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Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam

Li ni u

Vi mi mt sinh vin ni chung v sinh vin chuyn ngnh k thut
ni ring vic tch ly kin thc qua cc gi! tr"nh#cc $i gi%ng trn l&
l r't quan tr(ng v c)n thit#tuy nhin s* tht l thiu st nu chng ta
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tr!ng cuc s6ng v s%n su't7
8 sinh vin n9m th : chuyn ngnh ha h(c#chng ;m ,< ,-.c h(c
kh nhi1u kin thc v1 cc qu tr"nh ha h(c#cc thit $= &h3c v3 ch!
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ha ch't @ ABc l)n ny l mt cC hi r't t6t ch! chng ;m c4ng c6#ki0m
tra l>i v6n kin thc c4a m"nh#,Dng thEi &ht huy s/ h9ng say h(c t& v
nghin cu tr!ng chng ;m7
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l mt nh my ln#c thEi gian &ht tri0n l?u 2i#quy m+ tJ chc kh!a
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ng!i cc kin thc $J ch chng ;m cIn h(c ,-.c nhi1u v1 tc &h!ng
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hi0u ,-.c cIn r't h>n ch#m!ng c+ gi! N;m v ch! O kin ,nh gi ,0
;m nhn ra nh5ng khim khuyt c4a m"nh7
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Cn Aan 8<nh R>! nh my#cc anh ch= kS thut vin v cc &h?n N-Lng
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Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
P@\K []^ii thiu chung
8=ch s_ h"nh thnh v &ht tri0n nh my``````7:
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AdPh?n N-Lng tJng h.& K@:`````````````777W:
eda-Cng v= kh_ @WM th'& &`````````WV
eeda-Cng v= $in ,Ji af``````````777::
eeeda-Cng v= kh_ @WM trung &````````7:Y
eVda-Cng v= h'& th3 afW $gng ki1m nng```77b:
Vda-Cng v= kh_ vi l-.ng```````7```7V[
Veda-Cng v= tJng h.& K@:`````77````7hX
Veeda-Cng v= my nin kh KWj@W```777```77hh
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Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
PHN 1
GII THIU CHUNG
I-Lch s hnh thnh ! "h#t t$i%n c&n' t(
Lch s hnh thnh
Kgy [njWj[YVY ahnh &h4 Vit Kam ,< kO vi ahnh &h4 Qrung
ou6c hi& ,=nh v1 vic Qrung ou6c gi& Vit Kam N?y 2/ng nh my
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v nh?n 2?n Qrung ou6c ,6i vi nh?n 2?n Vit Kam7
R)u n9m [YhX nh my Ph?n ,>m ,)u tin c4a Vit Kam ,-.c khLi
c+ng N?y 2/ng trn m%nh ,'t bXha thuc N< Qh( k-Cng cch th= N< ABc
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^iang# tUnh ABc ^iangq7
Theo thit k ban u Nh my bao gm 3 khu vc
chnh:
+ Xng Nhi!t i!n: "#ng $u%t thit k &'())) k*
+ Xng +,a: "#ng $u%t thit k &))())) t-n ./01
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Mau V n9m N?y 2/ng# Kh my ,< h"nh thnh vi tJng s6 [:X c+ng
tr"nh7 Kgy X:jXWj[YhV khnh thnh Ph?n N-Lng Khit ,in7 Kgy
[YjXVj[YhV Ph?n N-Lng Q>! kh ,< kh h! than thnh c+ng p,< s%n Nu't
,-.c kh than ,0 lm nguyn liu s%n Nu't cm+niBcq7 Kgy X[jXhj[YhV
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Ph?n N-Lng Khit ,in chuy0n thnh nh my Khit ,in @ ABc $m tr3
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Kh my aC kh h! ch't @ ABc sC tn ln 8>ng ^iang v s%n Nu't th;!
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my Rin VW trn vi hng ngn t'n $!m ,>n7 Q! ;v; na$ my ,< tham
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Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
gia chin ,'u h: trn# g& &h)n $Bn rCi mt my $ay F v $Bn $=
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s%n Nu't ,>m Vit Kam7
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,>m v @! ch't @ ABc7
Kgy [:jXWj[YY: ,Ji tn thnh a+ng ty Ph?n ,>m v @! ah't @
ABc7
Kgy WXj[XjWXXh chuy0n ,Ji thnh a+ng ty trch nhim h5u h>n
mt thnh vin Ph?n R>m v @! ch't @ ABc7
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,Dng ch 8<nh ,>! ca! nh't c4a R%ng v Kh n-c7 ac ,Dng ch QJng
A th- Aan ah'& hnh Qrung -Cng R%ng KguyZn V9n 8inh# R F-Ei#
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th9m v lm vic t>i a+ng ty7
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lyng rBn ch't l-.ng
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+ N2m &553: &))()53 t%n
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+ N2m &554: &')(69& t%n
+ N2m &559: &3)(&9) t%n
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a{K^ |}K^ d Qr!ng n+ng nghi&] |Hng lm &h?n $n ch!
