SQL Query

CONSTRAINTS
PRIMARY CONSTRAINTS : PRIMARY,UNIQUE,CHECK,REFERENCES)

SECONDARY CONSTRAINTS : NOT NULL,DEFAULT)
CONSTRAINTS BASED ON 2 LEVELS COLUMN LEVEL and TABLE LEVEL
Eg. For SECONDARY CONSTRAINTS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1 NOT NULL CONSTRAINT
CREATE TABLE EMP!" ENO NUMBER"#) NOT NULL,
ENAME VARCHAR2"1$))%
2 DEFAULT CONSTRAINT
CREATE TABLE EMP!"ENO NUMBER"#) NOT NULL,
ENAME VARCHAR2"1$),DO& DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE)%
# PRIMARY CONSTRAINT"COLUMN LEVEL)
UNIQUE
CREATE TABLE EMP!" ENO NUMBER"#) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT UNIEMP
UNIQUE,ENAME VARCHAR2"1$))%
PRIMARY KEY
CREATE TABLE EMP!" ENO NUMBER"#) CONSTRAINT PKEMP! PRIMARY
KEY,ENAME VARCHAR2"1$))%
' CHECK CONSTRAINT
CREATE TABLE BANK" ACNO NUMBER"2) CONSTRAINT PKBANK PRIMARY
KEY,ACTYPE VARCHAR2"2) CONSTRAINT CKBANK CHECK "ACTYPE IN
"(SB(,(CA(,(RD()),ACNAME VARCHAR2"1$),AMOUNT NUMBER"'))%
) REFERENCES
CREATE TABLE EMP!" ENO NUMBER"#) CONSTRAINT PKE! PRIMARY
KEY,&OB VARCHAR2"1$),ENAME VARCHAR2"1$),M*R NUMBER"')
REFERENCES EMP!"ENO))%
+ REFERENCES"REFERIN* TO DIFFERENT TABLE)
CREATE TABLE DEPT!"DEPTNO NUMBER"2) CONSTRAINT PKDNO PRIMARY
KEY, DNAME VARCHAR2"1$), LOC VARCHAR2"1$))%
CREATE TABLE EMP!" EMPNO NUMBER"'),ENAME VARCHAR2"1$),
SAL NUMBER",,2),DEPTNO NUMBER"2) CONSTRAINT FKDNO REFERENCES
DEPT!"DEPTNO))%
, TABLE LEVEL CONSTRAINTS
UNIQUE TABLE LEVEL
CREATE TABLE BANK" ACNO NUMBER"#),ACTYPE VARCHAR2"1$),
BAL NUMBER",,2),PLACE VARCHAR2"1$),CONSTRAINT UNIBANK
UNIQUE"ACNO,ACTYPE))%
PRIMARY KEY"TABLE LEVEL)
CREATE TABLE BANK" ACNO NUMBER"2), ACTYPE VARCHAR2"2) CONSTRAINT
CKBANK CHECK "ACTYPE IN "(SB(,(CA(,(RD()),AMOUNT NUMBER)

1 D-./0a1 234 D42a-0. 56 a00 47/05144. 859:-n; -n 234 .a74 D4/a9274n2
a. (FORD(
2 D-./0a1 234 d42a-0. 56 a00 47/05144. 835 a94 <5-n4d =46594 (FORD(
# D-./0a1 234 Na74. 56 a00 234 47/05144. 835 a94 a00 ;422-n; 234
.a0a91 *94a249 23an 234 .a0a91 56 (SMITH( a05n; 8-23 234
d-66494n>4 -n .a0a91
' D-./0a1 a00 234 47/05144. 859:-n; -n >3->a;5
SUBQUERIES

SIN*LE RO? SUBQUERY
MULTIPLE RO? SUBQUERY
SIN*LE RO? SUBQUERY
1 DISPLAY THE EMPLOYEES ?HOSE &OB IS SAME AS THAT OF &ONES
S404>2 @ 6957 47/ 83494 <5= A ".404>2 <5= 6957 47/
?3494 4na74 A B<5n4.C)%
2 DISPLAY THE EMPLOYEES BELON*IN* TO MILLER(S DEPARTMENT
S404>2 @ 6957 47/ 83494 dna74 A ".404>2 dna74 6957 47/
?3494 4na74 A B7-049.C)%
# DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEES REPORTIN* TO KIN*
S404>2 @ 6957 47/ 83494 9na74 A ".404>2 9na74 6957 47/
?3494 4na74 A B:-n;C)%
' DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEES ?HO ARE *ETTIN* MAD SALARY
S404>2 @ 6957 47/ 83494 =a.a0 A ".404>2 7aE"=a.a0) 6957 47/)%
) DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS ?HERE SAL IS *REATER THAN MILLER(S SALARY
AND ?HO ARE IN SALES DEPARTMENT
S404>2 @ 6957 47/ 83494 dna74 A B.a04.C and =a.a0 F ".404>2
=a.a0 6957 47/ 83494 4na74 A B7-049.C)%
+ DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS ?HO HAVE &OINED IN SAME DATE AS THAT OF
&AMES
S404>2 @ 6957 47/ 83494 d5< A ".404>2 d5< 6957 47/ 83494 4na74 A
B<a74.C)%
MULTIPLE ROW SUBQUERIES
, DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS ?HERE DEPT IS EITHER SALES OR RESEARCH
S404>2 @ 6957 47/ 83494 dna74 A an1".404>2 dna74 6957 47/ 83494
dna74 A B.a04.C 59 dna74 A B94.4a9>3C)%
S404>2 @ 6957 47/ 83494 dna74 A an1".404>2 dna74 6957 47/ 83494
Dna74 -n "B.a04.C,C94.4a9>3C))%
SUBQUERY RETURNING MULTIPLE COLUMNS
SELECT ENAME,&OB,M*R FROM EMP ?HERE "&OB,M*R) IN"SELECT &OB,M*R
FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOA,,GG)%
EXPRESSIONS WITH SUBQUERIES
SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE SALA"SELECT SALH)$ FROM EMP ?HERE
ENAMEA(&ONES()%
ROWID
F59 4a>3 958 -n 234 da2a=a.4, 234 RO?ID /.4Id5>50I7n 942I9n. a
958(. add94..RO?ID Ja0I4. >5n2a-n -n6597a2-5n n4>4..a91 25 05>a24 a
958:
@ 83->3 da2a =05>: -n 234 da2a 6-04
@ 83->3 958 -n 234 da2a =05>: "6-9.2 958 -. $)
@ 83->3 da2a 6-04 "6-9.2 6-04 -. 1)
ROWNUM
F59 4a>3 958 942I9n4d =1 a KI491, 234 RO?NUM /.4Id5>50I7n
942I9n. a nI7=49 -nd->a2-n; 234 59d49 -n 83->3 O9a>04 .404>2. 234 958
6957 a 2a=04 59 .42 56 <5-n4d 958. T34 6-9.2 958 .404>24d 3a. a RO?NUM
O6 1, 234 .4>5nd 3a. 2, and .5 5n
CORRELATED SUBQUERY
FIRST TRY USIN* MAD
5TH HIGHEST SALARY
SELECT @ FROM EMP A ?HERE )A"SELECT COUNT"DISTINCT SAL)FROM
EMP B ?HERE ASALLABSAL)%
DELETE DUPLICATE DEPARTMENT NUMBERS
DELETE FROM EMP A ?HERE RO?ID NOT IN "SELECT MIN"RO?ID) FROM
EMP B ?HERE AEMPNOABEMPNO)%
DISPLAY ALTERNATE ROWS
SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE RO?ID IN
"SELECT DECODE"MOD"RO?NUM,2),$,RO?ID) FROM EMP)%
TO DISPLAY NTH HIGHEST SALARY
SELECT MAD"SAL) FROM EMP A ?HERE MNA"SELECT COUNT"DISTINCT
SAL) FROM EMP B ?HERE ASALLABSAL)%
SELECT @ FROM EMP A ?HERE MNA"SELECT COUNT"DISTINCT SAL)
FROM EMP B ?HERE ASALLABSAL)%
DELETE DUPLICATE OCCURENCES
DELETE FROM DEPT ?HERE DEPTNO IN"SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT
*ROUP BY DEPTNO HAVIN* COUNT"DEPTNO)F1)%
DELETE FROM 47/ A ?HERE RO?ID NOT IN"SELECT MIN"RO?ID) FROM
47/ ?HERE ADEPTNOABDEPTNO)%
DISPLAY ALTERNATE ROWS
SELECT @ FROM *DEPT ?HERE RO?ID IN"SELECT
DECODE"MOD"RO?NUM,2),$,RO?ID) FROM *DEPT)%
DISPLAY from NTH ROW
SELECT @ FROM DEPT ?HERE RO?ID NOT IN"SELECT RO?ID FROM DEPT
?HERE RO?NUMLA"SELECT COUNT"@)NMN FROM DEPT))%
DISPLAY DETAILS OF ALL EMPLOYEES WHOSE SAL IS GREATER THAN
AVG(SAL) OF EMPLOYEES IN RESPECTIVE DEPTS
SELECT AENAME,ADEPTNO,ASAL FROM EMP A,EMP B
?HERE BSALF"SELECT AV*"SAL) FROM EMP B *ROUP BY DEPTNO)
DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS WHERE SAL> LOWEST SAL OF EMPLOYEES IN
DEPTNO 2
SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE SALF ANY"SELECT SAL FROM EMP ?HERE
DEPTNOA2$)%
SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE SALF ANY "SELECT SAL FROM EMP ?HERE
DEPTNOA2$)%
DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS WHERE SAL> HIGHEST SAL OF EMPLOYEES IN
DEPTNO 2
DECLARE
NAME EMPENAMEOTYPE%
SALARY EMPSALOTYPE%
DESI* EMP&OBOTYPE:A(M&OB(%
BE*IN
SELECT ENAME,SAL,&OB INTO NAME,SALARY ,DESI* FROM EMP ?HERE
&OBADESI*%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"NAMEQQ( (QQSALARYQQ( (QQDESI*)%
END%
1d-./0a1 na74,3-94da24 56 a00 47/05144. I.-n; >I9.59.
2DISPLAY DETAILS OF ALL EMPLOYEES ?HO ARE CLERKS
#DISPLAY DETAILS OF ALL EMPLOYEES ?HEN DEPTNO IS 1$
' EDAMPLES FOR OFOUND A B C
)@ASSI*NMENT CLERK 2$$RNINCREMENT MANA*ER INSERT TO TEMP ANALYST
DELETE SALESMAN AND ANNSALF1)$$$ #$$RN DECREMENT
+ EDAMPLE FOR OISOPEN
,EDAMPLE FOR C1ORO?COUNT ", A, , B)@ d-./0a1 6-9.2 ) 94>59d.
G d-./0a1 d42a-0. 56 6-9.2 ) 3-;301 /a-d 47/05144.
!EVEN RO?S
1$NTH RO?
11CURSOR USIN* FOR LOOP
12IF ANNSALF1$$$$ AND &OBACLERK INCOME TAD IS 1$O,IF ANNSALF1)$$$ AND
&OBASALESMAN TAD IS 2$O,IF ANNSALF1$$$$ AND &OBAMANA*AER INCOME TAD IS
#$O,ELSE A MESSA*E L1$$$$
1# CURSOR PARAMETERS TO PASS EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND *ET THE DETAILS
1' PASS &OB M *ET THE DETAILS
1) PASS DEPTNO AND &OB AND *ET THE DETIALS
1+ CURSOR LOCKS
1, EDAMPLE FOR IMPLICIT CURSORS
1G INSERT ?ITH IMPLICIT CURSORS
1! UPDATE AND SELECT ?ITH IMPLICIT CURSORS
2$ DELETE ?ITH IMPLICIT CURSORS
21DISPLAY NAMES OF EMPLOYEES ?ITH SAL IN DESCENDIN* ORDER
?ITHOUT USIN* ORDER BY
22DISPLAY &OB CATE*ORIES ,COUNT"&OB) AND SUM"SAL) FROM EMP
A!"#$r"%
&' ()"*+,- !,m$./)r$(,0$ of ,++ $m*+o-$$" 1")!2 31r"or"
DECLARE
>I9.59 >1 -. .404>2 4na74,3-94da24 6957 47/%
na74 Ja9>3a9"2$)%
3da24 da24%
=4;-n
5/4n >1%
055/
642>3 >1 -n25 na74,3da24%
4E-2 834n >1ONOTFOUND%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"na74QQ( (QQ3da24)%
4nd 055/%
>05.4 >1%
4nd%
(VERY IMPORTANT POINT TO BE NOTED IS THAT E4IT WHEN CONDITION IS
SATISFIED WHEN THE FETCH RETURNS FALSE AND WE WILL COME OUT OF LOOP
WHEN E4IT CONDITION IS TRUE')
5' E4AMPLES FOR 6FOUND

DECLARE
>I9.59 >1 -. .404>2 4na74,.a0,DEPTNO 6957 47/
?HERE DEPTNOA1$%
na74 Ja9>3a9"2$)%
.0 nI7=49%
dn5 nI7=49%
=4;-n
5/4n >1% 055/
642>3 >1 -n25 na74,.0,dn5 %
IF >1On52FOUND THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(CURSOR IS NOT FOUND()%
4E-2%
40.-6 >1O65Ind 234n
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(FOUND(QQ( (QQC1ORO?COUNT)%
NNINSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"NAME,SL,DNO)%
END IF%
4nd 055/%
>05.4 >1%
4nd%
5 B
DECLARE
>I9.59 >1 -. .404>2 @ 6957 47/
?HERE DEPTNOAMd4/2n5%
a 47/O95821/4%
=4;-n
5/4n >1%
LOOP
642>3 >1 -n25 a%
IF >1OFOUND THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"AENAMEQQ( (QQASALQQ( (QQADEPTNO)%
40.4
EDIT%
END IF%
END LOOP%
>05.4 >1%
4nd%
5 C
DECLARE
>I9.59 >1 -. .404>2 @ 6957 47/
?HERE DEPTNOAMd4/2n5%
a 47/O95821/4%
=4;-n
5/4n >1%
055/
642>3 >1 -n25 a%
IF n52 >1OFOUND THEN
4E-2%
40.4
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"a4na74QQ( (QQa.a0)%
END IF%
4nd 055/%
>05.4 >1%
4nd%
)CLERK 2$$RNINCREMENT MANA*ER INSERT NAME,SAL TO TEMP ANALYST DELETE
SALESMAN AND ANNSALF1)$$$ #$$RN INCREMENT
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT @ FROM EMP%
A C1ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO A%
EDIT ?HEN C1ONOTFOUND%
IF A&OBA(CLERK( THEN
UPDATE EMP SET SALAASALH2$$ ?HERE EMPNOAAEMPNO%
COMMIT%
ELSIF A&OBA(MANA*ER( THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(RO? INSERTED()%
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"AENAME,A&OB,ASAL)%
COMMIT%
ELSIF A&OBA(ANALYST( THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(RO? DELETED()%
DELETE FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAAEMPNO%
COMMIT%
ELSIF A&OBA(SALESMAN( AND ASAL@12F)$$$ THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(RO? SALESMAN UPDATED()%
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH#$$ ?HERE EMPNOAAEMPNO%
COMMIT%
ELSE
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(NO CHAN*ES()%
END IF%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
CREATE TABLE TEMP" A VARCHAR2"1$),B VARCHAR2"1$),C NUMBER",,2))%
7' E4AMPLE FOR 6ISOPEN
DECLARE
A C1ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
IF C1OISOPEN THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(CURSOR ALREADY OPEN()%
ELSE
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(CURSOR IS YET TO BE OPENED()%
OPEN C1%
END IF%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO A%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"ASALQQ( (QQAENAMEQQ( (QQA&OB)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
7' B
IF NOT C1OISOPEN
OPEN C1%
ELSE
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(CURSOR IS NOT OPEN()%
END IF%
8'E4AMPLE FOR C&6ROWCOUNT ()"*+,- f)r"0 5 r$3or("
DECLARE
>I9.59 >1 -. .404>2 @ 6957 47/%
a >1O95821/4%
=4;-n
5/4n >1%
055/
642>3 >1 -n25 a%
4E-2 834n >1O958>5In2F+%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"a4na74QQ( (QQa.a0QQ( (QQa<5=QQ(
(QQC1ORO?COUNT)%
4nd 055/%
>05.4 >1%
4nd%
8 B o0/$r m$0/o( for ,9o:$ *2m
DECLARE
>I9.59 >1 -. .404>2 @ 6957 47/%
a >1O95821/4%
=4;-n
5/4n >1%
055/
642>3 >1 -n25 a%
4E-2 834n >1On5265Ind%
-6 >1O958>5In2LA+ 234n
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"a4na74QQ( (QQa.a0QQ( (QQa<5=)%
4nd -6%
4nd 055/%
>05.4 >1%
4nd%
; ()"*+,- ($0,)+" of f)r"0 5 /)2/+- *,)( $m*+o-$$"
DECLARE
>I9.59 >1 -. .404>2 @ 6957 47/ 59d49 =1 .a0 d4.>%
a >1O95821/4%
=4;-n
5/4n >1%
055/
642>3 >1 -n25 a%
4E-2 834n >1O958>5In2F+%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"a4na74QQ( (QQa.a0QQ( (QQa<5=QQ(
(QQC1ORO?COUNT)%
4nd 055/%
>05.4 >1%
4nd%
<' ()"*+,- o!+- $:$! ro#"
DECLARE
>I9.59 >1 -. .404>2 @ 6957 47/ %
a >1O95821/4%
=4;-n
5/4n >1%
055/
642>3 >1 -n25 a%
4E-2 834n >1On5265Ind%
-6 75d">1O958>5In2,2)A$ 234n
4nd -6%
4nd 055/%
>05.4 >1%
4nd%
(for odd ro! "#$%g& ' (o )*+
& ()"*+,- !0/ ro#
DECLARE
>I9.59 >1 -. .404>2 @ 6957 47/ %
a >1O95821/4%
n nI7=49%
=4;-n
n:AMn%
5/4n >1%
055/
642>3 >1 -n25 a%
4E-2 834n >1On5265Ind%
-6 >1O958>5In2An 234n
4nd -6%
4nd 055/%
>05.4 >1%
4nd%
&& 31r"or 1")!2 for +oo*
d4>0a94
>I9.59 >2 -. .404>2 @ 6957 47/%
=4;-n
659 a -n >2 055/
4nd 055/%
4nd%
&2' IF ANNSAL>& AND =OB>CLER? INCOME TA4 IS &6.IF ANNSAL>&5 AND
=OB>SALESMAN TA4 IS 26.IF ANNSAL>& AND =OB>MANAGAER INCOME TA4 IS
@6.ELSE A MESSAGE A&
a0249 2a=04 47/ add"-2 nI7=49"#))%
d4>0a94
>I9.59 >1 -. .404>2 @ 6957 EMP%
a >1O95821/4%
=4;-n
5/4n >1%
055/
642>3 >1 -n25 a%
4E-2 834n >1On5265Ind%
-6 a.a0@12F1$$$$ and a<5=A(CLERK( THEN
UPDATE EMP SET ITAASAL@12@$1 ?HERE EMPNOAAEMPNO%
ELSIF ASAL@12F1)$$$ AND A&OB A(SALESMAN( THEN
UPDATE EMP SET ITAASAL@12@$2 ?HERE EMPNOAAEMPNO%
ELSIF ASAL@12F1$$$$ AND A&OBA(MANA*ER( THEN
UPDATE EMP SET ITAASAL@12@$# ?HERE EMPNOAAEMPNO%
ELSIF ASAL@12L1$$$$ THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"AENAMEQQ( (QQ(SALL 1$$$$()%
END IF%
END LOOP%
COMMIT%
CLOSE C1%
END%
&@ CURSOR PARAMETERS TO PASS EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND GET THE DETAILS
DECLARE
CURSOR C1" S NUMBER) IS SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOAS%
A C1ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1"MDEPTNO)%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO A%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"AENAMEQQ( (QQADEPTNOQQ( (QQASAL)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
&5 TO PASS =OB AND GET THE DETAILS
DECLARE
CURSOR C1" A VARCHAR) IS SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE &OBAA%
A C1ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1"(MA&OB()%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO A%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"A&OBQQ( (QQAENAMEQQ( (QQAEMPNOQQ( QQASAL)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
NOTE %)0 #)++ !o0 0,B$ Co9 )! 1**$r3,"$ "o 1**$r(Co9)>1**$r(,)
&5' TO PASS DESIGNATION AND DEPTNO AND GET THE DETAILS
DECLARE
CURSOR C1"A NUMBER,B VARCHAR) IS SELECT @ FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNOAA AND &OBAB%
A C1ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1"MADETNO,(MB&OB()%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO A%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"AENAMEQQ( (QQA&OBQQ( (QQASALQQ(
QQADEPTNO)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
&7 CURSOR LOC?ING
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT @ FROM EMP FOR UPDATE OF SAL%
A C1ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO A%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"A&OBQQ( (QQAENAMEQQ( (QQASALQQ( (QQ
ADEPTNO)%
IF A&OBA(CLERK( THEN
UPDATE EMP SET &OBA(FDC( ?HERE 47/n5Aa47/n5%
4nd -6%
4nd 055/%
>05.4 >1%
4nd%
&8 E4AMPLE FOR IMPLICIT CURSORS
DECLARE
A C1ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO A%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"C1ORO?COUNTQQ( (QQSQLORO?COUNTQQ( (QQAENAME)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
(YOU WILL NOT GET THE OUTPUT BECAUSE SQL,ROWCOUNT WILL RETURN A -ALUE
ONLY WHEN THE PRE-IOUS DML OPERATION IS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETLE*
&;' IMPLICIT CURSOR WITH INSERT
CREATE TABLE TEMP"A VARCHAR2"1$),B NUMBER",,2), C VARCHAR2"1$))%
DECLARE
A C2ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C2%
LOOP
FETCH C2 INTO A%
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"AENAME,ASAL,A&OB)%
IF SQLOFOUND THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"SQLORO?COUNTQQ( (QQC2ORO?COUNTQQ( (QQ
ASALQQ( (QQAENAME)%
ELSE
EDIT%
END IF %
END LOOP%
CLOSE C2%
END%
&< DELETE WITH IMPLICIT CURSORS
DECLARE
BE*IN
DELETE FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA1$%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"SQLORO?COUNT)%
END%
2' UPDATE AND SELECT WITH IMPLICIT CURSORS
DECLARE
A EMPORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT @ INTO A FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOA,,GG%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"(AFTER SELECT SQLCOUNT(QQ ( (QQSQLORO?COUNT)%
UPDATE EMP SET DEPTNOA!! ?HERE DEPTNOA1$%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"(AFTER UPDATE SQLCOUNT(QQ ( (QQSQLORO?COUNT)%
END%
OUTPUT IS
AFTER SELECT SQLCOUNT 1
AFTER UPDATE SQLCOUNT #
2&'DISPLAY NAMES OF EMPLOYEES WITH SAL IN DESCENDING ORDER WITHOUT
USING ORDER BY
DECLARE
A C1ORO?TYPE%
N NUMBER%
BE*IN
OPEN C1%
SELECT MAD"SAL) INTO N FROM EMP%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO A%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"N)%
SELECT MAD"SAL) INTO N FROM EMP ?HERE SALLN%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
22'DISPLAY =OB CATEGORIES .COUNT(=OB) AND SUM(SAL) FROM EMP
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT &OB,COUNT"&OB) DY ,SUM"SAL) AB FROM EMP
*ROUP BY &OB%
A C1ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO A%

DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP()
%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"( &OB (QQ( NUMBER (QQ( SUM OF SAL
()%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"A&OBQQ( (QQ ADY QQ( (QQ
AAB)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
DECLARE
CURSOR T1 IS SELECT @ FROM TEST1%
TESTPREC T1ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
FOR TEST IN T1
LOOP
UPDATE TEST1 SET AREAA'$$ ?HERE RADIUSA)$%
IF SQLORO?COUNT F$ THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(RECORD IS ALREADY EDISTS()%
ELSE
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(THERE IS NO RECORD()%
END IF%
END LOOP%
END%
DECLARE
RDA AREASRADIUSOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT RADIUS INTO RDA FROM AREAS ?HERE RADIUS A#')%
EDCEPTION ?HEN NOPDATAPFOUND THEN DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(RECORD NOT
FOUND()%
END%
D,0,9,"$ o9C$30"
TABLES,VIE?S,SYNONYM,INDED,CLUSTER,SEQUENCE,PROCEDURE,FUNCTION
PACKA*E,TRI**ER
VIEWS
V-92Ia0 2a=04 >3an;4. 94604>24d -n 2a=04 M J->4J49.a n5 da2a 56
-2. 58n, n5 94dIndan>1 and .4>I9-21 A 05;->a0 2a=04 =a.4d 5n 5n4 59
7594 2a=04. 59 J-48.
1CREATE VIE? EV AS SELECT @ FROM EMP%
2CREATE VIE? EV1 AS SELECT ENAME,EMPNO,DEPTNO FROM EMP%
#CREATE VIE? EV2"EMPNO,SALARY) AS SELECT EMPNO,SAL FROM EMP%
'CREATE VIE? EM1 AS SELECT ENAME,SAL,DEPTNO,EMPNO,&OB
FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA2$%
READ ONLY -IEW
VIE?S ?ITH *ROUP BY,ORDER BY ,A** , PRIMARY KEY AND CHECK
CONSTRAINTS THE VIE? BECOMES A READ ONLY VIE?
1 CREATE VIE? EV AS SELECT DEPTNO,COUNT"@) COUNT FROM EMP *ROUP BY
DEPTNO%
2 CREATE VIE? EM1 AS SELECT ENAME,SAL,DEPTNO,EMPNO,&OB
FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA2$ ?ITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT CK1%
FORCED VIEWS
CREATE FORCE VIE? ABC AS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL FROM EMPOP%
SEE THE VIEWS
SELECT @ FROM LJ-48 na74F%
DROP VIE? ABC%
SELECT @ FROM USERPVIE?%
CREATE VIE? MA* AS SELECT MMNO,MNAME,MA*P,MANP FROM MA*I M,MA* MA %
SYNONYMS
A .1n5n17 -. an a0249na2-J4 na74 659 a 2a=04,J-48, .4KI4n>4,
/95>4dI94, .2594d 6In>2-5n
1)PI=0-> .1n5n17
2)P9-Ja24 .1n5n17
CREATE SYNONYM T FOR EMP%
CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM VV FOR EMP%
DROP SYNONYM T%
SELECT @ FROM USERPSYNONYMS ?HERE TABLEPNAMEA(EMP(%
INDE4ES
An -nd4E -. a da2a=a.4 5=<4>2 23a2 >5n2a-n. an 4n291 659 4a>3
Ja0I4 23a2 a//4a9. -n 234 -nd4E4d >50I7n".) 56 234 2a=04 59 >0I.249 and
/95J-d4. d-94>2, 6a.2 a>>4.. 25 958.
PRIMARY ?EY AUTOMATICALLY INDE4ED HAS ITS EFFECT ON LARGER TABLES
CREATE INDED AB ON EMP"EMPNO)%
SELECT @ FROM USERPINDEDES ?HERE TABLEPNAMEA(EMP(%
IF YOU ?ANT TO INDED A PRIMARY KEY COLUMN FIRST &UST DISABLE IT
DROP INDED AB%
SEDUENCES
A .4KI4n>4 -. a da2a=a.4 5=<4>2 6957 83->3 7I02-/04 I.49. 7a1
;4n49a24 In-KI4 -n24;49.Y5I >an I.4 .4KI4n>4. 25 aI257a2->a001 ;4n49a24
/9-7a91 :41 Ja0I4.
1CREATE SEQUENCE S1 INCREMENT BY 1$ START ?ITH 1$ MADVALUE )$
2CREATE SEQUENCE S) INCREMENT BY 1$ START ?ITH 1$ MADVALUE )$
MINVALUE ) CYCLE CACHE 2%
#CREATE SEQUENCE S) INCREMENT BY U2 START ?ITH 1$ MADVALUE 2$
MINVALUE U) CYCLE CACHE 2%
'CREATE SEQUENCE S+ INCREMENT BY U2 START ?ITH + MADVALUE 2$
MINVALUE U' CYCLE CACHE 2%
SELECT @ FROM USERPSEQUENCES ?HERE TABLEPNAMEA(EMP(%
DROP SEQUENCE S+%
CLUSTERS
A >0I.249 -. a .>347a 5=<4>2 23a2 >5n2a-n. 5n4 59 7594 2a=04.
23a2 a00 3aJ4 5n4 59 7594 >50I7n. -n >5775n
1 >94a24 >0I.249 >''"d4/2n5 nI7=49)%
2 >94a24 2a=04 EMPC''"En5 nI7=49"!),d4/2n5 nI7=49,
SAL NUMBER",,2),HIREDATE DATE)>0I.249 >''"d4/2n5)%
# >94a24 2a=04 DMPC''"d4/2n5 nI7=49,DNAME VARCHAR2"1$),
LOC VARCHAR2"1$))>0I.249 >''"d4/2n5)%
' >94a24 -nd4E >1- 5n >0I.249 >'%
03+ 3omm,!("
;9an2, 94J5:4
2r,!0 *r):)+$2$ o! 0,9+$!,m$ 0o 1"$r!,m$
(PRIVILEGES THAT CAN BE GRANTED ARE SELECT . UPDATE. DELETE. INSERT
ALTER.REFERENCE.INDE4)
1 *RANT SELECT ON EMP TO SAVITHA
2 *RANT SELECT ON EMP TO SAVITHA ?ITH *RANT OPTION
REVOKE ALL ON EMP FROM *EETHA%
COMMIT. ROLLBAC? . SAVEPOINT
SQLF SELECT @ FROM DEPT%
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
NNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNN
1$ ACCOUNTIN* NE? YORK
2$ RESEARCH DALLAS
#$ SALES CHICA*O
'$ OPERATIONS BOSTON
)$ CS MYSORE
SQLF SAVEPOINT A
2 %
SaJ4/5-n2 >94a24d
SQLF INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES"+$,(IP(,(BAN*ALORE()%
1 958 >94a24d
SQLF SAVEPOINT B%
SaJ4/5-n2 >94a24d
SQLF INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES",$,(IT(,(*OA()%
1 958 >94a24d
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
2$ RESEARCH DALLAS
#$ SALES CHICA*O
)$ CS MYSORE
+$ IP BAN*ALORE
,$ IT *OA
, 958. .404>24d
SQLF ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT B%
R500=a>: >57/0424
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
2$ RESEARCH DALLAS
#$ SALES CHICA*O
)$ CS MYSORE
+$ IP BAN*ALORE
+ 958. .404>24d
Tr.gg&r!:
A da2a=a.4 29-;;49 -. a .2594d PLRSQL /95;9a7 In-2 a..5>-a24d
8-23 a ./4>-6-> da2a=a.4 2a=04 O9a>04 4E4>I24. "6-94.) 234 da2a=a.4
29-;;49 aI257a2->a001 834n4J49 a ;-J4n SQL 5/49a2-5n a664>2. 234 2a=04
S5,In0-:4 .I=/95;9a7., 83->3 7I.2 =4 -nJ5:4d 4E/0->-201, da2a=a.4
29-;;49. a94 -nJ5:4d -7/0->-201 A75n; 52349 23-n;., 15I >an I.4
da2a=a.4 29-;;49. 25
aId-2 da2a 75d-6->a2-5n.
05; 4J4n2. 29an./a94n201
4n659>4 >57/04E =I.-n4.. 9I04.
d49-J4 >50I7n Ja0I4. aI257a2->a001
-7/0474n2 >57/04E .4>I9-21 aI2359-Sa2-5n.
7a-n2a-n 94/0->a24 2a=04.
CREATE TRI**ER L29-;;49na74F AFTER UPDATERINSERTRDELETE OF
LCOLUMN NAMEF ON LTABLENAMEF FOR EACH RO?
BE*IN
NNNNN
NNNNN
4E4>I2a=04 .2a2474n2.%
NNNNN
NNNNN
END%
DATABASE TRIGGERS
1 ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER ?HICH ?ILLN(T ALLO? THE USER TO
INSERT,UPDATE OR DELETE BET?EEN NI*HT , AND MORNIN* +
2 ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER ?HICH FIRES IF YOU TRY TO INSERT ,
UPDATE OR DELETE AFTER ,(O( CLOCK
# ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER BEFORE INSERTIN* VALUES ON TO
EMP TABLE IF DEPTNO DOES NOT EDIST IN DEPT THEN RAISE THE ERROR
' ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER TO ILLUSTRATE TABLE LEVEL AND
RO? LEVEL TRI**ERS
) ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER ?HICH ACTS &UST LIKE PRIMARY KEY
AND DOES NOT ALLO? DUPLICATE VALUE
+ CREATE A DATABASE TRI**ER ?HICH PERFORMS THE ACTION OF THE
ON DELETE CASCADE%
, ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER TO INSERT DISTINCT EMPLOYEE NUMBER TO
EMP TABLE "BEFORE INSERT)
G ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER TO UPDATE THE SAL FIELDIF SAL IS MORE
THAN )$$$ OR LESS THAN 1$$$ THEN RAISE THE ERROR"BEFORE UPDATE)
! ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER ?HERE ?HEN CONDITION IS SPECIFIED ?HEN
&OB IS MANA*ER THEN CHECK FOR SALARY IF SAL IS L1$$$ THEN
RAISE THE ERROR
1$ ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER ?HICH SHOULD NOT DELETE FROM EMP TABLE
IF THE DAY IS SUNDAY
11 ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER ?HICH SHOULD NOT ALLO? US TO UPDATE IF ?E
ARE DOIN* TRANSACTIONS IN LAST DAY OF THE MONTH
12 ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ERS ?HICH INSERTS THE EMPNO AND DEPTNO
INTO TEMP TABLE"AFTER INSERT)
1# ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER USIN* INSERTIN* AND UPDATIN* ?E SHOULD NOT
INSERT ON SUNDAY AND ?E SHOULD NOT UPDATE ON LAST DAY OF THE MONTH
1' UPDATE EMP TABLE AND CHAN*E OLD DEPTNO TO NE? DEPTNO IF OLD DEPTNO
IS 2$ THEN DELETE FROM DEPT ?HERE DEPTNO IS EQUAL TO NE? DEPTNO
1) ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER TO DELETE FROM DEPT TABLE AFTER DELETIN*
INSERT THE OLD VALUES TO A TABLE
1+ ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER ?HICH SHOULD NOT DELETE THE RO? IF THE
MONTH IS APRIL
1, ?RITE A DATABASE TRI**ER ?HICH FIRES BEFORE PERFORMIN* INSERT
OR UPDATE OPERATIONS IF THE &OB IS MANA*ER THEN HIS SALARY
SHOULD BE IN THE *RADE )ELSE RAISE THE APPLICATION ERROR
&' WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH WILLNET ALLOW THE USER TO
INSERT.UPDATE OR DELETE BETWEEN NIGHT 8 AND MORNING 7
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER *EETIME BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
OR DELETE ON EMP 659 4a>3 958
DECLARE
A VARCHAR2"1$)%
BE*IN
NN.404>2 25P>3a9".1.da24,(332'() -n25 a 6957 dIa0%
A:ATOPCHAR"SYSDATE,(HH2'()%
IF TOPNUMBER"A) F 1! OR TOPNUMBER"A) L , 234n
RAISEPAPPLICATIONPERROR"N2$)$$,(YOU CANT DO THIS OPERATION NO?()%
END IF%
END%
2'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH FIRES IF YOU TRY TO INSERT .UPDATE OR
DELETE AFTER 8EOE CLOC?
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER *EETIME BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR
DELETE ON EMP 659 4a>3 958
DECLARE
A VARCHAR2"1$)%
BE*IN
SELECT TOPCHAR"SYSDATE,(HH:MI() INTO A FROM DUAL%
IF A F ($+:$$( 234n
RAISEPAPPLICATIONPERROR"N2$)$$,(YOU CANT DO THIS OPERATION
NO?()%
END IF%
END%
2'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER BEFORE INSERTING VALUES ON TO
EMP TABLE IF DEPTNO DOES NOT E4IST IN DEPT THEN RAISE THE ERROR'
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER IEMP BEFORE INSERT ON EMP
FOR EACH RO?
DECLARE
A NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT COUNT"@) INTO A FROM DEPT ?HERE
DEPTNOA:NE?DEPTNO%
IF AA$ THEN
RAISEPAPPLICATIONPERROR"N2$#$$,(PARENT KEY IS NOT
EDISTIN*()%
ELSE
PRINT"(RECORD IS ALREADY INSERTED()%
END IF%
END%
OUTPUT OF THE DUERY IS AS BELOW
SQLF INSERT INTO EMP"EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES"2#,'')%
INSERT INTO EMP"EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES"2#,'')
@
ERROR a2 0-n4 1:
ORAN2$#$$: PARENT KEY IS NOT EDISTIN*
ORAN$+)12: a2 V*EETHAIEMPV, 0-n4 +
ORAN$'$GG: 49959 dI9-n; 4E4>I2-5n 56 29-;;49 (*EETHAIEMP(
@'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO ILLUSTRATE TABLE LEVEL AND
ROW LEVEL TRIGGERS'
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER UPTABLE BEFORE I/da24 ON EMP
BE*IN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(UPDATE ON TABLE IS FIRED()%
END%
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER UPRO? BEFORE UPDATE ON EMP
FOR EACH RO?
BE*IN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(UPDATE ON RO? IS FIRED()%
END%
5'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH ACTS =UST LI?E PRIMARY ?EY AND DOES
NOT
ALLOW DUPLICATE VALUES
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER PRIKEY BEFORE INSERT ON EMP
FOR EACH RO?
DECLARE
A NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT COUNT"@) INTO A FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOA:NE?EMPNO%
IF A FA1 THEN
RAISEPAPPLICATIONP4RROR"N2$)$$,(THE PRI KEY RULE IS
VOILATED()%
ELSIF AA$ THEN
PRINT"(RECORD IS INSERTED()%
END IF%
END%
SQLF INSERT INTO EMP"EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES",,GG,2$)%
INSERT INTO EMP"EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES",,GG,2$)
@
ERROR a2 0-n4 1:
ORAN2$)$$: THE PRI KEY RULE IS VOILATED
ORAN$+)12: a2 V*EETHAPRIKEYV, 0-n4 +
ORAN$'$GG: 49959 dI9-n; 4E4>I2-5n 56 29-;;49 (*EETHAPRIKEY(
SQLF INSERT INTO EMP"EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES",,,2$)%
1 958 >94a24d
5' CREATE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH PERFORMS THE ACTION OF THE
ON DELETE CASCADEF
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER DELDEPT
AFTER DELETE ON DEPT FOR EACH RO?
BE*IN
DELETE FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA:OLDDEPTNO%
PRINT"(RECORDS IN EMP ARE ALSO DELETED()%
END%
7'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO INSERT DISTINCT EMPLOYEE NUMBER TO
EMP TABLE (BEFORE INSERT)
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER PRIMPUNIQUE
BEFORE INSERT ON 47/ FOR EACH RO?
DECLARE
NO NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT NVL"MAD"EMPNO),$)H1 INTO NO FROM EMP%
:NE?EMPNO:ANO%
END%
8'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO UPDATE THE SAL FIELD'IF SAL IS MORE THAN
5 OR LESS THAN & THEN RAISE THE ERROR'(BEFORE UPDATE)'
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER CHECKPSAL BEFORE I/da24 ON 47/
FOR EACH RO?
BE*IN
-6 :n48.a0 L1$$$ 59 :n48.a0F)$$$ 234n
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$$$1,(>34>: .a0 ()%
4nd -6%
END%
;'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHERE WHEN CONDITION IS SPECIFIED'
WHEN =OB IS MANAGER THEN CHEC? FOR SALARY' IF SAL IS A& THEN
RAISE THE ERROR'
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER EMPNOPCHECK BEFORE INSERT ON 47/
FOR EACH RO? 834n "NE?<5=A(MANA*ER()
BE*IN
-6 :n48SALL1$$$ THEN
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$$$1,(PLEASE INCREASE THE SALARY ()%
4nd -6%
END%
<'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT DELETE FROM EMP TABLE IF
THE DAY IS SUNDAY'
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER EMPNOPCHECK
BEFORE DELETE ON 47/
BE*IN
-6 25P>3a9".1.da24,(dA1()A(SUNDAY( 234n
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$$$1,(TO DAY IS SUNDAY ()%
4nd -6%
END%
&'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT ALLOW US TO UPDATE IF WE
ARE DOING TRANSACTIONS IN LAST DAY OF THE MONTH
BEFORE UPDATE ON 47/
BE*IN
-6 25P>3a9".1.da24)ALASTPDAY"SYSDATE) 234n
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$$$1,(TO DAY IS LAST DAY OF MONTH()%
4nd -6%
END%
&&'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGERS WHICH INSERTS THE EMPNO AND DEPTNO
INTO TEMP TABLE(AFTER INSERT)
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER AFTERPINS
AFTER INSERT ON 47/
FOR EACH RO?
BE*IN
INSERT INTO TEMP"EMPNO,DEPTNO)VALUES":NE?EMPNO,:NE?DEPTNO)%
END%
&2'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER USING INSERTING AND UPDATING WE SHOULD NOT
INSERT ON SUNDAY AND WE SHOULD NOT UPDATE ON LAST DAY OF THE MONTH'
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON 47/
FOR EACH RO?
BE*IN
IF INSERTIN* THEN
-6 25P>3a9".1.da24,(d1()A(75n( 234n
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$$$1,(TO DAY IS SUNDAY ()%
4nd -6%
4nd -6%
IF UPDATIN* THEN
-6 25P>3a9".1.da24)ALASTPDAY"SYSDATE) 234n
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$$$1,(TO DAY IS MONTHY
LAST DAY .5 n5 I/da2-n; ()%
4nd -6%
END IF%
END%
&@'UPDATE EMP TABLE AND CHANGE OLD DEPTNO TO NEW DEPTNO' IF OLD DEPTNO
IS 2 THEN DELETE FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO IS EDUAL TO NEW DEPTNO
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER AFTERPUPDATE
AFTER UPDATE ON EMP
FOR EACH RO?
BE*IN
IF :OLDDEPTNOA2$ THEN
DELETE FROM DEPT ?HERE DEPTNOA:NE?DEPTNO%
END IF%
END%
&5'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER TO DELETE FROM DEPT TABLE 'AFTER DELETING
INSERT THE OLD VALUES TO A TABLE'
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER AFTERPd40424
AFTER d40424 ON DEPT
FOR EACH RO?
BE*IN
-n.492 -n25 d4/21 Ja0I4.":50dd4/2n5,:50ddna74,:50d05>)%
END%
&5'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH SHOULD NOT DELETE THE ROW
IF THE MONTH IS APRIL'
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER 75n23PCHECK
BEFORE DELETE ON 47/
BE*IN
-6 25P>3a9".1.da24,(75n23()A(<I01( 234n
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$$$1,(23-. 75n23 -. 350-da1 ()%
4nd -6%
END%
&7'WRITE A DATABASE TRIGGER WHICH FIRES BEFORE PERFORMING INSERT OR
UPDATE OPERATIONS' IF THE =OB IS MANAGER THEN HIS SALARY SHOULD BE
IN THE GRADE 5'ELSE RAISE THE APPLICATION ERROR'
>94a24 59 94/0a>4 29-;;49 <5=;9ad4
=46594 -n.492 59 I/da24 56 &OB,SAL 5n 47/
659 4a>3 958
834n "n48<5=A(MANA*ER()
d4>0a94
05 nI7=49%
3- nI7=49%
=4;-n
.404>2 05.a0,3-.a0 -n25 05,3- 6957 .a0;9ad4 83494 ;9ad4A)%
-6 :n48.a0F05 and :n48.a0L3- 234n
/9-n2"(-n.492 .I>>4..()%
40.4
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$)$$,(IN.492 5/49a2-5n n52 a00584d()%
4nd -6%
4nd%
E4TRA INFORMATION FOR MISS'MG
>94a24 59 94/0a>4 29-;;49 da1.
=46594 d40424 5n 47/
d4>0a94
a nI7=49:A25PnI7=49"25P>3a9".1.da24,(d()) %
dI771 Ja9>3a9"2$)%
=4;-n
-6 NOT a -n"1,+) 234n
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$$$2,(25da1 n5 29an.a>2-5n()%
40.4
=4;-n
.404>2 I.49 -n25 dI771 6957 dIa0%
-6 dI771 LF(;4423a( 234n
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$$$',(NOT A PROPER USER()%
40.4
d="(a /95/49 I.49 ()%
4nd -6%
4nd%
4nd -6%
4nd%
d4>0a94
dI771 Ja9>3a9"2$)%
=4;-n
.404>2 I.49 -n25 dI771 6957 dIa0%
-6 dI771 LF(*EETHA( 234n
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$$$2,(25da1 n5 29an.a>2-5n()%
40.4
d="(a /95/49 I.49 ()%
4nd -6%
4E>4/2-5n
834n n5Pda2aP65Ind 234n
d="(n5 da2a 65Ind()%
4nd%
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER T2 BEFORE INSERT ON EMP FOR EACH RO?
DECLARE
A NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT COUNT"@) INTO A FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA:NE?DEPTNO%
IF AFA1 THEN
RAISEPAPPLICATIONPERROR"N2$1$1,(PRIMARY KEY VIOLATION()%
ELSE
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(VALUE INSERTED()%
END IF%
END%
AFTER DELETE ON DEPT
FOR EACH RO?
BE*IN
DELETE EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA:OLDDEPTNO%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(SDFSDF()%
END%
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER CHECKPSAL
BEFORE I/da24 ON 47/
FOR EACH RO?
BE*IN
-6 :n48.a0 L1$$$ 59 :n48.a0F)$$$ 234n
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$$$1,(>34>: .a0 ()%
4nd -6%
END%
EDCEPTION
NNNNNNNNN
PRENDEFINED :
NNNNNNNNNNN
NOPDATAPFOUND
TOOPMANYPRO?S
VALUEPERROR A NUMBER"#) A:A1$$$%
INVALIDPNUMBER A NUMBER A:A(DDD(
CURSORPALREADYPOPEN
INVALIDPCURSOR
TEROPERROR 1$$R$
STORA*EPERROR
PRO*RAMPERROR
LO*INPDENIED
DUPPVALPINDED VIOLATIN* UNIQUE
USERNDEFINED EDCEPTION
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
VALUEPERROR:
NNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
S1 NUMBER%
BE*IN
A:A1$$$%
SELECT SAL INTO S1 FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOA,$$%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"S1)%
EDCEPTION
?HEN NOPDATAPFOUND THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(NO SUCH EMPLOYEE()%
?HEN VALUEPERROR THEN
A:A1$$%
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALHA%
END%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
USERNDEFINED EDCEPTION
DECLARE
A1 EDCEPTION%
S1 EMPSALOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL INTO S1 FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOA,!$$%
RAISE A1%
EDCEPTION
?HEN A1 THEN
UPDATE EMP SET SALAS1H2$$$ ?HERE EMPNOA,!$$%
END%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
RAD NUMBER%
AREA2 NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT RADIUS,AREA INTO RAD,AREA2 FROM TEST1 ?HERE RADIUS IN"1$,2$)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"RADQQAREA2)%
EDCEPTION
?HEN TOOPMANYPRO?S THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(TOO MANY RO?S()%
END%
1
?RITE A FUCTION TO DISPLAY THE SYSTEM TIME AND THE CORRESPONDIN*
PLRSQL BLOCK
2
"STORED FUNCTION)
?RITE A FUNCTION TO DISPLAY THE &OB ?HEN THE NUMBER IS PASSED
?RITE A FUNCTION TO ACCEPT NAME AND PRINT &OB
#
?RITE A FUCTION TO ADD 2 NUMBERS
"STORED FUNCTION)
?RITE A FUNCTION TO CHECK ?HETHER NUMBER IS EVEN OR ODD
'
"LOCAL FUNCTION)
?RITE A FUNCTION TO *ET SALARY ?HEN NUMBER IS PASSED
)
?RITE A FUNCTION TO ILLUSTRATE IN OUT PARAMETERS
+
EDAMPLE FOR IN PARAMETER
,
?RITE A FUNCTION TO ILLUSTRATE OUT PARAMETER
?RITE A FUNCTION TO DISPLAY NAME,&OB AND SALARY ?HEN NUMBER IS
PASSED
G
IF ANNSALF1$$$$ TAD IS 1$O
IF ANNSALF1)$$$ TAD IS 2$O
IF ANNSALF2$$$$ INCOME TAD IS #$O
ELSE
INCOME TAD IS TERO
!
?RITE A FUNCTION TO FIND THE FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER
1$
?RITE A BLOCK TO CALCULATE *ROSS SALARY ?HEN NUMBER IS PASSED
*ROSSABASICHHRA"#$O)HDA")$O)NPF"1$O)
11
?RITE A FUNCTION TO RETURN THE AVERA*E SALARY OF THE
EMPLOYEESIF THE
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ARE MORE THAN 2 THEN ONLY CALCULATE THE
AVERA*E
12
89-24 a /0R.K0 =05>: 25 d40424 a 94>59d I6 d40424 5/49a2-5n
-.
.I>>4..6I0 942I9n 1 40.4 942I9n $
1#
89-24 a /0R.K0 =05>: 25 /a.. 234 47/05144 nI7=49 and 234
-n>9474n2
a75In2FUNCTION SHOULD RETURN THE NET SALARY
1'
89-24 a /0R.K0 =05>: 25 -00I.29a24 d46aI02 a. -n /a9a74249
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@@@@@@@
FUNCTIONS
~~~~~~~~~
1
?RITE A FUCTION TO DISPLAY THE SYSTEM TIME AND THE CORRESPONDIN*
PLRSQL BLOCK
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION TIME1
RETURN VARCHAR IS
TIM VARCHAR"1$)%
BE*IN
SELECT TOPCHAR"SYSDATE,(HH:MI:SS() INTO TIM FROM DUAL%
RETURN TIM%
END%
DECLARE
AB VARCHAR"#$)%
BE*IN
AB:ATIME1%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"AB)%
END%
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
P
2"STORED FUNCTION)
?RITE A FUNCTION TO DISPLAY THE &OB ?HEN THE NUMBER IS PASSED
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION SAL "N NUMBER)
RETURN VARCHAR IS
DESI* EMP&OBOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT &OB INTO DESI* FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAN%
RETURN DESI*%
END%
SELECT SAL"MN) FROM DUAL%
IF YOU *IVE THE VALUE FOR N IMMEDIATELY VALUE ?ILL BE DISPLAYED
DECLARE
A VARCHAR"1$)%
BE*IN
A:ASAL"MEMPNO)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"A)%
END%
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
?RITE A FUNCTION TO ACCEPT NAME AND PRINT &OB
S
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN"N VARCHAR2)
RETURN VARCHAR2 IS
& VARCHAR2"1$)%
BE*IN
SELECT &OB INTO & FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEAN%
RETURN &%
END%
D4>0a94
A Ja9>3a92"2))%
B Ja9>3a92"2))%
B4;-n
A:A 6In"M=)%
D=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"a)%
End%
P
#"STORED FUNCTION)
?RITE A FUNCTION TO CHECK ?HETHER NUMBER IS EVEN OR ODD
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION EVPODD"N NUMBER)
RETURN VARCHAR IS
BE*IN
IF MOD"N,2)A$ THEN
RETURN"(NUMBER IS EVEN()%
ELSE
RETURN"(NUMBER IS ODD()%
END IF%
END%
DECLARE
NOPTEST NUMBER:AMNOPTEST%
MES VARCHAR"2))%
BE*IN
MES:AEVPODD"NOP2EST)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"MES)%
END%
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ADD1"N1 NUMBER,N2 NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER IS
RES NUMBER%
BE*IN
RES:AN1HN2%
RETURN RES%
END%
SELECT ADD1"2,#) FROM DUAL%
OR
YOU CAN ALSO HAVE A PLRSQL BLOCK TO EDECUTE THE FUNCTION
P
'"LOCAL FUNCTION)
?RITE A FUNCTION TO *ET SALARY ?HEN NUMBER IS PASSED
DECLARE
A NUMBER%
FUNCTION F1"N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER
IS
SALARY EMPSALOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL INTO SALARY FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAN%
RETURN SALARY%
END%
BE*IN
A:AF1"MN)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"A)%
END%
P
)
?RITE A FUNCTION TO ILLUSTRATE IN OUT PARAMETERS
>94a24 59 94/0a>4 6In>2-5n FUN"n IN OUT nI7=49) 942I9n nI7=49 IS
BE*IN
N:ANH1$%
RETURN N%
END%
d4>0a94
n1 nI7=49 :A1$%
n2 nI7=49%
=4;-n
n2 :A6In"n1)%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"n2)%
4nd%
P
+
EDAMPLE FOR IN PARAMETER
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN1"N IN NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER IS
SALARY NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL INTO SALARY FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAN%
RETURN SALARY%
END%
DECLARE
SALARY NUMBER",,2)%
BE*IN
SALARY:AFUN1",,GG)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"SALARY)%
END%
P
,
NN?RITE A FUNCTION TO ILLUSTRATE OUT PARAMETER
NN?RITE A FUNCTION TO DISPLAY NAME,&OB AND SALARY ?HEN NUMBER IS PASSED
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN)"DESI* EMPEMPNOOTYPE,SALARY OUT
EMPSALOTYPE,
S OUT EMP&OBOTYPE)
RETURN VARCHAR2 IS
NAME VARCHAR"#$)%
BE*IN
SELECT ENAME,&OB,SAL INTO NAME,S,SALARY FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOADESI*%
RETURN NAME%
EDCEPTION
?HEN OTHERS THEN
RETURN "(ERROR()%
END%
DECLARE
A EMPEMPNOOTYPE:AMEMPNO%
B VARCHAR"#$)%
C VARCHAR"#$)%
D NUMBER"G,2)%
BE*IN
B:AFUN)"A,D,C)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"AQQ( (QQBQQ( (QQCQQ( (QQd)%
END%
OUTPUT OF THE QUERY IS
En249 Ja0I4 659 47/n5: ,!$$
50d 2: A EMPEMPNOOTYPE:AMEMPNO%
n48 2: A EMPEMPNOOTYPE:A,!$$%
C577-2 >57/0424
,!$$ &AMES CLERK !)$
P

G
IF ANNSALF1$$$$ TAD IS 1$O
IF ANNSALF1)$$$ TAD IS 2$O
IF ANNSALF2$$$$ INCOME TAD IS #$O
ELSE
INCOME TAD IS TERO
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION INCOMETAD"N NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER IS
SC NUMBER%
ANN NUMBER%
IT NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT SALHNVL"COMM,$) INTO SC FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAN%
ANN:ASC@12%
IF ANNF1$$$$ AND ANNL1)$$$ THEN
IT:AANN@$1%
ELSIF ANNF1)$$$ AND ANNL2$$$$ THEN
IT:AANN@$2%
ELSIF ANNF2$$$$ THEN
IT:AANN@$#%
ELSE
IT:A$%
END IF%
RETURN IT%
END%
DECLARE
IT NUMBER%
BE*IN
IT:AINCOMETAD"MEMPNO)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(INCOME TAD OF THE EMPLOYEE IS()%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"IT)%
END%
P
!
NN?RITE A FUNCTION TO FIND THE FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FACT" N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
F NUMBER:A1%
BE*IN
FOR I IN 1N LOOP
F:AF@I%
END LOOP%
RETURN F%
END%
DECLARE
RESULT NUMBER%
N NUMBER:AMN%
BE*IN
RESULT:A FACT"N)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(FACTORIAL OF(QQ N QQ (IS(QQRESULT)%
END%
OR
SELECT FACT"') FROM DUAL%
P
1$
?RITE A BLOCK TO CALCULATE *ROSS SALARY ?HEN NUMBER IS PASSED
*ROSSABASICHHRA"#$O)HDA")$O)NPF"1$O)
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION *ROSS"N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
S NUMBER%
HRA NUMBER%
DA NUMBER%
PF NUMBER%
;95.. NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL INTO S FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAN%
HRA:AS@$#%
DA:AS@$)%
PF:AS@$1%
;95..:ASHHRAHDANPF%
RETURN ;95..%
END%
DECLARE
*ROSS1 NUMBER%
ENO NUMBER:AMEMPNO%
SALARY NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL INTO SALARY FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAENO%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(BEFORE FUNCTION CALL SALARY IS(QQ( (QQSALARY)%
*ROSS1:A*ROSS"ENO)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(AFTER FUNCTION CALL SALARY IS(QQ( (QQ*ROSS1)%
END%
OR
SQLF SELECT *ROSS",!#') FROM DUAL%
*ROSS",!#')
NNNNNNNNNNN
221$
P
11
?RITE A FUNCTION TO RETURN THE AVERA*E SALARY OF THE
EMPLOYEESIF THE
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ARE MORE THAN 2 THEN ONLY CALCULATE THE
AVERA*E
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION AVSAL"N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
CO1 NUMBER%
A* NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT COUNT"@) INTO CO1 FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOAN%
IF NF2 THEN
SELECT AV*"SAL) INTO A* FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOAN%
END IF%
RETURN A*%
END%
DECLARE
N NUMBER:AMDEPTNO%
ASAL NUMBER%
BE*IN
ASAL:AAVSAL"N)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"(AVERA*E SALARY OF DEPTNO(QQ( (QQNQQ( IS
(QQASAL)%
END%
P
12
NN89-24 a /0R.K0 =05>: 25 d40424 a 94>59d I6 d40424 5/49a2-5n
NNIS.I>>4..6I0 942I9n 1 40.4 942I9n $
>94a24 59 94/0a>4 6In>2-5n 6In#"n 47/47/n5O21/4) 942I9n nI7=49 -.
a nI7=49%
=4;-n
d40424 6957 47/ 83494 47/n5An%
-6 .K0O65Ind 234n
942I9n 1%
40.4
942I9n $%
4nd -6%
NN4E>4/2-5n
NN834n n5Pda2aP65Ind 234n
NN942I9n 1$$%
4nd%
d4>0a94
n nI7=49%
=4;-n
n:A6In#"M47/n5)%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2PL-n4"n)%
-6 nA$ 234n
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"(d4042-5n In.I>>4..6I00()%
40.-6 nA1 234n
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"(d4042-5n .I>>4..6I00()%
4nd -6%
4nd%
P
1#
89-24 a /0R.K0 =05>: 25 /a.. 234 47/05144 nI7=49 and 234 -n>9474n2
a75In2 FUNCTION SHOULD RETURN THE NET SALARY
>94a24 59 94/0a>4 6In>2-5n 9a-.4P.a0"4n5 nI7=49,-n>94 nI7=49)
942I9n nI7=49 -.
a nI7=49%
=4;-n
.404>2 >5In2"@) -n25 a 6957 47/ 83494 47/n5A4n5%
-6 aA$ 234n
9a-.4Pa//0->a2-5nP49959"N2$#$$,(47/05144 d54. n52 4E-.2()%
40.4
I/da24 47/ .42 .a0A.a0H-n>94 83494 47/n5A4n5%
.404>2 .a0 -n25 a 6957 47/ 83494 47/n5A4n5%
4nd -6%
942I9n a%
4nd%
d4>0a94
n42.a0 nI7=49%
=4;-n
n42.a0:A9a-.4P.a0"M47/n5,M.a0a91)%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"(N42 .a0a91 -.(QQ( (QQn42.a0)%
4nd%
P
1'
89-24 a /0R.K0 =05>: 25 -00I.29a24 d46aI02 a. -n /a9a74249
>94a24 59 94/0a>4 6In>2-5n d46"n nI7=49 d46aI02 ,#+!) 942I9n nI7=49
-.
.a0a91 47/.a0O21/4%
=4;-n
.404>2 .a0 -n25 .a0a91 6957 47/ 83494 47/n5An%
942I9n .a0a91%
4nd%
.404>2 d46 6957 dIa0%
P
6In>2-5n. : 1) .-n;04 958 6In>2-5n.
2) 7I02-/04 958 6In>2-5n.";95I/)"a;;94;a24)
S-n;04 958 6In>2-5n.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1) ARITHMETIC
2) CHARACTER
#) *ENERAL
') DATE
)) CONVERSION
1 ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
AB.
>4-0"Fn)
60559"Ln)
75d
/5849
.-;n
.K92
29In>
95Ind
"SIN,COS,TAN,SINH,LO*,LN)
2 CHARACTER FUNCTIONS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
INITCAP
LO?ER
UPPER
LPAD
RPAD
SOUNDED
LTRIM
RTRIM
SUBSTR
LEN*TH
INSTR
CONCAT
# *ENERAL FUNCTIONS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
NVL
DECODE
TRANSLATE
REPLACE
*REATEST
LEAST
' DATE FUNCTIONS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SYSDATE
ADDPMONTHS
MONTHSPBET?EEN
LASTPDAY
NEDTPDAY
) CONVERSION FUNCTIONS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TOPDATE
TOPCHAR
TOPNUMBER
*ROUP FUNCTIONS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
COUNT
SUM
MAD
MIN
AV*
SYMBOL DEFINITION
~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
D NUMBER OF DAY IN ?EEK"1N, STARTS ?ITH SUNDAY)
DD DAY IN NUMBERS
DDD NUMBER OF DAYS SINCE &AN1
DAY DAY FULLY SPELT OUT
DY FIRST # CHARACTERS OF THE DAY
MM MONTH IN NUMBERS
MONTH MONTH FULLY SPELT OUT
MON MONTH IN # LETTERS
?? NUMBER OF ?EEKS OVER SINCE &AN 1
? NUMBER OF ?EEKS OVER IN THAT MONTH
Y 1 DI*IT YEAR
YY 2 DI*IT YEAR
YYY # DI*IT YEAR
YYYY ' DI*IT YEAR
YEAR YEAR FULLY SPELT OUT
HH HOUR
MI MINUTES
SS SECONDS
SSSS MILLISECONDS
HH2' 2' HOUR FORMAT
HH12 12 HOUR FORMAT
FMDDTH 1ST,2ND,#RD NNNN"ORDINAL FORMAT)
RM ROMAN NUMERAL MONTH
FMDDSPTH SPELLED FORMAT "FIRST, SECOND, THIRD)
*ROUP BY AND HAVIN* CLAUSE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1) NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES DEPTNO?ISE
2) SUM OF SALARIES DEPTNO?ISE
#) NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES &OB?ISE
') SUM,MAD,MIN AND AV* OF SAL &OB?ISE
)) AV*"SAL) DEPTNO?ISE ?ITH SALF'$$$
KI491 25 .404>2 n23 94>59d
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
QI491 25 d40424 n23 94>59d
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
d40424 6957 47/ 83494 958-d -n
"
.404>2 958-d 6957 47/ 83494 958nI7LAMn
7-nI.
.404>2 958-d 6957 47/ 83494 958nI7LAMnN1)%
HBN
.404>2 @ 6957 47/ 83494 958-d -n
"
.404>2 958-d 6957 47/ 83494 958nI7LAMn
7-nI.
.404>2 958-d 6957 47/ 83494 958nI7LAMnN1)%
d-./0a1 n 94>59d. -n =42844n
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CORRECT QUERY
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SELECT RO?NUM,RO?ID,ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE RO?NUMLAMN
MINUS
SELECT RO?NUM,RO?ID,ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE RO?NUMLAMN
"TRIALS)
~~~~~~~~~
.404>2 958nI7,958-d,47/n5,4na74,<5= FROM EMP A ?HERE RO?ID IN
"
"SELECT RO?ID FROM EMP ?HERE RO?NUM LA
"SELECT COUNT"@)NMN FROM EMP)) 7-nI.
".404>2 958-d 6957 47/ 83494 958nI7LA
".404>2 >5In2"@) NMn 6957 47/))
)%
"SECOND TRIAL)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.404>2 958nI7,958-d,47/n5,4na74,<5= FROM EMP A ?HERE RO?ID IN
"
"SELECT RO?ID FROM EMP ?HERE RO?NUM L
"SELECT COUNT"@)NMN FROM EMP)) 7-nI.
".404>2 958-d 6957 47/ 83494 958nI7LA
".404>2 >5In2"@) NMn 6957 47/))
)%
"THIRD TRIAL)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DELETE FROM EMP A ?HERE RO?ID IN
"
" SELECT RO?ID FROM EMP ?HERE RO?NUMLAMN)
MINUS
"SELECT RO?ID FROM EMP ?HERE RO?NUMLAMN)
)%
DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES ?HOSE &OB IS
SAME AS THAT OF &ONES
1 D-./0a1 234 D42a-0. 56 a00 E7/05144. a05n; 8-23 234-9
D4/a9274n2 In6597a2-5n
.404>2 4@ ,ddna74,dd4/2n5,d05>
6957 47/ 4,d4/2 d
83494 4d4/2n5Add4/2n5%
2 D-./0a1 234 D42a-0. 56 a00 E7/05144. 835 a94 *422-n; Sa0a91
*94a249 23an 234 Sa0a91 56 ADAMS
.404>2 a4na74,a.a0,=4na74,=.a0
6957 47/ a,47/ =
83494 a4na74A(FORD( AND BSALFASAL%
SELECT ENAME,SAL,&OB
FROM EMP
?HERE SALF"SELECT SAL FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEA(ADAMS()%
# D-./0a1 234 d42a-0. 56 a00 47/05144. 835 a94 <5-n4d =46594 (FORD(
SELECT AENAME,ASAL,AHIREDATE,BENAME,BSAL,BHIREDATE
FROM EMP A,EMP B
?HERE AENAMEA(FORD( AND BHIREDATELAHIREDATE%
SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE HIREDATE L"SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEA(FORD()%
' D-./0a1 234 d42a-0. 56 a00 234 47/05144. 835 a94 <5-n4d A6249 SMITH
2 BI2 B46594 M-0049
SELECT AENAME,AHIREDATE ,BHIREDATE,CHIREDATE
FROM EMP A,EMP B,EMP C
?HERE BENAMEA(SMITH( AND CENAMEA(MILLER( AND
AHIREDATEF BHIREDATE AND AHIREDATELCHIREDATE%
SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE HIREDATE
F"SELECT HIREDATE FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEA(SMITH() AND
HIREDATE L"SELECT HIREDATE FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEA(MILLER()%
) D-./0a1 234 D42a-0. 56 a00 47/05144. a05n; 8-23 234-9 7ana;49. Na74
AND
E7/05144 NI7=49
SELECT AEMPNO,AENAME,A&OB,B&OBVREPORTV,BENAME VREPNAMEV
FROM EMP A ,EMP B
?HERE AM*RABEMPNO%
+ D-./0a1 234 D42a-0. 56 a00 47/05144. 859:-n; -n 234 .a74 D4/a9274n2
a. (FORD(
.404>2 @ 6957 47/ 83494 d4/2n5A".404>2 d4/2n5 6957 47/
83494 4na74A(FORD()%
.404>2 a4na74,a.a0,a<5=,ad4/2n5
6957 47/ a,47/ =
83494 ad4/2n5A=d4/2n5 and =4na74A(FORD(%
, D-./0a1 234 d42a-0. 56 a00 234 47/05144. 835 a94 *422-n; 234 L4..
>577-.-5n 23an (FORD( C5n.-d49 NULL >577-.-5n a. ($(
SQLF SELECT AENAME,ACOMM,BCOMM,BENAME
2 FROM EMP A,EMP B
# ?HERE NVL"ACOMM,$) FNVL"BCOMM,$) AND BENAMEA(FORD(%
ENAME COMM COMM ENAME
NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN
ALLEN #$$ FORD
?ARD )$$ FORD
MARTIN 1'$$ FORD
SELECT a4na74 59-na74,a>577 59->577,
=4na74,=>577 6957 47/ a,47/ =
?HERE ACOMM L BCOMM AND BENAMEA(MARTIN(%
SELECT a4na74 59-na74,a>577 59->577,
=4na74,=>577 6957 47/ a,47/ =
83494 NVL"a>577,$)LNVL"=>577,$) and =4na74A(MARTIN(%
G D-./0a1 234 d42a-0. 56 a00 234 47/05144. 659 8357 234 F59d -.
234 Mana;49
SELECT AENAME ACTUALNAME,ASAL,A&OB,BENAME REPORTSTO ,BSAL,
B&OB
FROM EMP A,EMP B ?HERE BENAMEA(FORD( AND AM*RABEMPNO%
! D-./0a1 234 D42a-0. 56 a00 234 47/05144. 835 a94 <5-n4d -n 234
.a74 75n23 56 FORD
SELECT AENAME,AHIREDATE,BENAME,BHIREDATE
FROM EMP A,EMP B
?HERE BENAMEA(FORD( AND TOPCHAR"AHIREDATE,(MONTH()A
TOPCHAR"BHIREDATE,(MONTH()%
1$ D-./0a1 234 d42a-0. 56 a00 234 47/05144. 835 a94 -n 234
SALES D4/a9274n2
SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA"SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT ?HERE DNAMEA(SALES()%
SELECT AENAME,ADEPTNO,A&OB,BDEPTNO,BDNAME
FROM EMP A,DEPT B ?HERE BDNAMEA(SALES( AND
ADEPTNOABDEPTNO%
11 D-./0a1 234 d42a-0. 56 a00 234 47/05144. 835 a94 n52 ANALYSTS
and *422-n; Sa0a91 *944a249 23an (CLARK(%

