter of fact
aka = also known as
asap = as soon as possible
b4 = before
b4n = bye for now
btw = by the way
cul8er = see you later
damhik = don't ask me how I know
eta = estimated time of arrival
f2f = face to face
gf = girlfriend
gmt = Greenwich Mean Time
hth = hope this helps
icbw = I could be wrong
iykwim = if you know what I mean
jam = just a minute
k = okay
lol = laughing out loud
lmk = let me know
mcibty = my computer is better than yours
oic = oh I see
pls = please
plz = please
re: = reply:
rotfl = rolling on the floor
ruok = are you ok?
q = queue
rumf = are you male or female?
uok = you ok?
vr = virtual reality
wdymbt = what do you mean by that?
y2k = year 2000






- 70 -
(13.) Britansko i ameriko pisanje - British and American writing

Glavne razlike u britanskom i amerikom pisanju engleskog navedeni su u sljedeoj tabeli.




































(14.) Pisanje velikih slova - Writing of capital letters

U engleskom jeziku koristimo velika slova da bi istaknuli vane rei. Velika slova su deo gramatike
koji uvek sledi svoja pravila, ne postoji lista izuzetaka koju treba zapamtiti, to olakava uenje
ovog jezika. Sve to trebate je:
nauiti pravila
slediti pravila

Meutim, kod internet korisnika, na raznim reklama, grafitima itd. videete odstupanja od ovih
pravila, to svakako ne znai menjanje istih. Veoma je bitno ispravno pisati ako elite da italac
ima visoko miljenje o vama.

1) Prvo slovo reenica se pie velikim slovom.
We saw the accident from the distance.
The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.

2) Lina zamenica I (ja) se uvek pie velikom slovom, na bilo kojem mestu u reenici.
I like horror films.
Mary and I went to the beach together.




U britanskom pisanju, krajnje -l u
prolom vremenu se uvek
udvostruava ako dolazi posle vokala,
bilo da se nalazi u naglaenom ili
nenaglaenom slogu, dok se u
amerikom udvostruava samo u
naglaenom slogu.


Neke rei zavravaju u britanskom na
-tre, a -ter u amerikom, npr:



Neke rei zavravaju na -ogue u
britanskom, a na -og u amerikom:



Neke rei zavravaju na -our u
britanskom, a na -or u amerikom:



Neki glagoli zavravaju na -ize i -ise u
britanskom, a u amerikom samo na -
ize:
britanski


rebel > rebelled
travel > travelled






centre
theatre



analogue
catalogue



colour
labour



realise, realize
harmonise,
harmonize
ameriki


rebel > rebelled
travel > traveled






center
theater



nalog
catalog



color
labor



realize
harmonize
- 71 -
Pored ovih sluajeva, velikim slovom piemo:

3) imena ljudi i mesta:
Peter
Susan
Bosnia
Jupiter

4) titule:
Mr Finnegan
Mrs Edgeware
Ms Johnson
Dr Jacobs
Major Fingleton
the Director General

5) dani, meseci, praznici:
Monday
Friday
July
December
Ramadan
Christmas

6) nacije i regioni, jezici, religije i etnike skupine:
a German car
the Scandinavian countries
She speaks Russian and Chinese
a Muslim cleric
the Aboriginal people

7) nazivi knjiga, magazina, filmova, pjesama itd.
War and Peace
Rolling Stone
the New Statesman
Citizen Kane
Stairway to Heaven
the Mouse Trap

8) prvo slovo indirektnog (neupravnog) govora mora poeti velikim slovom:
The president said: "Ask not what your country can do for you."
"Who's been sleeping in my bed?" Pappa Bear cried.