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n9mq# th" tJng l-.ng &h?n ,>m ur s%n Nu't tr!ng n-c mi ,>t W#W d W#:
triu t'nj n9m7 Kh- vy# s! vi nhu c)u s_ 23ng &h?n ,>m ur vTn cIn
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trn th= tr-Eng th gii cng nh- th= tr-Eng tr!ng n-c tv n9m WXXh ch!
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h!Gc $gng hin nay7 R?y cng l mt nguyn nh?n g?y kh kh9n ch! th=
tr-Eng ur tr!ng n-c7
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ABcp@cKea@Fafq ,< c k h!>ch th/c hin |/ n FL rng Kh
my Ph?n ,>m @ ABc7 Qh;! , a+ng ty s* ,)u t- thm mt 2?y chuy1n
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d M%n &hum chnh lr] c+ng su't VXX7XXX t'njn9m# tr!ng ,]
z |?y chuy1n mi] c+ng su't :WX7XXX t'njn9m7
z |?y chuy1n hin t>i sau c%i t>!] c+ng su't [nX7XXX t'njn9m7
d M%n &hum trung gian am+niBc lyng] c+ng su't :XX7XXX t'njn9m# tr!ng
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Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
z |?y chuy1n mi [YW7XXX t'njn9m7
z |?y chuy1n hin t>i sau c%i t>!] c+ng su't [Xn7XXX t'njn9m7
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Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
+ )& T/ung tZm LiQu LT $?n Uu-t
+ &4 Oh_ng ban ch=c nGng
C cu t chc qun l! hi"n t#i
T/ong >uK t/Dnh HhKt t/i`n cBa "Cng tyN c; c-u >u?n
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k-Lng n-c
k-Lng nhit
k-Lng t>! kh
k-Lng cm+niBc
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Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
k-Lng lr
k-Lng vn hnh v s_a ch5a ,in
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1, 20ng 3c:
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h;i nc c-H cho $?n Uu-t Li:n vI $?n Uu-t LSm(
5 20ng t#6 7h8:
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A, 20ng *Ba chCa D*Ba chCa hEaF:
eI L;n v\ Hh# t/Y cP nhi:m v# $na choaN kich cluN
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h-H th#N tucn hoIn @Si L` $n V#ng(
M,5, JhiOt [) qun l! ( l u trRnh cNng ngh" .
M,5,+, JhiOt [) qun l! ( c&c 7! hi"u,
kTT Tn ThiFt s\ yA hi:u kM @Yng
:[
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
& ThKH h-H th# +
'
k ki`u L:m(
+ x 3('') U &) + x 339))N
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3 zKy >uSt khi than '4& 8
6 ThKH tKi $inh ki`u Tuy]e '47 &
8 s;m Vung V\ch tucn hoIn vI cKc
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4 s;m Vung V\ch giIu Li tKi $inh 344 3
9 zKy n{n khCng khi vI cKc thiFt b\
Hh# t/Y
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7 Thbng ch=a Vung V\ch giIuN ngho '48 3
5 Thbng LiQu chF Vung V\ch vI b;m
b< $ung
] &
&) sT gia nhi:t Vung V\ch '49 &
&& ToIn bT L0ng MngN vanN Ljng hj Lo cKc thiFt b\ k` t/Wn
vI cKc thBy Hhong t/ong c;ng v\(
M,5,1, Uu trRnh cNng ngh",
V Uu trRnh 7h8,
yhi than lm td k{t khi $au khi >ua h: thMng
@Rc b#i Li:n L` tKch cKc hYH ch-t c; hRcN >ua h:
thMng >uSt khi than Li vIo Hhcn LKy cBa thKH h-H
th# '4']Ns Li @Wn >ua cKc tcng L:m vI tiFH U,c vi
Vung V\ch Tananh VTi td t/Wn Lanh thKH UuMng( yhi
than $au khi khn +
'
k Li >ua bT Hhgn tKch bRt t/Wn
Lanh thKH vI Li /a khi thKH h-H th#( yhi @,c nIy
LYc La >ua thiFt b\ HhZn @y khi]V\ch ki`u t-m UoKy
L` tKch mb Tananh b\ cuMn theo t/c khi La $ang
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'
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3
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yhi than lm $au khi LYc khn +
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>ua thBy Hhong vIo c-H ~ cBa mKy n{n 449N >ua
