Agenda

What are the 7 layers of connectivity

What is an IP address
What are the different class of IP address
Subnet mask
Root directories
What is DSL
What is modem
What is the functionality of each light on the modem
What is a switch
Define a router
Difference between router & Switch




7 layers of Networking
Layer 1 PHYSICAL
Layer 2 DATA-LINK
Layer 3 NETWORK
Layer 4 TRANSPORT
Layer 5 SESSION
Layer 6 PRESENTATION
Layer 7 APPLICATION




Layers of Networking
Physical Layer -The physical layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a communication channel
though hubs, wires (cat5UTP), modems, network cards basically anything that is physical to the
network.
THE DATA-LINK LAYER -The data link layer takes raw transmission and transform it into a line that
appears free of transmission errors in the network layer
THE NETWORK LAYER -The network layer is concerned with controlling the operation of the subnet. A
ROUTER is used to determining how packets are routed from source to destination
THE TRANSPORT LAYER -The transport layer DIRECTS PACKETS, splits it up into smaller units if
need be, pass these to the network and ensure that the pieces are travelling in an orderly fashion.
THE SESSION LAYER -The session layer allows different machines to establish sessions between
themselves
THE PRESENTATION LAYER -The Presentation Layers job is managing data restructures and
converting from the representation used inside the computer to the network standard representation an
visa versa
THE APPLICATION LAYER -The Application layer contains a variety of protocols that are commonly
required. Another Application layer function is file transfer. Different file systems have different file naming
conventions, different ways of representing text lines, and so on




What is an IP Address
InternetProtocol Address (or IP Address) -is an unique address that computing devices use to identify
itself and communicate with other devices in the Internet Protocol network. Any device connected to the
IP network must have an unique IP address within its network. An IP address is analogous to a street
address or telephone number in that it is used to uniquely identify a network device to deliver mail
message, or call ("view") a website
Public IP Address for global useEx Yahoo.com -http://98.139.183.24/Google -
http://74.125.236.216/Private IP For company/individual use onlyEx Can be any IP range which is used
internally by Aerosoft Indore



Classes of IP Address
Class A-This class is for very large networks, such as a major international company might have. IP
addresses with a first octet from 1 to 126 are part of this class.
Class B-This class is used for medium-sized networks. A good example is a large college campus. IP
addresses with a first octet from 128 to 191 are part of this class.
Class C-Class C addresses are commonly used for small to mid-size businesses. IP addresses
with a first octet from 192 to 223 are part of this class.
Subnet Mask
Subnettingan IP network is to separate a big network into smaller multiple networks for reorganization
and security purposes.Performance of a network is adversely affected under heavy traffic load due to
collisions and retransmissions.Applying a subnet mask to an IP address separates network address from
host address.


DSL Digital Subscriber Line
An advance version of a dial up connection
Modem
A modem is adeviceor programthat enables acomputerto transmitdataover, for example, telephone or
cable lines.There are different kinds of modems available in the market like LAN modem and Wifi
Modems





Switches
Switchesare a fundamental part of most networks. Switches enable several users to send information
over a network. Users can send the information at the same time and do not slow each other down. Just
like routers allow different networks to communicate with each other, switches allow differentnodesof a
network to communicate directly with each other. A node is a network connection point, typically a
computer. Switches allow the nodes to communicate in a smooth and efficient manner.
Routers
Routersare physical devices that join multiple wired or wireless networks together. Technically, a wired or
wireless router is a Layer 3gateway, meaning that the wired/wireless router connects networks (as
gateways do), and that the router operates at the network layer of the OSI model.



Basic difference between Router and Switch
Arouteris a more sophisticated network device than either aswitchor ahub. Like hubs and switches,
network routers are typically small, box-like pieces of equipment that multiple computers can connect to.
Each features a number of "ports" the front or back that provide the connection points for these
computers, a connection for electric power, and a number of LED lights to display device status.
While routers, hubs and switches all share similar physical appearance, routers differ substantially in their
inner working