DO M9T NH6M GIAO-Sl1, SINH-VIEN 9~I-HQ:: SU'-PH~M, SAI-GON CHU - TRUO"NG :

HOANG-XUAN-HIN

~ Nh&ng Uri th~ cua L~-L<!i

:( .

NGUYEN-PHU'aNG

® Ba lich-sir. . . ,

LAM- THANH-LlEM'

® Thu- phac-hoa nh&ng net d~i-cU'O'ng v~ Bfa .. li hlnh-fhe cua Nam-Phltn' Vi~t-Nam

PHAN-KHOANG

@! LU'<!c sir che-d9xa-thon 0- Vj~t-Nam

PHAM-vAN-saN

.

~ Xet l~i nguy~n-nhan eae v'_' loan dU'o-i dCri T .... -Bu-c

'PHU-LANG, TRU'aNG-BA-PHAT ® Tinh Bj'nh-TU'Crng ngayxU'a

cif6a Mcfj g(_/Jai-(fj£i b. tl u(f SAIGON 1966

?

su- BIA

•

T~P-SAN Sl1U-TAM KHAO-ClrU, GUiO-KHOA 221, C~ng-Holl - SAI-GON

H9P thu : 380

BAN CHU BIEN:

Nguylm-the-Anh, Slru-Cam, Phan-Khoang, Lam-thanhLiem, Ph9m-van-Son, lhai-vi~t-f.Heu, Phom-cco-Duonq, Phu-Long, Quach-thanh- Tam, Tran-aang-99i, Ph9m-dlnhlieu, Nguyen-khac-Ngfr, PhQm-long-9ien, Tran-anh-Tuan, Nguyen-thai-An, lran-quoc-Giam, Lan-Sci, Nguyen-sao-MaL

val sir CONG.TAC THUGNG.XUYEN CVA :

Hocng-xuen-Han, Chen-ching-Ho, Thfch-thi~n-An, Le-van-Hoo, ~guyen-van-Hau, lQ-trc~mg-Hi~p, Nguyentran-Huen, PhQm-van-Dieu, Slru-Ke, Nguyen-khac-Kham, TrU'ong-bu-u-Lem, Le-hfru-Myc, Nguyen-PhU'on9, Ho-hfruTU'ong, Le-th9-Xuen, U'ng-Trinh, Nghiem-Tham, To-Nom, Bui-qucnq-Tunq.

BAN TR/.S(f :

Nguyen-Nha, Nguyen-nhvt-Tan, Nguyen-ngge-Trae,

Tran-dinh-ThC}, Nguyen-hfru-PhU'ae, Nguyen-thi-Nghia,

PhQm-thi Sae-Ho, Huynh-thi Kim-Cue, PhQm-thi Kim-Cue,

Thrr tir, Mi va-, ti'en bq.c xin glH :

NGuytN.NHA

221, CQ~"Mba -' Sai-gbn

14 I xU- ta, ,i,' ,,;. ii. J;; .;/'" I~p ,bl ,,;. ,I;. I.; dIng Itil'm lur« "/~l k./rJllg 1I0i ",pi cAclt ckurt clufl /a Hong co. Tlrlri PItAP ,It"pc.. CJII co If Jo, bAy gifr SAO I,!i "lzU' tid itr'!'c? TrU'o-c iay Illy "hJm "'!iC tilch ~!1J1tg ",iy _tAt Jrp, "'~t d cAc tlfP eM Jo ngwo-i Plufp cit,;. IYll'lJ'l/g ciing iii il I'll nh'-I'ltg cong lrl,tlt nghiln etru SIr ilill co gid tr] nllll" Bulletin de 10 Societe des Etudes lndochinoise s, Bulletin d'Ecole Franc;:aise d'Extrerne-Orienr, Bulletin des Amis du vieux Hue, Bulletin de la Societe de Ge oqrophie de Hanoi ...

T Yln;'c Ih~l'c 'r~l1ll Itif" 'lfi, T #P 51111 Sir EJ i,l r« Jiri VI;' ill' Irc mong thac iiy S~I' phat tri/11 "ganh su- Jill V4 ti/p t!I' /(/11 1M ,dll,.1Ig trllllg I!eh Hi,.

T4p Siln 5/r Bia' chit trU'lJ'ltg nghi"t aI-II, SIl'U ';;m, giAtJ ~"(ld

, [. R 1 'A' •

1111 PItO men,

T #P 51111 d giltg gtlp 1I"~t eac tai lifu /'i#1I tall mac l'lz co tlte" JAo sau II1pl I·A'n Jl g}, trinlr pay theo Ilt~t c!tli u.

T4p Sa1t se cO' giltg 0", cnc lai li#ll, sJ~,g. cdc t~i lifu tjulln SRi ta] cM.

Tuy vlfi illt'frllg IJ~ ~"aclt 'luau Sir hgc T4p San ~ltollg 'll/e~ Sfl: la Hgudn sink 1!l'c lin" tltdn'llloc gill. T#p 51111 se al gi,tg ~hlli tlttie enc ill lai co link each ~ho'i tip1tg long I~ lz;w Jan tpc nltU' /a", .rAl1g to eRe .rll'~ IIghifp Cllil enc Jllnh 11 ltd 11, Ifhtl'ng S!I' th!I'C lick .rir IlItm iU',!,c t611 tr!1ng.

T#p Siln mOllg moi illl',!,c S!I' h'!'p Inc Clft' mgi ".1:l('lri.

T!1j' San ~ko"g 'I'ten ctim tlf S!" gillp iii' 'filE Mil 1'; ,,,i chll.r!, CUll 6ng GiA11I tlte nka slick Kklli Tri va J~t' ~kuje~1 k..'rfeh Clifl (JIt,( Kl'cil TYil'lfng Elfi Hpc SIt' Ph,!", SAi-gon, eung Itt! Cd "hit-lIg III Jii giup Jii' T ~p Ss».

Khlfi Jill T4p SIm se rll bll tilling l11~i k..}, m~1 nglly gd1/ iny T ~p 51111 se JU',!,c in hanh !tlli Ilrnng hlly m~t fkling mil k..} ~lti hOlllt c';1tk clto pklp.

COlt ifU'frng pk!lItg J!I' con JAi, t4p SAH nguyfn to' gJllg .vA ~Ay gia- xin Inti illy YHO vilc.

qJ.a_i /{j'/ rJirYl tbi~u eua Onq.. gc66aC(;,tll<J'n.(j '=j)(LL- %f)e dll-fJJbr;lm dair;6n

e HUNG toi rit liy I),m mlt-ng kJli tIdy lI1~t III1(im gido str VA sil1h vihl Bl}i H~c S» Pit,!", SJi-g(/I! "t,t' Jink J~I Itimk T tJp Slln S';' Bill VIN W Cf!ng tAc r~lIg riii CUll Clic h!,c giJ iro1tg va 1tgoai 1IIrrfc. Sir ki#1I nay phdi chang Jii JAlIh Ja~, m~t S(I' cftuyln mlldl CUll 11ganh 51} Jia o' Vift Nam, IfIUO~1 vtro:n mluh (ell Irong cu~c phal hUy 111n "If" koa. &0 la ii/II clt/lllg toi IItOllg moi va Tlt01lg rtffll It!rlrng b4c hlrlt trAcfr 1'1 vtill hOIl se IWII lAm khllye~ kltfcfr.

TtJp SaN 51/' B;II bU'rfc J)i" cktfc clue« co tld lam Itai IOl1g mot ltgwlri, lthZl'lIg l'tfi J!t" klfllyln kltfCh clia giefi klru trAck va S(l' lunhtg Uollg Itfl! tAc eiill ltitf-i It!', giJ xa g;;lI, ck/t,lg toi fry v!,ng T tJp StiN Sf)-", trif 11111 co giA tr; va ii JOIIg gop m~t phdll nao tr01lt ((},Ilt eu~c xii.! Jt,t'Hg ngil1th SIr Jia.

Nhi'eflg 1Igu·lri ckit trtrO'lIg 111~1 T #P Sail nghiffl ClfU nltll' T 4p San Sil- Bfll clufc se phdi g~p 1tltilu khtf kha1l, nkwlIg vefi thifn eM va long tilt, Ch"ug loi tilt rtfng k~ se ili illn tktmk c01lg.

Sic Jia la 1I1~1 Itgtmk kkollg Ai co tit! c!to~ ciii la Ilglljn sill It I!t'c clul titlh tki111 'llloC gill. HO'II bao gilr het, chllllg toi -111t~1t tkly 1Ignull lin) C;;11 pkdi itr{J'c klt/l)le;l. kltfch pklft trillt. Vi tid chl!.ng IJi "h~'1 tMy cd Un pk#1I phJi giH tkifu Ikifl! cltf ciia l1kol1t ng/rlrt el,u trmrng T #P Stm va mOllg cO St,t' tro: gil!.p C!, tk! cita gitfi hii'll JrAclz vi 'lin h6:t, CUll nhlrng 11gU'lri thilt tha ill~ ng,mli nny.

Khoa TrU'ong 99i H9C Suo Ph9m Sci-gon TRAN vA~ TAN

- ~ ~

rNHUNG LOI THE

? "'

CUA LE,_ LOI

•

(V AN NO.\! 8;/U THILKi 15)

"-

() Hoang Xuan-Kan

? 1...

.1. - BAN SAO KIEU-&~U

theo h9c-sinh trlf0-ng Bu-Q.i tan-cir

, vao

Thanh-hoa, toi

thu·iYng co nhip vo-i Yi~ng Jen Vua Le o' thon Ki~u-d~i c~nh phia narn tlnh thanh. B~n tuy 1'9ng 10'n, co vc e&.kinh, co nl1irng tlf,?,ng cS 16'n nhlt' h'}c ciYi rua va ph&ng dang hU·Jng. nhlfng hlnh nhlf d~n kh8ng C0 bi ki ho~c 'hUt-deh gl khac Jang H. AY vi ngoi dell n~y nguy~n d1,l'ng o' Th.'1ng.tung, dlf,?,C do-i VaG day khoang d~U d21·i Gia long (1). T uy s1,l' ~y da lam toi hO'i th~t vong, nhU'ng toi vXn Hltn quen vo-i « CI! tll' II gilt· dtn n~y. Tdi qua nhiet! gio' tl'O cht!y~n kh~n-thic:t do la, toi v~n mong tim th~y' s~ch t~n gi~y cu gl t1,l' d01. Le sot l~i. M<)t hom, sau khi phan-nan vo-i cu S¥, ngay ham trtro-c ttli ita v~t-va cu-o-i xc d~p vieng Lam.so-n ma khong th~V' gidY m,!c gl xtra, CI! tu. itu.ng d~y vao nha trong. Ch6C lat CI! mang ra Im}t quy~n sach nho, dang hlnh kh&ng cii may. Cy. trao ~ach clio t8i Vll'a bao cto 11 mgt ban sao sach cu chep s1,I'-tich de vua U.

T()i gio· sach fa dQC, thay 6' trang d~U co ghi rQ: Bno-I'}; I!(c IJ;en till tlt,'r T fl". vi !,1It ".1{"yrt ti,!ip t ant "It!/f tlt,h, sao, nghl_e ta \'al1g lo-i sao l~i ngay 13 [hang 8 n.irn Bao-d~i thu- 6, Tan vi (193 I). NhU'ng khtlng cho bii!t yang 10·j ai. Sau m<.)t bai ca tu·-t1,l' de LlrulI,ft ~uiic l#p ,tIJ"g-tr{1 t!r f~r (II nghia la bai ca hai nu-o-c (Vi?t va Minh) l~p c{it it()ng va th~ c~mg nhau, va sau hai bIli tho- ehu: Han c:' tinh each s~m-IJ, nhirng trang sau chep ehuy~n cae vua Le g~n nhu' trong sUo, nh<l'ng v6-i vai tinh· deJq gia ph& ho-n, VI nhu- Chell ten m~-a!a, ngay kj.

Khi t&i da b1t a~u th~t vQng, thi VaG khoang to' hai ruu-o-i tam, toi th~y chep m<)t bai van th~ ella Le- L,?,i, rdi li~n sau, I~i noi h3i b.ii th~ -nih cung eua Le-l.g-i nhu-ng Iii b~ng ehu' nom. Sau cuoi co m{it bai ngin

3

ll6-a chii' nth n \m, cling ghi vai du th~ caa U-l(ri. To'i sU'ng-s6t vo tUng ... 1m-khoan khong du.t. Rdi t&i dinh th~n l\li dt;)c ki dc len th~ ~y. T(\... th~J no co nhi~u d~c ditm co ls x~e-thl!c, cho n~n toi ben sao l~i dt ki-.:~ng_

Sau day, tai chi xin trlnh c£c 10'i th~ cua Le-L<ri, nh~t la cae bai.

DOoo.· Neu qua r~ng cac bai nom n~y co tl! deri U-L9'i, va khong hi saeJ~i th~t-ehan, thl day la hi~n-v~t dge-nh~t clia Vi~t-ng.u~ tru-o-c nay gia S )00' Dam. Theo thoi xu-a, van I{h&ng co .ch~m cau. Sau ,:lay, tai t~f phal-1-dch ngb. rna chia leri, c£ch ch~m cdu cua tOi chu-a chic da. Ubi. cO no-i khong iUm,

2.- HAl .THe-vAN NOM

B i A: i.ot GOI cO~G THAN CUNG THE' NHO O'N LE-LAL Le 'Iang-lon (a) dai. .. Thien hanh hoa ... (b) Tbai-t~Cao hoangd~ chi-buy (c) day di.ng:"

Ke lam cong-thuu cung Triim My nhieu 1. Chung bay di· chiu kho nhoc rna diroc mroc tao Chung bay dB. chin kho cong ... eung Trjim doi khat rna ll)p nen thien h~: de:.l co ngay ray.

Clui-thicti , nguyen khong co de LU~lC, lQi d~t de 1111JC tom t1t. d~i S'. Sau <lay t6i chu giai mot vai chir kho hieu hoac khi'l ugh! : !Jap xern ban nom ()' phu truo-ng.

a) Le,t<llIg-16n: tro Le-L~ri, thuQc d6-i thtr til' trong. gi.a~phli 119 L~_, ThUy-tl'l la Hoi, Iii tang to Le-LQ·i. D6-i thtr hai ta :lJinh, d6-i thlf ba ]~ Khoang, Iii than phu Ul-LQ'i.

b) B(li Thien luuit: iuia : mQt cong-thirc dung trong van lien-quan d~UA vue, va nghia III thay Tr6-i day dan. Nhitng cham Ii lin rlii dlrQ'~ dung. il~ tro Ioi daJ nl~trng chif phai ton kinh, nhir Thien, Thai-til.

c) Chi 1I!,y: tit' ngfr dung dau (1M Le , tie lro Sl,l' qui-djnh clUI vua.