SELECT AENAME,A&OB,ASAL,BENAME,BSAL,B&OB
FROM EMP A,EMP B
?HERE A&OBWA(ANALYST( AND ASAL FBSAL AND
BENAMEA(CLARK(%
SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE &OB NOT IN (ANALYST( AND
SAL F "SELECT SAL FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEA(CLARK()%
12 D-./0a1 A00 234 47/05144 Na74. a05n; 8-23 234-9 Mana;49
SELECT AEMPNO,AENAME,A&OB,BENAME MANA*ER,B&OB REPORTIN*
FROM EMP A,EMP B
?HERE AM*RABEMPNO%

1# D-./0a1 234 Na74. 56 a00 234 47/05144. 835 a94 a00 ;422-n; 234
.a0a91 *94a249 23an 234 .a0a91 56 (SMITH(
SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE SAL F"SELECT SAL FROM EMP
?HERE ENAMEA(SMITH()%
SELECT AENAME,A&OB,ASAL,BENAME,BSAL
FROM EMP A,EMP B
?HERE BENAMEA(SMITH( AND ASAL F BSAL%
1' D-./0a1 234 Na74. 56 a00 234 47/05144. 835 a94 a00 ;422-n; 234
.a0a91 *94a249 23an 234 .a0a91 56 (SMITH( a05n; 8-23 234
d-66494n>4 -n .a0a91
SELECT AENAME,A&OB,ASAL,BENAME,BSAL,ASALNBSAL
FROM EMP A,EMP B
?HERE BENAMEA(SMITH( AND ASALFBSAL %
1) D-./0a1 234 d42a-0. 56 a00 234 47/05144. 835.4 .a0 -. ;94a249
23an 234 aJ49a;4 .a0a91 56 234 47/05144. -n 234-9
94./4>2-J4 d4/a974n2.
SELECT @ FROM EMP A
?HERE SAL F " SELECT AV*"SAL) FROM EMP B
?HERE ADEPTNOABDEPTNO )%
1+ ?RITE A QUERY TO PRINT THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE
SELECT MR QQ (@(QQ( ( QQLPAD"RO?NUM,',( ()QQ( A (QQ MR @ RO?NUM
FROM EMP ?HERE RO?NUM LA 1$%
1, LIST FOLLO?IN* DETAILS FOR EMPLOYEES ?HO EARN #+$$$RN A YEAR
OR ARE CLERKS
SELECT AENAME,A&OB,ASAL@12,BDNAME
FROM EMP A,DEPT B
?HERE ADEPTNOABDEPTNO AND ASAL@12F#$$$$
OR ADEPTNOABDEPTNO AND A&OBA(CLERK(%
1G