thiFt b\ @Im @SnhN HhZn @yN hm Uung ~ /ji vIo c-H ~~(
:W
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
Oh?i cho khi Li >ua thiFt b\ hon Uung vD khi Li /a
khi LoSn ~ @I khCng @iWn t#c( _ng khi LYc La vIo
thiFt b\ hon UungN khi V_ng khi /a khi LoSn ~ b\
giKn LoSn thD vn cP khi td thiFt b\ hon Uung vIo
LoSn ~~( Nh vgy V_ng khi vIo LoSn ~~ @I @iWn t#c( yhi
tiFH t#c >ua thiFt b\ @Im @SnhN HhZn @y ~~ /ji vIo c-H
~~~ cBa mKy n{n(
yhi khi Li >ua mui c-H cBa mKy n{n thD KH
$u-t cng nh nhi:t LT cBa hun hYH khi tGng @Wn( ^`
gio nhi:t LT cBa khi khCng cao >uK ng0i ta @Im @Snh
bt khi t/c khi La vIo c-H n{n tiFH theo( +un hYH
khi tiFH t#c Li vIo thiFt b\ @Im @SnhN hm UungN
HhZn @y( e,c nIy khi than lm cP KH $u-t O x 'N&
zOaN nhi:t LT t } 6)
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h LoSn ~N ~~ vI ~~~ cBa mKy n{nN cKc thiFt b\ @Im
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$u-t cBa khi vn c_n nh(
V Uu trRnh ^)ch,
ung V\ch Tananh $au khi h-H th# +
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thKH h-H th#N >ua thBy Hhong LKy thKH vnhfm t/Knh
$#t KHw /ji Li LFn thbng ch=a Vung V\ch giIu v'48sw
>ua b;m tGng KH v344]s"w /ji >ua cKc bT Tuy]e Hhun
vIo thKH tKi $inh( Nh0 KH $u-t cBa Vung V\chN cKc bT
Tuy]e tE h,t khCng khi td ngoIi t/0i vIo vI tSo thInh
hun hYH V\ch]khi( m
'
t/ong khCng khi gi,H Vung V\ch
LYc tKi $inh( eu hunh tSo thInh theo bRt n<i @Wn t/WnN
ch?y t/In vQ thbng bRt t/ung gian vm3)&w vI LYc
n{n bfng khCng khi ti c;ng v\ thu hji @u hunh(
::
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
Qhit $= ti sinh tananh
ung V\ch $au khi tKi $inh gRi @I Vung V\ch
nghoN >ua bT LiQu tiFt V\ch Vi:n ch?y vQ thbng
ch=a Vung V\ch ngho v'48]"w( pua b;m '44]
NsN"NN Vung V\ch ngho LYc tGng KH vI VTi vIo
Lanh thKH h-H th#(
M,9, Chc ti>u cNng ngh",
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] T<ng LT kiQm )N6N
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] Narm
3
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IWXWThDC t#c Ynh thUn' cU7n' !
=?B?4?ChIy my Jnh thK;ng LSau %hi ngMng my ngNn
hInO
ChuZn Y)
[dri0m tra kS cc h>ng m3c s_a ch5a nu c#vic th! lB&
t'm chBn ,%m $%! ,ng yu c)u#cc h>ng m3c s_a ch5a &h%i c
$in $%n $n gia! ch! s%n Nu't7
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L tr>ng thi 2/ &hIng#v= tr c+ng tc c4a cc van &h%i chnh Nc#,(
cch ,in m+ tC &h%i ,%m $%!#cc ,Ing hD ,!#h th6ng |aM c ,4
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,i1u kin mL my v L tr>ng thi sn sng vn hnh7&hIng &h?n
tch ,4 ,i1u kin &h?n tch v ki0m tra7
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nhit 2ung 2=ch7Qr-c khi nhn hCi n-c &h%i tin hnh s'y ,-Eng
6ng , &hIng tr-Eng h.& th4y kch ,-Eng 6ng7
bdri0m tra mc 2=ch 2in thHng cha#2ung 2ich &h%i ,>t :#V
,n b m7FL van 2ung 2=ch v! thHng &h?n &h6i 2ung 2=ch#van v!
c4a cc tuyd; ,n v= tr nh't ,=nh7
Vdvic th%i h!Gc c'& n-c th4y &h!ng v-.t & 2! QQMk chU
th=7
hdA! th4 tr-Lng s%n Nu't ,< lm N!ng c+ng tc chuun $= v
sn sng chE lnh ch>y my7
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thit l& 2=ch 2in#tu)n h!n 2=ch tr!ng h th6ng h'& th3 v ti sinh
Jn ,=nh7
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ch%y trn c4a $(t M trn $1 mGt 2ung 2=ch L th& ti sinh#,-a hCi
v! $ gia nhit 2ung 2=ch#,i1u chUnh nhit , 2ung 2=ch th& ti
sinh ,>t chU tiu quy ,=nh7
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bda9n c v! &h3 t%i kh than ,i1u chUnh l-.ng 2=ch tu)n
h!n &hH h.&#,i1u chUnh mc 2=ch L cc thHng cha th;! quy ,=nh7
VdPh?n tch nDng ,( @WM tr!ng kh than um ra h th6ng#khi
hm l-.ng ,>t kh!%ng [WXd[VX mgjKm: l ,>t yu c)u7Qh+ng $!