Trong d6-i Le-t'I'hanh-Ttmg, Qlli ra sac chi. Theo Bai Vi41 str·ki loan ilur thi ngay mong 8 thang gieng nam kl-dau (1429) vua '« chi huy cho d~i thLt., ~an. vii cung cac lQ, phil, huyen, chan, tpan rang h~ ai c6 vi~c dt)n quC)C:! V\rO'og va HJllng-t1uii-lu thi dung clitr khai clnr khong QIl'Q'c dung chir'QU; xung ho thl n6i Qu6c-vU'0'ng di~n-h~ va Hoang-tir di{\n-h::t ; n~u qllOC~uO'ng c6 tuyen cao hi~u l~nh tht dung Quoc-vu:allf}, chi. hug,. chu kbong,., luvc duna chu site. quy~n 10 t6- 64).

"

ona dtro/c phu 'phi. Chung bay cling ='hlti nho c6ng Le.Lai (d) hay net long .vi Tr~m mit t!2>i ao cho Trfi.m, chliug co liee mluh cung Trfim, chiu cMl thay 1'1 Am.

Cong ay chang ea thny! Trflm tlfi tang Le-Lai (y trong r4~1l Lam. d~ rnai 'ngay cho con chau Le-Lai a het long cung .eon chau Trfim. The v{ly eha keo (e) long thirrrng 06.

Chung bay truyen bao con chau chung hay (g), chung dai -tb~n cling con chau chung bay (g): vi vf).y cong Le-Lai ay ch5.ng

.. ei thay !

Cho d~n cop chau Tram. rna quen an nha Le-Lai thl cho .(il) trong thao-di¢n (I) n~y nen nuoc, trong den nay neu rung;

d) Le-LQi, nglra; da t~r hi~sil!h gilip Ls-Loi khi mM khO'i nghia. Larn-, -son that-luc chep : « B.uy gier (vdo khoang dau nam M(w-Tual 1418), qlldn fa chi tlzi1ng dlrfj'c lrtu: nlio, rna the' dicb. dang manti. l'ua ben tri~u cdc luung bao rc'ing : « Ai cbiu doi miic lay hoang-baa thay Trdm cam 500 quan, hai voi den danh thiwh Tay-do? Thfiy giifc thi chCing vd h6 danh ta day Dei chilo Lam-SO'n,' khie'n giifc bdt aiy. Ta Sf co lh~ nail ddu ngM binh, lhu Uj.p quan-sl, d~ tinli vi~c n'lj; dgy ve sau » Cdc tmhg khong ai dam Ira Uri. -cs: co m9i minh Le-Lai noi : « To; I(r nguYfn di5i mifc ao bao. Ngdg .scu, Be-h(l se Ihdnh nghi~p de, lfiy diroc thien-ha, thi Sf Ihlrang cong toi, vd COn ehau muon dci sau se duoc an mrtrc, 190 Id nguy~n tOi.» Vila vai

flroi khUn rting : « Le-Loi trtio d'Bi cio co edng. Ne'n ngdy sau Trdpl va ton ·di~/, cung can eMu ttrang la va cong tMn khOng den cong ay, thi Ih~ rc'ing Ihao di~n tluuili rimq nui, bc1o-an tluuiti (khOi) dang, thfln kiem tbanb. dao ,(Mn in, trong 8 truce, chep thanh dao binh, dntc sai). Vua khan :l'ong, .Le-Lai ben dim quan dln cil-a gi(j.c khieu chi'[n. Giifc cgy quan mg.nh, xong ra danh, Le-Lai eua; phi-rna xong udo Irgn giijc, bao rting: « chua Lam-san ,id ta day». Gi(j.e ben vay, b&t lay' dem vao trong tluuih, gia C(lC hinli, lurti

lh8n ngay thtrerng lam.» (Ban in deri nam dau l'inh-Trj, 1676, ler 8).

e) Keo; khoi, tranh khoi.

g) ChUng bay: ti~ng chung bay truce tro cac edna thiin, ti~ng sau tro cac Q~i than.

11) Thi ctio

thi danh chju,

5

Nhiroc (i) . chung hay nho M.ng (k) Ib'i Tr~m, thl nguy~n. eho con chau Trftm cung con chan cluing hay phu qui.

N1ll1Q'c du (i) ai hay nho bang 1M Tr~m, ay thi th1i:}~ ki~m nay xU<lng mroc thi cho nen rang. Ai 16i 1M nguy~1.t' thl dong (m) ay nen dao.

Cho th~ chung bay cung nho h~ng lai chtr tirong th~.

Ti l~-giam Sl! d()ng-tri-l~, than, Nguy~n B6n phung sao' t<lng cling than lang-ton cac cMlp nhat dao (n).

i) Nhuoc, uluroc rill: nhuo'c H\ chfr Han nghia lit neu. Nay ciingn6i nluro-c b~ng, hoac d11, hoac du b~ng,

k) Nh& Mng : nho- nhtr, nho' dung nhtr,

1) Th&o-di~n: nguyen viet, don di~ll, lam vi tll-dl;\ng. Phai doc thilo'" di~n nhir thllY trong Lam-son fhi).t-l~lc (xem d) hay trong bai B,

111) -Bong: nom viet Bang, BQc dang thi vo nghl'a. Bong lit guorn dai va nhon. Hoac ]11. nguyen chit' kiem, ke sao ua lam.

n) Nghia Iii. ~ Toi, Nglly~n BOll, giU clnrc dong-tri-I~ (dang nghia nhupho) IT ti coi viec l~, vang h'>'i vua (Le-thanh-tong) sao Iai , giao cho cactaog ton ella cac cang-than, 11I~1 nglffl'i gifr m(lt ban (hang con Le-tllanh~ tong 111 hang t~ng-ton Le-LQ'i).

*

Blli B: r.ot THE CDNG TU'O'NG sl QUAN NHAN (nom)'

.••• Thai-ta Cao hoang-de. Tdim tiuh Le, huy LQ'i, dai Thien hanhhoa, phil tr] bang gia (a). Vi v~y, Tr~m nguyen chu ttrong .... hoa-thil (b), Thi~t-dQt (c) quan-nhan ditng:

Chu-ihich :

a) PhU tr] bang gia: v6·v~ cai-tri nuec.

b) us« tllii.: nguyen sao lam chii' hoa ra chfr thz'r vi tir-dang. Trongban chep mot Bq.i VW TMllg-SL'i: (LI! Qui-Bon) cua H. Maspero cling l~m ~]ltr v~y IT nhi~u no-i,

Sach Todn tlur chep vao nam :\1~u-thao 1428, thang 12, ngay 12, « chihuy r~llg cac v~-ql1~n Q~u iI~t hOa-tha. Jilin chanh ph6 ngu-trueng » nghia,

H~ kC lam cong-than a cung Tr~m rna dU'Q'C thien ha I Chung (d) sau thien-ha thai-blnh, thi Triim nho d~n cong-thiin clnr tuong h~t long sue. danh try~n d~ muon do-i, vinh thuy true bach (e); eho chung (d) sau, con chan Trftm cuug con chan chu tuorig deu diroc hi~n vinh, huang clnmg phuc loc.

Du b~ kia hay can, nui no hay b~ng. thl cong ay. Tr~m chang kha quen clnr ttrang. Oil Tr&m ch~ng biing (f) 1M nguyen ay vi}.y, thi truyen cho con chau tr§.m nhtr le)'j ay.

Trjim nguyen bl'i.ng (f) : Thao die n nen rung. dien nay nen nuoc, nui nay nen bang (g), an Day nen dong, ki~m nay' nen siit.

18. lam chanh va pho coi m!)t nhom niim nglro-i quan (to' 61 trang sau), Cling cung to- ay, such uy aa chep Q' trang trreo-c, thang 8, «chi huy rang d~i hli1 dall lam chanh pho n~\.l-lmo'ng ». Y chimg luh-thll va h<ia-ttliu Ia ruo] va nguyen tro Iinh l~ hau cac tmrng, cac quan (Ttr-nguyen, !uja-dall), sau cdng It·<) ngtro-i dau bep, Bau ilo'i 'r.e, chac d6 111. mQt clnrc vo-quan cao.cap clur khdng phai chi coi nam ngu'Qoi ma thoi ; vi theo Thong-str nhimg nro-ng-quan Le Nhan-Chu, 'I'rjnh Kha, Le-Li, Le van-An, Le Than d~u UU9'C ban chirc Thi~t-d(.lt-quan hoa-thji hie ban d~lu moi khi'ri nghru ; ,,~ Todn-thu chep r;'ing thang 2 ~am M~u-than U28 qul-dinh tlmo'ng cho 22l ngtr&i Thiet-d(jl Ma-tM qtuin-nluin ail can lao co cong 0' Lilng-nhai (theo Kluun-dinli "i~l-sll' lhOng-gicim Cll'O'ng-mg.c, quyen 15 to' 3 thl Liing-nhai tllC Iii. thon Liing-mi thuoc xu Lam-so-n, Ia noi Le-LQ'i bat dau kho-i nghl'a); nhfrng ngtro-l co cong b~c nh5t ittr<)'c ban qufic-tinh, chtrc d<~i-hro·ng-qllan. tll6'c thirong-tri-tir, b~c nhi (It.rQ'c ban quoc-tinh, chirc tiro'ng-quan, ltr6'c o~i-tri-t1!, In}c ba (ltrQ'c ban qUDe-tinh, chtrc tiro-ng-quan, tlr6'c tri-tl~ (to- 36),

c) Thiel-d(jl qudn-nluin : nguyen sao lam ra lhiel-k!-d(jl qudn-nbtin, Chac vi c6 ke sao {ill. khOng hit')u hai chi} lien thi~t-uQt cho nsn them chi} ki, vI thitl-kj Ia mot hang quan cuai ngtra dO-I xua. Nhung U\-LQ'i khong co quan . thitl-kf-a(jl, mil co quan thii!t-d(jt, 1a nhfiong quiin clui ll!c co ttr khi mo-i khM-nghTa va ve sau d(;u tham-dtr hau h~t cac tr:}.u Io-n. Todll tlur chep : Ban dau, vua (rhM-til) kinh-dinh bon phiroug .•• chi co ... vil-than 30 nglf(Yi, van-than Le-Linh, La Queic-lIung, quan cha con c6 lhiel-di){ 200, nghia-si 200, dilng-si 300 ..• (to' 74).

Trong bnn chep Thdng-si'r n6i tren ciing lam nhi(;u no i gan nlnr v!}y, Bi'i chep hoac Thitl-dpl-ki, (chuy~n La Nhan-Chu), ho~c Thitt-ki (chuyen L@ Van-An), ho~c Thiel-k/-di}l (chl1y~n U-Th~n). Chi o· chuyen Trfnh Kha chep dung tuu-a« ma thili.

7

B~ng (f) Tr~m dtrQ'c thien ha nha cong chu ltrang, nguy~n bi~n hach (h). Va Iai truyen cho con chau nha Trfim muon dai bang nhir loi nguyen ay, thi d~ cho quric gta truong tri, yen nhu ban thach (i) ; Hoang-ha nhtr dai, Thai-son nhir l~ (j); con chan nha Tr&m muon a6'i quang dang bao dien (r),

Vi vf}.y Trftm pbiH hel 16'i cung chu tuong : h~ dB. di lam cong-thiin (y cung Trftm, dong him hiep luc, cho ngai kh6 khan (k), Hoa (1) lam viec thien ha chang nhilng the ay ; Triim l~i c~y (m) 16'i nay : Nhir trong liinh-phap diog« nhau nghia chi binh, hoa muc vi thuong (0). N~u c6 binh nhan nghia thl co hoa muc moi kha duo c hieu linh cho tin. ChIT ding « Phap gia thien ha cong cong » (0). Du ai chang phai, da co phep troi Iuat nuoc,

0) Ghr.rng: ti~ng c~, hoac djch tir chi? r.r (clnrng sau: v~ sau) ho~c tll' chir chi (chung phuc-loc).

e) Vinh thUg trtic bqch : dls Iau dai lai tren the tre va tren t1lm ua (hai v~t li~u d6'i ti~i-d) dung d~ vi~t). Vi vi).y c6 thanh-ngit sir xanh (tre xanh).

f) Bdng lap, nlur liri : theo dung nhu lO-i.

g) Bang: 10- d~.

h) IIi~n hach : ti~ng-Him Ion, quysn th~ nhisu,

i) Yen nhr.r ban thach : n6i th~ mroc virng nhir tang au.

j) Hodng-hd nlur dcif, Thai-son nhr.r le: nghl'a den la song Hoang can hep I[).i nhir cai diH ao, nui Th:H mon di con Iai nhtr Mil da mai , Cau dung at; tro .tho-l-gian rlit lau, nguyen dung trong bai bi~u Cong··thltn d6'i Han. Cau Kieu «Dau r~ng song can as. mon » cling ngu y ify •.

r) Nghia III ve vang Hln d~n qui, tirc lam vua. k) KhO khan: khOn la ti~Dg c2i nghia Ill. kh6.

1) Hoa : li~ng e~ nghia nhtr vd hoac md.

m) egg: chii' nom n~y c6 thE; doc egg, cg.g. C~y c6 th~ hi~u nghia Ia tin vao, Nhung toi cling nghi ding d6 III ti~ng gM. Chii' nho thl hi, tii~ng ta nay la giri, phai chang r~ng xira n6i cgg bi~n am ciia ki chang '!

n) Nghia Iii: binh dung v6'i muc-dich nhan nghia tht Hl:y sl1 aoa thu~n vo-i nhau lam tren het.

0) Nghia la : phep lui).t III chung eho cD. mol ngtro-i,

8

Ai nay thi cho co hoa muc, nghiem sua phep (p); boa (I) lam viec muOn deri, thuc loc thien chung (q),

Phung sao

cho till hifu linb, che thien .. bQ. d~ oOPS dauh

p) Nom vi~t sri-a. Phai chang .doll phcp hre la tri phap Ho~l' phai ~19C Ihi'ra. ti~ng cll djch chii' kl, nghl'a Ill. ay.

q) Nghi'a III an l¢c fat nhi eu (nghln chung ; chuug III mQt don vI lllang. Chinh chii' III chil Chung Ia clu.c, chtr khllng phai la chucng),

*

Hai van-ki~n tr2n d~U chep leri b3ng nam U-LQ'i th~ cung cac ngO'eri ph\l'ta; bai trtro-c nguy~n nh& c8ng U-Lai, bai sau nguy~n nh& cong cac to'&ng si va cong th~n. NhO' t8i da noi, t8i ch~ dO'Q'C th~y ban sao rAt mc-i (1931). V~y cau hoi rna t~t nhi~n ta phai n~u ra la nhii'ng le-i ~y th;t co hay da co ke bia 'fa ; n~u th~t co, thl no co bi sao ch~p I~m hay Ia chfra nhj~u kh8ng? Hili t8i i). Thanh-Ho .. , t8i da hoi «cl,t tUo» g()e ttch nhii'ng bai nay; C\I da tea Io-i Ia sao 1~i cua m9t hQ c8ng-th~n aeri U rna con chau ?,. huy~n Nong-C~ng (t8i kh6ng chep dO'Q'C ten lang). C\l I.~i noi co bai kh~e 0. al3ng hay sit. Sau hl>i ~y, bi~n loan gibn~gi$p, t8i bi b~n nhi~u vi?l' khac, cho n2n da kh8ng tra cu.u dO'Q'C them. -Gia nhO' co ke ai~u tra I~i, may chi tim alfc;rC gClc-ttch to rang, va nhii'ng nghiv~n d~t tr2n kia co le se dO'c;rc tra leri du.t khoat. Kh~n n~i, binh hoa Ii~n mila trong su~t hai miro-i nam nay, v~t a&i sao do-i, c~ lao ai~u linh. Du co ili~u tra -nii'a cling chtra ch~c aa tim fa manh mr:i. Hu5ng chi 0. a~t khach, may cOn giii' dO'c;rc rn~y manh tan-bign, t8i chang co tham v_'ng gl hO'n U dl!a vao n~i.dung va hlnh-thu.c cac bai kia, so sanb. v&i m9t vai van ki?n kh£e ho~e Sll- sach. (Hng tin rna xet aoan.