.404>2 4na74,.a0,
d4>5d4".a0,04a.2".a0,1$$$),(L1$$$(,
;94a24.2"04a.2".a0,2$$$)),(F1$$$ and L2$$$(,
;94a24.2"04a.2".a0,#$$$)),(F2$$$ and L#$$$() 6957 47/%
ENAME SAL DECODE"SAL,LEAS
NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
SMITH G$$ L1$$$
ALLEN 1+$$ F1$$$ and L2$$$
?ARD 12)$ F1$$$ and L2$$$
&ONES 2!,) F2$$$ and L#$$$
MARTIN 12)$ F1$$$ and L2$$$
BLAKE 2G)$ F2$$$ and L#$$$
CLARK 2')$ F2$$$ and L#$$$
SCOTT #$$$ F2$$$ and L#$$$
KIN* )$$$
TURNER 1)$$ F1$$$ and L2$$$
ADAMS 11$$ F1$$$ and L2$$$
&AMES !)$ L1$$$
FORD #$$$ F2$$$ and L#$$$
MILLER 1#$$ F1$$$ and L2$$$
R@SILLY@R
.404>2 .a0,>5In2"@) aa,
d4>5d4".a0,04a.2".a0,1$$$),(L1$$$(,
;94a24.2"04a.2".a0,2$$$)),(F1$$$ and L2$$$(,
;94a24.2"04a.2".a0,#$$$)),(F2$$$ and L#$$$() 6957 47/ ;95I/ =1
d4>5d4".a0,04a.2".a0,1$$$),(L1$$$(,
;94a24.2"04a.2".a0,2$$$)),(F1$$$ and L2$$$(,
;94a24.2"04a.2".a0,#$$$)),(F2$$$ and L#$$$(),.a0%
OR
SELECT SAL,DECODE"FLOOR"SALR1$$$),$,(L1$$$(,1,(F 1$$$ AND L 2$$$(,
#,(F2$$$ AND L #$$$(,(F #$$$() FROM EMP%
OR
"SAN&AYA)
SELECT SAL,DECODE"*REATEST"SAL,1$$$),1$$$,(L 1$$$(,
LEAST"SAL,2$$$), ( F 1$$$ AND L 2$$$(,
LEAST"SAL,#$$$), (F 2$$$ AND L #$$$(,
LEAST"SAL,'$$$),( A #$$$(,( F #$$$ () FROM EMP%
1! d-./0a1 234 d42a-0. 56 a00 234 47/05144. 835.4 .a0a91 -. 4KIa0 25
9an;4 a. ./4>-6-4d -n ;9ad4 )
.404>2 .a0 6957 47/ 83494 .a0 F
".404>2 05.a0 6957 .a0;9ad4 83494 ;9ad4A)) and
.a0L ".404>2 3-.a0 6957 .a0;9ad4 83494 ;9ad4A))%
2$ CREATE A SEQUENCE AND *ENERATE SOME NUMBERS INSERT THESE NUMBERS
INTO THE TABLE BY CONCATENATIN* IT ?ITH E
>94a24 .4KI4n>4 .1
.2a92 8-23 1
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START ?ITH <5= A (PRESIDENT(
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P
END OF REPORT
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ORACLE ?ORKSHEET QUESTIONS
I QUESTIONS BASED ON DATA DEFINITION LAN*UA*E COMMANDS :

1: CREATE A TABLE EMP AND DEPT USIN* THE FOLLO?IN* INFORMATION:N
a DEPT :
COLUMN NAME DATATYPE"SITE)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNN
DEPTNO NUMBER"2)
DNAME VARCHAR2"1')
LOC VARCHAR2"1#)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
=EMP:
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNN
EMPNO NUMBER"')
ENAME VARCHAR2"1$)
&OB VARCHAR2"!)
M*R NUMBER"')
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER",,2)
COMM NUMBER",,2)
DEPTNO NUMBER"2)
2: CHECK THE DEFAULT SITE OF A NUMBER,CHAR AND DATE DATATYPES
#: DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF THE DEPT TABLE AND EMP TABLE
': ADD T?O COLUMNS TO THE TABLE EMP ?ITH THE FOLLO?IN*
INFORMATION IN ONE SIN*LE ALTER COMMAND :N
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
SED CHAR"1)
PLACE CHAR"1))
): MODIFY THE COLUMN &OB PRESENT IN THE EMP TABLE
?ITH THE FOLLO?IN* INFORMATION *IVEN BELO? :N
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
&OB VARCHAR2"1))
+: MODIFY THE COLUMN ENAME PRESENT IN THE EMP TABLE
?ITH THE FOLLO?IN* INFORMATION *IVEN BELO? :N
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
ENAME CHAR"1))
,: DECREASE THE SITE FOR THE COLUMN EMPNO ?ITH THE FOLLO?IN*
INFORMATION :N
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
EMPNO NUMBER"2)

G: MODIFY THE COLUMN NAME OF EMPNO TO EMPLOYEEPNUMBER PRESENT
IN THE EMP TABLE VERIFY THE RESULT
!: ADD A NE? COLUMN NATIONALITY PLACED BET?EEN &OB AND M*R
COLUMNS
AND VERIFY THE RESULT

1$: DROP THE TABLE DEPT AND EMP
11: ?HAT IS THE DATA TYPE OF THE COLUMN HIREDATE AND HO? MANY BYTES
IT OCCUPIES
QUESTIONS BASED ON CONSTRAINTS :
12: CREATE A TABLE EMP AND DEPT USIN* THE FOLLO?IN* INFORMATIOM

a DEPT :
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNN
DEPTNO NUMBER"2)CONSTRAINT PKPDEPTNO
PRIMARY
KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2"1')
LOC VARCHAR2"1#)
EMP :
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNN
EMPNO NUMBER"')CONSTRAINT PKPEMPNO
PRIMARY
KEY,
ENAME VARCHAR2"1$)CONSTRAINT UQPENAME
UNIQUE,
&OB VARCHAR2"!),
M*R NUMBER"'),
HIREDATE DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE,
SAL NUMBER",,2)CONSTRAINT CKPSAL
CHECK"SALF$) NNPSAL NOT NULL,
COMM NUMBER",,2),
DEPTNO NUMBER"2)CONSTRAINT FKPDEPTNO
REFERENCES DEPT"DEPTNO)
1#: SELECT ALL THE CONSTRAINTS IN EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT @ FROM USERPCONSTRAINTS ?HERE TABLEPNAMEA(EMP(%
1': SELECT THE O?NER,CONSTRAINT NAME,CONSTRAINT TYPE,TABLE
NAME,STATUS
FOR DEPT TABLE
SOL: SELECT O?NER,CONSTRAINTPNAME,CONSTRAINTPTYPE,TABLEPNAME,STATUS
FROM USERPCONSTRAINTS ?HERE TABLEPNAMEA(DEPT(%
1): DROP THE CONSTRAINT UQPENAME FROM EMP TABLE
SOL: ALTER TABLE EMP DROP CONSTRAINT UQPENAME%
1+: ADD A NE? COLUMN PINCODE ?ITH NOT NULL CONSTRAINT
TO THE EDISTIN* TABLE DEPT
SOL: ALTER TABLE DEPT ADD"PINCODE NUMBER"+) NOT NULL)%
1,: DISABLE THE CONSTRAINT PKPDEPTNO PRESENT IN DEPT TABLE
SOL: ALTER TABLE DEPT DISABLE CONSTRAINT PKPDEPTNO%
1G: ENABLE THE CONSTRAINT PKPDEPTNO ?HICH IS DEFINED IN THE
DEPTNO COLUMN OF DEPT TABLE
SOL: ALTER TABLE DEPT ENABLE CONSTRAINT PKPDEPTNO%
II QUESTIONS BASED ON DATA MANIPULATION LAN*UA*E COMMANDS :N
PROBLEMS BASED ON INSERT COMMAND:N
1!: INSERT THE *IVEN VALUES INTO THE TABLES:
EMP:
"-),#+!,SMITH,CLERK,,!$2,1,NDECNG$,G$$,NULL,2$
"--),'!!,ALLEN,SALESMAN,,+!G,2$NFEBNG1,1+$$,#$$,#$
"---),)21,?ARD,SALESMAN,,+!G,22NFEBNG1,12)$,)$$,#$
"-J),)++,&ONES,MANA*ER,,G#!,$2NAPRNG1,2!,),NULL,2$
"J),+)',MARTIN,SALESMAN,,+!G,2GNSEPNG1,12)$,1'$$,#$
"J-),+!G,BLAKE,MANA*ER,,G#!,$1NMAYNG1,2G)$,NULL,#$
"J--),,G2,CLARK,MANA*ER,,G#!,$!N&UNNG1,2')$,NULL,1$
"J---),,GG,SCOTT,ANALYST,,)++,1!NNOVN!+,#$$$,NULL,2$
"-E),G#!,KIN*,PRESIDENT,NULL,1,NNOVNG1,)$$$,NULL,1$
"E),G'',TURNER,SALESMAN,,+!G,$GNSEPNG1,1)$$,$,#$
"E-),G,+,ADAMS,CLERK,,,GG,2#NDECN!+,11$$,NULL,2$
"E--),!$$,&AMES,CLERK,,+!G,$#NDECNG1,!)$,NULL,#$
"E---),!$2,FORD,ANALYST,,)++,$#NDECNG1,#$$$,NULL,2$
"E-J),!#',MILLER,CLERK,,,G2,2#N&ANNG2,1#$$,NULL,1$
"EJ),!'#,&OHN,CLERK,,!'#,1$NDECNG#,2$$$,NULL,)$
DEPT:
"-)1$,ACCOUNTIN*,NE? YORK
"--)2$,RESEARCH,DALLAS
"---)#$,SALES,CHICA*O
"-J)'$,OPERATIONS,BOSTON
"J))$,COMPUTER,AMERICA
2$: INSERT ONLY THE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEE NUMBER,NAME,SALARY
INTO EMP TABLE
SOL: INSERT INTO EMP"EMPNO,ENAME,SAL) VALUES"(,!))(,(PAUL(,12$$)%
21: INSERT T?O RO?S INTO EMP TABLE USIN* PARAMETER SUBSTITUTION
SOL: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES"MEMPNO,(MENAME(,(M&OB(,MM*R,(MHIREDATE(,
MSAL,MCOMM,MDEPTNO)%
22: INSERT THE CURRENT TRANSACTION DATE TEMPORARY TABLE
SOL: INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"SYSDATE)%
PROBLEMS ON SELECT COMMAND:N
2#: LIST THE INFORMATION OF ALL EMPLOYEES
SOL: SELECT @ FROM EMP%
2': LIST THE INFORMATION OF ALL THE DEPARTMENTS
SOL: SELECT @ FROM DEPT%
2): LIST THE DEPARTMENT NUMBERS,EMPLOYEE NUMBERS AND THEIR MANA*ERS
NUMBERS
SOL: SELECT DEPTDEPTNO,EMPEMPNO,EMPM*R FROM EMP,DEPT%
2+: LIST DEPARTMENT NAME AND LOCATIONS FROM DEPT TABLE
SOL: SELECT DNAME,LOC FROM DEPT%
2,: LIST THE INFORMATION OF EMPLOYEES AND THEIR DEPARTMENTS
IN A SIN*LE DML COMMAND
SOL: SELECT @ FROM EMP%
2G: COPY ALL THE RECORDS OF THREE COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME,&OB FROM EMP
TABLE AND INSERT THE RECORDS INTO A TEMP TABLE ?ITH COLUMN
NAMES
SAME AS EMPNO,ENAME,&OB
SOL: INSERT INTO TEMP"EMPNO,ENAME,&OB)
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,&OB
2!: LIST THE DETAILS OF BOTH THE TABLES
SOL: SELECT @ FROM EMP,DEPT%
#$: LIST THE INFORMATION OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES PRESENT IN THE USER
NAMED SCOTT
SOL: SELECT @ FROM SCOTTEMP%
#1: LIST THE INFORMATION OF ALL THE DEPARTMENTS FROM YOUR BATCHMATES
DEPT TABLE
SOL: SELECT @ FROM ORA2)2PDEPT%
#2: LIST OUT ALL THE TABLE NAMES IN YOUR SCHEMA
SOL: SELECT @ FROM TAB%
##: LIST ALL THE SYSTEM TABLES
SOL: SELECT @ FROM SYSDICTIONARY%
#': *ET THE INFORMATION OF THE MADIMUM AVAILABLE BLOCKS ALLOTED TO A
PARTICULAR USER FOR CREATIN* TABLES FROM THE SYSTEM TABLES
SOL: SELECT @ FROM USERPTSPQUOTAS%
#): LIST OUT ALL THE PRIVILA*ES *IVEN TO A PARTICULAR USER
#+: LIST OUT ALL THE TABLES ?HICH START ?ITH (S(
SOL: SELECT TABLEPNAME FROM USERPTABLES ?HERE TABLEPNAME LIKE (SO(%
#,: COPY THE STRUCTURE OF DEPT TABLE ALONE TO A TEMPORARY TABLE
CALLED TEMP1
SOL: CREATE TABLE TEMP1 AS SELECT @ FROM DEPT ?HERE 1A2%
PROBLEMS ON UPDATE COMMAND:N
#G: UPDATE THE SALARY BY 1$O HIKE TO ANALYSTS ?ORKIN* IN DEPARTMENT
NUMBER 2$ AND #$
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH"SAL@$1) ?HERE DEPTNO IN "1$,2$)
AND &OBA(ANALYST(%
#!: *IVE )O RAISE IN SALARY TO ALL THE SALESMAN
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH"SAL@$)) ?HERE &OBA(SALESMAN(%
'$: PROMOTE ALL THE EMPLOYEES DESCRIBED AS SALESMAN TO SALES OFFICER
IF THEIR *ROSS SALARY PER MONTH IS *REATER THAN #$$$
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET &OBA(SALES OFFICER( ?HERE &OBA(SALESMAN(
AND SALF#$$$%
'1: *IVE ALL THE EMPLOYEES A COMMISSION OF RS)$$
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET COMMA)$$%
'2: CHAN*E THE DEPARTMENT OF &AMES TO 2$
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET DEPTNOA2$ ?HERE ENAMEA(&AMES(%
'# CALCULATE ALL THE EMPLOYEES TOTAL SALARY ?ITH COMMISION
SOL: SELECT SALHNVL"COMM) VTOTALV FROM EMP%
PROBLEMS ON DELETE COMMAND:N
'': DELETE ALL THE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEES
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP%
'): *ET BACK THE ORI*INAL RECORDS OF EMPLOYEES BACK
SOL: ROLLBACK%
'+: DELETE ALLEN(S RECORD ONLY
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEA(ALLEN(%
',: DELETE RECORDS OF ENAME COLUMN ONLY AND VERIFY IT
SOL: NOT POSSIBLE
'G: DELETE THE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEE NUMBER ,,G2
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOA,,G2%
'!: DELETE THE EMPLOYEE(S RECORDS ?HO DOES(NT HAVE COMMISION
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP ?HERE COMM IS NULL%
)$: *ET BACK THE ORI*INAL RECORDS
SOL: ROLLBACK%
)1: DELETE THE DUPLICATE RECORDS OF THE EMPLOYEE TABLE
SO0: DELETE FROM EMP A
?HERE RO?IDLF"SELECT MIN"RO?ID) FROM EMP B
?HERE AEMPNOABEMPNO)%
)2: DELETE THE FIRST FIVE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP D
?HERE )F"SELECT COUNT"RO?ID) FROM EMP Y ?HERE YRO?IDLDRO?ID)%
" OR )
DELETE FROM EMP ?HERE RO?NUM L+%
)#: DELETE THE RO?S OF THE TEMP TABLE PERMANENTLY
SOL: TRUNCATE TABLE TEMP%
III PROBLEMS ON TRANSACTIONAL COMMANDS :N
)': UPDATE A RECORD OF EMP TABLE AND SAVE THE CHAN*ES PERMANENTLY
IN THE DATABASE
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH1$$ ?HERE EMPNOA1$$%
COMMIT%
)): SQL@PLUS HAS THE FACILITY TO AUTOMATICALLY SAVE ALL THE
RECORDS, ?ITHOUT ISSUIN* THE TCL COMMAND ?HICH IS THAT
SOL: SET AUTOCOMMIT ON
)+: *IVE ALL THE PRIVILA*ES YOU HAVE OF A DATABASE OB&ECT TO
ANOTHER
USER
SOL: *RANT ALL ON EMP TO ORA2)#A%
),: *IVE ONLY SELECT,INSERT PRIVILA*ES TO ANOTHER USER
SOL: *RANT SELECT,INSERT ON EMP TO ORA2+,A%
)G: LIST THE USER(S ID AND ?HICH DATABASE OB&ECT YOU HAVE *RANTED
SOL: SELECT @ FROM USERPTABPPRIVS%
)!: *ET BACK THE PRIVILA*ES BACK FROM THE USER
SOL: REVOKE ALL ON EMP FROM ORA2+,A%
IV PROBLEMS BASED ON OPERATORS :N
PROBLEMS BASED ON ARITHMETIC,RELATIONAL,LO*ICAL AND
CHARACTER OPERATORS:N
+$: LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES SALARY ?ITH COMMISSION PROVIDE A NE?
HEADIN* AS TOTAL SALARY
SOL: SELECT SALHNVL"COMM,$) VTOTAL SALARYV FROM EMP %
+1: *IVE THE SALARY ?ITH A REDUCTION OF 1$O FROM THEIR SALARY TO
PERSONS ?HOSE &OB IS CLERK AND AND BELON*IN* TO DEPARTMENT
NUMBER
#$
SOL: UPDATE EMP SET SALASALN"$1@SAL) ?HERE &OBA(CLERK( AND
DEPTNOA#$%
+2: LIST THE EMPLOYEES BELON*IN* TO DEPARTMENT 2$
SOL: SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA2$%
+#: LIST THE NAME AND SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES ?HOSE SALARY IS
LESS THAN #$$$
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP ?HERE SALL#$$$%
+': LIST THE NAME AND SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES ?HOSE SALARY IS
*REATER THAN #$$$
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP ?HERE SALF#$$$%
+): LIST THE EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND NAME OF MANA*ERS
SOL: SELECT EMPNO,ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE &OBA(MANA*ER(%
++: LIST THE EMPLOYEES ?HOSE SALARY IS NOT EQUAL TO #$$$
SOL: SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE SALWA#$$$%
+,: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAME AND SALARY ?HOSE SALARY IS BET?EEN
2$$$ AND #$$$
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP ?HERE SALFA2$$$ AND SALLA#$$$%
+G: LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES ?HO HAVE &OINED BEFORE #$TH SEPTEMBER
1!G1
SOL: SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE HIREDATELA(#$NSEPNG1(%
+!: LIST THE NAMES OF EMPLOYEES ?HO ARE NOT MANA*ERS
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE &OBLF(MANA*ER(%
,$: LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES BELON*IN* TO THE DEPARTMENT 1$,#$
SOL: SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNO IN"1$,#$)%
,1: LIST ALL EMPLOYEES NOT BELON*IN* TO MANA*ER,PRESIDENT
SOL: SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE &OB NOT IN "(MANA*ER(,(PRESIDENT()%
,2: LIST EMPLOYEES NAME AND &OB ?HOSE SALARY IS BET?EEN 2$$$ AND
#$$$
SOL: SELECT ENAME,&OB FROM EMP ?HERE SAL BET?EEN 2$$$ AND #$$$%