ch! RRMk ,0 tin hnh ch>y my cc c-Cng v= ti& th;!7
=?B?9?NgMng my Jnh thK;ng
[drhi nhn ,-.c lnh nhvng my c4a QQMk#,ng van c_a
ra quat kh than#'n nt ,in ngvng qu>t#cBt kh than v! th& h'&
th37
WdKgvng $Cm 2ung 2=ch giu#ngh! ,~ ngvng tu)n h!n
2ung 2=ch7
:dKu ngvng my ,0 s_a ch5a &h%i tin hnh th;! &h-Cng
n kS thut ring c4a ,Cn v=7
=?B?P?NgMng my %h'n c8p
[dKgvng qu>t kh than th;! quy tr"nh ngvng h>t7
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Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
Wd8in h vi QQMk#sau , tin hnh ngvng my nh- tr-Eng
h.& ngvng my $"nh th-Eng7
II. *0ng v- ,in 12i *3
MM,+, `_c '8ch ( ! nghba lm (i"c c%a c ng (),
";ng v\ nIy Vbng h;i nc cao KH L` chuy`n hPa "m
t/ong khi than lm thInh khi "m
'
vI +
'
vi $E cP mqt cBa
U,c tKc zo]"o t/ong cKc @_ biFn L<i( yhi +
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3
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yhi /a khi c;ng v\ @I khi biFn L<iN cP hIm @;ng
"m 'N) LYc La >ua cKc c;ng v\ tiFH theo tiFH t#c @Im
$Sch thInh khi L` t<ng hYH N+
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MM,1, 7h&i ni"m chung (d chuQTn hEa Ce
T/ong cCng nghi:H th0ng Vbng Hh;ng HhKH chuy`n
hPa "m bfng h;i nc( Oh?n =ng chuy`n hPa:
"m + +
'
m +
'
+ "m
'
+ p
v&w
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+
'
m + y x +
'
+ ym
"m + ym x "m
'
+ y
T/ong LP :
+ y @I ch-t U,c tKc
+ ym @I hYH ch-t t/ung gian
^qc Li`m cBa Hh?n =ng:
eI Hh?n =ng thugn ngh\ch ta nhi:tN nhi:t Hh?n =ng
gi?m theo chiQu tGng cBa nhi:t LT( Th` tich t/c vI $au
Hh?n =ng khCng thay L<iN Hh?n =ng cha U?y /a mnh @i:t
khi cP mqt U,c tKc thich hYH(
MM,4, C&c nh.n tY nh h 0ng 'On hi"u *ut [iOn
'i,
MM,4,+, nh h0ng c%a nhi"t 'L,
rD Hh?n =ng v&w @I Hh?n =ng ta nhi:tN nWn ccn hS
th-H nhi:t LT L` Hh?n =ng chuy`n V\ch vQ Hhia Hh?i
thugn @Yi( T/ong thEc tF ta gio cho nhi:t LT cna vIo tcng
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Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
U,c tKc th-H h;n mTt ch,t $o vi Li`m nhi:tN Hh?n =ng $
U?y /a h nhi:t LT t;ng LMi th-HN nZng cao hi:u $u-t
chuy`n hPa "m(
MM,41, nh h0ng c%a tf l" hig7h8,
TGng t| @: h;i nc vIo $ th,c Lly >uK t/Dnh chuy`n
hPa V\ch chuy`n theo chiQu thugn(
MM,4,4, nh h0ng c%a &p *ut,
Oh?n =ng biFn L<i @I Hh?n =ng Lng HhZn tnN t=c
@I t<ng th` tich t/c vI $au Hh?n =ng @I khCng thay L<iN
vD vgy chuy`n V\ch cZn bfng $ khCng Hh# thuTc vIo KH
$u-t( Nhng khi tGng KH $u-t thD ta cP th` tGng LYc tMc LT
Hh?n =ng nh vgy cP th` tGng LYc hi:u $u-t chuy`n hPa
"m(
MM,4,5, nh h0ng c%a Ce
1
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T/ong >uK t/Dnh chuy`n hPa "mN njng LT "m
'
$inh /a
cbng vi njng LT "m
'
cP $n t/ong khi nguyWn @i:u $ @Im
cho cZn bfng chuy`n V\ch theo chiQu ngh\ch( o vgy
Hh?i k\H th0i khn @Yng "m
'
tSo thInh L` nZng cao hi:u
$u-t chuy`n hPa(
MM,4,9, nh h0ng c%a phn ng ph_,
T/ong biFn L<i "m cP th` U?y /a cKc Hh?n =ng Hh#
nh $au:
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'
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"m + 3+
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x "+
6
+ "m
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6
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"m
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'
x "+
6
+ +
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m + p
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thInh Hhcn hou hi:u t/ong Hha khi nguyWn @i:u nh +