3.- X~T BAI A

T rO'[,.c h~t, dQC hai bai kia, chung ta Ii~n th~y r~ng nam chii' Tltlz; -t& Coo !.a,llll-ifl quy~t khong thg co treng leri eua U-Lc;ri, VI ni~u-hi~u Thai- TS, va t8n-hi~u cua Cao hoang-at dtu ct~t ra sau khi U-L.;i m~t, cfIDg' nhO' mi~u hi~u va ton-hi~u cua tXt d. de vua Trung-qu()c va ta aeri xtra, S~ch Tnittt-tlllr .ch~p r3ng : IIga) z : tltd.,,/[ II lIitlll Ollf-n"ru 141J, llrll '1'1 tlmg q. LtlnI-.rIJ'If J!';

9

~rHh-liillg ; it!if /IIi/lI-hifli Th;'i t&, tldllg tl111-kifll : Tlt6I1g-lhie,/ K/'di-I-#II Th;'nh..J';'c TIt/ill-colIg .DHr-Vlll1 Allk-Vli Klto,J/I-millh Dlillg-trf HO,/II,!{-lIghill C!tf-",in" B~;-Itiell CliO BollI/g-tf!:' (quytn 10, to. 76). V~y do Ia 16·i eua ngU" i sao I~i, 'bay 13. k~ chuy~n I~i. Nh~t la trong bai A, cau dau ro rang la l&i ke sao th&m vao dt Bm leri mao, o· eu6i l~i co I",i phv cho noi ro dng: Tht~lI, Ngllyln-Boft .""!lllt sao •.. V~y cau mao co le Ia. caa Nguy~n-B8n.

Va l~i, ten Nguy~n-B8n nay, co hong qu6c-su., va ch~c coi v~ vi~e Ie. 'Saeh Toilll-thw ehep r~ng l1/{/)y 14 t"llII/: 2 llii", Brlllt.flt/ll 1496, tdri ~lt01tg "",U"II, VIta (V-nalllt-To' g: IIIlm H'OlIg-illt·c tit,;. 27) ,,'ill ilao, t!t' viit t#P .t],1T Htlnk JO!I/I (X"all-villl tki-f#/J.) t";I/1" hI}lt flr. sIli NGUY IN-a6N JA" len twO-fig lItitli th~n (Ho~ng-hii'u, gan Lam-so-n], Cae vua ng! ngai Thai-t& d~u co nghi d~n vi~e bi~t diii con chau c8ng·th~n. Nhu'ng hlnh ..nhU' Thai-Tt'ing va Nhan- T8ng kh8ng thi-th6 gl cLing k~. Chi co nhip d~ih~n trong narn Ki·ti 1449. Nhan-T8ng sam h6i va trong to' chiell tiltk Cltllg (x~t lbi minh), co leri dng « Hoife . la call elttill cae llglt'fri c6 dj,lg 1110 eii C/'Wil JWlfe 1(le J(l1lg I! Ira ~/'6 "/,!Jr, IIId iI!lI thl "liy» (To)l1I-thtr quy~n 11, to' 79)' Tdi l~i deri Le Th£nh-t8ng, co nhi~u s~c chi d~n cang de cong

·th~n: e~p th~·di~n (rugng dU'g'e hU'o-ng deri dO-i), ban) quCle-tlnh cho de

-eon (To,tn-tllll' quy~n 12 to' 5, 6, nam Carib-thin 1460); sung con ehau .cang-th~n clang t~i ngii vao v~ C~m-y ho~e thl eho v~ (ToRn-tllIt' quy~n 113 to- 43, nam Gi£p-thln 1484); ban ham tan-quan (chu.e quan kh8ng lam -vi~e th~t) cho con ch£ll c8ng-th~n (Toilll.tlllt' quy~n 13 ter 68, nam Nh~mfi 1491J. Trong TltOllg-SiI', thlly 0- cac chuy~n cong-th~n giup Thai-tS, c:t~u >.chep atrg'c gia t?ng nam HBng.Bu.e thu. 15 (1484).

Chlnh U-thanh-t8ng ila giai oan eho Nguy~n T rai, ban chu.c huy~n cho «eon s5ng sot eUa Nguy~n- Triii la Anh-Vii (Toillt ~!tu. quy~n 11 to- 1) nam Giapthan 1464) va sai tlm di cao tho- van eua Trai (Tolm-tlllr quy~n 12. to. 30. -!Dam Binh-HI}'i 1467)'

Xem 4y thl ta co th~ tin r~ng n~u co nhii'ng 100i Le-I g'i th~ v&i ceng-th~n, nhii'ng lo-i ay ilU'g'c nhie I~i va sao l~i trong ilM LHhanh- T&ng va Ju'g'C giao eho cae t~ng-t8n cong-th~n, tu.c Ii nh~c con mlnh (thg-t8n U-Lg'i, ph;lI nho- ID-i .th~ ttr b$n the h~ .nro-c ete l~i.

1

Bay gic,. ta hay x~t il~n ngi-dung. Chinh yell bai A n chuy?n Ls-Lal. Tron~ 1:hu thlch tr~n toi da d~n Sach Loe-so» 11,,;f./(I.· theo bin in dc,.i Vinh-tri nam 1676~ Nhttng trong Todll-fltlt' I~i khong h~ ch~p chuy?n Le-lai ; tt-ai I~i Q. to- 2. 7 quytn. 10 co chep v~o Ichoang thang gieng nam Binh-mui 1417, trong khi dong doanh 0- h~n BO-de, vay VttO'ng- Thong trong thanh Bong-quan, U-Lcri ~iiil f,r-""i LILlli, t;cl, gi"-sall, vI Llli cb co c"illl-collg wli [iri "g~O-IIl,!II». L2.Lai n~y Ia .u?' chic cling n m9t d~i cong-th~n. Trung ten cking ? hay n k~ kh~c chi:r l~m ~~n ?D~u sao, 51! khong thay chuy~n U-Lai trong chlnh sUo tri~u Le co thE gieo It nhi~u. m5i nghi-ngOo trong tri n~u khong chu·ng gt khac xac nh~n chu'i'~n Le-Lai. ~eu bin in nam 1676 Ia dung nguyen-tac th1. ta phai tin LIIII-SO'II tll!it-l!Ic, vi thea To;',,-d,g>thlll.i{/ly III'tiH.!{ sail tlzlllll{ clt~p 1I,111f T tllI-!tr; -I 4 J 1, VIlli (Le-L'!'i) Sl/i 1'11I( Lilli-SO-II t"!r· 1(,,". Villi f!t' I,;-it f(t'", ~[-!tifu LIlII-sO'H l\;/fg-cltli. Bai tl!a !ly con th~y trong baD. vi~t xira ct& o' N9i-cac t~i Hue: (nay i). thu'-Yi~n vi~n Khao-c& Q. Sili-g01l) d~ dun" nam Thu~n-thien thu. 4 (143 1) nhU'ng th£llg 1.1 trQng-dong nghia Ja thang mU',J·j mgt, va xU'ng (lung 1.1 « L,,"-sO'II tiqllg-Cllli vilt t(t'd ». Nhli'ng chu-ng !ly <tang Ie" khi~D ta hoan toan tin VilO bin noi-cac ~y. Nhu-ng" kh6n n6i, ban ~y ilung y nhu- ban in ... chi khac 1.1 bli t1f.1 cua U-L(?,i thay bili tl!.l elia Du~ Qu~n-c()ng Hl:I-Si-DU'O'ng Ia. ngu-(,·i rna T~y-vU'o'ng Trinh- T ~c sai in I~i ban Th~t-Il}c. Ml ban in ~y, theoU-qui-Bon, cta bi « "Izo-tlriill plz(lliK ItlfHh J;"l, (M"Ir, tI:; ell- VdO s(jo-~ill( My j ",a S,lH eli;, t"dlll ,,'&ot [dill f"i S!t' tlz!;t, ~lril",!{ ti,t"l: I a SAc!t trou "(" 1111'11 » (Ngh~ van chi trong L~-fl'i~1I tlroll.£[-si'r). Iueng v~ chuy?n Ls-Lai, co le trong nguy~o, han c6 chep chuy?n Le-quI-:B&n trong Le-tri2111 tlzo",!{-si'r o· chuy~n U-thai.T&.

,

c6 chep chuy?n ~y, tuy co ho-i khac vO·j T/,!lt-I(,C. lO·i TfriJl1,l{-slr rkng : ,f ... Bi,,/"

III;; "guy ~!tS1I lJltt. Vu" hoi chit· tirO-11K c& IIi /'tlY {nit c!tIt·Ooc cltuyf" Kt-Tt» Xll'tI_ N,l{lrlri t/';hl D!l'ltg-tu LiJ-Lili ~IzJI1<I{-~lt.lzi vdl1K "I#"/', t!t' 1Ig1lY!" trlro 16i ,10, ilelll '111.1.11 I'll ~"o; ck'J t«; !t1J "ao mtHh /a LiJ-vu-o·n.!{ (ch/I" ?) LI1I11-sO"II. TWO-lIg Mi"," ",#;Oil/: UHf, hl!P 'Iudn v.1.y lity. Llli ~;#t [!rc, "i "ttt lelft VI Boltg-'l1lIlff, va t,;. Cilt . .»

Ma th~t v~y, ab-i U kh&ng ai nghi ngo- gl v~ vi?c ie-Lai, VI J.e-Lai. chlnh-thu-c 1.1 ~~t vi c&ng-th~n va m~t vi linh-th~n rat i1u-crc dc dOoi vua tr\}ng vQng. Nay con hai kI-tai khac chu-ng minh SI! ~y. Ph~m-phi-Ki~n (sinh narn 1565. il~u ti~n-sI nam 1623) chep chuy?n L~-Lai trong sach Tlzi':II-"'1II1 T""",r:-II!{Iz;If> t"#f-hte vb-i nhi~u chi-ti~t dang tin. Lb-i dng :

«Ie-Llli (jo dwg I'w.£[ vo-i T/z"j-t6 (Le-LlJi), Oill,£[ CI}",I{ "'.1 "in/', giir ddt'& J~i.t".i1~. Bay gilt, VIlli (""11 ,f,,'1/ X/I'lIg B/H~-I;II~-YlrO'lIg IIgll_y.'I1-chl') t7 LIIIII-S8'If, fjURH ion ft_

,Nglt'lri Minh I,}ng bit ilia" [ud". P 1111 I!l' IIgh' I'~ng tM 11-10; ~It~1I1 I/clt ,,6;, ",Ub" f";),, 11/111 fifm fh,h. Hlji Ilt'lrng lit, VUII. hoi "~lIg: « Ai ",4 Iray liy I/,J" -t"AY til. clIO tA "hir ,t.1 "all JJIl, ng;t", Irqp ~;"It ",ii II 10 ,,6i f"Jn v~ sau, flrl se JU'rrc vf-",m,~ rtf; .IIIrtfc. COli Clr,IlI I1glt'rri ay "di Jo-; Ilt'lJ'c "il vUllg. »

La; rill gJ"Ir Uy vife dy., p"" ~e" di T"Do; klt'" r411g: II' Lt-Ls! Ii] t"all thll)' C"II,I. Ng,i), WI ,du '1uell COli! y, f/tl 11t:e elr;u Cllllg Jir1! tit;,,,,, "lIi r/rllg, Pdo-iill thall" J~lIg tl,ide, tlti" kitH, tlrllnh Jao •. »

L"j !,ell ielll ~illlr Jln 1.I,II/11t Tay (Tdy-ta). Itg Un ,<ltiell chil", f/f" XWI/( I') BIJlIr-,fjnlz-v/t·O"II,(. Ngu'i't; Minlt wiy ,biit, gill qrc kill!,. Sail "1111 plto,,/! 1.11; COli I') Ed V4 Pifn I,)", tl'lI/1.~-IIlIlK- twO-lIg. Kk: VIM i;,. /Ilia'" l(jllt: Lai kifu TItIJi-tlllrr!ng ,/110':-(011,( IIgll,ye".!II/1111 ",."t .tlt;;'11 ; [ifi /'1I1f tlt!IY TYillIl:-ijill.~ ii~i-I'/I'(I'ng ; tit'" 1',Ill!; i!(' 0- Thai-Ifliilt. £Jill tf.yi Gia-tdnJt (t1g~ytt\ chu ~ Dlt'trllg-"oa Ham 1;;11 16 H) cd p mql triim ",.1" rllqllg t~ ) (n1\l1' U-tri~u trung nghia chtr th~n).

Ta n.h~n th:iy dng Phi-Kitn h~n aa dung t~i-li~u kh£c ngo~i LlIfISO'II TIt!it--!!I(, nhu' ph/iii-pItS ching hilU. NhU'1lg" v~ t~n de con va dc mi-t1F trong hi~u th~n, th! h sl; th~y dng U QuH36n se chep khk Va PhiKi~n Cling khe.ng kg ;Un chuy?n t1:£O cl8j ~o.

U-Qul.9on tuy sX"g sau Ph~tn-Phi-Kien chtrng 1 So n;im, nhu'llg

J

vitt chuy~n U Lai, trong BlJi-Virt tiuJ/I.It-Sli- (quytn 31), m9t each r~t

to rang 60·n va r~t <tang tin hO'n. Ch~c chin eng a;; giao-thi?p vo-i dong doi L~-Lai bay gio- con .ph<ln .. thinh 0- huy~n Ho~ng-hoa, xu. Thanh-h6a,

v~ 8ng cia dU'9'c d(;,,; gia-ph& va tai-li~u kh~c nira. Sau khi ta d,?C TItO".~-slr, kh&ng nhu·ng h ph3i tin rling chuy?n U-Lai hoan-toan co th~t, rna ta cling phli o~an rang liri tlt'd A chac cung xac-th~t. Sau cl~y .t8i ciing sl! dich ngtly~n-v:in cih QUI-Doc. V~ do~n con ch£u, th; se tro-c ltr'?'c, nhtrng CLIng se g.iii· phao chtnh trong clo~n ~y clg to r~ng con ch£u Le-Lai d~n clo-i U M~t bon luAn pbat a~t, cho n&n ch~c da giu' dU'<?,c nhil:u ta.i-lj~u cua t6-ti2n ::{ch ao 3 So l1:\m. QUI BOll viet:

ct' LJ-L'i Ir.(lrIJ.j ItUY#1l LtrU'flg-gi,mg, stich B/,.t'-,~ill1ll' tho/l D!r",~-t!t.