,#: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES AND THEIR DESI*NATION ?HO HAVE &OINED
BEFORE #$TH &UNE (G1 AND AFTER DECEMBER (G1
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE HIREDATE NOT BET?EEN (#$N&UNNG1( AND
(#1NDECNG1(%
,': LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES ?HO ARE NOT ELI*IBLE FOR COMMISSION
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE COMM IS NULL%
,): LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES ?HO ARE ELI*IBLE FOR COMMISSION
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE COMM IS NOT NULL%
,+: LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEE NAMES BET?EEN THE LETTER (M( AND (O(
SOL: SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE ENAME BET?EEN (M( AND (O(%
,,: LIST THE NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE AND &OB OF THE EMPLOYEE , ?HO DOES
NOT BELON*S TO ANY BODY
SOL: SELECT ENAME,&OB FROM EMP ?HERE M*R IS NULL%
,G: LIST THE EMPLOYEES ?HOSE NAMES START ?ITH AN VSV
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE ENAME LIKE (SO(%
,!: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES ENDIN* ?ITH VSV
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE ENAME LIKE (OS(%
G$: LIST THE EMPLOYEES ?HOSE NAMES HAVE EDACTLY ) CHARACTERS
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE ENAME LIKE (P P P P P(%
G1: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES HAVIN* (I( AS THE SECOND CHARACTER
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE ENAME LIKE (PIO(%
G2: LIST THE DIFFERENT &OBS AVAILABLE IN THE EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT &OB FROM EMP%
G#: LIST THE DISTINCT &OB FROM EMP IN DEPARTMENT #$
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT &OB FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA#$%
G': LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAME,SALARY, ?HOSE SALARY IS BET?EEN 2$$$ AND
#$$$
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP ?HERE SALFA2$$$ AND SALLA#$$$%
G): LIST THE NAMES OF ANALYSTS AND SALESMAN
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE &OBA(SALESMAN( OR &OBA(ANALYST(%
G+: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES ?HOSE &OB IS CLERK AND DEPTARTMENT IS #$
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE &OBA(CLERK( AND DEPARTMENTA#$%
G,: DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEE NAMES IN THE FORMAT AS VNAME IS ALLENV
SOL: SELECT (NAME IS (QQENAME FROM EMP%
GG: DISPLAY THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF N2)
SOL: SELECT ABS"N2)) VABSOLUTEV FROM DUAL%
G!: DISPLAY THE SMALLEST INTE*ER *REATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 1+,
SOL: SELECT CEIL"1+,) VCEILIN*V FROM DUAL%
!$: DISPLAY THE *REATEST INTE*ER LESSER THAN OR EQUAL TO 1)#'
SOL: SELECT FLOOR"1)#') VFLOORV FROM DUAL%
!1: DISPLAY THE COSINE OF THE AN*LE IN DE*REES
SOL: SELECT COS"1G$@#1'1)!2+)#)!R1G$)VCOSINE OF 1G$ DE*REESV FROM
DUAL%
!2: DISPLAY THE HYPERBOLIC COSINE OF $
SOL: SELECT COSH"$) VHYPERBOLIC COSINE OF $ V FROM DUAL%
!#: DISPLAY THE EDPONENTIAL PO?ER OF THE VALUE ,
SOL: SELECT EDP",) V4 TO THE ,TH PO?ER V FROM DUAL%
!': DISPLAY THE NATURAL LO*ARITHM OF ,)
SOL: SELECT LN",)) VNATURAL LO* OF ,)V FROM DUAL%
!): DISPLAY THE LO*ARITHM, BASE 1$, OF 1$$
SOL: SELECT LO*"1$,1$$) VLO* BASE 1$ OF 1$$V FROM DUAL%
!+: DISPLAY REMAINDER TERO ?HEN A NUMBER IS DIVIDED BY AN EVEN
NUMBER
SOL: SELECT MOD"1$,2) VMODULUSV FROM DUAL%
!,: CHECK THE ORP ?HEN A VALUE MFN IN A MOD FUNCTION AND NOTE DO?N
THE REASON FOR THAT KIND OF ORP
SOL: SELECT MOD"2,1$) VMODULUSV FROM DUAL%
!G: DISPLAY THE VALUE ?HEN ! RAISED TO 2
SOL: SELECT PO?ER"!,2) VRAISED AS V FROM DUAL%
!!: DISPLAY THE VALUE FOR 1)1!# ROUNDED TO FIRST DECIMAL PLACE
FOR?ARD
SOL: SELECT ROUND"1)1!#,1) VROUNDV FROM DUAL%
1$$: DISPLAY THE VALUE FOR 1)1!# ROUNDED TO FIRST DECIMAL PLACE
BACK?ARDS
SOL: SELECT ROUND"1)1!#,N1) VROUNDV FROM DUAL%
1$1: DISPLAY THE SI*N OF N1)
SOL: SELECT SI*N"N1)) FROM DUAL%
1$2: DISPLAY THE SINE OF AN*LE #$ DE*REES
SOL: SELECT SIN"#$@#1'1)!2+)#)!R1G$) VSINE OF #$ DE*REESV FROM DUAL%
1$#: DISPLAY THE HYPERBOLIC SINE OF 1
SOL: SELECT SINH"1) VHYPERBOLIC SINE OF 1 V FROM DUAL%
1$': DISPLAY THE SQUARE ROOT OF THE VALUE 2)
SOL: SELECT SQRT"2)) VSQUARE ROOT V FROM DUAL%
1$): DISPLAY THE TAN*ENT OF THE VALUE 1#) IN DE*REES
SOL: SELECT TAN"1#)@#1'1)!2+)#)!R1G$)VTAN*ENT OF 1#) DE*REESV FROM
DUAL%
1$+: TRUNCATE THE VALUE 1),! TO FIRST DECIMAL PLACES
SOL: SELECT TRUNC"1),!,1)V TRUNCATE V FROM DUAL%
1$,: TRUNCATE THE VALUE 1),! TO FIRST DECIMAL PLACE N DI*ITS
LEFT TO THE DECIMAL POINT
SOL: SELECT TRUNC"1),!,N1)VTRUNCATEV FROM DUAL%
1$G: DISPLAY THE CHARACTER VALUE FOR THE NUMBER ,)
SOL: SELECT CHR",)) VCHARACTER V FROM DUAL%
1$!: DISPLAY THE ENAME AND &OB OF EMPNOA,!$$ IN THE FORMAT
4;:N ALLEN IS A SALESMAN
SQL: SELECT ENAME QQ ( IS A ( QQ &OB FROM EMP%
11$: CAPITALISE THE FIRST LETTER OF V234 .5a/ V
SQL: SELECT INITCAP"( =9a-n8a94 -n6524>3"/) 02d() 6957 dIa0%
111: DISPLAY THE ?ORDS IN LO?ER CASE LETTERS
SQL: SELECT LO?ER"(BRAIN?ARE INFOTECH"P) LTD() FROM DUAL%
112: DISPLAY THE LEFT PADDED CHAR(S TO THE STRIN* BRAIN?ARE ?HEN
THE RETURN VALUE IS 1) AND PADDED CHARACTER IS (@(
SQL: SELECT LPAD"(BRAIN?ARE(,1),(@() FROM DUAL%
11#: DISPLAY THE RI*HT PADDED CHAR(S TO THE STRIN* BRAIN?ARE ?HEN
THE RETURN VALUE IS 1) AND PADDED CHARACTER IS (@(
SQL: SELECT RPAD"(BRAIN?ARE(,1),(@() FROM DUAL%
11': REMOVE CHARAECTER (RE( TO?ARDS RI*HT OF THE STRIN*
FROM THE LETTER (BRAIN?ARE(
SQL: SELECT RTRIM"(BRAIN?ARE(,(RE() FROM DUAL%
11): REMOVE CHARAECTER (IN( TO?ARDS LEFT OF THE STRIN*
FROM THE LETTER (BRAIN?ARE(
SOL: SELECT LTRIM"(INFOTECH(,(IN() FROM DUAL%
11+: REPLACE THE CHARACTER (&( ?ITH (BL( FROM THE ?ORD
&ACK AND &UE
SOL: SELECT REPLACE"(&ACK AND &UE(,(&(,(BL() FROM DUAL%
11,: DISPLAY THE ENAME ?ITH THE PHONETIC REPRESENTATION OF
(SMYTHE( FROM TABLE EMP
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE SOUNDED"ENAME)ASOUNDED"(SMYTHE()%
11G: DISPLAY THE FIRST THREE LETTERS OF THE EMPLOYEE NAMES
SOL: SELECT SUBSTR"ENAME,1,#) FROM 47/%
11!: DISPLAY THE CHARACTERS (AR( FROM THE ?ORD (BRAIN?ARE(
SOL: SELECT SUBSTR"(BRAIN?ARE(,N#,2) FROM DUAL%
12$: CONVERT ALL THE CHARACTERS ?HICH IS (ABCT( TO LETTER (T(
AND ALL DI*ITS ($12!( TO DI*IT (!( FROM THE *IVEN CHARACTER
($12#KASL(
SOL: SELECT
TRANSLATE"($12#KASL(,($12#')+,G!ABCDEF*HI&KLMNOPQRSTUV?DYT(,
(!!!!!!!!!!TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT() 6957 dIa0%
121: DISPLAY THE ASCII VALUE OF THE CHARACTER (A(
SOL: SELECT ASCII"(A() FROM DUAL%
122: DISP0a1 THE ASCII VALUE OF CHARACTER(S (AB( FROM DUAL
SOL: SELECT ASCII"(AB() FROM DUAL
HINT:ASCII ?ILL DISPLAY ONLY THE FIRST LETTER (A( ONLY
12#: DISPLAY THE #RD OCCURRENCE OF CD AT THE THIRD OCCURRENCE OF
?ORD VABCDABCDABCD&&V
SOL: SELECT INSTR"(ABCDABCDABCD&&(,(CD(,#,#) FROM DUAL%
12': DISPLAY THE LEN*TH OF THE ?ORD (ALLEN(
SOL: SELECT LEN*TH"(ALLEN() FROM DUAL%
12): DISPLAY THE DATE OF THE NEDT TUESDAY AFTER MARCH 1),1!!2
SOL: SELECT NEDTPDAY"(1)NMARN!2(,(TUESDAY() VNEDT DAYV FROM DUAL%
12+: DISPLAY THE LAST DAY OF THIS MONTH
SOL: SELECT LASTPDAY"SYSDATE) FROM DUAL%
12,: DISPLAY THE DIFFERENCE DATE BET?EEN CURRENT DATE AND LAST DAY
OF THE SYSDATE
SOL: SELECT SYSDATE,LASTPDAY"SYSDATE) VLASTV,LASTPDAY"SYSDATE)N
SYSDATE
VDAYS LEFTV FROM DUAL%
12G: DISPLAY THE DIFFERENCE OF T?O DATES V$2N$2N1!!2V AND V$1N$1N
1!!2V
SOL: SELECT MONTHSPBET?EEN"TOPDATE"($2N$2N1!!2(,(DDNMONNYYYY(),
TOPDATE"($1N$1N1!!2(,(DDNMONNYYYY()) FROM DUAL%
12!: DISPLAY THE CURRENT DATE AND TIME
SOL: SELECT TOPCHAR"SYSDATE,(DDNMONNYY HH2':MI:SS() FROM DUAL%
1#$: ADD T?O MONTHS TO SYSDATE
SOL: SELECT TOPCHAR"SYSDATE,2) FROM DUAL%
1#1: ADD 1$ DAYS TO SYSDATE
SOL: SELECT TOPCHAR"TOPDATE"SYSDATE,(DDNMONNYY(),(DD()H1$ FROM DUAL%
1#2: DISPLAY THE NUMBER FORMAT OF THE NUMBER 12#'
SOL: SELECT TOPNUMBER"(12#'() FROM DUAL%
1##: CONVERT RO?ID OF EMPLOYEE NAME SMITH TO EMPLOYEE NAME
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE RO?IDA($$$$$,$,$$$$$$$D(%
1#': DISPLAY THE SYSTEM DATE AS VMON DD YYYYV
SOL: SELECT TOPCHAR"SYSDATE,(MON DD YYYY() FROM DUAL%
1#): DISPLAY THE CURRENT DATE IN THE FORMAT DDTH MONTH YYYY
SOL: SELECT TOPCHAR"SYSDATE,(FMDDTH MONTH YYYY() FROM DUAL%
1#+: CONVERT THE FOLLO?IN* STRIN* TO ORACLE DATE FORMAT
V12NAU*USTN!,V
SOL: SELECT TOPDATE"(12NAU*USTN!,(,(DDNMONTHNYY() FROM DUAL%
1#,: DISPLAY THE USERNAME IN ?HICH YOU ARE ?ORKIN*
SOL: SELECT USER FROM DUAL%
1#G: DISPLAY TH USERID NUMBER IN ?HICH YOU ARE ?ORKIN*
SOL: SELECT UID FROM DUAL%
1#!: DISPLAY THE *REATEST OF THE LIST OF EDPRESSIONS VHARRYV
VHARRIOTV
VHAROLDV
SOL: SELECT *REATEST"(HARRY(,(HARRIOT(,(HAROLD() FROM DUAL%
1'$: DISPLAY THE LEAST OF THE LIST OF EDPRESSIONS VHARRYV VHARRIOTV
VHAROLDV
SOL: SELECT LEAST"(HARRY(,(HARRIOT(,(HAROLD() FROM DUAL%
1'1: DISPLAY ALL THE ENAMES ?HERE COMMISSION IS NULL AND PLACE
THE EDPRESSION V NOT POSSIBLE V IN DEPTARTMENT #$ ?HERE
COMMISSION
IS NULL ELSE DISPALY THEIR COMMISSION
SOL: SELECT ENAME,NVL"TOPCHAR"COMM),(NOT POSSIBLE() VCOMMISSIONV
FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA#$%
1'2: DISPLAY THE *REEN?ICH TIME OF $):1) AM
SOL: SELECT TOPCHAR"NE?PTIME"TOPDATE"($):1)(,(HH2':MI(),(PST(,(*MT(),
(HH2':MI() FROM DUAL%
1'#: DISPLAY THE LAN*UA*E AND TERRITORY CURRENTLY USED BY YOUR
SESSION
SOL: SELECT USERENV"(LAN*UA*E() FROM DUAL%
1'': DISPLAY THE NUMBER OF BYTES EACH EMPLOYEE OCCUPIES INTERNALLY
SOL: SELECT VSITE"ENAME) VBYTESV FROM EMP%
1'): DISPLAY THE AVERA*E SALARY DEPARTMENT?ISE
SOL: SELECT AV*"SAL),DEPTNO FROM EMP *ROUP BY DEPTNO%
1'+: DISPLAY THE SUMMATION OF SALARIES DEPARTMENT?ISE
SOL: SELECT SUM"SAL),DEPTNO FROM EMP *ROUP BY DEPTNO%
1',: DISPLAY THE SUMMATION OF SALARIES OF FIRST FIVE RECORDS
SOL: SELECT SUM"SAL) FROM EMP ?HERE RO?NUMLA)%
1'G: DISPLAY THE MINIMUM SALARY IN THE TABLE EMP
SOL: SELECT MIN"SAL) FROM EMP%
1'!: DISPLAY THE MADIMUM SALARY FROM THE TABLE EMP
SOL: SELECT MAD"SAL) FROM EMP%
1)$: DISPLAY ALL THE SALARIES SUPRESSIN* THE DUPLICATES
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP%
1)1: DISPLAY ALL THE &OB SUPRESSIN* THE DUPLICATES
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT &OB FROM EMP%
1)2: DISPLAY NUMBER OF RECORDS PRESENT IN EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT COUNT"@) FROM EMP%
1)#: DISPLAY THE NUMBER OF &OBS IN EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT COUNT"&OB) FROM EMP%
1)': DISPLAY NUMBER OF RECORDS FOR DESI*NATION SUPRESSIN* THE
DUPLICATES
SOL: SELECT COUNT"DISTINCT &OB) FROM EMP%
1)): DISPLAY THE MINIMUM HIREDATE HIRED FOR EMPLOYEES
SOL: SELECT MIN"HIREDATE) FROM EMP%
1)+: CALCULATE THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF SALARIES FROM EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT STDDEV"SAL) FROM EMP%
1),: CALCULATE THE VARIANCE OF ALL THE SALARIES FROM EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT VARIANCE"SAL) FROM EMP%
1)G: DISPLAY THE YEAR 2$1,
SOL: SELECT TOPCHAR"TOPDATE"(2,NNOVN2)(,(DDNMONNRR(),(YYYY() FROM
DUAL%
1)!: IF DEPARTMENT NUMBER IS 1$ DISPLAY *OODCHOICE ELSE
DISPLAY BADCHOICE IN ALL OTHER DEPARTMENT FIELDS
SOL: SELECT DECODE"DEPTNO,1$,(*OODCHOICE(,(BADCHOICE() FROM EMP%
PROBLEMS ON &OINS:N
1+$: LIST THE DEPARTMENT NAME,EMPLOYEES NAME,EMPLOYEE NUMBER
SOL: SELECT EMPEMPNO,EMPENAME,DEPTDNAME FROM EMP,DEPT%
?HERE EMPDEPTNOADEPTDEPTNO%
1+1: LIST THE TOTAL SALARIES OF EACH DEPARTMENT
SOL: SELECT EMPDEPTNO,SUM"SAL) FROM EMP,DEPT
?HERE EMPDEPTNOADEPTDEPTNO *ROUP BY EMPDEPTNO%
1+2: LIST THE TOTAL EMPLOYEES SALARIES ?HO DOES NOT BELON*
TO ANY DEPARTMENT
SOL: SELECT DEPTNO,SUM"SAL) FROM EMP,DEPT
?HERE EMPDEPTNOADEPTDEPTNO"H)%
1+#: LIST THE MANA*ER(S NAME AND EMPLOYEES NAME ?HO BELON*S TO
THEIR MANA*ER(S
SOL: SELECT MENAMEQQ( (QQ(IS THE MANA*ER FOR(QQ( (QQ EENAME
FROM EMP E,EMP M ?HERE EM*RAMEMPNO%
1+': LIST THE EMPLOYEES ?HOSE SALARIES
BET?EEN 2$$$ AND #$$$
SOL: SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNO IN "SELECT EMPNO
FROM EMP ?HERE SAL BET?EEN 2$$$ AND #$$$)%
1+): LIST THE DEPARTMENT NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE ?HOSE NAME
IS OF &ONES
SOL: SELECT DEPTDNAME FROM EMP,DEPT
?HERE EMPDEPTNOADEPTDEPTNO AND ENAME LIKE (&ONESO(%
1++: LIST THE DEPARTMENT OF THE EMPLOYEES
SOL: SELECT @ FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNO AANY"SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT)%
1+,: FIND OUT THE EMPLOYEES ?ITH SAME &OB AS &ONES
SOL: SELECT ENAME,&OB FROM EMP
INTERSECT
SELECT ENAME,&OB FROM EMP
?HERE &OB IN "SELECT &OB FROM EMP ?HERE ENAME LIKE (&ONESO()%
1+G: DISPLAY INFORMATION ABOUT EMPLOYEES ?HO EARN MORE THAN ANY
EMPLOYEES IN DEPARTMENT #$
?HERE SALFALL"SELECT SAL FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA#$)%
1+!: LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES IN DEPARTMENT NUMBER 1$ ?ITH THE
SAME &OB AS IN DEPARTMENT NUMBER #$
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA1$
INTERSECT
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP
?HERE &OB IN "SELECT &OB FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA#$)%
1,$: LIST THE EMPLOYEES ?ITH EITHER THE SAME &OB AS &ONES
OR SALARY *REATER THAN OR SAME AS FORD
SOL: SELECT ENAME FROM EMP
INTERSECT
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP
?HERE &OB IN"SELECT &OB FROM EMP ?HERE ENAME LIKE (&ONESO(
OR SALFA"SELECT SAL FROM EMP ?HERE ENAME LIKE (FORDO())%
1,1: LIST THE EMPLOYEES IN DEPARTMENT 1$ ?ITH THE SAME
&OB AS ANY ONE IN SALES DEPARTMENT
SOL: SELECT ENAME,&OB FROM EMP
?HERE &OB IN "SELECT &OB FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA1$)
INTERSECT
SELECT ENAME,&OB FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNO IN "SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP ?HERE &OBA(SALESMAN()%
1,2: LIST EMPLOYEES ?HOSE SALARY IS SAME AS THAT OF SCOTT OR ?ARD
1,#: TO LIST THE DEPARTMENT THAT HAS NO EMPLOYEES
SOL: SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT
MINUS
SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP%

"OR)

SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT
?HERE DEPTNO NOT IN
"SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP)%
1,': TO LIST THE DEPARTMENT AND COUNT OF &OB
IN ?HICH THERE ARE MORE THAN ON SALESMANS
SOL: SELECT DEPTNO,&OB,COUNT"@) FROM EMP
?HERE &OBA(SALESMAN(
*ROUP BY DEPTNO,&OB
HAVIN* COUNT"@)F1%

1,): LIST THE DEPARTMENT IN ?HICH THEIR ARE MORE THAN ONE
SALESMAN
SOL: SELECT DEPTNO,&OB FROM EMP ?HERE &OBA(SALESMAN(
AND DEPTNO IN "SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP *ROUP BY DEPTNO
HAVIN* COUNT"&OB)F1)%
1,+: SELECT THE EVEN NUMBER OF RO?S FROM EMPLOYEE TABLE
?HERE RO?ID IN
"SELECT DECODE"MOD"RO?NUM,2),$,RO?ID,NULL) FROM EMP)%
1,,: LIST THE ODD NUMBER OF RO?S FROM EMPLOYEE TABLE
SELECT @ FROM EMP
?HERE RO?ID IN
"SELECT DECODE"MOD"RO?NUM,2),1,RO?ID,NULL) FROM EMP)%
1,G: DELETE THE ODD NUMBER RO?S FROM EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP
?HERE RO?ID IN
"SELECT DECODE "MOD"RO?NUM,2),1,RO?ID,NULL) FROM EMP)%
1,!: DELETE THE EVEN NUMBER RO?S FROM EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP
?HERE RO?ID IN
"SELECT DECODE "MOD"RO?NUM,2),$,RO?ID,NULL) FROM EMP)%
1G$: LIST THE EMPLOYEES ?HOSE SALARY IS *REATER THAN THE
AVERA*E SALARY OF HIS DEPARTMENT
SOL: SELECT DEPTNO,EMPNO,SAL FROM EMP D ?HERE
SALF"SELECT AV*"SAL) FROM EMP Y ?HERE DDEPTNOAYDEPTNO)%
1G1: QUERY DEPARTMENT?ISE AVERA*ERMADIMUMRMINIMUM SALARIES
SOL: SELECT EMPDEPTNO,DNAME,MAD"SAL),MIN"SAL),AV*"SAL)
FROM EMP,DEPT
?HERE EMPDEPTNOADEPTDEPTNO
*ROUP BY EMPDEPTNO,DNAME%
1G2: COUNT THE NUMBER OF MALE AND FEMALE EMPLOYEES
SOL: ALTER TABLE EMP
ADD "SED CHAR"1))%
SELECT SED,COUNT"@)
FROM EMP
*ROUP BY SED
HAVIN* SED A(M(%
UNION

SELECT SED,COUNT"@)
FROM EMP
*ROUP BY SED
HAVIN* SEDA(F(%
1G#: DISPLAY THE YEAR AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES FOR THE YEAR
IN ?HICH MORE THAN ONE EMPLOYEE ?AS HIRED
SOL: SELECT TOPCHAR"HIREDATE,(YYYY() YEAR,COUNT"@)
FROM EMP *ROUP BY TOPCHAR"HIREDATE,(YYYY()
HAVIN* COUNT"@)F1%
1G': DELETE THE DUPLICATE RO?S FROM DEPT TABLE
SOL: DELETE FROM DEPT
?HERE DEPTNO IN
"SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
*ROUP BY DEPTNO
HAVIN* COUNT"DEPTNO)F1)%
1G): DELETE THE DUPLICATE RO?S EDCEPT ITS MINIMUM VALUE
SOL: DELETE FROM EMP A
?HERE RO?IDLF"SELECT MIN"RO?ID) FROM EMP B
?HERE AEMPNOABEMPNO)%
1G+: LIST LAST FIVE RECORDS FROM EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP MINUS SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP
?HERE RO?NUML"SELECT MAD"RO?NUM)N' FROM EMP )%
1G,: LIST THE THIRD HI*HEST SALARY FROM EMP TABLE
SOL: SELECT MAD"SAL) FROM EMP ?HERE
SALL"SELECT MAD"SAL) FROM EMP ?HERE
SALL"SELECT MAD"SAL) FROM EMP))%
1GG: LIST FIVE EMPLOYEES IN LO?EST ORDER OF SALARY
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP
MINUS
SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP ?HERE
SALF"SELECT MIN"SAL) FROM EMP ?HERE
SALF"SELECT MIN"SAL) FROM EMP))))%
1G!: LIST THE *IVEN RAN*E OF RECORDS AS PER THE STORA*E OF
RO?S IN A *IVEN DATABASE TABLE NAMED EMP
SOL: SELECT RO?ID FROM EMP D ?HERE NOT MNF"SELECT COUNT"RO?ID)
FROM EMP Y ?HERE YRO?IDLDRO?ID)
INTERSECT
SELECT RO?ID FROM EMP D ?HERE MMFA"SELECT COUNT"RO?ID)
FROM EMP Y ?HERE YRO?IDLDRO?ID)%
1!$: LIST THE NTH HI*HEST SALARY IN THE EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP ?HERE
SALA"SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP D ?HERE MNA"SELECT
COUNT"DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP Y ?HERE YSALFDSAL))%
1!1: LIST THE NTH LO?EST SALARY IN THE EMPLOYEE TABLE
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP D ?HERE
MNA"SELECT COUNT"DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP Y
?HERE DSALFYSAL)%
1!2: LIST EMPLOYEES IN THE EMPLOYEE TABLE ACCEPTIN* THOSE
FIRST FIVE AND LAST THREE IN THE ORDER OF DATA STORA*E
SOL: SELECT RO?ID FROM EMP D ?HERE )F"SELECT COUNT"RO?ID)
FROM EMP Y ?HERE YRO?IDLDRO?ID)
UNION
SELECT RO?ID FROM EMP D ?HERE # F"SELECT COUNT"RO?ID)
FROM EMP Y
?HERE YRO?IDFDRO?ID)%
1!#: LIST THE TREE STRUCTURED QUERY ?ITH EMPLOYEE NAME STARTIN*
?ITH KIN*
SOL: SELECT LPAD"( (,+@"LEVELN1))QQENAME NAME FROM EMP
START ?ITH ENAMEA(KIN*(
CONNECT BY M*RAPRIOR EMPNO%
1!': LIST THE EMPLOYEES ?HOSE SALARY *REATER THAN OR EQUAL TO
AVERA*E SALARY OF DEPARTMENT NUMBER 1$
SOL: SELECT SAL,ENAME FROM EMP
?HERE SALFA"SELECT AV*"SAL) FROM EMP
*ROUP BY DEPTNO HAVIN* DEPTNOA1$)%
1!): SELECT ALL THE ENAMES ?ITH THE OCCURANCES OF THE LETTER (S(
SOL: SELECT INSTR"ENAME,(A() FROM EMP%
1!+: LIST THE DIFFERENT DESI*NATIONS IN DEPARTMENT 2$ AND #$
SOL: SELECT DISTINCT &OB FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNOA2$
UNION
SELECT DISTINCT &OB FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNOA#$%
1!,: LIST THE &OBS COMMON IN DEPARTMENT 2$ AND #$
SOL: SELECT &OB FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNOA2$
INTERSECT
SELECT &OB FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNOA#$%
1!G: LIST THE &OBS UNIQUE TO DEPARTMENT 2$
SOL: SELECT &OB FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNOA2$
MINUS
SELECT &OB FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNOA1$
MINUS
SELECT &OB FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNOA#$%
1!!: LIST THE EMPLOYEES IF AND ONLY IF MORE THAN 1$ EMPLOYEES ARE
PRESENT IN DEPARTMENT NUMBER 1$
?HERE EDISTS "SELECT DEPTNO,COUNT"@) FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNOA1$
*ROUP BY DEPTNO
HAVIN* COUNT"@)FA#)%
2$$: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES ?HOSE SALARY IS *REATER THAN THE
LO?EST SALARY OF AN EMPLOYEE BELON*IN* TO DEPARTMENT 2$
?HERE SALFANY"SELECT SAL FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA2$)%
2$1: LIST THE EMPLOYEE NAMES ?HOSE SALARY IS *REATER THAN THE
HI*HEST SALARY OF AN EMPLOYEE BELON*IN* TO DEPARTMENT NUMBER 2$
?HERE SALFALL"SELECT SAL FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA2$)%