'
N
"mN $inh /a "+
6
( zqt khKc " tE Vo tGng caoN bKm t/Wn bQ
mqt U,c tKc @Im gi?m hoSt tinh U,c tKc(
MM,4,<, JYc 'L phn ng [iOn 'i,
TMc LT Hh?n =ng biFn L<i "m cP @iWn >uan vi hoSt
tinh U,c tKc vI nhi:t LT thao tKc( NFu khCng cP mqt U,c
tKc thD cho Vb nhi:t LT cBa Hh?n =ng @Wn ti &)))
)
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Yng h;i nc c-H vIo cP @n thD tMc LT chuy`n hPa cng
vn Vin /a vC cbng chgm(
MM,5, 2]c t&c C6 `6 'T chuQTn hEa Ce,
:n
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
"Cng ty HhZn LSm vI hPa ch-t +I s[c Lang $n
V#ng U,c tKc h: "o]zo kA hi:u @I +s]3 vI +s]6( X,c tKc
nIy thich hYH cho nhI mKy LSm ct nh vI vda( ThInh
Hhcn chB yFu @I oUit "oban v"om &5w vI oUit zo@iHVen
vzom
3
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tinh nGng $n V#ng U,c tKc ng0i ta c_n cho thWm mTt $M
ch-t t/Y U,c tKc vI ch-t <n L\nh U,c tKc Lqc bi:t(
h VSng oUit "om vI zom
3
khCng cP hoSt tinh LMi vi
>uK t/Dnh chuy`n hPa "m mI h: nIy cha cP hoSt tinh Vi
VSng $unua @I zok
'
vI "ok
'
( rD vgy t/c khi La U,c tKc
vIo $n V#ng b[t buTc Hh?i >ua cCng LoSn chuy`n hPa
"o]zo h VSng oUit vQ VSng $unua "o]zo( Ng0i ta gRi >uK
t/Dnh nIy @I >uK t/Dnh @u hPa U,c tKc( TKc nhZn @u hPa @I
"k
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MM,9, JhiOt [) qun l! ( l u trRnh cNng ngh",
MM,9,+, JhiOt [) qun l! ( 7! hi"u,
$tt TWn thiFt b\ yA hi:u kM@Yng
& ThiFt b\ HhZn @y Vcu( )&)6)& &
' sT @Rc than cMc( )&)6)'aN
b
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6 s;m nc ngng( )&)6)6aNb '
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4 sT HhZn @y khi than( )&)6)8 &
9 sT gia nhi:t bfng Li:n( e)&)6)3 &
7 ThiFt b\ t/ao L<i nhi:t khi biFn L<i:
] &))) +x7)&' x''6 m
'
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] T thao tKc t/ong Mng: 6) o &78
m
"(
] T thao tKc ngoIi Mng: '63 o &88
m
"(
")&)6)' &
5 ThiFt b\ t/ao L<i nhi:t khi than:
] 7)) +x&&6'6 x89 m
'
(
] T thao tKc t/ong Mng: &53 o ')3
m
"(
] T thao tKc ngoIi Mng: 39& o 334
m
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")&)6)& &
&) e_ biFn L<i $M ~: '4)) +x&855)
ch-t U,c tKc(
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&' sT @Im @Snh nhanh ~:
] &4)) +x589)
] t/ong @[H v_ng L:m Hau@ 8)N &)')
kg
e)&)6)& &
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Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
] Tcng t/Wn @[H v_ng Hau@ th{H khCng
/aN 3m
3
(
] Tcng Vi @[H bi nhCm oUit $iWu thucn
64 mmN t<ng 3m
3
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] &4)) +x7'3)
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/aN 8) &)) kg 3m
3
(
]Tcng Vi @[H bi nhCm 6o4 mm 9'))
kg 3m
3
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&))) +x7&)6 x&57 m
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t/Wn cP t/ong c;ng v\(
MM,9,1, Uu trRnh cNng ngh",
yhi than lm Li /a td LoSn ~~~ cBa mKy n{n 449 cP O
x 'N&zOa t
)
6)
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v)6)&w( kau LP >ua bT @Rc bfng than cMc L` khn hFt
VcuN b#i vI cKc tSH ch-t khKc v)6)'w /ji Li vIo t/ong Mng
cBa thiFt b\ t/ao L<i nhi:t khi biFn L<i v")6)'wN t/ao
L<i nhi:t vi khi biFn L<i Li /a td @_ biFn L<i $M ~~
v)6)'w vkhi biFn L<i Li h ngoIi Mngw( +_a t/Tn vi h;i
>uK nhi:t vtd ~ 4)& LFnw t/c khi Li vIo thiFt b\ t/ao
L<i nhi:t khi than v")6)&w(
^cu tiWn Li vIo Hhcn Vi cBa v")6)&w L` HhZn @y n]
cN $au LP Li vIo t/ong Mng cBa bT Hhgn t/ao L<i nhi:t