Ck» ten Ki? 1, nO; ,:o-j /'1111 PIz!I-tIJO; ;illft !tni trn; : L·J te,t L!III, til/I:- fhl L,,;. L~n

. ~

t/'eo Tlz,fi-tS kltJ-i It~lzrd, ,.J Hhi"!u (·01lK-llio. T"ollg' .. Itiill dieT, At-ti ('4 Z f).

Mat vI vir" VIM U K/"j lU'H ,//1,1/1, S'i/l ,t,rre t:llfg TfttFi-phJ Hilt trllng-It'llt j r{ji gill t(f",t: Fi~p ·'IIIIJ',,·cO/lli'

14

LAl, tfflk ClnrH/{ trirc, .lllflg-IIt'!O kk,; c tlfll"lrn~; c kf-kltl cuo r~"g. T"~(} "to; fki-v#, cO I/h;'eu con,l{-I,IO. N,1111 Bfnh-t"tln (/116), vn a dng CtiC flrbonl t/';;II 18 1I,l{ll'rri, 115; ten kit th~, h~'fI o}lIg VIIi /'11'011; L/; co J¥" (call lI"ity ~·,tt 'iIl,III-"# vt SIIII). f)lrr" trno Chl~C TSng-qllall-pltli "a -tdfl,rt-,/II'1n Qlltlll-nqi-k;;lI.

.lIlt", .. Jon"
"
,/'ill trao
/1/'11" Ki
.st .IE 10 Nlilll M~II-tl/{'ft (1418), VItti /II';'; tf"'1t "(t'lIl{ ciF IlliM", t,ril''',e lIon'11111J1 it, hi tlt'lI'ng Millh IMIlIt ,~Jp 0' Mll"irll,e Mljt; tltoat J'l're, tru 0- CQ; xUTrink-c.lO. Tr,1" tfwrrl/g khollg tlllll IIlWiri, khiJlIg hOllg' klllli. Ttrll'lIg Mil'h cki" c!tif" cac nu; Iti/Ilt ylll' tM rat f,ach. VIt I hoi cae t If"UII,e: « Ai "8i ao tltllY til tfellt 'illli" r a iall" 'IUIIII giiJ", xlrlle fen lrirll t« nil diri Hall, clIO til co tit! nllll "ali ",elti f,i,,", ,~op ,,"'!t t,Nr",1! lI&i .la), vt S,IIt?»

Cae tlt'lI'lIg "'e" klti;',g Jalll frl; ts: Cit; 1/I1"k Llli In,!1I1t "'f0 ,,0; : « Tei,- xln iti. Ngl)Y StIli, Villi iwtf- tltiJIl-ItIJ tlti hiT)' trll cong clIO ttii ; "lJn irr; ,'011 .:/rlm se .tlr!!e e!till 11'11 IIIrfl'c; "6 I;, IIgUYfn tiJ;». VilA tltll'll'lI/: xOt. Llli 1111; : ~< NIlY 'Illfill "';Ch nlur v;;y, 1Il{()i giir ifilt nglly d! Villi toi dlllg eMf, flii Jr ril"g dillg I;, vO feh. Nt« IJIII ki ily, ho!lc co tit! IIII'; r" ckttt ft. Ke ""-J' tOi trll"g vi IIIl'boe I,!i co tile gt »

Vitti vai Trrr; kltJ.lI ritllg: « Le-Ld tr40 i8i ao co n),lg. Ntll IIgay sa" Trim vn Call Ch411, C/}n,1{ con chlzu c,ie tlt'("'I,1{ tlz cOllg t It;;11 klt~1Ig d'ell cOng ;fy, tM tit;; riblg: TIt,io-l,fll tlt;'lIh rt'rn/: /lIti, "aO-1I1l 1lt'IIIIt iOllg, tltflll-kiim tltdll/' dllO (/~glly<l" tlt,/·" cit II- bi "It). Lsi "en dem lIillll 'tram 'IllIln, " IIi voi , t!t;Jn,~ tui I,iy [(i(le kltiJ" chitll. Ngwa-i Bic iem kit 'llll/ll I'll d(wlt. Llli clI'o-i p"i-lIIii xi1ne 1'1)0 tr#fI, ha ritllg: Cit 1111 LIlIII-SIl'II I;, til "tly ! C!t;1Il "" lam 6j tklNJ"Il,1{ giiJe 1lki?" vO-Sb. S/~C kift, hell bi ,l{i!lc ·!nit. Gi!IC tia wc /')1IIt. Giijc f,ell Ilti ,,) th;'nl, Tay-la, plt?)/I,I{ "i klta "fI'i.

Villi ifll'rL' thOll,l{-tltJ Irglti IIgO'i, Slle-giII'O-lIl{ 1Ihlir-kltf. f)anh tram tr"" ~TIl'rc en tram, Nhlr J& t.::-,!,t; tltiPII-ItI}' VillI _dill1 long trlm,1{ CI;II LAi; trrrtfc to Jii Sili u« tim u-is: v? rang iT LIllI-sll'll. N,lm if;;11 drri Thlli}ll-tltit!1I (14z8) phallI{ IJIIt cOllrth;;" ilf. ,,!dt, f!lllg ki#1l Sily-tru"g f)Jllg-J,re Hilp-ltItrJl Btio',·Mllk L'-lIIg-llh"i COllg-thill, fhiill-I'Y, eho thl;l y TOI)n-llgkiil. Niflll Thllin-tkibl ..tllll· k"i (14z9), tklmg ch«p, 1'/1" J"i N:I/llI.Tri;; Cht~P htli tf(IO V,111 ,r.fL·-thf VA ilri tI,t ckllng vi' L,; eIlt VaG !tom V/llIg (cilll fllty rdt. 'I1I"".k# vl sail). L~i gia-

15

p"011,~ t/U,i-IIY, NillII Jail Jui TIt,i;-hoil ('44 J), MIIg BJllh-chll'O'lIg fJIIJ/I-'lIl~C fl'9"l J!", cko Ki1ll-lIglr-illJi kim-phi} va t/t·O-c HIYfll-fhll'9'",(-hal. KhoJng ilall iN,; H~"gJll-r ('470)' iij,,! flrO-c Dicn-phltc-hltll. Nill1t tlllf. 15 ('484), tl'lI) tifllg Phil,- 41l~c-cong. SII/I gill phollg TI'II"g-tl;C-I'WO'II.~.

Lai sinh ba trei : Cli thl Lu-, th!'1' thl Lg, CI/;)i fen L~m, illl1 c6 tdi

"

.ghr· NillII At-ti (1425), I'fly thlmlt Nghr-lIIl, LU' C1}II,l[ cae tll'tfllg chi« /lk,m

Jlmh cdC Xlf., m;{t t'.'i tr(llI. BII'9'c t(lllg thai-IIY (1428). Brri H~II,![-JIf.C, tifng Kiln_tilt-lta'lI (1484). S,m gill t(llIg Ku«: Ij,,#/I-COIIE{'

L~, th) froltg chifli-JjCh 0., sdck B,I-I,lm,' iii K)lIh-!tJIIg, i,l phdt Ph!lc-/,i"J,· I/'a 'lllall Tra/l-trf, illl'9'c tJ,iill,E{ TJ.-t1'l1ll,rt-fJIIIJII tGII.E[-i;)e e!tll' IjIl;;/I-.r(I'. N'/III Gillpfh)1I ('424), tkeo \'1111 illmh C/,AU Tl'a-lll1/, J!I' tl'(11I Bl;-!i~p, phil 'f/llin PIlII'O'ng eM'11t va Sir-Hrioll. BII'9'c th,ln,E{ Tk,li-biio. T/'IIII,I{ IIIl1'(ri /II/III tiy, bi trllllg fe". I~ mit e!tlt. BWlfc fiJ1Ig tlllii-ity ('428). Brr; Hdll,I{-J!'I'C, f(/II,I{ CltiCII-COII.E[-/';"II. SAil gi" tifllg ChiCI/ 'l1l#II-C01lg.

Lam tkeo VIlli 11rP ,(;iJc N.E{0 c6 cOIIg, k!ti t/'lI'o-ng CIIC IIgll'i'ri tllilqc T/ziltJqr h011 f/',i (!'Iill S',O cii1lX /a'/II I'll tlll'r-thil IIk,1' trollg bJ; B) c6 cOII,1; ir L,jllg"/'Ili, illrlf" 11'110 TrJIII,1{-liillg' JlJi pllll Call-11I'1t v# 111'1$011,1[-,/111111, fwlre t!l/l'lfllglrl-t!l" hifn Sily-trlllll{ £)Iiotg-t,re Hifp-1I111'1I B,io-cTtflllt ((ill,1{-tllli'll. N'll11 Tltll!,'". thie" t~,r 1111 ('430) IJm tien·phollg ii JAn/' Ai-lno, p/zlt J,I'{I'C 'flit/II ,!{i!c .. Jlloi ilill "911,1; HOII/{-Ji, fr(lIIg /llIii lI/ztJlI t;//11 t/zlillc ,tc}t' 11111 eMt. T(1111{ thifll-:_ fty. B/i'u lIi1m Qlltln,E{-tkll#1t ('460)" vl COli fJ N!llll c6 cO/lg frllit N~lti-",;", l#p TIt'lllk-tollg lIell Lilli ilwlfc t(111,1{ "0-,16(. R,lii g;(I-I(IIf,/{ Tl'IlIIg-ll-/z,i'll (1484) r'Ji thAi-,ty Trllli/f ,/1I;;C-COllg, 1,,1/1 tI,!IY UY-1'ff. L~ si,,/z s: trlli, Ttch, Tung,. Diing, if'(11 "6 Call,/{ pkollg I"tll. TIc" cjilt./{ • .ril,J; btl trui : Li.?IV Ng~p, Qui ~ Jill ,,;;i tlruc.

VIII sinh N4m, 1~ m9t a~i-th~n aeri U Tb£nh-Tong. Ie QUI Bon. chtp chuy?n N~m rat h Sau aay toi se lU'g'c dich.

Le N~m l~ ch~u U Lai, r~t thong-minb. Van vo kic?m toano Khi tre ..

I1ha nghto, deri to·i 0- xa Duy tinh huy~n Tbu~n-Hii'u (nay huy~n H~ul~c tinh Thanh-hoa}. Nam Tbi?u-blnh thu. 6 (1439) dU'«?,C ~m phong chu.c· c~n-thi chinh chU'z"ng, thang chlrc thi~m -tri n9i-m~t-vi~n sl! (144 5). Theo-

. I.e Thy ai ,hnh Chiem-tbJnh. Thang lam an-vu pho-su. '0- ny-c1~o (1448)

16

r~i thang lam tuy~n-i1y c1~i sUO tr~n An-hang (Quang-y~n). Th~ng 10 nam Ki-mao (1459). Nghi-D3n gi~t vua Nh3n-tong, cU'b-p ng8i. my gio- N~m lam Xa-ki-v? c1~ng-t<~ng-tri chU' qudn -Sl!-v\l hQP c~mg dc cl~i th~n 1,0 Nghid3n va l~p Thinh-tong_ Tu clo N~m dU'<?,C cl!c-kl trong' d"mg v~ ca van Hn vo, Thang Blnh-thU'<?,ng-h~u (1460), cho qu~c-tlnh, dt}' th3m tri~u-chlnh Theo vua dinh Chiem-thanh (1470), riji l~i tro. l~i lam pho tU'b-ng -quan d~p Chiem thanh l~n thu. hai (1471). Nam Hbng-dtrc thu. 10 (1479) c~m qu~n c1i dinh BBn-man, clu&i chua S~m Cong d~n song Trang-sa gi£p bi~ngib-i Ditn-di~n. BU'<?,c phong Tinh-quoc-cong, r~i m~t (148 s).

N~m sinh nnro-i lanl trai. Trai thtr tir ten KIt/illg tir tr~n Q. Chiemthanh, t~ng thai bao Thu~n qu~n-cong_ Beri Canh-hU'ng, dbng hQ hcm tram dinh con o' than NgQc thugc huy?n Ho~ng-hcla (Thanh-hl1a). Con thu. hai la CM cung co cong trong chi~n-dich Chiem-thanh, dt dU'<?,C Th£nh-tong yeu. Urn quan d~n thai-bao QUlnh qu~n-cong, qng Hosi quoc-cong. Chi sinh narn trai, Doog hQ co nhi~u ngU'Cri Jam d~n thai-bao tU'6-c qu~n-cong, nhU' Callt-TIt,;;, Cong-TI'r giup Trang-Tong va Trinh Ki~m, COlIg-TrIrll,~, COl/g-Gi6-; giup Th~n-tong va T rinh- T rang, d~U dU'<?,C phong mt-hi?u cong th~n_

Cu5i chuy~n U Lai va U N~m, QUI-Bon chep: « Bir; IIi t';n,~', Ckfnh-Itf!il 1117111 tlul- 13 (1692), SI/; '1111111 ilrll-tllli N.~lIy .. rll Tit/-Villi, tlteo ntn cii 0- tltOIl nit II, I/(rnt tlr tfIrirlll: thcr TrIlI1g-fllc-l'll"o'ng u-u., e,tp YlIQ11.e Ii ,t I "hi eiing-Itudn Cli. N"y, ,tilllt trollg Itc! rllt IIltidll... CM milllt {,1lI1 elta N/III tU'u-e B/"/'-t"'rfJ'II.!{-!t/~1I Ttifll dill.»

.

Sau !\:.hi dQC T1tollg-Jli', ta th~y hitn nhien 1'~ng chuy?n U Lai hi-

sinh az L" '1 ~ me trdn tr£nh trong coon qu~n - bach ia chu y~n th~t, m~c d:iu Tr>;I/I-tllll", theo ban ngay nay con da bo sot. vi vi! do·i La L<?,i, bln Toiln-tlul" hi?n con chep chuy?n n irn thl nhi~u, nam thi It, khi~n ta co thi; nght r~ng ho~c VI tili li?u da mat nhi~u triro-c deri Le Th£nh-tong, ho~c su--th~n clu-thii, ho~c ban deri sau khlc l~i byt "~n nhi¢u.

.. T a cung phiii nh~n r;mg Le L<?,i da tung th~ v6·i Le Lai dng deri deri phiii tra cong Le Lai. Nhii'ng du th~ chep trong TTt# hie va nOIl!?su-, ph:in l6-n 1'6 rang la leri dich nhii'ng c3u nom trong bIli A V~y ta ("lIng phai tin r~ng, sau khi du&i s~ch ngo~i :dm va len ng8i vua, U Lg·i aa

-17-

nh~c l~i IiYi th~ xtra vi bao dc cong~th~n cung th~ se khong quen 01l L~ Lai va s1: nhu bao con chau cii~u ~y.

au-ere nh~n l~ xac-th~t, bli th~ A khSng-cfinh th~m mgt vai ki~n lich.sir. D.u Ls Llli "ay!ttt /Oftt vi Tri« "'4 i6i .10 eTto Tri«,

,

xac-

nh~n chuy~n dSi .10. C~u Trdm iii faHg LI Laj ,;. tro'lt i;;11 Lam chu-ng tht}'c st}' U Lai sai Un tim di-hai Lai v~ tang 0. Lam-sern rna ta th~y chep trong TTtJ"c-slr.