(15.) Znaci interpunkcije - Punctuation



Taka - The full stop or period
Zarez - The comma
Dvotaka - The colon
Taka-zarez - The semicolon
Upitnik - The question mark





the full stop, period (.) - taka
the comma (,) - zarez
the semi-colon (;) - taka zarez
the colon (:) - dvotaka
the mark of interrogation, question mark (?) - upitnik
the mark of exclamation (!) - uzvinik
inverted commas, quotation marks (" ") - navodnici
brackets () ili [] - zagrade
the hyphen (-) - crtica
the dash () - dua crtica;
the apostrophe (') - apostrof
asterisks (***) - zvezdice
diaeresis (..) - dve take
- 72 -
(15.1.) Taka - The full stop or period

- Taku stavljamo na kraj reenice:

She is sleeping. (ona spava)
I was in England. (bio sam u Engleskoj)

- Taku koristimo u skraenicama, ako zadnje slovo skraenice nije isto kao i kod skraene rei:

Co. (company - kompanija)
etc. (et cetera - i tako dalje)

- Taku ne koristimo kod skraenica kod kojih je zadnje slovo isto kao kod skraene rei:

Ltd (Limited)
Manchester Utd (United)
St (Saint)

Ova pravila o skraenicama ne potuju svi, i ponekad predstavlja pitanje stila. Meutim,
preporuuje se da budete dosledni, ako odluite pisati taku poslije Ltd. i slinih primera, piite je u
celom tekstu.


(15.2.) Zarez - The comma

Zarez se koristi da pri izdvajanju pojedinih rei, fraza i klauza u reenici.

1) Koristimo ga da razdvojimo tri ili vie rei pri nabrajanju. Zarez prije zadnje rei se ne mora
pisati.

John played handball, hockey, and football in high school. (John je igrao u
rukomet, hokej, i fudbal u koli)

2) Zarez razdvaja dva ili vie prideva, koji dolaze jedan za drugim, ako oni mogu zameniti
mesta a da se ne promeni znaenje reenice:

The sunny, cool day was perfect for lying in the dark green grass. (sunano, toplo
vreme je bilo odlino za izleavanje na tamno-zelenoj travi)

Primjetite, da izmeu "dark" i "green" nema zareza, jer ovi pridevi ne mogu zameniti mesta.
Trava nije "zelena" i "tamna", ona je "tamno zelena".

3) Zarez razdvaja uvodni pozdrav (greeting or salutation) od poruke, te se koristi u potpisu
posle rei: Yours truly, Yours sincerly, Best wishes itd.

Dear Jane,

message
message
message

Best wishes,
Jack Brown

4) Zarez razdvaja pitanje (question tag) od ostatka reenice:

You locked the car, didn't you? (zakljuao si auto, zar ne?)


- 73 -
5) Zarez iza kojeg dolazi dopunski veznik (coordinative conjunction: and, but, or, for, nor, yet,
so) razdvaja dve nezavisne klauze:

Ron wore cowboy boots, and Jeff wore tennis shoes. (Ron je nosio kaubojske
izme, a Jeff je nosio tenisice)

6) Kada zavisna dolazi ispred nezavisne klauze odvajamo je zarezom:

When the meeting was over, the refreshment committee served coffee and cake
before everyone went home. (kada je sastanak bio zavren, osoblje je
posluilo kafu i kola prije nego su svi otili kui)
Primetite da nema zareza izmeu "coffee" i "cake", zato to zavisna klauza dolazi posle
nezavisne klauze.

7) Zarezom se odvaja uvodna fraza, te izraz ubaen u reenicu koji ne donosi neku presudnu
informaciju:

On my way to school, I met three of my classmates coming out of the subway.
(na putu prema koli, izlazei iz podzemne sreo sam troje kolskih kolega)

Texans, as you know, are often the subject of jokes. (teksaani, kao to
znate, su esto predmet ale)

Eddie will, in spite of my wishes, travel to Russia. (Eddie e, uprkos mojim
eljama, putovati u Rusiju)

(15.3.) Dvotaka - The colon

Dvotaka se koristi:

1) pre uvoenja liste pri nabrajanju:

They must have: books, papers and pens. (Oni moraju imati: knjige, papire i
olovke)

2) pre formalnog pitanja u reenici:

The question is: what are we doing? (pitanje je: ta radimo?)
He opened the meeting with the words: "War is upon us!" (poeo je
sastanak reima: "rat je pred nama!")