Hhia t/WnN t/ao L<i nhi:t vi khi biFn L<i Li /a td LKy @_
biFn L<i $M ~ v)6)&w(
yhi than lm /a khi Lanh bT t/ao L<i nhi:tN kFt
hYH vi khi than @Snh v td T~" 4)3 LFnw thInh mTt hun hYH
khi cP tx&7) '&)
)
"( T| @: h;i nc1khi )N3 Li vIo
Lanh @_ biFn L<i $M ~ v)6)&w( yhi @cn @Yt Li >ua tcng
ch-t b?o v:N tcng chMng LTcN chMng oUi hPa vI tcng U,c
tKc biFn L<i ch\u @u hunh( Ohcn @n khi "m b\ chuy`n
hPaN nhi:t LT hun hYH khi LSt 38) o 37)
)
"(
yhi $au biFn L<i Li /a khi LKy @_ biFn L<i $M ~
vI Li vIo thiFt b\ t/ao L<i nhi:t khi than v")6)&w h
kho?ng khCng gian ngoIi jngN L` nh0ng mTt Hhcn nhi:t
cho khi than ban Lcu vvD Hh?n =ng chuy`n hPa "m @I
Hh?n =ng ta nhi:t Vo LP ta Hh?i tiFn hInh @Im mKt L`
bX
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
tgn V#ng nhi:t vda tGng hi:u $u-t cho >uK t/Dnh chuy`n
hPa "m h thiFt b\ chuy`n hPa 'w( TiFH t#c Li vIo bT @Im
@Snh nhanh ~ ve)6)&wN >ua tcng L:m t/WnN khi LYc @Im
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)
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LP t/ong thKH khn hoIn nguyWn ta khMng chF nhi:t
LT t/ong kho?ng td 4) 47
)
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khn( "uMi cbng @I h thbng tKi $inh ta nZng nhi:t LT
@Wn 9) 7)
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& ThKH hji @u @oSi L:mN ki`u L=ngN cP
v bRc(
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hV
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gia nhi:t t/Wn vI Vi(
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8 T/ao L<i nhi:t Vung V\ch LjngN
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4 Thbng h_a Ljng ki`u L=ngNhDnh
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5&8 &
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c(
5&4 ' bT
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5 ThiFt b\ HhZn @y bRt N+
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b;m cao KHN bWn t/ong @[H @i kim @oSi(
5') '
&& Thbng ch=a Vung V\ch Ljng blnN bWn
t/ong @[H @i @Rc bfng kim @oSi(
5'' &
&' Thbng ch=a nc ngng 5'3 &
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t/ong cP @i kim @oSi
5'8 &
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1
:
yhi $au khi >ua LoSn r cBa mKy n{n 4 c-H LYc
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@I "m vI mTt Hhcn nh "m
'
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V\ch kiQm N+
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hh
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
thKH kiQm v5)'w thD Hhcn @n "m
'
t/ong khi nguyWn
@i:u b\ h-H th#( Nh vgyN khi nguyWn @i:u Li /a khi
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vI +
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LYc La
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(
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ung V\ch Ljng $au khi h-H th# "m LYc La
>ua van gi?m KH Vi LKy thKH UuMng c_n &N9 LFn 'at
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nP h-H th# Hhcn @n N+
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vI +" t/ong th` khi Li @Wn
td thbng tKi $inh v5&3w(
kau khi >ua thiFt b\ hji @u v5&)w thD mTt Hhcn
Vung V\ch Ljng cP nhi:t LT td 8) 88
)
" Li >ua
thiFt b\ t/ao L<i nhi:t Vung V\ch Ljng v5&6w t/ao
L<i nhi:t vi Vung V\ch nPng td thbng tKi $inh UuMng
/ji @Si nhgH @Si vi Vung V\ch cha t/ao L<i nhi:t vI Li
vIo bT hoIn nguyWn v5&'w t/Wn vI Vi( TSi thiFt b\