T a ch6- l~y lam 1~ Sl! leri th~ kia cia chep bang nom, Hac vo.i nhirng leri th~ th~y trong cac sir sach da ke tren. T uy lo·j khae nhau, nhtrng y phu-h'!p. Th~ vo.i nhau ci~y la m~t vi~c g~n nhtr ri~og giii'a nhii'ng ke cung chung gian I..h&, se;ng vo-i x~c thit nhi~u hern v6-i ly-trf. HQ l~i U phan 16-n Ia ke vu-bi~n It h9c, h quen chii' nghia van hoa. Cho nen leri th~ v6·i nhau la lCri n6i thtrCrng ngay, tl! trong t~m rna ra, chu. khong phii do tir-han trau chu5t. Qua v~y, ta hay dQC l~i hai bai th~ Mn, ta s1: th~y r~ng giQng van ct.1c-mich, y tu. rtrerm-d, khang phan-minh gay-g9n; nghe ra y nhtr lCri n6i chuy~n h~ng ngay gifra dam thU'Crng.d~n, chu. khong e6 tlnh-each van-chU'erng mot tl nao. Chinh' VI tlnh-each nom-na que-kich ~y ma ta l~i clng n~n tin rl ng bli th~ A kh8ng phai b&i ngU"o-i deri -sau bia d~t ra; vi n~u c6 ke bia d~t thi ~t eta clem lo·i d~p d~ t8 di~m c~u ehuy~n.

Con nhtr sir 5ach, thi vi tlnh-dch cang, cho nen d~u nguyen-van su-li~u vi~t b~ng nam, sir-gia cling dich ra chii:_ Han cit ra chi~u nghiem-ng!:q. NgU'Cri ta ngay nay thU'Crng l~p ltli mgt 51! suy-doan sai, Ia cM c6 cieri T~ySO"n m6-i dung chfr nam m9t each chlnh-thu.c. Th~t ra, v6-i nhfrng di-vall cOn th~y, dCri U t~t thU'erng dung van n8m trong thU'-van ho~c c8ng-vall. T8i se co dip dem nhi~u chu.og v~ ai~u ao. H~ng dtra ra m9t chuY~Il. Nam H8ng-ilu-c thu- hai, Tan-mao (1'f71), khi L~ Thanh-tang th~n-chill!J danh Chiem-thilOh, dtn coi dich, Villi tlrJ" eM eltil,t-sA,·" "'nit ciu«: S!" tzrtrng-sl cillra TtiIN, SA; NgltJ111 TIrt-Mi Jielt rll lJ,tie-HGir it [,1/11 re ",1I J9J (T.'m t/'Il." quy~n i z; to. 61). 96 u vi ttl.1"erng-hvp thi~t-thl!c doi v6-i quinnh~n ttr6-ng-si m~ dung quC;c-ngfr.

K~t~lu~n ilu~n- ~y la c6 nhi~u pl!~n cMc r~ng hli A nh~c dUn, lCri L~-Lvi ill th~ trtr6-c m~t cac cBn,-th~n v~ vi?c bao 0'& U.Lai vl iii 1I1t 1Il9i ncltO-i th~ theo.

18

Stf th~ chung ~y x£y ra nam n~o? Cau CUlI,l[ Tr'!m "0; ~Ii,d md f# wh, fl.i':" kf.' J/" co "goy ray 1/1 a Ju-rc pll/i 'luf bu<?c ta phai doan VaB khoang sau khi 12 Lcri len ng8i vua va da ban thu-o-ng cho dc c8ng-thlin_ TO;l1f-tkw chep v~o khoang thang ba nam d~U aCri Thu~n thien, M~u-t~t. "1.1428: Vila Jf.; kqi cae tu-Irng, etie !,jy tOi l'ilt l'U flrn !,I, Jink "ire !,If. ~ku-iYltg, theo cGng ceo tMp "") J;"k cip b(le... (quy~n 10, to- 57). Luc ~y .:iO- L2 Lcri dm 0- doanh B8-d~ tren sang La, a()i ng~n vo-i th~nh B8ng-quan.

R~m thang ttr, 12 Lcri mo-i xu-ng at. Sau khi len ng8i It ng~y, li~n 'truy t~ng chau di~t, 12 Th~ch, ch~t tr~n nam T~n-su-u 1421, m I-hi~u T rungvii d~i-vU-O"llg v~ ph5i-ttr 0- t£m mic:u (Toan-Ift/,. quy~n 10, to- 5 8). Tho".~sir cling chep y nhu- tM (chuy?n Le Th~ch), v~, nhu- tren aa k2, 4i chep - r~ng nam ~y cung phong' U Lai mi-hi~u Lung-nhai c8ng-th~n, ban h~m thitu-uy, th\!y To~n-nghia. Kha ch~c r~ng .luc b~y gio-, 12 Lcri nh~c l~i lo-i th~ vo-i L2 Lai v~ bao de tu-o-ng ta va c8ng-th~n cUng th~. Sau dO, "'Ohu- Tha'/,(-sir da chep, vua sai Nguy~n Trai chep th~-Tan va c~t vao hom 'Vang. Vb t8i doan dng bai A chep lo-i Ls Lcri th~ nam M~u-tu~t 1428.

-4.- XlT BAI B

N9i dung bai B lch8ng lien quan a&t sl! k~a lieh-su- gl d~C bi~.

Ph~n d~U, U-Lcri th~ se nho- o-n dc ngu-o-i pho ta as ra c8ng giup minh .... a ~n se d~n con chau noi ICri th~ ~y. Nbu-ng cau th~ niy tu-o-ng ty- vo-i nhu-ng eu th~ ta da th~y trong bai A va trong sach LOlll-su" tk~t-hle (xem chu tlUch (d) sau bai A). Trong han sao Ki~u-a~i, con co ~{lt bai nu-a chep nhu-ng lo-i th~ gl;n nhu- v~y. Tai se gQi no la hai D trong ph\! trtro-ng sau. B.li ~y co bnb each kl-qu~c, nu-a nam nu-a chu- nhu- trong ph~n nhi~u van nam xu-a. Ph~n chit "IHn l~i vi~t r~t « nam-na », to r~ng ke vi~t m~y c~u n~y It chu- Han. T rong ~n sao .l~i blnh nhu- aa sOt chu- s6t c~u. V~ lCri th~ co

Th{lnh-t~ .rmnh-the thu Ron khoan 81\t. chi nui the non 'DguY~1l thien-ha, Vai •.• Hoang -thien , Hi.\u-thO. Hoang-ha ntnr dai, Thai-san nhir l¢. b~t ca.m nr ligon (?)

T uy bai nlty kh6ng ill~ aU'crc ngu-o-i ta eM y va sao chtp t~i, nl:urn~ ~ co ke con gifr 4i, thl hlnL nlur S'F ~y to 116 co ttr deh. liclt-su- va D.C th~ ...dIang? V1 ch~t1;g nhu-ng chu- Thl,,'/,-tb thly trong b~i ~y tbwng it",,!c d~

1.

},01. L2-Thanh-tong dg tro U-Lc,>'i (xem bai LIIHt-.run Dnnrg-fhiiy pb.u con cL~p 1:rong Tk; ,111-111,,,, tl'r-k'rt#p). V~y ke vi~t b~i D co le Q. vao do-i U- Thanht8ng. L~i them, trong du d~u, co ghi m~t dia-digm «X/~ &il!lI-thi, hllJr" LrrulI,~, phIl Thien '!'IIIII» m~ t8i kh8ng thay eh~p trong sir. Sl! ~ykhi~n toi l1ghl r~ng b~i D n~y ~6 goc chan th~t, chu- khong p'h:ii do m~t ke nao hoan to.1I1 bia ra,

Nay t'&i hay quay l~i bli B. Bo~n dU"6-i b~i n~y a Io-i Ls-Lo-i khuycn t:r6-ng SI phii hoa muc cung nhau, ph.ii tin hi?u-linh va ph:ii theo phap lu~t eho nghiem. M\lc-dich chinh ella bai n~y Ia ch~ ~y, con Io-i hu-a h~n ngay sau hU-Crng eong chI la cai mdi - dt nh;r ma th8io So sanh vo-i ki-cli trong sach TOIl1lt",r, ta th~y rJ:ng trong tho-i kl khang chien, U-L<}"i da dt y nhi~u dtn Sl!' chtnhfuuan tu-o-ng-si, ho~c higu-d\1, ho~c khich-l~ nh~n-d~n b~n long hang h£i ch6ng gi~co Trong narn Sinh-vi 1427, the quan Minh da' nao-nung .. Tuy v~y theo ~ch - TOllll-thlr, Le-Lc,>'i higu-thi ttr6-ng hi?u qu~n-nh~n cac xu' Ngh?-an, Tanblnh, Thu~n hoa r~ng: « T a Jdy nghTll-bink 0- ,flit hay, l/J1y i1fp tit/mIt con,:, MOIlg cllling bay tkliy chullg lII~t IOllg, va,,/: ,fit 1119t tilt; if eho Vfll 1I,~hi II 111" to; Cltll COil. Til bilt dllg chfl11g bay ,flu la Ilhii-II,!{ k;' si yeu 11Irtfc. Nluil1 Imoi tnr6-c, ilo-; de Villi Hlrll,!{-khltnk (Trdll Gian-dink), Tn}ng-,!lItlllg, IlIdll,l{ IIIIm/{ kJl"

"

Jilnlt, /Jill khollg dlrlJ"c tltlrO-ng. 1y vi clzfnk-tri bo-i nhi'hl clrll IIIIt ra ; i~,i tkdn.

~lrong bilt iI.!n, clto lien clz(lIIg bily lllb/fg pM 0 Sl~e nhll" tM .. NIlY, tlri,lll_lr!, nh4~ tlrtmg. T,l elm,£[ cit ling btty, IIgft7 iI nlllr ck« COIl. Mong Izft tkay mgt iOll,![ thu fIJi itat nrro-c tn. Tit- xtra, ctk tlrfrng vn« vii ,tlrlJ"c pkollg k;;u, pkOIl,1t Illtsr ckimg bllY, kkollg klzdC. Chillk i!li Jq; IIgii bllY, IIlYf:ll ,!win-nktill 1,,0)1. Kit; nl'o Jr! ye. gi!lc tl)lI, se ckill dai, mqt 1Iihl vI! lalll rllqllg. Nay tr(ri gillo (/II?,,/,) L-ku til, Ju~~ '''{11k fh) phiz gi!lc, sdllg IIUI ilrlJ"e tltlrihtg COll.!{. Kltollg 11,~lre "'fnlz fir) cldt~ltoll,!; thank vife gl. Mai d~i kiiy viii IIIgt bJII, ngtly ",!C /'11; bll l"jn, JE' I}1II111-11111/,1 bilt dO» (to- 32, th~ng t narn Sinh-vi 1-4~7)'

Ciing cung khi ~y, ban MIrO-; ilill/ -Qutiir- hil'1 cho ttr&ng hi?u qu~n nhan: (1) LJIII lin-I/O troll,!{ fjHdn. 2) T rOllg ,/1/411 s?,-lziii va Cd, 1I0i bb v'i-' /"!Il phlle kkiEn Jao-il~ng 'Juan-flllk. 3) TYoIIg fr1-ll, nghe tiing tyiJITg; Ikay ~;;. Lok; mit gia va- kkon,!; nghe khallg thliy, ek;;n ehlr klzoITg c"ill ti/n. 4) Trong tr#n, tMy k;f" C(r va lIglze ti/lIg /,, bao Jt,."g '1"41£ 1Il~ klzong J,rl1g~ s) Ngke tiE"g ekien,f[ bao I,ii ,/uan md elro-n,~ kholtg II}i. 6) P/,cmg trl_l"c ~"ong e/'4"', ltoife ngli SIlY ~"ong giil-, llll ngF- tr.6n_ v'&._ }) Me.. nii-.rlie, plro"ff"

20

i/lf!C vtfi ddn 'If!J' mA l/tti,,'t 'lAm viie 'Ilia". 8) Liy Ii';" /itA tit,; 'I";;,,-,,~JIf.,4 de ,(i4" ~ltiJlll[ "ihl wb s& 'Iua". 9) Liy s!r IMclt gf,h ridng ",A Iiln Ju -:U.: f9i cua "K't-fri. 10) BSi vtfi '11111" (itll 0) kl,oll,e /'011 ; gid" .Ie tr~", eJp ••

M"lri J";;/I k! trett, phIJ'" JI" t{,~ c"fln (to- 33, thang 10 nam Binh-vj 1427)-

Thang ~y La 'L<ri ban ba cti~u ran cac quan van vo : elta- I'O-t),,/', ,I.tf. J~i.tra, chtf giRl' thlllll (tn- J 4). Than~ mtro-i m~t, sau khi gi~t Li~u nang (20 thang 9) b1t Hoan~ Pht'tc va Thsl T1,I (1') thaog 10), U LQ'i ... ~ clem sau cti~ d1,l ttr6-ng hi?u qu~n nh~n: Hl 1,)111 tiJi COli tlt;r VIII plUi !tit lrJIIg 'trllll,e; h; 0- tro".e ,//11;" ph';; ,eiFr Chf"h-Ir'!'c, clto- IAIII vile g • ." 'raj; Irl lilm tr4n J/mh gilJc ",ft t/} gift gi(1c, "I,tY b·ll1IT. ctJII,e "h'/It; /,} if vtYi ,/lIil" "',,111, nllt Ai giaH 1If?lrf"C lam X,ill,!!, 1Ihl l"it ",il tr] t~i, .i14'lfg "ay Cilllg coi elt/r"g mil ril" ~ieH,e ~lo t§; Jill ml"f,; f,l I Ii hay tJ; tl.i-"'# thl chrf c#y ilrf"c tltlt'O'Hg y~1I ",il lit",/[ n,e1rf"c k~ ~hac; /,1 r a lam .. pifc I#p COlI,e th) phJi Je", thd" ",I"h J; trlt'tfc, JI ~e ;'rtf; tidy ",d 6Jt ,rlllrrfc (tir 4J).

Y ch(rng sau mtro-i nam khang chi~n, tuy dtr<rC nhi~u tr~n, nhu-ng ''I!l'hi'tng thanh kien-c5 nhtr Bong-quan, C&-19ng, Chi-linh vIn vu-ng, ma qu~n din ehiu doi kh6 nhi~u b~, co khi ehan nan. Cho d~n nhu-ng v~ qu in ni~t-cl9t, rniii giui nhQn b1!c nh~t ma cung so-n long. Thang 4 nam ~y. Le L,i d", cac ttr&ng 'hieu qu~n nhan cua miro-i bon ve qu~n ~y dng: H"yJ~g taIR l;~H' "'IJltg i! phiz giifc, J6 u S,~C ala "Mm,/[ 611Y. Con tlIt,r l',!eft 'WI11"II, xlp IiJt, CO'lli :all, tltatlg t",,·;rng th1 cr fIJi tn. Cltfm,f[ 611Y ehrf sf" cdlt 1M, eM 10 tttheo thi/". TltJy vf" con ta ttKltto thi/", tit) v!" con Ch"",1[ h"y 8:/'eo tit;!". Mong chfm,e bay "'~t lotl.l[ Ja"It gi(1c. ci; J;nh plti';" ndO (th£ng 4 -llam Binh-vi 1427, Todn-tlt". quy~n 10, to- 32).