3) pre klauze koja dolazi posle reenice i daje njeno objanjenje:

His motives are clear: he intends to become a dictator. (njegovi motivi su jasni,
on nastoji postati diktator)

4) da se posebno naznai vana re u reenici:

King Midas cared for only one thing: gold. (kralj Midas je brinuo samo za jednu
stvar: zlato)

5) posle uvodnog pozdrava u poslovnom pismu:

Dear Ms. Weiner:

6) pri pisanju podataka:

Title: Principles of Mathematics: An Introduction
Reference: Luke 3:4-13
Numerals: 8:15 P.M.
- 74 -

(15.4.) Taka-zarez - The semicolon

Taku-zarez koristimo:

1) izmeu dve nezavisne klauze (reenice) koje nisu povezane dopunskim veznikom (and,
but, or, nor, for, so, yet):

People are usually willing to give advice; they are much less inclined to take it.
(ljudi obino rado daju savete; mnogo su manje zainteresirani da ih prime)

2) izmeu dve nezavisne klauze (reenice) koje su povezane sa veznim prilogom (however,
nevertheless, furthermore, then, therefore, moreover, thus, etc.):

Today people can buy what they want from supermarkets, department stores, and
discount stores; but in Colonial days, when such conveniences did not exist, people
depended on general stores and peddlers.

3) izmeu rei koje nabrajamo, ako one sadre zarez:

The newly elected officers of the group are Thomas Mann, president; Emily
Dickinson, vice-president; James Joyce, secretary; and Leo Tolstoy, treasurer.



(15.5.) Upitnik - The question mark

Upitnik stavljamo na kraju direktnog pitanja.

Where are you? (gde si?)
Who wrote that book? (ko je napisao tu knjigu?)
He shouldn't have quit his diet, should he? (nije trebao prekinuti svoju dijetu, zar ne?)

Pazite da ne stavite upitnik na kraju indirektnog pitanja.

The instructor asked the students what they were doing. (uitelj je pitao uenike ta e
raditi)
I asked my sister if she had a date. (upitao sam sestru ima li sastanak)






















- 75 -
(16.) Lista najeih imenica koji imaju nepravilne oblike u mnoini

Singular Plural

abyss abysses
alumnus alumni
analysis analyses
aquarium aquaria
arch arches
atlas atlases
axe axes
baby babies
bacterium bacteria
batch batches
beach beaches
brush brushes
bus buses
calf calves
chateau chateaux
cherry cherries
child children
church churches
circus circuses
city cities
cod cod
copy copies
crisis crises
curriculum curricula
deer deer
dictionary dictionaries
domino dominoes
dwarf dwarves
echo echoes
elf elves
emphasis emphases
family families
fax faxes
fish fish
flush flushes
fly flies
foot feet
fungus fungi
half halves
hero heroes
hippopotamus hippopotami
hoax hoaxes
hoof hooves
index indexes
iris irises
kiss kisses
knife knives
lady ladies
leaf leaves
life lives
loaf loaves
man men
mango mangoes
memorandum memoranda
mess messes
moose moose
- 76 -

motto mottoes
mouse mice
nanny nannies
neurosis neuroses
nucleus nuclei
oasis oases
octopus octopi
party parties
pass passes
penny pennies
person people
plateau plateaux
poppy poppies
potato potatoes
quiz quizzes
reflex reflexes
runner-up runners-up
scarf scarves
scratch scratches
series series
sheaf sheaves
sheep sheep
shelf shelves
son-in-law sons-in-law
species species
splash splashes
spy spies
stitch stitches
story stories
syllabus syllabi
tax taxes
thesis theses
thief thieves
tomato tomatoes
tooth teeth
tornado tornadoes
try tries
volcano volcanoes
waltz waltzes
wash washes
watch watches
wharf wharves
wife wives
woman women















- 77 -
(17.) Izgovor Pronunciation (kopirano iz pdf e-knjige)