hoIn nguyWn h;i nc Li bWn ngoIi Mng chbm c_n Vung
V\ch Li bWn t/ong Mng LYc gia nhi:t @Wn 4' 44
)
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hm
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
bT t/ao L<i nhi:t ViwN td 47 9'
)
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nhi:t t/Wnw(
ThiFt b\ hoIn nguyWn v5&'w cP nhi:m v# khn
"u
+'
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]yhi vIo @cn &: >ua cna Li vIo kho?ng khCng gian
gioa v t/ong thKH vI v ngoIi thKH td t/Wn UuMngN m#c
Lich @I @Im mKt v thKH v@Im bfng th{H cacbonw( ji Li
/a ngoIi bfng cna s(
mV
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
yhi vIo @cn ': Li td Vi @Wn v>ua cna "wN Li >ua
kho?ng khCng gian ngoIi Mng cBa bT t/ao L<i nhi:t VSng
Mng t/bm( kau LP Li vIo Mng t/ung tZm( +un hYH khi Li
td Vi @Wn t/ong Mng tucn hoIn( kau LP LYc h_a t/Tn vi hun
hYH khi cBa L0ng tiFH @Snh Li vIo tcng U,c tKc hng t/#c(
rIo bWn t/ong bT t/ao L<i nhi:t VSng Mng t/bm( +un hYH
khi Li UuMng Hhia tcng U,c tKc hng kinh th= nh-t( TSi
LZy hun hYH khi LYc @Im @Snh bfng L0ng tiFH @Snh th=
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thEc hi:n Hh?n =ng t<ng hYH N+
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Li vIo kho?ng khCng gian bWn t/ong Mng chbm cBa thiFt
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&
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t<ng hYH Li UuMng( kau LP hun hYH khi @Snh nIy Li ngoIi
kho?ng khCng gian cBa bT t/ao L<i nhi:t Mng chbm vt/Wnw(
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tGng @WnN vI Li vIo Mng tucn hoInN h_a t/Tn vi khi Li
t/ong Mng tucn hoIn td Vi LKy thKH @Wn( TiFH t#c Li vIo
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thMng Mng Vn UuMng tcng U,c tKc hng kinh & L` @Im
@Snh tcng U,c tKc nIy( ^jng th0i h_a t/Tn vi hun hYH khi h
tcng U,c tKc hng kinh & L` Li vIo tcng U,c tKc hng
kinh '(
mh
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
Qh& tJng h.& K@:
`i6u chanh c&n' n'h5 th#" t9n' hb" NH3)
Qc 23ng ,i1u chUnh v &h-Cng &h& kh6ng ch cc van c3 th0 nh-
sau]
giai ,!>n h!n nguyn cng nh- khi s%n Nu't $"nh th-Eng
c)n &h%i ch O ,%m $%! nhit , vch th& tJng h.& kh+ng v-.t qu
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kh ,i m;n th;! vch th&#chim tv [Xd:Xt tJng l-.ng kh v!
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VV#$'t k" tr!ng t"nh hu6ng n! th" van VV cng kh+ng ,-.c ,ng
chGt m &h%i c , mL thch h.& ,0 trnh cc chi tit tr!ng th& ch=u
mm
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
& su't kh+ng ,1u7rhi l-.ng kh tu)n h!n t-Cng ,6i ln th" c6
gBng mL ln van V[#trn cC sL ,%m $%! nhit , vch th&#,1 &hIng
trL l/c c_a ra th& qu ln7
rh6ng ch nhit , v! l)n W v kh6ng ch van chnh v! l)n
W VY7rhi s%n Nu't $"nh th-Eng nhit , ,-Eng 6ng chung v! l)n
hai c)n kh6ng ch tr!ng kh!%ng [nX ,#nu v-.t qu th" c th0 mL
t! van V: mt cch thch ,ng7Ku mL van VV th" s* lm ch! nhit
, v! ,-Eng chnh gi%m th'&#v" vy c6 gBng gi%m , mL#trn cC sL
,%m $%! trL l/c c_a v! l)n mt v l)n hai kh+ng v-.t qu tiu
chuun7A't k" t"nh hu6ng n! van chnh v! l)n W VY cng kh+ng
,-.c ,ng chGt trnh cc chi tit tr!ng my ch=u & su't kh+ng ,1u7
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[drhi 2Hng lI ,in ,0 t9ng nhit &h%i tin hnh ,%m $%! l-.ng kh
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bdrhi t9ng nhit c)n ch O s/ thay ,Ji v1 chnh lch nhit , trn
cHng mGt &hng Nc tc#kh+ng ,0 v-.t qu chU tiu qui ,=nh ch!