Xem nhu-ng ch&ng d~n treD clay, ta th~y ro r~ng qua-nhi~n U L<ri

~~t cham-eM d~n v~n ct9ng tinh-th~n t~m.ll cua ttr&ng hi?u quan nhan. VI eto, nhu-ng ICri th~ va d", trong bai B r~t h<rp v&i ttr-ttro.ng va hanh ct~ng ~a U Lri. Cho d~n cau d~n trong bai ~y «clto co hO" Itt!1C » th01t nghe 'tMy l~, thl My gio- kheng l~ nira U L<ri mu5n nei ch& tranh nhau cong nlur trong cti~u thO. ba trong SlU cti~u d1,l teen ct~y. Ket lu~n cto~n n~y Ii 'n c6 thg tin rkng bai B chep th~t Io-i U L<ri. Va ciu chlt'ng saH tltien-h~ :tIlzi /,lnh to dng Io-i ~y nei troog thyi khang chi~n. Gigng chung c.l bai fit cO thg h<rp v&i boi-canh cua nhu-ng Io-i chep trong Toiln-tltlt', va khi~ ta c6 ·thi nghi r~og tho-i--gian cua l~i th~ n~y la kho'in~ d~U nam Binh-vi (1427)

..5.- X~T vAN NOM vA CHit NOM TRONG HAl BAI A VA B

,1'1,17 bat.ph~p hai .hai nom tren n~y cao th~p hai khac, nhU-Dg gi9Dg

nom ~y g~n gi9ng noi chuy~n. T oan bai A co thg chi n ghi nhii·ng du noi th1.1'erng, khang co y trau gi13i x~p et~t.· Nhfrng gi6-i-ttr IIId, tM, \ cklt' d1.1'g'C dung luan luon. Tdi v6-i hai A, bai B co tlnh-each cang-van. Vl v~y, tuy van khong hoa-l~, nh1.1'ng cling co ve trau chuclt it nhi~u. Tf1.ro.c'

h~t 'd' I'" ,. h- h- l' "" h" • " "

e co ung 01 « n01 c 1.1'», ng ia a trong cau nom, c em ca m9t cau

H£n-van, th1.1'o-ng u nhfrng du sao-ngfr, tt}c-ngfr ho~c rat trong nhfrng sach co ti~ng. Vi dt}: DlJi Thien k'lnk-Iroa; pltli Iri ban,~ gill; l'rllft tM" irRc blJcft; QlIgc gia trll'?rllg tr], yen 11klt' Inlll thtJch; Hoan/?-ka nlut' iJi~ Thai-sun nhrr If; 'l"a"g diing b,io di~n ; 'Nhal! ngllra cfti billlt hOd 11l{IC lIi thrr!"nt; Pltap gili thien htJ cong C!Jllt va cue;i cung Th!t'c lc}c tltidlt clt/'"'~' Nhfrng du Han-van n~y dng ch&ng r~ng bai B nguy~n th~t vi~t b~ng lo-i, nam, vi n~u <10, chi n leri dich thi khang ls gi cac du ~y I~i dg nguy&n van. Sau nira, lOi dung chfr clzwng 0- hai che> trong thanh-ngfr clrwng .fllII cling Ia Mi « noi chfr» ngay xira, vi do Ia dich thanh ngfr Han-van 1[' It';II., Cuoi cung, cu-pbap trong bai B gQn gang ph~n-minh hO'n trong bai A. Tuy ,,~y, nhfrng gio.i-tir 1tt4 Cho va nh~t Il tk; dU'g'C dung nhi~u.

M~t cti~u khong khai lam ta ng~c-nhi~n Ia tir-ngfr trong hai hai tr~n r~t g~n tir-ngfr ngay nay, trtr m~t so it thanh-ngfr cii ho~c m9t, vai_ti~ng dung v6-i nghia cG; VI dv. M'li ngay, Nft,t'!"c J,}, B (}/I,~ l?ri, Cd-. HOd, Klra". Nhfrng tieng cO th1.1'o-ng th~y trong nhfrng van tho- do-i sau, nhu&ong (trong), CII (0-), 1111-;"1 (ch6-) thl trong b?m sao n~y kh&ng th~y. V~' ph1.1'O'ng-di~n n~y, theo kinh-nghi~m, toi nh~n th~y, qua cac tai li?u xu-a rna tSi eta d1.1'<?,C dQC, hlnh nh1.1' Vi~t-ngfr thong th1.1'trng It bi~n-chuy~n hO'n Vi?tngfr 'dung trong thi van. Vi v~y, SI! van trong hai bai tren khang co vextra khang phii n phin-chu-ng il5i v6-i hnh xac-th~t cua no.

Xet d~n chfr nam trong hai bai kia, tai cling th~y li:li vi~t nom trong ban sao Ki~u-d~i kh&ng co ve xu-a, hay l~. Chi co chfr rlly (blii A C9t 3)Ia khac th1.1'o-ng, vl co chfr l?ri Q. tr~n il~u. Nh1.1'ng dO co th~ 'chi bo-i kb sao I~i l~m rna thai. Hai ti~ng Ray va Le-i (quoc-ngfr cli vi~t u,.y) d~U." vi~t vo.i chfr L~ dQC Illy (nay ta noi: l~).

Noi tom l~it xet ttr-ngfr va du-ttr nam' trong hai b?ti A va B, ta~n th~y vo.i hlnh-thu-c trong ban sao Ki~u'd~i, hai bai kh8ng co tlcha.ch il~c-hi?t gi ta xtra Hm. Nh1.1'ng cling khong co chu-ng gl to r~ng no chi la nhfrng bai ng1.1'o-i ta bia d~t ra do-i sau, T rai l~i xet n9i-dung thl hai bll ~y r~t co th~ da chep l~i lb-i th~t cih U Lg-i. Nh1.1'ng chk lhang khai co nhfrng ti~ng xu-a hi il&i mSoi, ho~c nhii-Qg chfr nam xtra bh c:hfra l~i trong nhi~u dg't 'sao chep qua nam trIm. nam nay.

(Ky sau tiep)

22

~ ?

DII ue» ru' .

••

•

ED NGUYEN - PHUaNG

« T H 1)' C ra, lich sir khong phjii Ii'!. mot cai gi may moe, nghl'a la c6 the dtra vao a6 rna tinh to an trmrc diroc n6 se x~y ra nhfing gi, nlnrng cai aa Itch sir la cai aa nguyen nhan dern d~n k~t qua, va da d6 manh nhu vii bao. Ba ao, n6 dang ti~n len oai hung, nlnr sire Iirc cua ca nhan Ioai d6n lai tir bao nhieu th~ k)', va bay gier aay, dang aily hi~n tai vao buo-c auo'ng ttro-ng lai! ll. (1)

Va nr;u lich sir chung co cai all. chung, goi Ill. da I[ch sir nhtr th~, thi ljch sir rieng ciia mgt qucc gia cling phai com!)t cai aa rieng, no thuc dily, no huong ddn, no lam cho hien tai co m!)t Iy do va m!)t y nghl'a, cung HUn cho tirong hi thanh mQt hy vong ya mQt d1.l' tru, Thi~t tuang ljch sir Vj~t-nam khong' n5m ra ngoai con iiuo'ng thmrng do,

No] chung Ill. v~y, chir di va o thuc t~, hoi iia lich sir Vi~t-Nam nhir the nao ? 9a dang tien, hay aa dang lui ? Hay chi Ia cai 'da d~\t ngang khong dJn vt; dan? :\iuan hiet cai <Iii clla Iich-sif Vi~t-Nam trong thirc ti), tat phiii dira vao Iich sir thirc Hi ciia Vi~t-Nam. Chi cui ita ella Itch sir tlurc ti) - nghi'a Iii lich sir thm)! Iai nhtr thuc-sir vi~c dii xay r a - mol c6 mQI bo ich cho hien tai va 111Qt moi IQ'j cho tirong lai. No giong nhir ph6ng trlnh cua mQt khOi au dang liin. Thr;~· klll)i da, nrc la hien tai, va bir;t phong Ir inh ella n6, ttrc HI qua klnr, ngm')'j ta doan dUQ'c no se Hin ve 'dau, tire la tiro-rig lai, Sao thfly va biel duoc nhir the lai la c6 ich, c6 Igi? La vi, tMy va biet, nlur the, ngu6'i ta c6 the hoac Ia tranh iii, khi tranh Iii tot ho'n, hay la ngan ch~n, khi ngan chan la m!)t vi~c c6 the lam va din thiet, hay quy ho-n ca, Ia dit;u khien n6, khi c6 au kha nang va phuong tipn de dit;u khien. Cuai len dugc tren SITC manh ciia mOt cal aa <Ie <lieu khien n6, bao gi6' cilng la mOt viec hil u ich, khOng nhieu thl it, khong tich C1..l'C tht cling tieu cue,

(1) Ngu)~n-l:hu(}. g, Phuouq-Pluip SIr- .oc, I .ri hoc Hue, 1961, trang 191.

Nhln ti~n nen ghi nb:ln rlng chi co thu Iich sir thuc t~ nly mlrl Ilm nen duQ'C cai dl co mQt sue manh nao, con cac thu Iich sir ti~1l thuylh hoa, hay d~t b~ng hoang khOng, tuang tllQ'ng, kMng bao gill' co hi~u qua d~t ita, va bcYi ito ita khong co Ich gl rna con co hai, vl no lam cho nhirng ai bam vao no phai hOng chin, d~ b] 'V~t va kMng bi~t bat v~ dau.

Dira vao lich sir thuc t~ ciia Vi~t-nam, nglllyi ta nhl}n ro dUQ'!!; cai all. rna mang Hinh thi>, nhtr cuec. nam tien ch~ng han, nhimg (Idng thai ngiroi ta cfing c6 th~ thify dUQ·c cal da cling co g(')c r~, nlur cai ita khang chien manh Ii~t chfing lai Trung hoa. Ca hai it~u thuoc v~ mQt lo~i goi la aa banh trmrng, banh truong v~ chieu ri}ng ngang va banh truong v~ chieu sau hay noi vlri hinh anh, Vi~t nam gi(')ng nhir mQt diy (lang H~n VITa sum se canh la, vira aam sau r~ xuiSng long a:rt Trong bai n~y chung toi muiSn noi den cai da thir hai, tllc Ill. suc chting CI1 Trung hoa cua dan tOc Vi~t nam.

Tren nen tang cua Ijch sir chung ta tMy r~ng, k~ tl'r khi Vi~t nam dQC l~p, Cll' mQt quang thei gian kha dai, IlSi hai ba tram nam, Trung hoa Iai sang xam lll:n Vi~t nam mQt Ian. Lan thtr nh:rt xay ra diro-i theri nha Tong, nam 981, Ian thir hai dl1'eri th6-i nha N6luyen, nam 1285-1288, Ian thtr ba dueri thoi nha Minh nam 1407-27. Ian thll' ttr dmra tho'i nha Thanh. narn 1788-1789. Nlnrng ciing tren nen tang do, chung ti l~i th1l:y rang, h~ m6i Ian B~c quan keo qua, du cho dong aao den dau, du dl1'Q'c chi huy bi'ri nhtrng c:rp nrong cao tai den b~c nao, dti giliu ly do xam hroc dueri hinh thtrc nao, la m6i la!! ngu6-i Vi~t nam, khong chong thl chay ita, cam cl1, phan khang khien cho hrc IUQ'ng phirong B~c khi ra iti oai hung bao nhieu thi khi rut ve Iai to'i beri, nhuo nha, brly nhieu. Va noi nguai B~c bai, cling 13. not ngueri Nam th~ng. Co khi ho th~ng vei Le Hoan, co khi veri Tran Khanh Dir, Triin QUiSc Tulln co khi veri U LQ'i, cilug c6 khi veri Quang Trung. Nhung du veri ai, bao gier cung Ia ngueri Vi~t nam chien th~ng,

Nhin vao hi~n tUQ'ng vtra no}, chung ta nhan dUQ'c rang it6 chi Ia mc)t SI1 kien nhtrng c6 hai m~t· B~c la xam lang thua 16, m~t Nam III khang chien ve vang. Neu xam lang la mi)t 1l1c luong, thl khang chien cUng 13. ml}t hrc IUQ'ng. SI1 dlSi choi cua hal hrc IU9'ng bao la cung Ia mi)t thir thach doi hOi hai ben nhieu tieu t~n. Ca hai phai c6 g~ng ca sire lib tri, c3 hai phai lisu c3 sinh mang I~n cua cai. Nhtrng tieu t~n rna thift bal mel 13. uong phi, con tieu t~n rna thanh cong khOng th~ la khong c6 19'i. Phai chang mfii llin chi~n th~ng B~c quan ]a mlH llin qudc gia Vi~t nam i15 cirng "frog them? Qua the, nguai Vi~t narn, Cll' mal Ian hi Il1c IUQ'ng Trung hoa lay chuy~n, la moi Ian ho

'lhem long tin tuang vao vi!.n m~nh etlh nuae, hQ lai lang hoa et~ng troDg Iti~ng gQi mii song. Va long tin tuaog do, sec hoa dCing ao, caog manh Ili~t hon, khi sue lay ehuy~n b] nga thua cang Ian hon, Nhu v~y, qua Ijch sir gan mQt nghin nam lap quoe, sau bon Ian b] thir thach ac li~t rna bao gia cling ph3.i thang, hOi dan Vi~t nam eta co th~ t~ hao diog trong tuong Iai ho S15 khai thaog mai chua '1 Cai da khang chil!n ve vang ho d~t ituge kia co bao <lam bao nhii!u itoi viri v~n menh it at mroc ho ? d:; di d~n mQt cau tra Uti huu ich, chung ta thir phan tich tli-ng y~u to.

Ba n6i ding «. tillu tlin rna tMt bai la uling phi », vb tai sail "I'rung hoa danh uliog phi Ian nay rCii liin khac rna vll"n khOng bo m~ng xam chil!m Vi~t nam '1 HQ deo itu~H nlnr v~y. chile chan la vi ho van thay -co hy vong chil!n thang. Hoi cal gt ita nuoi hy vong ho '1 Sa di ho .hang hal m5i Ian dem hrc hlgog vugt bien giiri qua uat mnrc cluing ta, d6 Ia vi m!}t sp Iy do, rna dling dau Ia Sl_l' gao gUi ve m~t lila lY. KhOng ai choi cai S~ Trung hoa la Ian bang phia bae cua \,i~t nam -Gan gui tao nen d~ dang tren duo-ng qua l~i t1~ than thien, cling nhir

-qua lai u~ xarn lang. Bia Iy con. cho th11y dieD nay Iii. dien tich hai

mnrc each bi~t nhau ul!o may muol Ian. M!}t dien tich lirn da fa m<)t ~~c Iuong khong nhieu thi it, va hrc hrong t~ no van muon banh tl"uirng.