Uei strani jezik, uenik je sklon da svaki pojedini glas izgovara veoma jasno. U engleskom
jeziku, meutim, to ne treba da radite. Naglaeni, bold-irani, slog engleskih rei izgovara se s
posebnom snagom, na tetu nenaglaenih slogova koji gube svoju punu vrednost, pa se njihov
samoglasnik najee pretvara u poluglas . Uzmimo rei tailor (kroja) i sister (sestra). Zvrni
glas im je isti, uprkos razliitom pisanju.
U duim reima ova razlika dolazi jo vie do izraaja. Tako se ate (prolo vreme od glagola
jesti) izgovara eit, ali u vieslonim reima isti takav zavretak svodi se na t: doctorate
(doktorat).

(17.1.) Naglasak.

Veina engleskih rei, sa dva ili vie slogova, ima jedan naglaen slog, a ostali slogovi su
nenaglaeni. Meutim, ima vieslonih rei koje imaju dva naglaska, jedan jai i jedan neto slabiji.
Ne postoje sigurna pravila po kojima bismo mogli odrediti koji je slog u nekoj rei naglaen. Od
pravila o naglasku ima izuzetaka.
Sve jednoslone rei izgovorene pojedinano naglaene su, te se u fonetskoj transkripciji
(Meunarodno drutvo za fonetiku) znak za naglasak ne stavlja. U reenici, mnoge od
jednoslonih rei mogu biti nenaglaene, naroito ako su predlozi ili veznici.
U dvoslonim i troslonim reima naglasak je obino na prvom slogu, ali i tu ima mnogo
izuzetaka: u glagolima je naglasak ee na krajnjem slogu; u reima koje se zavravaju
na -tion naglasak je na slogu ispred -tion, itd.
Izgovor engleskog jezika razliit je u raznim krajevima u kojima ljudi govore engleski kao maternji
jezik (Velika Britanija, SAD, Australija, Novi Zeland, zemlje u kojima ive engleski kolonisti).
Engleski razliito izgovaraju i razni drutveni slojevi. Meutim, svi oni stavljaju naglasak na isti
slog, bili oni iz Londona ili Glazgova, Njujorka ili Melburna, bili oni berai pamuka u Kaliforniji ili
profesori univerziteta na Oksfordu ili Kembridu. Stoga je za savlaivanje engleskog jezika
vanije da upamtite koji je slog naglaen (vidi Words Pronunciation) nego da savreno
izgovarate pojedine glasove.
Zato, obratite panju pri itanju tekstova i sluanju izgovora spikera u ovoj elektronskoj knjizi, u
kojoj su naglaeni slogovi naznaeni masnim (bold-iranim) slovima.

(17.2.) Samoglasnici Vowels

U engleskom jeziku samoglasnika ima znatno vie i njihov izgovor je drukiji nego u srpskom.
Ubrzo ete videti da svako od slova: a, e, i, o, u moe da bude znak za vie glasova,
samoglasnika ili dvoglasnika. To ne treba da vas plai. Postepeno ete se u tome snai, ne
koristei fonetske znake, sluajui paljivo izgovor vaih spikera.


- 78 -

(17.3.) Dvoglasnici Diphthongs

Pored samoglasnika, u engleskom jeziku postoje i dvoglasnici. Dvoglasnik je u stvari niz
samoglasnika izgovorenih u jednom dahu. Oni se slivaju ujedno i nae uho razlikuje samo prvi i
poslednji samoglasnik. Prvi galas u engleskom dvoglasniku je dui i naglaeniji od drugog.



(17.4.) Suglasnici Consonants

Suglasnici se u engleskom jeziku obino jasno i snano izgovaraju. U poreenju s naim jezikom
slabije se izgovara h. Ne bismo mogli da kaemo da se izgovor ostalih suglasnika podudara sa
izgovorom istih suglasnika u naem jeziku, razlike postoje izmeu engleskog i srpskog t, p ,r ,l i
drugih, ali one nisu tako velike da vas Englez ne bi razumeo ako ih ne izgovorite potpuno pravilno.
Sluajte paljivo izgovor spikera, obratite posebnu panju na izgovor naglaenih slogova, i nastojte
da to priblinije podravate govor izvornog spikera.
Neki od suglasnika ne postoje u srpskom jeziku. Ne brinite zbog toga, multidimenzionalna metoda
je tu da vam pomogne, fonetska transkripcija i njeni simboli vam uopte nisu potrebni, jer e
tekstovi lekcija biti proitani i ponovljeni od strane spikera u svakom trenutku kada to poelite.