2$2: CREATE A VIE? ?ITH COLUMNS EMPNO AND A 1$O HIKE SALARY COLUMN
AND TRY TO INSERT A RO? IN THIS VIE? AND VERIFY IT
SOL: CREATE VIE? EMPSAL AS SELECT EMPNO,SAL@1 TOTPSAL FROM EMP%
HINT: THE FOLLO?IN* VIE?S ARE READ N ONLY VIE?S
-4 NO INSERT OR UPDATE THROU*H THESE VIE?S IS POSSIBLE
THIS IS A READ N ONLY VIE? BECAUSE OF THE PRESENCE
OF AN A**RE*ATE FUNCTION
2$#: CREATE A VIE? ?ITH THE COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO SELECTED
FROM THE TABLE EMP AND CORRESPONDIN* DEPARTMENT NUMBER #$
INSERT RO?S INTO THIS VIE? AND VERIFY THE RESULT
SOL: CREATE VIE? EMPDEPT AS
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA#$%
HINT: THIS IS NOT A READ N ONLY VIE? RO?S CAN BE INSERTED
INTO THE EMP TABLE USIN* THIS VIE? , BUT CANNOT BE VIE?ED
BY THE EMPDEPT VIE? AS THE VIE? CAN ONLY RETRIEVE RO?S
BELON*IN* TO DEPARTMENT #$
2$': CREATE A VIE? ?ITH COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO AND DEPTNOA#$
?ITH A CHECK OPTION AND INSERT A RO? INTO THE VIE? ?ITH
DEPARTMENT NUMBER 2$ AND VERIFY THE RESULT
SOL: CREATE VIE? EMPDEPT1 AS
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNOA#$
?ITH CHECK OPTION%
2$): DERIVE A VIE? FROM ANOTHER VIE? HAVIN* CHECK OPTION
SOL: CREATE VIE? EMPDEPT2 AS
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO FROM EMPDEPT1%
2$+: LIST ALL THE VIE? NAMES CREATED IN YOUR LO*IN
SOL: SELECT @ FROM USERPVIE?S%
2$,: CREATE A SIMPLE SEQUENCE
SOL: CREATE SEQUENCE S1 INCREMENT BY 1 START ?ITH 1$$$%
2$G: INSERT THE SEQUENCE NUMBER INTO THE EMPNO COLUMN
OF EMP TABLE
SOL: INSERT INTO EMP"EMPNO) VALUES"S1NEDTVAL)%
2$!: CREATE A SEQUENCE ?ITH STEP VALUEA1%
START VALUEA2%MINIMUM VALUEA1%MADIMUM VALUEA22
AND THE SEQUENCE TO RESET AUTOMATICALLY ?HEN IT COMES
TO START VALUE
SO0: CREATE SEQUENCE S2
INCREMENT BY 1
START ?ITH 2
MINVALUE 1
MADVALUE 22
CYCLE%
21$: DROP THE SEQUENCE
SOL: DROP SEQUENCE S2%
211: LIST ALL THE SEQUNCES CREATED IN YOUR LO*IN
SOL: SELECT @ FROM USERPSEQUENCES%
212: CREATE AN INDED ON COLUMN ENAME OF EMP TABLE
SOL: CREATE INDED ID1 ON EMP"ENAME)%
21#: CREATE INDED ON T?O COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME
SOL: CREATE INDED ID2 ON EMP "EMPNO,ENAME)%
21': DROP THE INDED YOU HAVE CREATED
SOL: DROP INDED ID1%
21): LIST THE INDEDES CREATED ON THE TABLE EMP
SOL: SELECT @ FROM USERPINDEDES ?HERE TABLEPNAMEA(EMP(%
21+: CREATE A CLUSTER BASED ON THE DEPT AND EMP TABLE FOR
THE FIELD DEPTNO
SOL: CREATE CLUSTER C1 "DEPTNO NUMBER"2))%
CREATE INDED ID# ON CLUSTER C1%
CREATE TABLE DEPT1
"DNO NUMBER"2) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME CHAR"1)),
LOC CHAR"1)))
CLUSTER C1"DNO)%
CREATE TABLE EMP1
"EMPNO NUMBER"') PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME CHAR"1)),
HIREDATE DATE,
SALARY NUMBER"!,2),
DEPTARTMENTNO NUMBER"2) REFERENCES DEPT1"DNO))
CLUSTER C1"DEPTARTMENTNO)%
21,: INSERT INTO TABLES DEPT1 AND EMP1 EACH THREE RO?S AND
CHECK THE RO?ID OF THE T?O CLUSTER TABLES%
SOL: INSERT INTO DEPT1 VALUES"MDNO,(MDNAME(,(MLOC()%
INSERT INTO EMP1 VALUES"MEMPNO,(MENAME(,(MHIREDATE(,MSALARY,
MDEPARTMENTNO)%
SELECT DEPT1RO?ID,EMP1RO?ID FROM DEPT1,EMP1%
21G: LIST ALL THE CLUSTERS CREATED IN YOUR LO*IN
SOL: SELECT @ FROM USERPCLUSTERS%
21!: CREATE A SYNONYM FOR TABLE EMP
SOL: CREATE SYNONYM SY1 FOR EMP%
22$: LIST INFORMATION OF SYNONYM
SOL: SELECT @ FROM SY1%
221: LIST ALL THE SYNONYM CREATED IN YOUR LO*IN
SOL: SELECT @ FROM USERPSYNONYMS%
222: DROP THE SYNONYM CREATED
SOL: DROP SYNONYM SY1%
EMPNO ENAME &OB M*R HIREDATE SAL
COMM DEPTNO
22#: CREATE THE EMPLOYEE REPORT OF THE COLUMNS EMPNO,ENAME,&OB
M*R,HIREDATE,SAL,COMM,DEPTNO IN THE FORMAT BELO?:
HEADER: BRAIN?ARE INFOTECH"P) LTD
EMPLOYEES REPORT
COLUMN:
NAMES EMPLOYEE EMPLOYEE DESI*NATION MANA*ER DATE OF CURRENT
NUMBER NAME NUMBER &OININ* SALARY
COMMISION DEPARTMENT
NUMBER
FOOTER: HAVE A NICE DAY W
SOL: TTITLE LEFT(BRAIN?ARE INFOTECH"P) LTDQ CENTER (EMPLOYEES REPORT(
BTITLE (HAVE A NICE DAYW(
COLUMN EMPNO HEADIN* (EMPLOYEE Q NUMBER(
COLUMN ENAME HEADIN* (NAME OF Q EMPLOYEE(
COLUMN &OB HEADIN* ( DESI*NATION(
COLUMN M*R HEADIN* (MANA*ER Q NUMBER(
COLUMN HIREDATE HEADIN* ( DATE OF Q &OININ* (
COLUMN SAL HEADIN* ( CURRENT Q SALARY (
COLUMN COMM HEADIN* (COMMISION (
COLUMN DEPTNO HEADIN* (DEPARTMENT Q NUMBER(

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PACKA*ES
Y@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Y
Y@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Y
1 ?RITE A FUNCTION TO RETURN MAD"EMPNO)H1
?RITE A PROCEDURE TO FETCH THE DETAILS ?HEN EMPNOARESULT OF
FUNCTION
?RITE A FUNCTION TO PASS EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND *ET THE &OB
?RITE A PROCEDURE TO ACCEPT DEPTNO AND DISPLAY THE DETAILS OF
ALL
EMPLOYEES OF THAT PARTICULAR DEPARTMENT"HINT : CURSOR)
?RITE A PACKA*E ?HICH INCLUDES ALL THESE PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPN
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKA*E EMPPPACK IS
FUNCTION NEDTEMP RETURN NUMBER%
PROCEDURE P1%
FUNCTION F2"ENO NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR%
PROCEDURE P2"DNO NUMBER)%
END 47/P/a>:%
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKA*E BODY EMPPPACK IS
FUNCTION NEDTEMP RETURN NUMBER IS
CURRPMAD NUMBER:A$%
BE*IN
SELECT MAD"EMPNO) INTO CURRPMAD FROM EMP%
CURRPMAD:ACURRPMADH1%
RETURN CURRPMAD%
END NEDTEMP%
PROCEDURE P1 IS
ENO NUMBER%
NAME VARCHAR2"1$)%
DEPNO NUMBER%
SALARY EMPSALOTYPE%
BE*IN
ENO:AEMPPPACKNEDTEMP%
PRINT"(NE? EMPLOYEE NUMBER IS(QQENO)%
SELECT ENAME,SAL,DEPTNO INTO NAME,SALARY,DEPNO FROM EMP ?HERE
EMPNOAENO%
PRINT"ENOQQ( (QQNAMEQQ( (QQDEPNOQQ( (QQSALARY)%
EDCEPTION
PRINT"(NO DATA FOUND()%
END P1%

PROCEDURE P2"DNO NUMBER) IS
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOADNO%
BE*IN
FOR I IN C1 LOOP
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"IENAMEQQ( (QQI&OBQQ( (QQIDEPTNO)%
END LOOP%
EDCEPTION
?HEN NOPdATAPFOUND THEN
PRINT"(NO DATA FOUND()%
END P2%
FUNCTION F2"ENO NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR IS
DESI* EMP&OBOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT &OB INTO DESI* FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAENO%
RETURN DESI*%
END F2%
END EMPPPACK%
DECLARE
NEDTEMP NUMBER%
F2 EMP&OBOTYPE%
BE*IN
NEDTEMP:AEMPPPACKNEDTEMP%
PRINT"(NEDTEMP IS (QQNEDTEMP)%
EMPPPACKP1%
F2:AEMPPPACKF2"MEMPNO)%
PRINT"(PRINTIN* &OB FROM F2 (QQF2)%
EMPPPACKP2"MDEPTNO)%
END%
Y@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Y
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CREATE OR REPLACE PACKA*E *EEPACK IS
PROCEDURE NE?PEMP"4n5 nI7=49,dn5 nI7=49,7; nI7=49,na74 Ja9>3a92)%
PROCEDURE UPDATEPEMP"N NUMBER)%
FUNCTION CHECKP4MP"N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER%
END *EEPACK%
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKA*E BODY *EEPACK IS
PROCEDURE NE?PEMP"ENO NUMBER, DNO NUMBER,M* NUMBER,NAME VARCHAR2) IS
BE*IN
INSERT INTO EMP"EMPNO,DEPTNO,M*R,ENAME) VALUES"ENO,DNO,M*,NAME)%
END NE?PEMP%
PROCEDURE UPDATEPEMP "N NUMBER) IS
DESI* VARCHAR2"1$)%
BE*IN
SELECT &OB INTO DESI* FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAN%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(EMPNO A (QQNQQ( &OB A (QQDESI*)%
IF DESI*A(CLERK( THEN
UPDATE EMP SET &OBA(FDC( ?HERE EMPNOAN%
/9-n2"(<5= I/da24d 25 6d>()%
ELSIF DESI*A(MANA*ER( THEN
UPDATE EMP SET &OBA(D*M( ?HERE EMPNOAN%
/9-n2"(<5= I/da24d 25 d;7()%
END IF%
END UPDATEPEMP%
FUNCTION CHECKP4MP "N NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER
IS
N1 NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT COUNT"@) INTO N1 FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAN%
IF n1A$ 234n
PRINT"(EMPLOYEE (QQnQQ( d54. n52 EDISTS ()%
ELSE
PRINT"(EMPLOYEE (QQnQQ( EDIST.()%
END IF%
942I9n n1%
END CHECKPEMP%
END *EEPACK%
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?RITE A FUNCTION TO RETURN MAD"EMPNO)H1
?RITE A PROCEDURE TO FETCH THE DETAILS ?HEN EMPNOARESULT OF FUNCTION
?RITE A PROCEDURE TO ACCEPT DEPTNO AND DISPLAY THE DETAILS OF
ALL
EMPLOYEES OF THAT PARTICULAR DEPARTMENT"HINT : CURSOR)
?RITE A PACKA*E ?HICH INCLUDES ALL THESE PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKA*E PACK IS
FUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER %
PROCEDURE P1"N NUMBER)%
PROCEDURE P2"DNO NUMBER)%
END%
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKA*E BODY PACK IS
FUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER IS
T NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT MAD"EMPNO)H1 INTO T FROM EMP%
RETURN T%
END%
PROCEDURE P1"N NUMBER) IS
A NUMBER%
NAME VARCHAR2"1$)%
BE*IN
A:AF1%
SELECT ENAME INTO NAME FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAA%
PRINT"(THE NAME IS (QQA)%
EDCEPTION
PRINT"(NO DATA()%
END%
PROCEDURE P2"DNO NUMBE9) IS
CURSOR C2 IS SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOADNO%
BE*IN
FOR I IN C2 LOOP
PRINT"IENAMEQQ( (QQIDEPTNO)%
END LOOP%
END %
END%
DECLARE
F1RES NUMBER%
BE*IN
F1RES:APACKF1%
PRINT"(THE RESULT OF FUNCTION IS (QQF1RES)%
PACKP1"F1RES)%
PACKP2"MDEPTNO)%
END%
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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DROP PARTITION
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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RENAME PARTITION
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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LOCAL
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CREATE INDED ORDID ON ORDTAB"ORDID)
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PARTITION P2 VALUES LESS THAN"2$),
PARTITION P# VALUES LESS THAN"MADVALUE))%
LIST THE TREE STRUCTURED QUERY ?ITH EMPLOYEE NAME STARTIN*
?ITH KIN*
SOL: SELECT LPAD"( (,+@"LEVELN1))QQENAME NAME FROM EMP
START ?ITH ENAMEA(KIN*(
CONNECT BY M*RAPRIOR EMPNO%
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SIMPLE PLRSQL BLOCKS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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DECLARE
BE*IN
FOR I IN 11$ LOOP
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IF IA) THEN
EDIT%
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END%
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BE*IN
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RES:AN@I%
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1$$1 SMITH +$$$ NULL
#$N&ANN!G