Rai khuynh huang muon hanh trmrng uo Iai diroc gia tang bai s~ ki~n nhan chUng. Dau muon dau ~ khong, nguiri V{~t nam giO"ng ngtriri Trung hoa, vii. noi cho dung hen, thuQc ve cung mQl g<>c viri ngtr<yi Trung hoa. Nhrr UO nguol Trung hoa rat d~ dang t:'a thanh Dguo-i Vi~t Dam. Chi can ho b1ing long lam dan Vi~t nam va n6i uugc tHing Vi~l, 111. rat kh6 rna phan bi~t uugc ho ve-i nhirng nguo-i Vi~t nam -chiuh cong khac, Ch~ng the rna nha Tran ila la mOt. trieu d,}i Vi~t nam, va Vi~t nam thujin tuy, Ong 1(J ciia Tran Caoh hie dau can a Phuc ki~n sau mo-l di cir sang lang Ttrc m~('. Ong len Hi Kinh,« Kinh .sinh ra Hap, Hap sinh ra Ly, Ly sinh ra Thira » (2), cha clla Tran Thai tl), '1 hay ogulYi Trung hoa d8 thanh Vi~t Lam nhir th~, cac nha cam quylln Trung hoa khong khoi nghi ding hi~n tugng do c6 th1) tra ngugc l:).i, 'lg'li la nguo-i Vi~t nam cting d~ dang hoa thanh Trung hoa va ho co .{ ~ n xem, Khoug hay, nuirc de chlty xuoi. kheng chay ogugc.

('0 ly do tam Iy ke manh, Trung hoa co I~e hrong khOng

ph~' I vi no c6 mQt di~n tich ilia IY. bao la. HQ manh blri chinh

-str 1 ve n~uo-i, ve cua, ve nhan tal. !Shung khi sue manh nay tra

th ,. ucu, d.r thua, CUU6 mOt hie thaiu law vd \!ay vung d~y-

(2) ~.-.{.) SI' L c;]. D t! Vi~l n Kj 'roan ts«. Ban Kg, quy~n 5 to- la.

'Va ai dflll lai khOng co tham Hi.m? - thl khuynh huang ella ho II muon xam Bing theo ki~u ca lim nutit ca be. Va deli vai Trung hoa hoi m6i nao ngon cung d~ an eho b~ng Vi~t nam? Nhirng Iiin ho xua quan xam lang chung ta Q~U Iii. nhfrng Il'ln ho co tam trang nhir vira noi, nhilt 111. vao nam 1284-1285.

Sau Mt, phai n6i den cai ly do dang SQ" Ilh~t .cho ngmri Vi~t-Nam eM la 'n(li trang ciia Vi~t-Nam. Cll. mi'ly liin B~c xarn, trir dtro-i tho'i nha Nguyen, d~u dli dUQ'e chinh hoan canh Vi~t-Nam mo- duorig. Bo 111. nhilrig 1l'ln Vi~t-Nam suy yeu vi su ki~n ~u Chua quy~n thl'ln hoac thay ngoi d~i chii. T~m gtrong thirong bift ehinh thu ong gay nen chia re, han thu trong dIp lanh dao, va co- eire, h6n dQn trong dan gian. Ma h~ SI! dCl nat, xao tr(ln ciia Vi~t-Nam cang tan t~, thi long them khat ella Thien tri~u cang gia tang. B6 111. tibh trang ella tho-i Le-Hoan thoan doat ngoi vi ella nha Binh, thot Le Quy Ly tieu di~t nha 'fran. thoi Tay so'n hoanh hanh 0- thll do B~i vi~t. Va lich sir cho biet r~ng dt9 cling 111. tho-i nha

I

T6ng, hay nha Minh, hay nha Thanh, dem quan d(li den.

Tuy nhien, giua nhirng canh trang the th;l1o, nhfit cjia tinh the, nguoi Vi~t-Nam du co cam thily hudn tui lam. than, v~n khong baa gio' chan nan, hoac m~t tin tuO-ng. Khong chong thi chiiy, tuy triro-ng ho-pe thuong Mt ehinh» ella nQi b(l Vi~t-Nam, nho hay lim, ngtroi Vi~t-Nam ali dung d~y mQt khi ho nh?n ro diroc nguy co' cua xa tlie, va d5 dirng, d:}y Ia ho thling,

Chung ta dii thiiy ho dtrng d~y, ciro'ng quyet va hang say, vao cu5i niim Giap than, nam thir sau hieu Thieu baa do-i Trjin Nhan tong (128-1) sir gia chep, vo'i long tt:r baa II} ra dau net but:

« Th?p nhi nguyet, .• Thtro'ng hoang trieu thien ha phu Jao IH)i vnDien hong giai, tu tlnrc, v5n ke. Giai viet: Chien. V~n nhan Q60g thanb nhu xull't nhll't ~hh» (3).

Dich : Thang chapv • ,' Thuong hoang (ttrc Tran Thanh tong) trj~l~ t~p nhirng nguo-j Io-n tuiJi trong mro'c Iai Cr trmrc di~n Dien Mng, ella an Ii~e..- de hOi ke. 'flit ca deu noi : Banh. Muon ngu6'i r?p mOt ticng nhtr that ra biH mQ! mi~ng v~y.

Ret qua nay la biH dau? La bed bay gio- trong mro-c vua toi do1m tu, tren d4:6'i thuan hoa, Ret qua nay con Ia bi'ri sir vo ly hien nhien ella \'i~e nha Nguyen xarn Hln. Cac Ian khac, Trung-hoa con ,,6' lIll'Q"c ml}t vai ly do, m~c dan mong manh, (Ie can thiep vao nQi tlnh Vi~tNam, chtr Ian nay khong, Elt ca dQnf! co' xui ginc Thoat Hoan va be

(3) Toan thrr. /)(j. h!i, q-S, ti,. '4~.

26

Ifi kco quan den, chi J1l de thoa man Lham Him ehinh phuc, Ma thamHun nay, hie do, rnanh me bi~t diro-ng nao, Luc ao, m;ng hi ciia ngl!a lid ch~ng nhirng ull xo do Mt d. sire diSi itich tren toan lanh th(j Trung hoa il:'; Nguyen Th~ tl$ co the tuyen biS «Thien ha nhiit thong •• rna con rung chuyen ca th~ gio-i, Nhimg, trtroc sire manh cufing baonliy, phu, Hio va trieu dlnh Bai viet khOng nao nung, N~u khOng baogia v~n menh Vi~t nam nguy ngap cho b~ng, thi cling khOng bao gia toan dan doan k~t cho b~ng. Ya Nguyen quan tan mit hai Ian lien ti~p .. Va urlt nuo-c Vi~t narn l1a hao hung cang hao hung them ... Be Iinh h"i tat d. Sl], ve yang ciia Ilin il,~i thang nay, chung ta hay doc mQt dOl!-ll> sir cua chinh nguCri Trung hoa chep, Bay 16'i ciia Bae sir:

« Nguyen TM to tire gi:}n vi Chiem thanh phan phuc bat thtro-ng, ben ha chi~ll phong cho ~on la Thoat Hoan lam Trlln Dam vtro'ng, c6 Ly H~mg giup, de ti~n danh, Vua lai cho rang An nam thong dang vai Chiem thanh, nen ra l~nh cho quan dQi gia nnrcn duang Aa narn rna ili. Vua An nam lit Trlin Nh~t Hang noi ding tir mroc OP-ci qua Chiem thanh dtro-ng thuy dtro-ng hI} neu khong tien. r6i chia quan ra cac ul!-()o de chting giif. Thoat Hoan tien phia bac song Phu hrc-ng, danh laIl! vai Nh!),t Hang va pha diroc. Nh!),t Hang triSn chay khOng 1'5 ve dau. Binh Giao chi tuy hai, nhung th~ cang ngay cang manh, con giua quan Trung qutic thl b~nh t:}t xuiit phat, ben nghi u~n viec rut ve. Bay gia binh Giao chi duoi danh, Ly Hang trung ten uQc chet, Thoat Roan thoat, diroc, Nam Binh tuat (1286), vua xuting chieu bai vi~c chinh phuc Nb!).t ban de cat dai quan di danh An nam ... narn Binh ho i : (1287), Nguyen the; t(j Iai ~uiSng chieu cho Thoat Hoan, cung bon A Bat Xich, Phan Tiep. sangdanh An "nam, d thiiy Ih b(i. Quan Nguyen thang 17 tri).n r6i di sau vao nQi dia, Vua An nam I1l Nbi).t Hang bO thanh ra bi~n. A Bat Xich n6i : « Blch bo sao huyet tron di xa, la co )' Qgi chung ta met da mai danh, Ttrong si ta deu ngtro-i Bac, trong buejj xuan ha giao thiyi chuang khi se l1f1i len, da khfmg danh dUQ'c gi~c rna hro-ng thirc cling se cnng ki~t. V:)y khOng the (y Ial lau hon ». Nhung b'ay gio' Nh:)t Hang sai su den xin hang de trieu dlnh, cue tirong ueu tin la tlu}t. Chang hay dQ'i mai khOng tMy ai den hang,' rna ttrong si phan nhieu da bt b~nh khong danh duQ'c nU-a. Luc d6 m o-i 10 viec nit. Nh.}t Hfing tu quan ba chuc van dt dirong ve ciia Thoat Hoan, binh si ong phiii vira <tanh vira di. dung dQ m6i ngay il~n nnro-i Ian. Djch chicm cac chi}. hi~m yeu ban ten d(ic ra, Binh si thl chira ban~ bo xong thiro-ng tich aii phai chting cir. Phan Tiep, A Bat Xich deu ch~t. Thoat Hoan theo <luang re rna ve. Nguyen TM ti) tMy Thoat Hoan vo cong b~l di lam traD thu Duong chau, sujit Qai khong cho g~p nira ! (4)

(4) Leon Weigel', Bac su-, t:)p 2, IIien IIien, 1929, trang 1708.

21

~g,!i khen tinh !han khang chi(.n '-1;:\ nguo-i Vi~t-NaU1, thi~t tuang ,khong ai thanh cong hon tac gia clla do~n sir vira trieh.

Cac Ian khang T{jng, khang Thanh, ket qna cilng kMng kern gt, -Nhung hal Ian nay nguot diLl kliung phai khOng g~p kh6 khan, HQ dung 'trmTc eanh tm;l'Dg thay ngoi dCli chua va long trung quan ella ho se Iai, Ngo1J.i ra, Le Hoan, voi nhirng mau chuyen tham vnng chuyen ch~ a 'ch6 cung trieu, khong phai 111. mQt ngtro-i khOng dang trach. Con Ngtty~n Hl1~. iloi vai c1~ da so dan B~i Vl~t, van con nhir mQt ngtroi chua quen hiet. Ditu ,,~y, ho llii dp lai mQt ben H(t ca nhirng b1ft Qong nhO hep

,(}1l chung 10 vi~c Ian. Long trung quan aa nlnnmg ch6 eho long ai qutic, Bfrng truec nan mat con ella oat nuoc, ho (tii cung vo-i nhirng .cap chi huy clla ho thet len rang dat mroc cua ho phai con, Ih~ lil Ivc luong xam lang tan ra. Theo Tong sir, thi sau khi quan Tong thua 'tr:}n a B~i co vi~t, Tong Thai h"lng dil « xudng chieu glet Liru Trimg 'va Gil. Th~t, ngay trong trai quan, cung bilt Ton Toan Hung ha nguc » (3) -D6 la so phan nhimg tinrng liinh song sot, chua noi den mQl so khac bi Vi~t quan b~t hoac tll' tr~n. vI; cuoc xuat qnim elta Ton Si Ngh] narn 11788·1789, Hoang Le Nhfit TMng chi t6m Hit rang: « Khi quan T{jng doc -ehay tron vI; b~c, trong hie vQi vii khOng thu kip do dac, roi den dla dliu Plnreng nhan lai du,!c tin tiro-ng Tay so-n la B~c lQc hliu theo Qong (!~o keo quan lHln chan, Ian nua bet sue hot hojing, trong ngmYi mang 'fileo QU'!c gl phai vlft lai tat ca giua Quo-ng, 10 thoat HIY than. Vi v~y nhfrng \'~t Thanh de ban cho ong, nhir slic thtr, cO- hieu, quan ifn, d~u bi nguo-i Tay son lUQ'lD dUQ'c dern vI; II. (6) N!!u vj . tong tir )~nh rna .dh'lu dling ilcn the, hoi so phan binh s1' con den the nao '!

Truo-ng hop khang Minh clin phai chu troug each rieilg, khong 'phai chi vi tinh each lau dai ella n6, rna con vi chinh sg xuut hi~n ella nguai Ianh dl).o, Le-Loi. Trong Ian nay, tinh than quac gla cham ""tinh thirc trong dam dong, den Doi Trung quac lIii co th~ t~ chtrc ll).i .n~n thong tr] giong DIm khi Vi~t.Nam chua dQc l~p v~ qua m.,t tho-i gian hai muol nam truong, Chung ta nghi sao vI; hi~n.tuQ'ng do '/

Truce het khdng th~ noi lIu,!c r~ng dan Vi~t-Nam eo mQt hie nao lib dii danh chap nMn quy~n do hQ clla phuong Bl\e. Xet cho lien 1l0'i thl trong thei gian nha Minh lam ehU B~i ngu, chi eo Mn nam, t.~ ttl thang chap Dam Quy tj (23-t2-1113 It!!n 21-1-HI4), luc Trung QuaDg

(5) Tong sir, trong be} Nhj iMp nyu sir, Htrong Cimg Viln hoc nghien .:cuu xii, 1959, quy1ln 4, ce}l 1, trang 450:.'.

(6) Ngo tMi Chi, IkiJ.IIg u Nhfit TM/lg chl, ~.an~ ella Vi~n.khao ce-, A22o.

lt~ b] bat, cho (ien ngay 2 thang gieng narn M~u-tuat (7-2-1418) .. ngay Le-Lei cong khai khl)'i n,{hia, lit khong co nhirng hoat dQng khanl chien qui md, nhirng khong phai la khong co hoat dQng nao, Ch~ng h~n. thang chin narn Binh-than (IH6), hinh si aii nOi d~y C)' huyen Tan all va b] Trtro-ng Phu dep tk IHeu quan h~ Iii. tim cho biet tai sao sire khang chi;!n cham dat !tet qua.

Ly do dan lien Iii. SI,I' dQc ac ciia nhilng ke dilll quyen Vi~l-NalQ Iuc bay gio-, Long d0c ac ciia Le hay IIo Quy Ly dai vo-i nha Tdin. nhan dan co Ie khong ai ma khong biet. Xay dap qnyen the nho' m\lU chiro c ho-n la nho thuc HIl, "Quy Ly da nguo-c iliU Illl)t each phil phang cap tren cjia ong. Ong da lira dao Trh Nghe-toug, ang da giel Tran Thuantong, ong d1i ciro-p ngai Tran Thieu de. Nhfrng hanh dong ve loui do (Iii ail lam cho sf phu khinh th], nhan tam ly tan, Ho-n the nfra, ho Ho khoug' kieng ne gi toan dan. Ong d1i xmrng xuat nhieu cai each mil. ng\lo-i tho-i do gi)'m ghel, vi du lang thue gap doi, gap ba, l;)p ra tien gi~ de thau ciia, kiem tra lua 'l~(\ de mua ep vo i tien giay. Ngay nay, ngbetieng l~p ra tien giay, co ngiro-i tuo'ng r~ng ciing eo h~ thong giong nhu trong the ky hai nnro'i nen VQi khen la mot sang kien each mung, Nhtrng ngiro-i thoi do biet 1'0 hon : tien giay rna khong bao (1am, chi )a mot rmru mo cuop ciia. Vi the khong I~ gl, khi quan Minh sap keoqua, va Qu,y Ly cung Hh Thiro-ng tri~u t;)p cac an phii sll \'e kinl~ de ban ke nen hoa hay chien. Ta Ttrong qudc Bang d1i khong ngan ng .. li noi len sit th~t n~y: « Thh khong !o.C)' chien, chi s9' long dan khong theo rna thOi» (i). Ma long dan dfi khong theo th;)t, va long dan khong theo la hong het. H9 khong theo, khong phiii la ho khung yeu DU'O-C, nlurng la de chirng r~ng ho khong chap n han nhirng nha Hinh dao bat ngh'ia, bllt n hun.