- 79 -
(17.5.) Vie suglasnika More Consonants



(17.6.) Transkripcija izgovora.

Po ovoj metodologiji, fonetska transkripcija vam uopte nije potrebna. Ali, potrebno je da
napomenemo da pravopis engleskog jezika znatno odstupa od izgovora. Pravila za izgovor gotovo
i nema, a ukoliko i postoje, izuzeci su toliko esti i mnogobrojni da se ne bi ni isplatilo uiti pravila.
Pomono sredstvo za savlaivanje izgovora ovde vam je itanje, tj. govor izvornih spikera. Jo
jednom da napomenemo: ako dobro obraate panju na naglaene boldirane slogove (vidi
Words Pronunciation) i istovremeno paljivo sluate itanje spikera, iji su glasovi odvojeni
razliitim bojama (uglavnom: muki crna, enski plava), vi eteubrzo izgovarati engleski na
zadovoljavajui nain i bie vam lako da razumete glasove bilo u ivom govoru, bilo sa kompjutera,
radija ili televizije.
Ova elektronska knjiga poinje pred lekcijama Everyday English - Svakodnevni engleski sa
nultom lekcijom, to svakako nije uobiajeno. Nulta lekcija je, u stvari, bila prva lekcija ranijeg
izdanja Engleskog bez muke, koja poinje uvenom reenicom My tailor is rich Moj kroja je
bogat. Za nas je to prijatno podseanje na nekadanji uveni bestseler, a za vas najbolji mogui
uvod u uenje engleskog jezika.

(18.) Glasovi engleskog jezika (Fonetika)

Engleski jezik se govori u gotovo svim zemljama sveta, bilo kao maternji, bilo kao drugi ili strani
jezik, i zbog toga ima mnogo varijanata (britanska, amerika, australijska itd.) koje se meusobno
razlikuju na mnogo naina, a naroito u izgovoru. Na ovom kursu emo upotrebljavati standardni
izgovor (Received ili Standard Pronunciation) engleskog jezika koji se govori u Velikoj Britaniji i koji
koristi najvei broj ljudi irom sveta.
Postoji mnogo glasova u engleskom jeziku koji se razlikuju od glasova u srpskom jeziku, a to
proistie iz injenice da engleski pravopis (spelling) nije fonetski, kao to je to srpski. To znaci da
Vukovo pravilo: Pii kao to govori, itaj kako je napisano! ne vai za engleski jezik, jer svakom
glasu ne odgovara samo jedno slovo, nego su isti glasovi predstavljeni razliitim slovima ili
kombinacijama slova. Ne moe se rei da u engleskom jeziku ne postoje pravila za itanje,
odnosno pisanje, ali zbog postojanja velikog broja izuzetaka, vrlo je teko govoriti o pravopisnim
pravilima. Zbog toga je jako bitno da se od poetka vodi rauna o tome kako se svaka nova re
pie ili izgovara. Na ovom kursu koristiemo simbole fonetske azbuke Meunarodnog fonetskog
udruenja da bi prikazali izgovor rei.
Fonetski izgovor ili transkripcija rei uvek se pie malim tampanim slovima i u sledeim
zagradama: / / ili [ ].
U glasovnom sistemu engleskog jezika razlikujemo samoglasnike ili vokale (vowels), dvoglasnike
ili diftonge (diphtongs) i suglasnike ili konsonante (consonants).
- 80 -
(18.1.) SAMOGLASNICI (VOWELS)

Samoglasnici su glasovi prilikom ije artikulacije vazduh koji dolazi iz plua prolazi kroz usta
slobodno, ne nailazei na prepreke. Poto se rezonacija usne duplje menja tako to usne i jezik
zauzimaju razlicite poloaje, to nam omoguava da proizvedemo razne samoglasnike.