' ?9-24 a PLRSQL P95;9a7 25 d-./0a1 234 650058-n; 5I2/I2 :
<5= : MANA*ER
N5 56 Mana;49. SI7 56 Sa0a91 Na74.
# )'$$$
&53n,.7-23,7-0049
<5= : CLERK
NNNNNNN NNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNN
) ?9-24 a PLRSQL P95;9a7 25 D-./0a1 234 F-9.2 ) MaE-7I7 Sa0a91 =1
I.-n; Pa9a74249 25 T34 >I9.59
+ ?9-24 a PLRSQL P95;9a7 25 d-./0a1 a00 234 .a0a91 -n 234 d4.>4nd-n;
59d49 8-235I2 I.-n; 234 59d49 =1
>0aI.4 -n 234 CURSOR SELECT .2a2474n2
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@
EDCEPTION
A..I74 234 650058-n; 2a=04 659 234 /95=047. ;-J4n =4058:
Ta=04 Na74 : BANK
A>>Pn5 nI7=49"+)
A>>Pna74 Ja9>3a9"'$)
CI99P=a0an>4 nI7=49"2$,')
1 ?9-24 a PLRSQL P95;9a7 25 ?ITHDRA? 75n41 6957 a /a92->I0a9 a>>5In2
T34 A>>Pn5 and
CI99P=a0a>4 .35I0d =4 4n2494d 6957 :41=5a9d T34 4E>4/2-5n. 9a-.4d a94
a) A>>Pn5 n52 65Ind
=) OJ49 D9a8n
>) 255 7an1 958. 942I9n4d
2 ?9-24 a PLRSQL P95;9a7 25 CREDIT 75n41 25 a /a92->I0a9 a>>5In2 and
942I9n 234 >I994n2 =a0an>4 T34
a>>5In2 nI7=49 and a75In2 .35I0d =4 4n2494d 2395I;3 :41=5a9d T34
4E>4/2-5n. a94 :
a) a>>5In2 nI7=49 n52 65Ind
=)
# ?9-24 a PLRSQL P95;9a7 25 add a NE? a>>5In2 350d49 =1 ;422-n; 234
-n/I2 6957 234 I.49 I.-n; 234
4E>4/2-5n
a) dI/0->a24 a>>5In2 nI7=49
=) 255 7an1 958.
>) -nJa0-d nI7=49 and Ja0I4 49959
' ?9-24 a PLRSQL P95;9a7 25 DELETE a>>5In2 350d49 =1 4n249-n; 234
a>>5In2 nI7=49 T34 4E>4/2-5n
a)n5 da2a 65Ind
=)B46594 d40424 d-./0a1 234 >I994n2 =a0an>4
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@
SUBPRO*RAM
1 ?9-24 a PLRSQL P95;9a7 25 S?AP 234 285 -n/I2 nI7=49 8-235I2 I.-n;
234 247/59a91 Ja9-a=04, =1
I.-n; 234 PROCEDURE
2 ?9-24 a PLRSQL P95;9a7 25 6-nd 5I2 234 6a>259-a0 56 a ;-J4n -n/I2
nI7=49 I.-n; 94>I9.-J4 6In>2-5n
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@
DATABASE TRI**ERS
1 ?9-24 a da2a=a.4 29-;;49 25 -7/0474n2 234 PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT
2 ?9-24 a da2a=a.4 29-;;49 25 -7/0474n2 234 FOREI*N KEY CONSTRAINT
# ?9-24 a da2a=a.4 29-;;49 25 -7/0474n2 234 ON DELETE CASCADE
' ?9-24 a da2a=a.4 29-;;49 25 d-.a0058 234 DELETE 5/49a2-5n 6957
52349. U.49 4E>4/2 O8n49
) ?9-24 a da2a=a.4 29-;;49 25 aI257a2->a001 >5nJ492 234 05849 >a.4
47/05144 na74 25 UPPER CASE
47/05144 na74 83-04 4n249-n;
+ ?9-24 a da2a=a.4 29-;;49 25 d-.a0058 an1 5/49a2-5n 5n SUNDAY and an1
da1 BEFORE ! AM AND
AFTER + PM
, ?9-24 a da2a=a.4 29-;;49 25 >5/1 234 94>59d 83->3 3a. =44n
d40424d 8-23 USER,DATE,TIME
G ?9-24 a da2a=a.4 29-;;49 25 ;4n49a24 234 .49-a0 nI7=49 659 234
/a92->I0a9 2a=04
! ?9-24 a da2a=a.4 29-;;49 25 Ja0-da24 234 47/n5 a. a ' d-;-2
nI7=49
1$ ?9-24 a da2a=a.4 29-;;49 25 Ja0-da24 234 >577 7a1 =4 NULL 59
04.. 234n 1R' 56 234 .a0a91 and 7I.2
n52 =4 n4;a2-J4
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@
PACKA*ES
1 C94a24 a /a>:a;4 23a2 >5n2a-n. 234 650058-n; .I= /95;9a7.
"a) P95>4dI94 NE?PEMP 25 add a n48 47/05144 25 234 47/ 2a=04
"=) P95>4dI94 UPDATEPEMP 25 I/da24 an1 47/5144. d42a-0. 8-23
/95/49
49959 74..a;4
">) FIn>2-5n CHECKPEMP 25 >34>: -6 an 47/05144 -. 4E-.2-n; 234
2a=04
"d) P95>4dI94 DELETEPEMP 25 d40424 an 47/05144 Z. 94>59d
"4) P95>4dI94 ERRORPMESSA*E 25 d-./0a1 49959 74..a;4 ;4n49a24d
=1 an1
56 234 a=5J4
/95>4dI94 59 6In>2-5n.
2 C94a24 a /a>:a;4 25 >5ndI>2 =an: 29an.a>2-5n. -nJ50J-n; 234
650058-n; /95>4dI94. and 6In>2-5n.
"a) D4=-2
"=) C94d-2
">) N48 a>>5In2
"d) &5I9na0 4n291 94>59d-n; a00 29an.a>2-5n"A>>2P-d, T9an.P21/4,
.1.da24)
"4) En249 234 29an.a>2-5n. 8-23 .2a2I. /4nd-n;
BLOCKS CREATED ON
1 *OTO
2 EDIT
# EDIT ?HEN
' *ENERATE EVENRODD SERIES
) *ENERATE MULTIPLICATION TABLES
+ REVERSE OF NUMBER
, REVERSE OF STRIN*
G PRIME OR NOT
! SQUARE
1$ M TO PO?ER N
11 ODD AND EVEN SERIES TO*ETHER
12 ACCEPT SYMBOL FROM USER AND DEPENDIN* ON THAT
ADD,SUBTRACT,MULTIPLY
OR DIVIDE 2 NUMBERS
1# *ENERATE NUMBERS IN FIBONACCI SERIES
1' FACTORIAL OF NUMBER
1NNNNNNNNN*OTO STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARE
BE*IN
FOR I IN 11$ LOOP
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"I)%
IF IA) THEN
*OTO AA%
END IF%
END LOOP%
LLAAFF
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"(OUTSIDE THE LOOP()%
END%
OUTPUT IS
1
2
#
'
)
HELLO
DECLARE
A NUMBER:AMA%
B NUMBER:AMB%
BE*IN
a:AaH=H1$$%
-6 aF1$$$ 234n
;525 SS%
40.4
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"(5I2 /I2 n52 ;94a249 23an 1$$$()%
4nd -6%
LLSSFF
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"a)%
END %
2NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNEDIT STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARE
BE*IN
FOR I IN 11$ LOOP
IF IA) THEN
EDIT%
END IF%
END LOOP%
END%
OUTPUT IS
1
2
#
'
)
#NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNEDIT ?HEN STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARE
BE*IN
FOR I IN 11$ LOOP
EDIT ?HEN IA)%
END LOOP%
END%
OUTPUT IS
1
2
#
'
)
'NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN?HILE LOOP
~~~~~~~~~~
*ENERATE ODDREVEN NUMBERS
DECLARE
N NUMBER:AMN%
I NUMBER:A1%
BE*IN
?HILE"ILN) LOOP
I:AIH2%
END LOOP%
END%
"FOR EVEN SERIES REPLACE 1 ?ITH $)%
DECLARE
N NUMBER:AMN%
BE*IN
FOR I IN 1N LOOP
IF MOD"I,2)A$ THEN
END IF%
END LOOP%
END%
)NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNMULTIPLICATION TABLES
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARE
N NUMBER:AMN%
RES NUMBER%
BE*IN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"(THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE IS()%
FOR I IN 11$ LOOP
RES:AN@I%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"N QQ( @ (QQI QQ( A (QQRES)%
END LOOP%
END%
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNREVERSE OF A NUMBER
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARE
N NUMBER:AMN%
R NUMBER:A$%
L NUMBER%
BE*IN
L:ALEN*TH"N)%
FOR I IN 1L LOOP
R:AR@1$HMOD"N,1$)%
N:AFLOOR"NR1$)%
END LOOP%
NNDBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"N)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"R)%
END%
DECLARE
N NUMBER:AMN%
R NUMBER%
L NUMBER%
BE*IN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(THE NUMBER IS (QQN)%
L:ALEN*TH"N)%
FOR I IN 1L LOOP
R:ARQQMOD"N,1$)%
N:AFLOOR"NR1$)%
END LOOP%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(THE REVERSE OF THE NUMBER IS (QQR)%
END%
, NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNREVERSE OF A STRIN*
DECLARE
N VARCHAR2"12):A(MN(%
REV VARCHAR2"12)%
LEN NUMBER%
BE*IN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(STRIN* IS (QQN)%
LEN:ALEN*TH"N)%
FOR I IN REVERSE 1LEN LOOP
REV:AREVQQSUBSTR"N,I,1) %
END LOOP%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(REVERSED STRIN* IS (QQ9EV)%
END%
GNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNPRIME OR NOT
~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARE
N NUMBER:AMN%
FLA* NUMBER:A1%
BE*IN
FOR I IN 2NN1 LOOP
IF MOD"N,I)A$ THEN
FLA*:A$%
EDIT%
END IF%
END LOOP%
IF FLA*A$ THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(NUMBER IS NOT PRIME()%
ELSE
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"(NUMBER IS PRIME()%
END IF%
END%
!NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNDRA? A SQUARE
DECLARE
BE*IN
FOR I IN 11$ LOOP
DBMSPOUTPUTPUT"(X()%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUT"( ()%
END LOOP%
DBMSPOUTPUTNE?PLINE%
FOR I IN 11$ LOOP
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(X X()%
END LOOP%
FOR I IN 11$ LOOP
DBMSPOUTPUTPUT"(X()%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUT"( ()%
END LOOP%
END%
1$NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNM RAISED TO NTH PO?ER
DECLARE
M NUMBER:AMM%
N NUMBER:AMN%
RES NUMBER%
BE*IN
RES:APO?ER"M,N)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"(M TO PO?ER OF N IS (QQRES)%
END%
11NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNDISPLAY ODD AND EVEN SERIES
DECLARE
BE*IN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(ODDNNNNNNNNNNNEVEN()%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"(PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP()%
FOR I IN 12$
LOOP
IF MOD"I,2) A $ THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"( (QQI)%
ELSE
DBMSPOUTPUTPUT"I)%
END IF%
END LOOP%
END%
12NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
ACCEPT SYMBOL FROM USER AND DEPENDIN* ON THAT ADD,SUBTRACT,MULTIPLY
OR DIVIDE 2 NUMBERS
DECLARE
NUM1 NUMBER:AMNUMBER1%
SYB CHAR:A(MSYMBOL(%
NUM2 NUMBER:AMNUMBER2%
RESULT NUMBER%
BE*IN
IF SYBA(H( THEN
RESULT:ANUM1HNUM2%
ELSE
IF SYBA(N( THEN
RESULT:ANUM1NNUM2%
ELSE
IF SYBA(@( THEN
RESULT:ANUM1@NUM2%
ELSE
IF SYBA(R( THEN
RESULT:ANUM1RNUM2%
END IF%
END IF%
END IF%
END IF%

DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"RESULT)%
END%
PLRSQL Ta=04.
O=<4>2. 56 21/4 TABLE a94 >a004d VPLRSQL 2a=04.,V 83->3 a94 75d4004d
5n "=I2 n52 234 .a74 a.) da2a=a.4 2a=04. PLRSQL 2a=04. I.4 a /9-7a91
:41 25 ;-J4 15I a99a1N0-:4 a>>4.. 25 958. T34 .-S4 56 a PLRSQL 2a=04
-. In>5n.29a-n4d T3a2 -., 234 nI7=49 56 958. -n a PLRSQL 2a=04 >an
-n>94a.4 d1na7->a001
PLRSQL 2a=04. >an 3aJ4 5n4 >50I7n and a /9-7a91 :41, n4-2349 56 83->3
>an =4 na74d T34 >50I7n >an =405n; 25 an1 .>a0a9 21/4, =I2 234
/9-7a91
:41 7I.2 =405n; 25 21/4 BINARYPINTE*ER
D4>0a9-n; PLRSQL Ta=04.
PLRSQL 2a=04. 7I.2 =4 d4>0a94d -n 285 .24/. F-9.2, 15I d46-n4 a TABLE
21/4, 234n d4>0a94 PLRSQL 2a=04. 56 23a2 21/4 Y5I >an d4>0a94 TABLE
21/4. -n 234 d4>0a9a2-J4 /a92 56 an1 =05>:, .I=/95;9a7, 59 /a>:a;4
I.-n; 234 .1n2aE
TYPE 21/4Pna74 IS TABLE OF
[ >50I7nP21/4 Q Ja9-a=04OTYPE Q 2a=04>50I7nOTYPE (D \NOT NULL]
INDED BY BINARYPINTE*ER%
83494 V21/4Pna74V -. a 21/4 ./4>-6-49 I.4d -n .I=.4KI4n2 d4>0a9a2-5n.
56 PLRSQL 2a=04. and V>50I7nP21/4V -. an1 .>a0a9 da2a21/4 .I>3 a. CHAR,
DATE, 59 NUMBER Y5I >an I.4 234 OTYPE a229-=I24 25 ./4>-61 a >50I7n
da2a21/4
In 23-. 4Ea7/04, 15I d4>0a94 a TABLE 21/4 >a004d VEna74Ta=T1/V:
DECLARE
TYPE Ena74Ta=T1/ IS TABLE OF CHAR"1$)
Y5I >5I0d 3aJ4 I.4d OTYPE 25 /95J-d4 234 >50I7n da2a21/4, a. 650058.:
DECLARE
TYPE Ena74Ta=T1/ IS TABLE OF 47/4na74OTYPE
On>4 15I d46-n4 21/4 VEna74Ta=T1/,V 15I >an d4>0a94 PLRSQL 2a=04. 56
23a2 21/4, a. 650058.:
4na74P2a= Ena74Ta=T1/%
T34 -d4n2-6-49 V4na74P2a=V 94/94.4n2. an 4n2-94 PLRSQL 2a=04
L-:4 .>a0a9 Ja9-a=04., PLRSQL 2a=04. >an =4 d4>0a94d a. 234 6597a0
/a9a74249. 56 /95>4dI94. and 6In>2-5n. S574 /a>:a;4d 4Ea7/04. 650058:
PACKA*E 47/Pa>2-5n. IS
TYPE Ena74Ta=T1/ IS TABLE OF 47/4na74OTYPE
TYPE Sa0Ta=T1/ IS TABLE OF 47/.a0OTYPE
.a0P2a= Sa0Ta=T1/%

PROCEDURE 3-94P=a2>3
"4na74P2a= Ena74Ta=T1/,
.a0P2a= Sa0Ta=T1/,
)%
PROCEDURE 05;Pna74.
"4na74P2a= Ena74Ta=T1/,
nI7 BINARYPINTE*ER)%

END 47/Pa>2-5n.%
R46494n>-n; PLRSQL Ta=04.
T5 946494n>4 958. -n a PLRSQL 2a=04, 15I ./4>-61 a /9-7a91 :41 Ja0I4
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83494 V/9-7a91P:41PJa0I4V =405n;. 25 21/4 BINARYPINTE*ER F59 4Ea7/04,
15I 946494n>4 234 23-9d 958 -n PLRSQL 2a=04 V4na74P2a=V a. 650058.:
4na74P2a="#)
Y5I >an a..-;n 234 Ja0I4 56 a PLRSQL 4E/94..-5n 25 a ./4>-6-> 958 I.-n;
234 650058-n; .1n2aE:
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In 234 n4E2 4Ea7/04, 15I a..-;n 234 .I7 56 Ja9-a=04. V.a0a91V and
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946494n>4 an In-n-2-a0-S4d 958, PLRSQL 9a-.4. 234 /94d46-n4d 4E>4/2-5n
NOPDATAPFOUND C5n.-d49 234 650058-n; 4Ea7/04:
DECLARE
TYPE &5=Ta=T1/ IS TABLE OF CHAR"1')
<5=P2a= &5=Ta=T1/%
BE*IN
<5=P2a="1) :A (CLERK(%
IF <5=P2a="2) A (CLERK( THEN NN 9a-.4. NOPDATAPFOUND

END IF%

EDCEPTION
NN 3494 =4>aI.4 <5=P2a="2) d54. n52 4E-.2

END%
In.492-n;RF42>3-n; R58.
Y5I 7I.2 I.4 a 055/ 25 INSERT Ja0I4. 6957 a PLRSQL 2a=04 -n25 a
da2a=a.4
>50I7n L-:48-.4, 15I 7I.2 I.4 a 055/ 25 FETCH Ja0I4. 6957 a da2a=a.4
>50I7n -n25 a PLRSQL 2a=04 F59 4Ea7/04, ;-J4n 234 d4>0a9a2-5n.
DECLARE
TYPE E7/n5Ta=T1/ IS TABLE OF NUMBER"')
TYPE Ena74Ta=T1/ IS TABLE OF CHAR"1$)

47/n5P2a= E7/n5Ta=T1/%

15I 7-;32 I.4 234 650058-n; /95>4dI94 25 INSERT Ja0I4. 6957 234 PLRSQL
2a=04. -n25 234 V47/V da2a=a.4 2a=04:
PROCEDURE -n.492P47/Pda2a
"958. BINARYPINTE*ER,
47/n5P2a= E7/n5Ta=T1/,
4na74P2a= Ena74Ta=T1/,
) IS
BE*IN
FOR - IN 1958. LOOP
INSERT INTO 47/ "47/n5, 4na74, )
VALUES "47/n5P2a="-), 4na74P2a="-), )%
END LOOP%
END%
C5nJ49.401, 15I 7-;32 I.4 234 n4E2 /95>4dI94 25 FETCH a00 958. 6957 234
da2a=a.4 2a=04 -n25 PLRSQL 2a=04. V47/n5P2a=V and V4na74P2a=V:
PROCEDURE 642>3P47/Pda2a
"958. OUT BINARYPINTE*ER,
47/n5P2a= OUT E7/n5Ta=T1/,
4na74P2a= OUT Ena74Ta=T1/,
) IS
BE*IN
958. :A $%
FOR 47/94> IN "SELECT @ FROM 47/) LOOP
958. :A 958. H 1%
47/n5P2a="958.) :A 47/94>47/n5%
4na74P2a="958.) :A 47/94>4na74%

END LOOP%
END%
H584J49, 15I >ann52 946494n>4 PLRSQL 2a=04. -n 234 INTO >0aI.4 F59
4Ea7/04, 234 650058-n; SELECT .2a2474n2 -. -004;a0:
PROCEDURE 642>3P47/Pda2a
"958. OUT BINARYPINTE*ER,
47/n5P2a= OUT E7/n5Ta=T1/,
4na74P2a= OUT Ena74Ta=T1/,
) IS
BE*IN
SELECT 47/n5, 4na74
INTO 47/n5P2a=, 4na74P2a= NN -004;a0
FROM 47/%

END%
D4042-n; R58.
Y5I >ann52 d40424 -nd-J-dIa0 958. 6957 a PLRSQL 2a=04 =4>aI.4 234
DELETE .2a2474n2 >ann52 ./4>-61 PLRSQL 2a=04. H584J49, 15I >an I.4
a .-7/04 859:a95Ind 25 d40424 4n2-94 PLRSQL 2a=04. ?34n 15I 8an2 25
d40424 a PLRSQL 2a=04, .-7/01 a..-;n a nI00 25 -2, a. .358n -n 234
650058-n; 4Ea7/04:
DECLARE
TYPE NI7Ta=T1/ IS TABLE OF NUMBER
.a0P2a= NI7Ta=T1/%

BE*IN
R@ L5ad .a0a91 2a=04 @R
FOR - IN 1)$ LOOP
.a0P2a="-) :A -%
END LOOP%

R@ D40424 .a0a91 2a=04 @R
.a0P2a= :A NULL% NN 9404a.4. a00 PLRSQL 2a=04 94.5I9>4.

END%
S44 a0.5: Da2a21/4., Va9-a=04. and C5n.2an2., R4>59d.,
FETCH S2a2474n2, INSERT, DELETE
1 /0R.K0 =05>: 25 /9-n2 d42a-0. 56 47/05144. 834n nI7=49A,,GG%
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
d4>0a94
nI7 nI7=49"))%
na74 Ja9>3a9"1$)%
.a0 nI7=49",,2)%
=4;-n
.404>2 47/n5,4na74,.a0 -n25 nI7,na74,.a0 6957 47/ 83494 47/n5A,!$2%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2PL-n4"nI7QQ( (QQna74QQ( (QQ.a0)%
4nd%
2 /0R.K0 =05>: 25 /9-n2 d42a-0. 56 47/05144. 834n nI7=49An
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
d4>0a94
nI7 nI7=49"))%
na74 Ja9>3a9"1$)%
.a0 nI7=49",,2)%
=4;-n
.404>2 47/n5,4na74,.a0 -n25 nI7,na74,.a0 6957 47/ 83494 47/n5AMn%
-n.492 -n25 a94a. Ja0I4."1$$,'$$$)%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2PL-n4"nI7QQ( (QQna74QQ( (QQ.a0)%
4nd%
DECLARE
NAME VARCHAR2"1$):A(MNAME(%
DESI* VARCHAR2"12)%
SALARY NUMBER",,2)%
NETSAL NUMBER",,2)%
BE*IN
SELECT &OB,SAL INTO DESI*,SALARY FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEANAME%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"NAMEQQ( (QQDESI*QQ( (QQSALARY)%
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALARY@$1 HSALARY ?HERE ENAMEANAME%
NETSAL:ASALARY@$1HSALARY%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(THE NET SALARY IS (QQNETSAL)%
ELSE
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALARY@$2 HSALARY ?HERE ENAMEANAME%
NETSAL:ASALARY@$1HSALARY%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(THE NET SALARY IS (QQNETSAL)%
END IF%
END%
# I/da24 .2a2474n2 -n /0R.K0
=05>:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
d4>0a94
nI7 nI7=49")):AMEMPNO%
na74 Ja9>3a9"1$)%
.a0a91 nI7=49",,2)%
d4.-; Ja9>3a92"1$)%
=4;-n
.404>2 47/n5,4na74,.a0,<5= -n25 nI7,na74,.a0a91,d4.-;
6957 47/ 83494 47/n5ANUM%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2PL-n4"nI7QQ( (QQna74QQ( (QQ.a0ARYQQ( (QQDESI*)%
-6 d4.-;A(CLERK( THEN
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH2$$ ?HERE EMPNOANUM%
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH#$$ ?HERE EMPNOANUM%
END IF%
COMMIT%
4nd%
' DELETE STATEMENT IN PLRSQL BLOCK
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
d4>0a94
nI7 nI7=49"))%
na74 Ja9>3a9"1$)%
.a0a91 nI7=49",,2)%
d4.-; Ja9>3a92"1$)%
=4;-n
.404>2 47/n5,4na74,.a0,<5= -n25 nI7,na74,.a0a91,d4.-;
6957 47/ 83494 47/n5AMn%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(RECORD DELETED()%
DELETE FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOANUM%
ELSE
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(RECORD NOT DELETED()%
END IF%
4nd%
) INSERT STATEMENT IN PLRSQL BLOCK
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARE
ENO NUMBER"')%
M*R NUMBER"')%
DEPNO NUMBER"#)%
BE*IN
INSERT INTO EMP"EMPNO,M*R,DEPTNO)VALUES"MENO,MM*R,MDEPNO)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"ENOQQ( (QQM*RQQ( (QQDEPNO)%
COMMIT%
END%
+ SELECTIN* THE VALUES FROM EMP M INSERTIN* TO TEMP TABLE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
d4>0a94
nI7 nI7=49"))%
na74 Ja9>3a9"1$)%
.a0a91 nI7=49",,2)%
d4.-; Ja9>3a92"1$)%
=4;-n
.404>2 47/n5,4na74,.a0,<5= -n25 nI7,na74,.a0a91,d4.-;
6957 47/ 83494 47/n5AMn%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(RECORD INSERTED()%
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"NUM,NAME,SALARY,DESI*)%
END IF%
COMMIT%
4nd%
, DISPLAY NAME AND DESI*NATION OF MANA*ERS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
"THE BLOCK *IVES ERRORS
IT IS &UST TO ILLUSTRATE THAT
4Ea>2 642>3 942I9n. 7594 23an 94KI4.24d nI7=49 56 958. )
DECLARE
N NUMBER%
NAME EMPENAMEOTYPE%
DESI* EMP&OBOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT COUNT"@) INTO N FROM EMP ?HERE &OBA(MANA*ER(%
FOR I IN 1N LOOP
SELECT ENAME,&OB INTO NAME,DESI* FROM EMP ?HERE &OBA(MANA*ER(%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"NAMEQQ( (QQDESI*)%
END LOOP%
END%
EDAMPLE FOR SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE STATEMENTS IN PLRSQL
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CREATE TABLE TEMP
" ENAME VARCHAR2"1$),
DESI* VARCHAR2"1$),
SAL NUMBER",,2))%
DECLARE
NAME VARCHAR2"1$)%
DESI* VARCHAR2"1$)%
SALARY NUMBER",,2)%
ENO NUMBER"'):AMEMPNO%
BE*IN
SELECT ENAME,&OB,SAL INTO NAME,DESI*,SALARY FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAENO%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"ENOQQ( (QQNAMEQQ( (QQSALARYQQ( (QQDESI*)%
DELETE FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAENO%
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"NAME,DESI*,SALARY)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(DELETED FROM EMP AND INSERTED TO TEMP()%
COMMIT%
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALARYH2$$ ?HERE EMPNOAENO%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(INCREMENTED SALARY IS (QQTOPCHAR"SALARYH2$$))%
END IF%
END%
GSELECT MAD"DEPTNO) FROM DEPT TABLE AND INSERT TO TEMP TABLE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARE
MDEPNO NUMBER"#)%
BE*IN
FOR I IN 1' LOOP
SELECT MAD"DEPTNO) INTO MDEPNO FROM DEPT)%
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"MDEPNO)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"MDEPNO)%
DELETE FROM DEPT) ?HERE DEPTNOAMDEPNO%
COMMIT%
END LOOP%
END%
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~
! 2 2a=04. a94 >94a24d In 5n4 2a=04 234 KIan2-1 and 234 /95dI>2 na74
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-n.492 -n25 247/ 2a=04 5I2 56 .25>: and .1.da24
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~
-nJ4n2591 2a=04 "-nJ)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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/na74 VARCHAR2"1$)%
=4;-n
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/95dna74A(M/95dI>2na74(%
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DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(THANK U FOR THE PURCHASES MADE VISIT A*AIN()%
I/da24 -nJ .42 KIan2-21AKIan2-21N1 83494 /95dna74A/na74%
>577-2%
40.4
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(STOCK LEVEL IS BELO? ORDER LEVEL()%
-n.492 -n25 247/ Ja0I4."/na74,(5I2 56 .25>:(,.1.da24)%
>577-2%
4nd -6%
4nd%
1$ 4Ea7/04 659 >5n.2an2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
d4>0a94
a >5n.2an2 nI7=49:A)%
=4;-n
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2PL-n4"a)%
4nd%
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=4;-n
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4nd%
114Ea7/04 659 d46aI02
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
d4>0a94
a nI7=49 d46aI02 #%
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d=7.P5I2/I2/I2PL-n4"a)%
4nd%
"3ERE A CAN BE USED AS ASSI*NMENT TAR*ET)
12 ?9-24 a /0R.K0 =05>: 25 642>3 234 d42a-0. 56 a00 234 47/05144.
835.4
nI7=49 -. ,!$2 N58 -6 3-. .a0 -. 04.. 23an '$$$ 234n 642>3 .a0a91
7;9 and na74 56 234 47/05144. 835.4 47/n5 .35I0d =4 4KIa0 25
M*R
1# ?AP TO CHECK THE BANK DETAILS IN BANK TABLE ACCNO AND BALANCE
IS STORED USER HAS TO ENTER THE ACCOUNT NUMBER AND ?ITHDRA?
AMOUNT
IF ?ITHDRA?L AMOUNT L BALANCE THEN UPDATE BALANCE OF BANK TABLE
AND SUBTRACT THE ?ITHDRA?L AMOUNT FROM BALANCE ELSE INSERT A
MESSA*E LIKE INSUFFICIENT FUNDS TO TEMP TABLE

>94a24 2a=04 =an:
" a>>n5 nI7=49"#),
=a0 nI7=49"+))%
ACCNO BAL
NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNN
1$ )$$$
2$ +$$$
#$ 2$
>94a24 2a=04 247/
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4nd -6%
4nd%
1' ILLUSTRATE OTYPE
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
d4>0a94
a 47/d4/2n5O21/4%
=4;-n
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d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"a)%
4nd%
1)ILLUSTRATE ORO?TYPE
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
d4>0a94
a 47/ORO?21/4%
=4;-n
.404>2 @ -n25 a 6957 47/ 83494 47/n5AMN%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"AENAMEQQ( (QQASALQQ( (QQACOMM)%
4nd%

1+
89-24 a /0R.K0 =05>: 25 >a0>I0a24 234 .I7 and aJ49a;4 .a0a9-4. 56
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
a00 234 47/05144. 56 a /a92->I0a9 d4/a9274n2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DECLARE
NO NUMBER:AMDEPTNO%
SUM1 NUMBER",,2)%
AV*1 NUMBER",,2)%
BE*IN
SELECT SUM"SAL),AV*"SAL) INTO SUM1,AV*1
FROM EMP
?HERE DEPTNOANO%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0-n4"(SI7 56 .a0a91 -.(QQSUM1)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPL-n4"(AJ49a;4 .a0a91 -.(QQAV*1)%
END%
NESTED TABLE
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE EMPLOYEE AS OB&ECT
P CREATE TYPE EMPLOYEE AS OB&ECT
"NO NUMBER"'),
NAME VARCHAR2"2$),
&OB VARCHAR2"1$),
SAL NUMBER",,2))%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
CREATE TYPE EMPTAB AS TABLE OF EMPLOYEE%
CREATE TABLE DEPTNEST
"DNO NUMBER"2),
DNAME VARCHAR2"2$),
EMPL EMPTAB) NESTED TABLE EMPL STORE AS EMPNEST%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
INSERT INTO DEPTNEST VALUES "1$,(ACCOUNTS(,EMPTAB"
EMPLOYEE"1,(RA&(,(CLERK(,1$$$),
EMPLOYEE"2,(SARAV(,(SALES(,2$$$)))%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
INSERT INTO THE"SELECT EMPL FROM DEPTNEST ?HERE
DEPTNOA1$) VALUES "EMPTAB"#,(SHIV(,(SUPERV(,2#$$))%
SELECT DEMPLNAME FROM DEPTNEST D ?HERE DDNOA1$%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
SELECT TYPEPCODE,ATTRIBUTES FROM USERPTYPES ?HERE TYPEPNAMEA(DEPTNEST(%
SELECT COLLPTYPES,ELEMPTYPE FROM USERPCOLPTYPES ?HERE TYPEPNAMEA(
(%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
VARRAY:
NNNNNNNNNNNNN
CREATE TYPE PHONE AS OB&ECT
"NO NUMBER"+))%
NNNNNNNNNN
CREATE TYPE PHONETYPE AS VARRAY")) OF PHONE%
NNNNNNNNNN
CREATE TABLE CUST
"NAME VARCHAR2"2$),
PHONENO PHONETYPE)%
NNNNNNNNNNN
INSERT INTO CUST VALUES "(DDDD(,
PHONETYPE"PHONE"2#2#22),PHONE"#')#')))%
NNNNNNNNNNN
SELECT COLI7nPNAME,DATAPTYPEPNAME FROM USERPTABPCOLUMNS
?HERE TABLEPNAMEA( (%
SELECT TYPEPCODE,ATTRIBUTES FROM USERPTYPES ?HERE
TYPEPNAMEA( (%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Y@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Y
PROCEDURES
Y@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Y
Y@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@
@@@@@@@Y
1 ?RITE A PROCEDURE TO DRA? A LINE
2 ?RITE A PROCEDURE ?HICH ACTS &UST LIKE DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE
# ?RITE A PROCEDURE TO FETCH THE NAME AND &OB ?HEN NO IS PASSED
"23-. -. 25 -00I.29a24 =523 -n and 5I2 /a9a74249.)
' ?RITE A PROCEDURE TO PASS THE EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND THE AMOUNT TO
BE INCREMENTED
4Ea7/04 25 -00I.29a24 -n 5I2 /a9a74249
) EDAMPLE TO ILLUSTRATE LOCAL PROCEDURE
IE DYNAMIC CREATION OF PROCEDURES"PROCEDURE ?ITHIN A BLOCK)
Y@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@YY@@@@@@@
@@@@@@@Y
1NNNNNNNNNN ?RITE A PROCEDURE TO DRA? A LINE
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE LINE IS
BE*IN
FOR I IN 1'$ LOOP
DBMSPOUTPUTPUT"(P()%
END LOOP%
END%
EDEC LINE
OR
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE &OBA(CLERK(%
CURSOR C2 IS SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE &OBA(MANA*ER(%
BE*IN
LINE%
LINE%
FOR I IN C1 LOOP
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"IENAMEQQ( (QQI&OB)%
END LOOP%
LINE%
LINE%
FOR I IN C2 LOOP
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"IENAMEQQ( (QQI&OB)%
END LOOP%
LINE%
LINE%
END%
PP
2NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN?RITE A PROCEDURE ?HICH ACTS &UST LIKE
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE PRINT" N VARCHAR2) -.
=4;-n
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"n)%
4nd%
d4>0a94
A NUMBER:A2)%
=4;-n
PRINT"A)%