&hi&7a th0 s_ 23ng $in &h& gi%m t6c , t9ng nhit mt cch
thch ,ng h!Gc t9ng ln k-u l-.ng kh tu)n h!n ,0 kh6ng ch t6c
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khi tucn hoIn vIo bT @Im @Snh bfng cna e( +un hYH khi
$au khi HhZn @y @Im @Snh thD LYc /a h cna c( ThZn 6)&
hDnh t/#N Hhia t/ong Lqt h: thMng Mng t/bmN LYc nMi vi
thKH >ua h: thMng bich hoqc ngIm(
mn
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
] ThKH 6)' vbT bMc h;i N+
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w: cP tKc V#ng @Im @Snh hun
hYH khi Li vIo h Hhia t/ong Mng bfng N+
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t/bm nMi khH vi h: thMng Mng t/bm cBa 6)& bfng h: thMng
bich hoqc ngIm( h gioa thKH cP Mng t/ung tZm nMi vi
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/a khi thKH bfng cna V(
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khi LYc ngng t# td 6)& vI 6)' UuMng(
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mt & su't thch h.& ,0 ,%m $%! th/c hin ,-.c qu tr"nh tinh ch kh
than cng nh- ti sinh#nh% h'& th37RGc $it tr!ng th& tJng h.& K@: c)n
&h%i c & su't r't ln ,0 th/c hin &h%n ng7R0 t>! ra & su't , ng-Ei
ta s_ 23ng my nin &itt!ng su c'&7
mY
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
Fy nin &itt!ng su c'& @WWdeeed[hVj:WX
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Thi\t Y t$[c thuGc
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W Qh4y &h!ng c_a v! ,!>n [ my nin V
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b Qhit $= h!<n Nung#&h?n ly#lm l>nh ,!>n ee V
V Qhit $= h!<n Nung#&h?n ly#lm l>nh ,!>n eee V
h Qhit $= &h?n ly tr-c ,!>n eV V
m Qhit $= &h?n ly tr-c ,!>n Ve V
n Qhit $= lm l>nh $Bng n-c l!>i 6ng lDng 6ng ,!>n eV V
Y Qhit $= lm l>nh $Bng n-c l!>i 6ng lDng 6ng ,!>n V V
[X Qhit $= lm l>nh $Bng n-c l!>i 6ng lDng 6ng ,!>n Ve V
[[ Qhit $= &h?n ly 2)u n-c ,!>n eV V
[W Qhit $= &h?n ly 2)u n-c ,!>n V V
[: Qhit $= &h?n ly 2)u n-c ,!>n Ve V
nX
Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
[b Qhit $= h!<n Nung ,!>n eV V
[V Qhit $= h!<n Nung ,!>n V V
[h Qhit $= h!<n Nung ,!>n Ve V
[m Qhit $= lm l>nh ,!>n c?n $gng V
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[Y QhHng thu hDi 2)u $y [
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W[ Qhit $= $+i trCn 2)u tu)n h!npk0 c% $Cm 2)u $nh r9ng kha
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V
WW Qhit $= $+i trCn 2)u Ni lanhp^Dm $ tra 2)u v ,ng cC ,inq V
W: Ph?n ly t'm N!y ,-Eng 6ng chung tr-c c_a v! ,!>n e [
Wb Rng cC ,Dng $ WVXX rx V
WV Fy th+ng gi chJi than V
Wh Q!n $ ,-Eng 6ng#my ,! kh6ng ch t/ ,ng#,Dng hD ,! t/
,ng
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rh than um sau khi qua c+ng ,!>n kh_ @WM th-Eng & $gng 2ung
2=ch k;! Qananh#,n c-Cng v= ,-Eng 6ng chung v! th& r_a#lm l>nh
ki0u t'm N!y rDi v! my nin hhm $gng ,-Eng 6ng nhnh#sau khi qua
van ln c_a v! ,!>n e ,n thHng th4y &h!ng#qua h!<n Nung v! Nilanh
,!>n e ,0 nin7Mau khi nin nhit , kh than ln ca! ,i sang thit $= h!<n
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sang c+ng ,!>n tinh ch qua c-Cng v= chuy0n ha af#kh_ @WM trung
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kgjcmW hn h.& kh l)n l-.t ,i qua cc thit $= h!<n Nung#lm l>nh#&h?n
ly 2)u n-c r+i2 ,-a sang c-Cng v= r_a ,Dng7ra c-Cng v= ny kh tinh
luyn v! thit $= &h?n ly tr-c ,!>n Ve rDi v! ,!>n Ve my nin n?ng &
su't ,in :WX kgjcmW#hn h.& kh sau khi l)n l-.t qua cc thit $= h!<n
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@!>t ,ng th;! nguyn tBc c4a my nin &itt!ng ,a c'&
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Bo co thc tp Sinh vin:Nguyn Hong Nam
WdQhit $= h!<n Nung
8 mt $"nh rng c tc 23ng Jn ,=nh 2Ing kh#gi%m cc trL l/c
c4a 2Ing kh v" sau khi qua cc c'& nin th" kh chuy0n ,ng vi
vn t6c ln#trL l/c m>nh#nu kh+ng h!<n Nung c th0 lm %nh
h-Lng t!i cc thit $= L cc c-Cng v= khc7
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8m l>nh $gng h th6ng 6ng lDng 6ng7rh sau khi ra khyi cc c'&
nin c & su't ln v nhit , ca! c)n ,-.c lm l>nh tr-c khi v!
cc c-Cng v= khc7
bdQhit $= &h?n ly 2)u n-c
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c-JKLNG TSNG HTP UNp
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