U engleskom jeziku ima dvanaest samoglasnika:

/i:/ /i/ /e/ /Q/ /:/ // /:/ /u/ /u:/ // /:/ //
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Znak /:/ iza samoglasnika produava trajanje glasa. Kvalitet samoglasnika najvie odreuje poloaj
jezika u usnoj duplji. Ukoliko se najvii deo jezika nalazi u prednjem delu usne duplje, onda je
samoglasnik prednji, ako je u sredinjem delu samoglasnik je centralni, a ako je u zadnjem delu
samoglasnik je zadnji. U zavisnosti od toga koliko je jezik podignut, odnosno koliko zbog svog
poloaja zatvara usnu duplju, samoglasnici se dele na zatvorene i otvorene.

Poloaj usana je drugi bitan faktor koji utie na kvalitet samoglasnika. Usne prilikom izgovora
samoglasnika mogu biti:

a) razvuene - za samoglasnike: /i:/, /i/, /e/.

b) neutralne - za samoglasnike: /Q/, /:/, //, /:/, //

c) zaokrugljene - za samoglasnike: //, /:/, /u/, /u:/


ENGLESKI SAMOGLASNICI KROZ PRIMERE

1. /i:/ tea /ti:/ - aj 7. /:/ all /:l/ - svi

sheep /Si:p/ - ovca shore /S:/ - obala

leave /li:v/ - napustiti horse /h:s/ - konj



2. /i/ it /it/ - to 8. /u/ book /buk/ - knjiga

clinic /klinik/ - klinika full /ful/ - pun

ugly /gli/ - ruan bush /buS/ - grm



3. /e/ yes /jes/ - da 9. /u:/ too /tu:/ - takoe

ten /ten/ - deset hoof /hu:f/ - kopito

rest /rest/ - odmor cool /ku:l/ - prohladan



4. /Q/ man /mQn/ - ovek 10. // bus /bs/ - autobus

lack /lQk/ - nedostatak cup /kp/ - oljica

apple /Qpl/ - jabuka shut /St/ - zatvoriti


- 81 -
5. /:/ car /k:/ - auto 11. /:/ girl /g:l/ - devojka

part /p:t/ - deo bird /b:d/ - ptica

half /h:f/ - pola herd /h:d/ - krdo



6. // on /n/ - na 12. // address /dres/ - adresa

shop /Sp/ - prodavnica able /eibl/ - sposoban

hot /ht/ - vrue handsome /hQnsm/ - zgodan


(18.2.) DVOGLASNICI (DIPHTONGS)

Dvoglasnik je glas koji se sastoji od dva samoglasnika meusobno povezana u jedan slog. U svim
engleskim dvoglasnicima prvi element je dui i naglaen, dok je drugi krai i ne naglaen.

U engleskom jeziku ima 8 dvoglasnika:

/ei/ /ai/ /i/ /au/ /u/* /i/ /E/ /u/
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

*Napomena: U nekim renicima i udbenicima ovaj diftong se obeleava kao /u/.

Kvalitet prvih elemenata dvoglasnika /ei/, /E/, /ai/ i /au/ je vrlo slian kvalitetu srpskih
samoglasnika e i a.

Prvi element dvoglasnika /i/ najblii je engleskom samoglasniku //.

Prvi element dvoglasnika /u/ izgovara se kao engleski samoglasnik //.

Prvi elementi dvoglasnika /i/ i /u/ imaju vrednost engleskih samoglasnika /i/ i /u/.

Drugi element dvoglasnika /ei/, /ai/, /i/ ima vrednost engleskog samoglasnika /i/.

Drugi element dvoglasnika /au/ i /u/ ima vrednost engleskog samoglasnika /u/. Kod ovih
dvoglasnika drugi element je vrlo slabo izraen.

Kod dvoglasnika /i/, /E/ i /u/ drugi element je jednak engleskom samoglasniku //.