/9-n2"(BRAIN?ARE()%
4nd%
#NNNNNNNNNNNN?RITE A PROCEDURE TO FETCH THE NAME AND &OB ?HEN NO IS
PASSED
NNNNNNN"23-. -. 25 -00I.29a24 =523 -n and 5I2 /a9a74249.)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DISP"N NUMBER)
IS
NAME EMPENAMEOTYPE%
DESI* EMP&OBOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT ENAME,&OB INTO NAME,DESI* FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAN%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"NAMEQQ( (QQDESI*)%
END%
EDEC DISP",'!!)
DECLARE
BE*IN
DISP"MN)%
END%
OR
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DISP1"ENO NUMBER,
NAME OUT VARCHAR,DESI* OUT VARCHAR)
IS
BE*IN
SELECT ENAME,&OB INTO NAME,DESI* FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAENO%
END%
DECLARE
NAME1 VARCHAR2"#$)%
DESI*1 VARCHAR2"1$)%
N NUMBER:AMEMPNO%
BE*IN
DISP1"N,NAME1,DESI*1)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"NAME1QQ( (QQDESI*1QQ( (QQN)%
END%
PP
'NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN?RITE A PROCEDURE TO PASS THE EMPLOYEE NUMBER AND THE
AMOUNT TO
BE INCREMENTED
4Ea7/04 25 -00I.29a24 -n 5I2 /a9a74249
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-.
=4;-n
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-6 .K0O65Ind 234n
a:A1%
40.4
a:A$%
4nd -6%
4nd%
d4>0a94
n nI7=49:AM47/n5%
-n>94 nI7=49:AM-n>9474n2%
=4;-n
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"(n A (QQ nQQ( (QQ( -n>9474n2A(QQ-n>94)%
3-:4P.a0"n,-n>94)%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"(n A (QQ nQQ( (QQ( -n>9474n2A(QQ-n>94)%
-6 nA1 234n
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"(.a0a91 -n>9474n24d()%
40.4
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"(.a0a91 -. n52 -n>9474n24d()%
4nd -6%
4nd%
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
)NNNNNNNNNNNEDAMPLE TO ILLUSTRATE LOCAL PROCEDURE
NNNNNNNNNNNNIE DYNAMIC CREATION OF PROCEDURES"PROCEDURE ?ITHIN A
BLOCK)
DECLARE
A NUMBER:A1$%
& VARCHAR2"1$)%
ENO NUMBER%
PROCEDURE DISP&OB"N NUMBER,& OUT VARCHAR2) IS
BE*IN
SELECT &OB INTO & FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAN%
END%
BE*IN
ENO:AMEMPNO%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(EMPLOYEE NUMBER IS(QQENO)%
DISP&OB"ENO,&)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"(EMPNOA(QQENOQQ( &OBA(QQ&)%
EDCEPTION
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(MESSA*E()%
PRINT"(SORRRY NO EMPLOYEE EDISTS ?ITH THAT NUMBER()%
END%
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
CURSORS
NNNNNNN
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT ENAME,COMM FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOA,!$$%
NAME EMPENAMEOTYPE%
COMMISSION EMPCOMMOTYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1%
FETCH C1 INTO NAME,COMMISSION%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(THE VALUES ARE(QQ( (QQNAMEQQ( (QQCOMMISSION)%
CLOSE C1%
END%
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME ,DEPTNO FROM EMP%
EMPNUM EMPEMPNOOTYPE%
EMPNAME EMPENAMEOTYPE%
DEPTNUM EMPDEPTNOOTYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO EMPNUM,EMPNAME,DEPTNUM%
-6 >1On5265Ind 234n
4E-2%
40.4
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"EMPNUMQQ( (QQEMPNAMEQQ( (QQDEPTNUM)%
4nd -6%
END LOOP%
4nd%
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME ,SAL FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA1$%
NAME EMPENAMEOTYPE%
SALARY EMPSALOTYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO EMPNUM,NAME,SALARY%
IF C1ONOTFOUND THEN EDIT%
END IF%
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"EMPNUM,NAME,SALARY)%
END LOOP%
NNCLOSE C1%
END%
RRCURSOR ALREADY OPEN
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO FROM EMP%
EMPNAME EMPENAMEOTYPE%
DEPTNUM EMPDEPTNOOTYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1%
OPEN C1%
FOR I IN 1)
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO EMPNUM,EMPNAME,DEPTNUM%
IF C1O NOTFOUND THEN
EDIT%
END IF%
NNINSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"EMPNUM,EMPNAME,DEPTNUM)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,SAL,COMM FROM EMP%
EMPCODE EMPEMPNOOTYPE%
SALARY EMPSALOTYPE%
COM EMPCOMMOTYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO EMPCODE,SALARY,COM%
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"EMPCODE,SALARY,COM)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
RRRRRRRR"ISOPEN ?ITH CLOSE)
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,SAL,COMM FROM EMP%
EMPCODE EMPEMPNOOTYPE%
SALARY EMPSALOTYPE%
COM EMPCOMMOTYPE%
BE*IN
LOOP
IF C1OISOPEN THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(CURSOR IS OPEN()%
EDIT%
ELSE
OPEN C1%
FETCH C1 INTO EMPCODE,SALARY,COM%
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"EMPCODE,SALARY,COM)%
END IF%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,COMM FROM EMP%
BE*IN
NNOPEN C1%
FOR I IN C1
LOOP
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"IEMPNOQQ( (QQIENAMEQQ( (QQICOMM)%
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"IEMPNO,IENAME,ICOMM)%
END LOOP%
NNCLOSE C1%
END%
ORO?TYPE
NNNNNNNN
DECLARE
TEMPRO? EMPORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO TEMPRO?%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"TEMPRO?EMPNOQQ( (QQTEMPRO?SAL)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL FROM EMP%
TEMPRO? C1ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN C1%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO TEMPRO?%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"TEMPRO?EMPNOQQ( (QQTEMPRO?SAL)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
END%
IMPLICIT CURSOR
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
BE*IN
UPDATE EMP SET HIREDATEA($1NSEPN!G( ?HERE DEPTNOA2$%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"SQLORO?COUNTQQ(RO? UPDATED()%
END%
RO?COUNT
NNNNNNNN
DECLARE CURSOR C1 IS SELECT @ FROM EMP%
A C1ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
IF NOT C1OISOPEN THEN
OPEN C1%
END IF%
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO A%
IF C1OFOUND THEN
IF C1ORO?COUNTL) THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"AEMPNOQQ( (QQAENAMEQQ( (QQADEPTNO)%
ELSE
EDIT%
END IF%
ELSE
EDIT%
END IF%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
END%
EDCEPTION%
NNNNNNNNNN
"TEROPDIVIDE)
NNNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
A NUMBER:AMA%
B NUMBER:AMB%
C NUMBER%
BE*IN
C:AARB%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"C)%
EDCEPTION
?HEN TEROPDIVIDE THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(THE DENOMINATOR IS TERO()%
B:AA%
C:AARB%
END%
VALUE 49959%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
EMPNUM NUMBER"#)%
NAME VARCHAR2"1$)%
NO NUMBER:AMNO%
BE*IN
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME INTO EMPNUM,NAME FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOANO%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"EMPNUMQQ( (QQNAME)%
EDCEPTION
?HEN VALUEPERROR THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(?IDTH IS NOT SUFFICIENT()%
DECLARE
ENUM EMPEMPNOOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME INTO ENUM,NAME FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOANO %
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"ENUMQQ( (QQNAME)%
END%
END%
INVALID NUMBER%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
NAME VARCHAR2"1$):A(MNAME(%
NUM NUMBER"#)%
BE*IN
SELECT TOPNUMBER"NAME) INTO NUM FROM DUAL%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"NUM)%
EDCEPTION
?HEN INVALIDPNUMBER THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(INVALID NUMBER IS RAISED()%
END%
TOO MANY RO?S:
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
NAME 47/ENAMEO21/4%
E&OB EMP&OBOTYPE:A(M&OB(%
BE*IN
.404>2 ENAME -n25 NAME 6957 47/ ?HERE &OBAE&OB%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"NAME)%
4E>4/2-5n
834n 255P7an1P958. 234n
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"(255 7an1 958. a94 65Ind()%
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT ENAME,&OB,SAL FROM EMP ?HERE &OBAE&OB%
BE*IN
IF C1OISOPEN THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(CURSOR IS OPEN()%
END IF%
FOR I IN C1 LOOP
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"IENAMEQQ( (QQI&OBQQ( (QQISAL)%
END LOOP%
END%
END%
NOPDATAPFOUND
NNNNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
NO EMPEMPNOOTYPE%
NAME EMPENAMEOTYPE%
SALARY EMPSALOTYPE%
DESI* EMP&OBOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,&OB INTO NO,NAME,SALARY,DESI*
FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAMEMPNO%
IF SQLOFOUND THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"NOQQ( (QQNAMEQQ( (QQSALARYQQ( (QQDESI*)%
END IF%
EDCEPTION
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(NO DATA FOUND()%
DECLARE
NE?NO EMPEMPNOOTYPE%
NAME EMPENAMEOTYPE%
DESI* EMP&OBOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT ENAME,&OB INTO NAME,DESI* FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAMNE?NO%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"NAMEQQ( (QQdESI*)%
END%
END%
INVALID CURSOR"OPENIN* IN LOOP)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
A EMPORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
LOOP
FETCH C1 INTO A%
OPEN C1%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"AENAMEQQ( (QQA&OBQQ( (QQASAL)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
EDCEPTION
?HEN INVALIDPCURSOR THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(INVALID CURSOR()%
END%
CURSORPALREADYPOPEN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT @ FROM EMP %
A C1ORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
5/4n >1%
LOOP
OPEN C1%
FETCH C1 INTO A%
EDIT ?HEN C1ONO2FOUND%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"a.a0QQ( (QQa4na74)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE C1%
4E>4/2-5n
834n >I9.59Pa094ad1P5/4n 234n
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"(>I9.59 a094ad1 5/4nED()%
END%

?HEN OTHERS
NNNNNNNNNNNN
DESC TEMP
A VARCHAR2"1$)
B VARCHAR2"2))
C VARCHAR2"2))
DECLARE
ENO NUMBER"')%
NAME VARCHAR2"1$)%
DEPNO NUMBER"#)%
ACODE NUMBER"')%
BMS* VARCHAR2"'$)%
EMPNO NUMBER"')%
BE*IN
SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO INTO ENO,NAME,DEPNO FROM EMP
?HERE 47/n5AM47/n5%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"ENOQQ( (QQNAMEQQ( (QQDEPNO)%
EDCEPTION
?HEN OTHERS THEN
ACODE:ASQLCODE%
BMS*:ASQLERRM%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(ACODE:(QQ( (QQACODEQQ( (QQBMS*)%
NNINSERT INTO 247/ VALUES"ACODE,BMS* ,(a.d.()%
END%
DUPPVALPONPINDED
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
>94a24 2a=04 247/"a nI7=49"#) /9-7a91 :41,
= Ja9>3a92"1$),> Ja9>3a92"1$))%
d4>0a94
dn5 d4/2d4/2n5O21/4%
dna74 d4/2dna74O21/4%
05> d4/205>O21/4%
=4;-n
-n.492 -n25 DEPT Ja0I4."Md4/2n5,(Mdna74(,(M05>()%
4E>4/2-5n
834n dI/PJa0P5nP-nd4E 234n
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"(DUPPVALUESPONPINDED()%
4nd%
USERPDEFINEDPEDCEPTION
DECLARE
SALARY EMPSALOTYPE%
COM EMPCOMM OTYPE%
MISPCOMM EDCEPTION%
NETSAL NUMBER",)%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL,COMM INTO SALARY,COM FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAMN%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"SALARYQQ( (QQCOM)%
IF COM IS NULL THEN
RAISE MISPCOMM%
ELSE
NETSAL:ASALARYHCOM%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"SALARYQQ( (QQCOMQQ( (QQNETSAL)%
END IF%
EDCEPTION
?HEN MISPCOMM THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTP0INE"(ORA'21(QQ( (QQ(MISSPCOMM EDCEPTION()%
END%
PARAMETER"ERROR)
NNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
I EMPORO?TYPE%
CURSOR C1"TEMPENO NUMBER) IS
SELECT @ FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOATEMPENO%
BE*IN
OPEN C1",'!!)%
FETCH C1 INTO I %
INSERT INTO EMP"EMPNO,ENAME,DEPTNO) VALUES"IEMPNO,IENAME,IDEPTNO)%
NNEDIT ?HEN C1ONOT FOUND%
NNEND LOOP%
END%
?EAK CURSOR"NO RETURN TYPE DECLARATION)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
TYPE T1 IS REF CURSOR%
T2 T1%
A EMPORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
OPEN T2 FOR SELECT @ FROM EMP%
LOOP
FETCH T2 INTO A%
EDIT ?HEN T2ONOTFOUND%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"AEMPNO)%
END LOOP%
CLOSE T2%
END%
DATA BASE TRI**ER:
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
BEFORERAFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON TABLENAME FOR EACH RO?
"ERROR)
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER T1 BEFORE INSERT ON EMP
DECLARE
A VARCHAR2"1$)%
BE*IN
SELECT TOPCHAR"SYSDATE,(DAY() INTO A FROM DUAL%
IF A A(TUESDAY( THEN
RAISEPAPPLICATIONPERROR"N2$!$!,(INSERTION NOT POSSIBLE()%
END IF%
END%
ERROR NO: N2$$$$ TO N2$!!!
"FIND T1 OR T2 )"OK)
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER T2 BEFORE INSERT ON EMP FOR EACH RO?
DECLARE
A NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT COUNT"@) INTO A FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA:NE?DEPTNO%
IF AFA1 THEN
RAISEPAPPLICATIONPERROR"N2$1$1,(PRIMARY KEY VIOLATION()%
END IF%
END%

AFTER DELETE ON DEPT
FOR EACH RO?
BE*IN
DELETE EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA:OLDDEPTNO%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(PARENT CHILD DELETED()%
END%
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER CHECKPSAL
BEFORE I/da24 ON 47/
FOR EACH RO?
BE*IN
IF :NE?SALL1$$$ OR :NE?SALF)$$$ THEN
RAISEPAPPLICATIONPERROR"N2$$$1,(CHECK SAL ()%
END IF%
END%
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER T1 BEFORE INSERT ON DEPT FOR EACH RO?
DECLARE
A DEPTDEPTNOOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT COUNT"DEPTNO) INTO A FROM DEPT
?HERE DEPTNOA:NE?DEPTNO%
IF AFA1 THEN
RAISEPAPPLICATIONPERROR"N2$$$1,(MASTER EDIST()%
END IF%
EDCEPTION
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(N2$$$1 NO MASTER RECORD()%
END%
"MUTATIN* ERROR)
CREATE OR REPLACE TRI**ER T# AFTER UPDATE ON EMP FOR EACH RO?
DECLARE
A NUMBER"1)%
BE*IN
SELECT COUNT"@) INTO A FROM EMP ?HERE DEPTNOA:50dDEPTNO%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"(n48d4/22n5(QQ( (QQ:50dd4/2n5)%
IF AF1 THEN
RAISEPAPPLICATIONPERROR"N2$$$1,(UPDATED()%
END IF%
END %
VARRAY SELECT STATEMENT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
R@DECLARE
CURSOR C1 IS SELECT @ FROM TABLENAME%
A CIORO?TYPE%
BE*IN
FOR I IN C1
LOOP
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(SDFS :(QQ )%
FOR I IN C1COUNT
LOOP
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"SDA)%
END LOOP%
END LOOP @R
END%
NESTED TABLES:
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
SELECT DNAME FROM THE "SELECT EMPL FROM DEPTNEST ?HERE DNOA1$) D
?HERE DNAMEA(YYYY(%
SUBPROGRAMS
1 PROCEDURE S1n2aE:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE LPROCNAMEF "PARAMETERLIST) IS
LDECLARATIONF
BE*IN
EDECUTABLE STATEMENTS
EDCEPTION HANDLERS
END%
E;:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE P1 "A NUMBER,B NUMBER) IS
COMMISSION NUMBER%
NULLPCOMM EDCEPTION%
BE*IN
SELECT COMM INTO COMMISSION FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAA%
IF COMMISSION IS NULL THEN
RAISE NULLPCOMM%
ELSE
UPDATE EMP SET COMMASALHB ?HERE EMPNOAA%
END IF%
EDCEPTION ?HEN NULLPCOMM THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(THE VALUE COMM IS NULL()%
END%
EDEC P1",'!!,1$$$)%
11 IN PARAMETER
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE P2 "NO IN NUMBER) IS PRICE NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT ACTUALPRICE INTO PRICE FROM ITEM ?HERE ITEMIDANO%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(ORI*INAL PRICE IS(QQ(
(QQTOPCHAR"PRICE))%
IF PRICE IS NULL THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(PRICE IS NULL()%
END IF%
END%
EDEC P2"1$)%
12 IN OUT PARAMETER
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE P# "INNER IN NUMBER, A OUT NUMBER)
IS ID NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT DEPTNO INTO ID FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAINNER%
IF IDL'$ THEN
A:A)$%
END IF%
END%
DECLARE
INNER NUMBER%
A NUMBER%
BE*IN
P# ",'!!,A)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(THE OUT VALUE IS (QQ( (QQTOPCHAR"A))%
END%
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE SAMPLE "A IN NUMBER,B IN OUT NUMBER)
IS ID NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT ORDID,PRODID INTO ID ,B FROM ITEM ?HERE ITEMIDAA%
IF BL)$$ THEN
B:ABH1$$%
END IF%
END%
DECLARE
A NUMBER%
B NUMBER%
BE*IN
SAMPLE"1$,B)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(B VALUE IS(QQ( (QQB)%
END%
FUNCTIONS
NNNNNNNNN
LCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION NAMEF ["AR*UMENT) N IN ,OUT ,IN OUT^
RETURN DATATYPE IS F
DECLARATION
BE*IN
EDECUTABLE STATEMENTS
EDCEPTION
EDCEPTION HANDLERS
END%
>94a24 59 94/0a>4 6In>2-5n 61 942I9n nI7=49 -.
a 47/.a0O21/4%
=4;-n
SELECT SAL INTO A FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEA(ALLEN(%
RETURN A%
END%
DECLARE
B NUMBER%
BE*IN
B:AF1%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"B)%
END%
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN"ID NUMBER,AMOUNT NUMBER)
RETURN BOOLEAN IS
MINI NUMBER%
MADI NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT MINPRICE,STDPRICE INTO MINI,MADI FROM PRICE ?HERE PRODIDAID%
RETURN "MINIFAAMOUNT) OR "MADIFAAMOUNT)%
END%
TO EDECUTE IT:
DECLARE
ID NUMBER%
AMOUNT NUMBER%
REMARK BOOLEAN%
BE*IN
ID:AMA%
AMOUNT:AMB%
REMARK:AFUN"ID,AMOUNT)%
IF REMARKATRUE THEN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(TRUE()%
ELSE
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(FALSE()%
END IF%
END%
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUN"N VARCHAR2)
RETURN VARCHAR2 IS
& VARCHAR2"1$)%
BE*IN
SELECT &OB INTO & FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEAN%
RETURN &%
END%
SELECT FUN"(BLAKE() FROM DUAL%
IN PARAMETER
NNNNNNNNNNNNN
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION F1"NAME IN VARCHAR2) RETURN NUMBER IS
A EMPSALOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL INTO A FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEANAME%
RETURN A%
END%
DECLARE
B NUMBER%
BE*IN
B:AF1"(MA()%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"B)%
END%
IN AND OUT
NNNNNNNNNN
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION F1"NAME IN VARCHAR2,B OUT VARCHAR2) RETURN
NUMBER IS
A EMPSALOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL,&OB INTO A,B FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEANAME%
RETURN A%
END%
DECLARE
A NUMBER%
&OB VARCHAR2"2$)%
BE*IN
A:AF1"(M>(,&OB)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"AQQ( (QQ&OB)%
END%
IN OUT
NNNNNN
CREATE OR REPLACE 6In>2-5n F1"A IN nI7=49,> OUT NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER
IS
B EMPCOMMOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL,COMM INTO .a01,>5771 FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOAA%
RETURN .a01%
END%
R@ ERROR @R
DECLARE
M2 NUMBER"))%
M# NUMBER%
M1 NUMBER%
SALARY NUMBER%
BE*IN
M1:AF1"MM2,M#)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"M2QQ( (QQSALARY)%
END%
PACKA*E SPECIATION
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKA*E PACK1 IS
PROCEDURE P1%
FUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER%
A NUMBER%
END PACK1%
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKA*E BODY PACK1 IS
PROCEDURE P1 IS
BE*IN
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"(P1 PACKA*E()%
END P1%
FUNCTION F1 RETURN NUMBER IS
BE*IN
A:A1$$$%
RETURN A%
END F1%
END PACK1%
DECLARE
N NUMBER%
BE*IN
N:APACK1F1%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"N)%
PACK1P1%
END%
R@
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKA*E PACK2 IS
PROCEDURE DDEP%
FUNCTION BALANCE RETURN NUMBER%
NAME VARCHAR2"1))%
END PACK2%
CREATE PACKA*E BODY PACK2 IS
FUNCTION BALANCE "NAME IN VARCHAR2)
RETURN NUMBER AS
BALANCE NUMBER"1$,2)%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL INTO BALANCE FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEANAME%
RETURN"BALANCE)%
EDCEPTIONS
RAISEPAPPLICATIONPERROR"N2$1$1,(NO ?ORKER ON THAT NAME()%
END PACK2%
PROCEDURE DDEP"NAME IN VARCHAR2) IS
BE*IN
INSERT INTO DEPT"DEPTNO,DNAME,LOC) VALUES"1$,NAME,NULL)%
END DDEP%
END PACK2% @R
PLRSQL COMPOSITE DATA TYPE
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
TYPE T1 IS TABLE OF EMP.a0 OTYPE
M BINARYPINTE*ER :A1%
T2 T1%
BE*IN
FOR I IN 12$
LOOP
T2"M) :AI@1$%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"T2"M)QQ( (QQ7)%
M:AMH1%
END LOOP%
END%
DECLARE
TYPE T1 IS TABLE OF EMPENAMEOTYPE
M BINARYPINTE*ER:A$%
T2 T1%
BE*IN
FOR I IN "SELECT ENAME FROM EMP )
LOOP
T2"M):AIENAME%
NNINSERT INTO DEPT1"DNAME) VALUES"T2"M))%
d=7.P5I2/I2/I2P0-n4"22"7)QQ( (QQ7)%
M:AMH1%
END LOOP%
END%
DECLARE
TYPE T1 IS TABLE OF EMPENAMEOTYPE
T2 T1%
T# T1%
BE*IN
FOR I IN"SELECT ENAME FROM EMP)
LOOP
T2"M) :AIENAME%
T#"M):AT2%
DELETE FROM EMP ?HERE ENAMEAT2"M)%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"T#"M))%
M:AMH1%
END LOOP%
END%
DECLARE
TYPE T1 IS TABLE OF DEPTORO?TYPE
T2 T1%
BE*IN
FOR I IN "SELECT @ FROM DEPT)
LOOP
T2"M)DEPTNO :AIDEPTNO%
T2"M)DNAME :AIDNAME%
T2"M)LOC :AILOC%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"T2"M)DEPTNOQQ( (QQT2"M)DNAMEQQ( (QQT2"M)LOC)%
M :AMH1%
END LOOP%
END%
NNRECORD"ONE RO?)
DECLARE
TYPE T1 IS RECORD
"A NUMBER"#),B VARCHAR2"#$),C VARCHAR2"#$))%
T2 T1%
BE*IN
SELECT @ INTO T2 FROM DEPT ?HERE DEPTNOA1$%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"T2AQQT2BQQT2C)%
END%
BE*IN
SELECT @ FROM EMP%
END%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
BE*IN
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH2$$$%
END%
DECLARE
I NUMBER :A,,GG%
& NUMBER :A1$$$$%
BE*IN
UPDATE EMP SET SALA& ?HERE EMPNOAI%
END%
DECLARE
I NUMBER:AMI%
& NUMBER:AM&%
BE*IN
UPDATE EMP SET SALA& ?HERE EMPNOAI%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
I NUMBER%
& NUMBER%
BE*IN
UPDATE EMP SET SALAM& ?HERE EMPNOAMI%
END%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
FOR LOOP
NNNNNNNN
FOR LVARF IN LMINFLMADVALUEF
LOOP
N
N
N
END LOOP%
d4>0a94
=4;-n
FOR I IN 1)
LOOP
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES "I)%
END LOOP%
4nd%
?HILE LOOP
NNNNNNNNNN
?HILE LCONDITIONF
LOOP
N
N
N
END LOOP%
DECLARE
A NUMBER"2)%
BE*IN
A:AMA%
FOR COUNT IN 1A
LOOP
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES "COUNT)%
END LOOP%
END%
DECLARE
I NUMBER:A1$%
BE*IN
?HILE I LA1)
LOOP
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES "I)%
I:AIH1%
END LOOP%
END%
DECLARE
I NUMBER:A1%
BE*IN
?HILE ILA1$
LOOP
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"I,(DDDD()%
IF IF) THEN
EDIT%
END IF%
I:AIH1%
END LOOP%
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"I,(YYYY()%
END%
*O TO STATEMENT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
DECLARE
I NUMBER:A1%
BE*IN
?HILE ILA1$
LOOP
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"I,(DDDD()%
IF IA) THEN
*OTO PROC%
END IF%
I:AIH1%
END LOOP%
LLPROCFF
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES"I,(PROC()%
END%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
USIN* INTO CLASS
NNNN
DECLARE
TEMP NUMBER:A MTEMPNO%
TEMPSAL NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL INTO TEMPSAL FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOATEMP%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"TEMPSAL)%
END%
SET SERVEROUT ON%
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR"UPDATE ERROR)
DECLARE
TNO NUMBER :AMTEMPNO%
TEMPSAL NUMBER %
TEMPCOMM NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL,COMM INTO TEMPSAL,TEMPCOMM FROM EMP ?HERE
EMPNOATNO%
IF TEMPCOMM F1$$$ AND TEMPSAL LA)$$$ THEN
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH2$$$ ?HERE EMPNOATNO%
ELSIF TEMPSAL F2$$$
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH1$$$ ?HERE EMPNOATNO%
END IF%
END%
DECLARE
TEMPEMPNO NUMBER:AMTEMPEMPNO%
TEMPHIREDATE DATE%
TEMPNAME VARCHAR2"2$)%
BE*IN
SELECT HIREDATE,ENAME INTO TEMPHIREDATE,TEMPNAME FROM EMP
?HERE EMPNOATEMPEMPNO%
IF TEMPHIREDATE FA($1N&ANNG$( AND TEMPHIREDATE LA(#$N&ANNG)(
THEN
UPDATE EMP SET COMMACOMMHCOMM@$1 ?HERE EMPNOATEMPEMPNO%
END IF%
END%
DECLARE
TEMPEMPNO NUMBER:AMTEMPEMPNO%
TEMPDEPTNO NUMBER%
BE*IN
SELECT DEPTNO INTO TEMPDEPTNO ?HERE EMPNOATEMPEMPNO%
IF TEMPDEPTNOA1$ THEN
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH1$$$ ?HERE EMPNOATEMPEMPNO%
ELSIF TEMPDEPTNOA2$ THEN
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH2$$$ ?HERE EMPNOATEMPEMPNO%
ELSIF TEMPDEPTNOA#$ THEN
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH#$$$ ?HERE EMPNOATEMPEMPNO%
ELSE
UPDATE EMP SET SALASALH'$$$ ?HERE EMPNOATEMPEMPNO%
END IF%
END%
DECLARE
A NUMBER%
B NUMBER%
C NUMBER%
BE*IN
A:AMA%
B:AMB%
C:AAHB%
END%
N
OTYPE
NNNNNNNN
DECLARE
SALARY EMPSALOTYPE%
DO& EMPHIREDATEOTYPE%
BE*IN
SELECT SAL,HIREDATE INTO SALARY,DO& FROM EMP ?HERE EMPNOA,!$$%
DBMSPOUTPUTPUTPLINE"SALARYQQ( (QQDO&)%
END%

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