Svi engleski dvoglasnici su neto dui na kraju rei i ispred zvunih suglasnika, a krai ispred
bezvunih suglasnika.


ENGLESKI DVOGLASNICI KROZ PRIMERE

1. /ei/ late /leit/ - kasno 5. /u/ ocean /uSn/ - okean

cake /keik/ - kolac hotel /hutel/ - hotel

grape /greip/ - groe joke /dZuk/ - sala

2. /ai/ right /rait/ - desno 6. /i/ here /hi/ - ovde

kite /kait/ - zmaj clear /kli/ - jasan

ice /ais/ - led ear /i/ - uvo
- 82 -

3. /i/ soil /sil/ - tlo 7. /E/ mare /mE/ - kobila

boy /bi/ - deak chair /tSE/ - stolica

coin /kin/ - novi rare /rE/ - redak

4. /au/ cow /kau/ - krava 8. /u/ tour /tu/ - obilazak

shout /Saut/ - vikati doer /du/ - vrilac

doubt /daut/ - sumnjati your /ju/ - va, tvoj


(18.3.) SUGLASNICI (CONSONANTS)

Suglasnici su glasovi koji nastaju kad vazduh prilikom prolaza kroz usnu duplju na svom putu
nailazi na neku prepreku. U engleskom jeziku ima 24 suglasnika. Prema nainu obrazovanja
mozemo ih podeliti na sledee grupe:

1. PRASKAVI SUGLASNICI (PLOZIVI) 4. SLOENI SUGLASNICI (AFRIKATI)

zvuni bezvuni zvuni bezvuni

/b/ /p/ /dZ/ /tS/
/d/ /t/
/g/ /k/

2. STRUJNI SUGLASNICI (FRIKATIVI) 5. NOSNI SUGLASNICI (NAZALI)

zvuni bezvuni /m/
/n/
/z/ /s/ /N/
/D/ /T/
/Z/ /S/
/v/ /f/
/r/ /h/


3. BONI SUGLASNICI (LATERALI) 6. POLUSAMOGLASNICI (POLUVOKALI)

/l/ /w/
/j/

Veina engleskih suglasnika je slina ili ista kao srpski, a ovde emo ukazati na one koji se
razlikuju od suglasnika u srpskom jeziku.

/d/ Englesko /d/ je tvri glas od srpskog d. Obrazuje se tako to se vrhom jezika pritisne mesto
neposredno iza prednjih gornjih zuba, pa se onda jezik odvoji i vazduh sakupljen u ustima ispusti.

/t/ Englesko /t/ je za razliku od srpskog t aspirovano. Obrazuje se na isti nacin kao englesko
/d/, s tim to je za razliku od njega /t/ bezvuan suglasnik.

/p//k/ Ovi engleski glasovi su za razliku od srpskih aspirovani i tvri.

/h/ Englesko /h/ je meke i manje ujno od srpskog h. U nekim sluajevima se gotovo i ne uje.
Podsea na snanije disanje.

- 83 -
/r/ Prilikom izgovora ovog glasa vrh jezika je podignut ka tvrdom nepcu, a njegov ostali deo se
dri dosta nisko u ustima. Kod izgovora srpskog r vrh jezika moze da vibrira (treperi), to nije sluaj
sa engleskim /r/.

/v/ Obrazuje se kad se gornjim zubima pritisne spoljni deo donje usne. Trenje je vee nego za
srpski glas v.

/D//T/ Ovi glasovi se obrazuju kad se vrh jezika stavi ovla na samu ivicu gornjih zuba sa
unutranje strane, s tim to se ispod njih ostavi mali prolaz za vazduh. Vrh jezika moze biti i blago
isturen. Ako pri proputanju vazdune struje glasne ice trepere, izgovoricemo zvuni suglasnik
/D/, a ako su glasne ice relativno mirne, izgovoricemo bezvuno /T/.

/S/ U poreenju sa srpskim ovaj engleski suglasnik je tamniji i meki.

/Z/ Tamnije i meke je od srpskog .

/l/ U engleskom jeziku postoje dve varijante glasa /l/: svetlo /l/ i tamno /l/. Svetlo /l/ stoji ispred
samoglasnika i ispred /j/. Tamno /l/ stoji ispred suglasnika i na kraju rei. Prilikom izgovora obe ove
varijante vrh jezika se nalazi odmah iza zuba, samo se menja poloaj njegovog ostalog dela. Kod
svetlog /l/, koje je slino srpskom, srednji dio jezika se uzdie prema tvrdom nepcu i nalazi se u
poloaju jedne vrste samoglasnika /u/.

/tS/ Ovaj suglasnik je na pola puta izmeu srpskog i .

/dZ/ Ovaj suglasnik je na pola puta izmeu srpskog d i .

/N/ Najese se javlja ispred glasa /g/ i onda njegov izgovor ne predstavlja tekou jer se i u
srpskom ovaj glas uje kada se n nalazi ispred g i k (npr. tango, banka). Meutim, kada iza /N/ ne
slede ni /g/ ni /k/, ovaj glas je tee izgovoriti isto, bez pojave glasa /g/ na kraju.

/w/ Prilikom izgovora ovog glasa usne su isturene i zokruene kao za srpski samoglasnik u, a
zatim se naglo prelazi na sledei samoglasnik u rei.


ENGLESKI SUGLASNICI KROZ PRIMERE


1. /p/ pen /pen/ - naliv-pero 13. /s/ soon /su:n/ - uskoro

copy /kpi/ - kopija sister /sist:/ - sestra

happen /hQpn/ - dogoditi se dress /dres/ - haljina


2. /b/ back /bQk/ - lea 14. /z/ zone /zun/ - zona

job /dZb/ - posao roses /ruziz/ - rue

about /baut/ - oko busy /bizi/ - zauzet


3. /t/ tea /ti:/ - aj 15. /S/ ship /Sip/ - brod

city /siti:/ - grad sure /Su(r)/ - siguran

better /bet:/ - bolje station /steiSn/ -




- 84 -
4. /d/ ladder /lQd:/ - merdevine 16. /Z/ pleasure /pleZ/ - zadovoljstvo

day /dei/ - dan vision /viZn/ - vid

odd /d/ - udan garage /gQr:Z/ - garaa


5. /k/ key /ki:/ - klju 17. /h/ he /hi:/ - on

cock /kk/ - pevac whole /hul/ - celina

school /sku:l/ - kola behind /bihaind/ - iza


6. /g/ get /get/ - dobiti 18. /m/ hammer /hQm :/ - ekic

ghost /gust/ - duh mouse /maus/ - mi

big /big/ - veliki sum /sm/ - uma


7. /tS/ church / tS:tS/ - crkva 19. /n/ nice /nais/ - prijatan

match /mQtS/ - ibica sun /sn/ - sunce

nature /neitS:/ - priroda funny /fni:/ - smean


8. /dZ/ judge /dZdZ/ - sudija 20. /N/ drink /driNk/ - piti

age /eidZ/ - doba ring /riN/ - zvono

soldier /souldZ:/ - vojnik long /lN/ - dug



9. /f/ fat /fQt/ - mast 21. /l/ love /lv/ - ljubav

coffee /kfi:/ - kafa feel /fi:l/ - oseati

half /h:f/ - pola hello /helu/ - zdravo


10. /v/ move /mu:v/ - preseliti 22. /r/ red /red/ - crven

very /veri/ - veoma sorry /sri/ - oprostite

heavy /hevi:/ - teak right /rait/ - pravda

11. /T/ thing /TiN/ - stvar 23. /j/ yet /jet/ - ipak

author /T:/ - autor use /ju:s/ - upotreba

month /mnT/ - mesec beauty /bju:ti:/ - lepota

12. /D/ this /Dis/ - ovo 24. /w/ one /wn/ - jedan

other /D:/ - drugi wet /wet/ - vlaan

with /wiD/ - sa queen /kwi:n/ - kraljica