Cap lanh d<,lo nay con to ra hen nhat, kern rmru, vo trach nhiem, do lit (y do thtr hai. Thang 10 niim QU)'-Yi (1403), c6 mQt so nha sir \'i';t .. triro-c kia da diro-c gi'ri sang Trung-quoc, nay lam sir nha Minh tro' \'e do tham tinh hinh, va nhan li~n cho than thuoc biet phai tl,l' Y~ linn sao phong khi quan Minh xam lan, 119 Hu da khong 19i dung dtro-c bon than thuoc d6 de nho cac nha sir gay anh hUll'llg no-i :'IIinh trieu, l ai item ho giet di, khiih cac str gia mang h~n till! doi vo'i Bl).i ngu, L<,Ii lha~' nha Minh manh, ho Ho sg set dem tn6i den dut, Th~t vay, dau nam "\l-d~lI (14()j), n ha Minh dol lay vung LQc-chau cua Lang-son QU)' Ly lien d~t quan Hanh khien Hoang Hoi Khanh lam cat itia ~lr, cal 39 then giao cho. Thang, tu niim Binh-tuiit (1~IJ(i). lay cO'dem n'an Thiem Binh ve nuoc, Minh d~ cho mot dao quan nhf sang. ~ho- bo tri s~n. Hu x:). chan ituang Minh quan , bal

(7) Todn ttur, bUll kY. quyen 8, to' 49 b.

4lUQ'c. mc}t so. Sang Ie Quy Ly dung nhung nglJ'('ri <16 lam gia <I~i I{y hoa blnh, thi khong, nng item ho phan thap vao Nghe-an, r~i sai ill sang Minh diu hoa. Nhir v~y, nao co I~ gi khi th1{y Minh trieu giil 'sUo I~i va c1{t dai quan di xarn chiem, Rai, vao culS'i nam, djch d~n th~t, thl cha con ho Ho, mac dau ali chuan bi lau, nhat Ia iY Sa-bang, cling phai th1{t bai tr~n nay d~n tr~1l khac, Quan ciia Trtro'ng Phu 11{y Vi~t tri ngay 2 thang chap, ngay 9 thing do, vien tiro-ng iY dan Mc}c pham, Nguy~n Cong KhOi, con « phuong di nil s~e tll ngu » (8), nen iI~ b] dich ~n cong khong kip triY. Th~ la, ba ngay sau, chinh thanh Sa-bang tbat tM (ngay 12 thang chap, tue ngay 20 thing 1, 1107). 'Ttr 1:10 H~ Quy Ly vii. Hi> Han Tlnro-ng ltru lac de khOug Iau sau bi gi~c b~t, ella ~ ctla Chi-chi ngay 11 thing 5 nam Binh ti (16/6/1407, va con, ngly hOm -sau, iY nui Thien-ckm, t~i KY-Ia.

Dan thu ghet clt'p ll'inh dao, rai chinh elfp lauh iI~o thi~u can dam va chu bai, th~ da ilu eho v~n mrrrc ngu-a nghisng. Sang Iuc <16, n~u hrc hrong xam Hing khon kheo nfia, la aa troi xuoi tl[t co th~ phoug xa. Ma nha Minh, trong 'l'll'u mo thon tinh Bai ngu, aa to ra rat khon kheo, khOn kheo d~n ranh mauh. LQ'i dung tM yeu ciia nha Ho, ho manh me phO 'truoong danh nghia pho Tran.' Vt'ra den no'i 1a ho Iiry nhfrng' mi~ng van nho, vi~t vao tren do ca t(li ac eua Quy Ly, ca ,chu truong khOi phuc tril!u -d~i chinh th5ng ciia ho rai tM xuong song cho troi vI! vung dong dan cir (r chau th~. VI da bi dan ap qua, dan chung d~' dang tin theo nhung tai Ie dUQ'm mau chinh nghia. Sau, khi da lam chii ituQ'e tinh hlnh v~ m~t quan 511, ho bay tro mua long quan I~i va 51 phu, BuQ'c moon (raD, cac quan B~i ngu ita tuyen bo dong d.oi nha Tran khong' eon va .Y~U diu nha Minb. cai trio B~ eho giiri nbo hoc bang long, ho ali xay Van mieu, xi'iy lien Xii tar, I~p hQC hi~u, tuy~n nguai vao QulS'e ttl giam. B5ng

lhai viTi nhfrng hoat dc}ng day h~u y lira bjp d6, ho I~i tCi clnrc mQl b(; thong ki~m soat ch~t cile, nao Ja phan chia phu huy~n theo Ioi Trung-qudc, nao la J:)p he) thiep, nao Iii. kiem tra dan dinh, HQ ru .ogu d~ d~ d~t kern kep vvo, va lDc}t kbi kern k~p tt~t xong, nguoo minh tinlt d:)y mnan go' iii tMt Iii mc)t vi~c kho.

San h~t, phong trao khang chien cMm thanh cong, con t~i nguyen do flay nua, Iii. nhimg ke dlTng ra Ianh a~o khang chien thii!u uy tin va kha .naDg. Ai cling hiet long dall co theo, miTi lam gi illlQ'C. Ma long dan Jil mQt tiern hjc can phai kich dQng d~y. Tiem illC do l~i t:in man , oCan phai dlfQ'C t~p trung. S" l:i.p trung n~y, blnh th<'ri, iii bUQc phai

(8) l'odn-thlr, ban ky, quyen 8, tir 53 b.

<co m!}t sue thu hut kha 16'11 mo-i thanh, hnong ho Iii. khi ke thu iii giang bua chirong ngai kh~p noi, BiH do, nhirng di)ng co' thong thireng the Uit khong e6 hieu hrc, V~y mil. cac nhan v~t nhir Tran Ng6i, Tran Quy Khoach khong th~ tung ra gl khac ngoai nhirng dQng co- thong tlnrong, Neu len triroc mat quoe dan, t~t d. gia tr] ciia ho chi Ia Sl! <long huy~t thiSng v<'Ti mot dong ho de vuong da hi mai m!)t m!'}t each oan \lc. Bi oan rna tim each minh oan khong phai khong co ngmyi huiYng \i:og. Nhuug ti~ng minh oan sau bay narn hi tac nghen, tl! n6 <lil y~u o.t, huong ho cang khOng the iriY thanh ti~ng goi dim, HO'n nfra, no con b] gim di giila bao nhieu tH~ng gao thet khac ciia m9t l1ieh thu dang n~m iru the. Cho nen khong bao !i'I11, tieng minh oan dil to ra ap ung, va Gian dinh de b] Truong Phu b~t vao thang 7 nam K~'-suu (11 thang 8 <len 8 thang 9, 1409). Trung Quang de cfing di~n lai eun~ mQt man va ding da b] bih vao thang chap nam Quy-ti (23 thang 12 1413 den 21 thang 1, 1414).

Nlnrng, viTi thai gian, I<'Tp nhung lira hip hoc ngoai ban tay s~t .ena chinh sach do h9 da hi man thjing, de Ie) ra ca tinh eh1l:t bao tim hi i'5i ciia n6. Nao la nguo-i Minh bat phu <Ii cac ceng truo-og IQc vang bac, vito nui tim voi tr~ng, xuong bien rna hat trai, nao lit ho giil dQc quyen ban mufii, doi thue rna n~ng n~. HQ Iai b~t dan tbay doi y phuc, cung tbu th~p di san van b6a dem v~ Trung-hoa, nh~t la bat Iinh, iY vung b~c m6i he) ba dinh, iY vung trung m6i he) hai, Chet chan, dan Bai ngu phai ha mi~ng. Nhirng mieng ha de than track keu gao con c6 phan d{;, clnr eMn du hi chen chet cb~t trong xieng xich ngoai bang, mutin rut ra, Hit pbili nat thjt tray xirong, Va L6 Lgi i.ta lieu than ganh vac cOng vi~c rut thoat nay cho dang bao,

Biet cong' viec can phai lau dai, ong m!)t long kien quy~t. KhCi-i oghi3 tt.!' Lam son, ong lien phai tr;)n tranh giila muon nghin gian khl; rai Iai tro' ve Lam so-n. Liin thu nhat, ngay 4 thang 4, narn M;'1.u-tuat (9/6/1418), oog tro- vi nho- SI.!' xu than cna Le Lai, Ian thir hai, vao thang 7 narn d6, oho- quan :'Ifinh dg-i Ian ngay phai rut di, Ian thlr ba, ngay 7 thang 4 nam Quy-mlio (16/ 5/ 1423) nho- dieu c1inh. Kinh n ~hi~m cua Dam narn tranh dan cho th~y ding Lam 50'n khong phjii la ilia I'li ong kMng ngan ngai do-i vao Ngh~ an. Qua tM, dung nhtr ke hoach, tai Ngh~ an, dan d6n ruoc Ollg, djch thua va <Iau hang ang, (in~ Yay )1l:y h.!'c hrg-ng dich trong thanh de ti~n vit?c tuyen duong thanh tM. Rili th'y mQt so dao siY di lung khirng, khong chill ung he) cong cudc giai phong, chi vi chua thay ro chinh nghia cua vi~c ong lam, ong li~D i!~t m~t ngm'1i ho Tran leon lam vun, Tai NgM an, vao thanl{ 11 Dam .A:l-ty. (1425) , nghYa lit dang kh.i chniln b] ta:n~ cpng 90ng '<IUall yl c6 nhj~n

31

1. luc dn <I~ Sl]' nang <10' eua <I~i chung nh~t, ang ehe ~n 1'uq: len ngai, lily hi.~u la Thien khanh, dong Cr NgQc rna.

Khong dn pMi n6i la sau ell- chi khon kheo <16, si phu kh1p DO'i hang hai ghip ong. Dau v~y, da khong til man, ong Iuon lucn can tMn, dung moi mtru hro-c a~ chi~n thang. Trtro-c sire ctru vi~n khi'ing 1~ ciia dich dang keo to-i, tmrng S1 giuc ong danh Song quan roi h~n tra Iai dtrorig dau vo'i sire CUll vi~n. U; L9'i khong nghe. Ong thira bi~t Bong quan thanh trt kien co. Neu danh, 10' rna chi~n cuoc keo dai, Hit se bj dich thuc cit <tang truoc Ian <tang sau. Va khi ong dinh danh ltjc hrong ciru vi~n triroc, oog con biet phan biet, Li~u Titling, tu Quang tay sang, con tre, rat hang, tat se c6 nhieu so- hiY. Dng truysn cho tmJng si san sang de thira co', va co- hQi ria den th~t vCYi tr~n Chi Hing oanh lit)t. Con M[}c Thanh gia, tilt c:in than va tien cham, I~nh cua ong cho cac thii ha chan dtrong Van-nam la khoan danh, h~n ky luang db tlnh hlnh. Ket qua la chua [Hnh MQc Thanh da chay, vi nghe tin Li8u Titling thua. Ciing the, khong danh rna Bong quan cling hang.

SI).' xutlt hi~n cua Le-Loi tren chien trtrong Vi~t-Nam la s~r xuat hi~n ciia mot vi cuu tinh kien gan, khan kheo, va can dam, mtru hre-c, Nha kien gan, khon kheo, ong au kich dQng va qui tu du,<!c tiem hrc khang chien cua nhan dan, nho can aam, rmru luo-c, ong aa toan th~ng. du9'c gi~c manh, Nhung Sl]' xullt hi~n cua Le-Lci khong phai noi len chi co the. No con. chirng minh linh each tt,r ton co hil-u cua qu6c gia Vi~t-:-.lalll. Qua the, Le-L9'i chinh III san nhi ciia Un'h tha,n khang

~

ch.en luon luon hoat u(}ng trong mol nguai (liln Vi~t. Ong khullg phi'ti

nlur cac v] anh hung khac ua chong danh Trung-hoa. Khi nha Tong. keo quan sang, Le Holm oa III Thap dao Tu o'ng quun, Khi Thoat "oan, 0 Mii Nhi, 0 at lien, Tran Qu6c TII1In cia lit Hung Bao viro'ng, Tran Khanh Dtr cia Iii r-:'lan Hue VI1O'n;.(. Khi Ton Si' Ngh] vao Thling long voi I.e Chieu thong, :'\guy~n "ll~ ou Iii Quang trung cal trj l11Qt phiin (Hit mro-c. Cac yj nay oa Iii nhu'ng nha l:inh d~o mang n~ng n9' co-m ao voi non :lrin;.(. Clur Le-L9'i thl khong Khi quan Minh O(lt nen do hQ, ong chi la mot nan nhan nhtr muon n;.lhin n~n nhan khac 0' cac xorn lang mien duyen so-n hay chau tho. Cai Jilin .choong noi d~y, khong phai tr~i('h nhicm hj,~n fryi iti')j vo-i vua hay doi vai dan, rna chinh Iii y chi C]1I,}t cm'rng cua m()t quoc gia dQc I~p. Y chii

32

nay ita thuc 1!7iy ong, ali nang dO- ong, Ita uon n~n ,"lng, da dem ang len (1iti khai th~ng. La vI qutic gia Vi¢t-nfllu phai khai tMng d~ t" ti}n va truo-ng tC5n. Be n6i 18n S,! It~e bl~t clla vai tro Le Lo i , thli ha ~ng, truoc khi ti~n ra B()ng quan, <Iii xirng ong la Bai Thien Hanh H6a. HQ c6 y neu 18n r~ng ()ng khong dtra vao uy the ciia m¢t triell dl).i nao, ma Ul,ra vao chlnh menh Tro-i, a~ lanh a~o cuoc khang chien. Nlnrng, (lung hon, c6 H~ phai ximg ong la Bai Vi~t Hanh H6a, vi no'i ang eta th~ hien U(t ca tlnh each bilt khuat clia nmrc non nha

Ben day chung ta ali g~p illrgc nhitng y~u t6 can thiet de tra UTi can hoi t1~t ra t1'8n, :l' r~ng: Ljch si'r co cung cap cho Yi~t-nam cai da khai th~ng mai khong ? Nen yiri L8 Hoan, yiri Tran Khanh Dir, Tran Qu6c Tuan, voi Nglly~n Hue, chung ta <Hi co th~ n6i co, thl vol Le Lo-i chung La cang c6 lIle ch~c ch~n nlur \'~y. Ljch si'r Vi~t-nflm la Iich si'r co chien rQng lai co chi~ll sau, Vi cay Vi~t-nall1 khong pha i chi xanh 110a tot la, rna con map goc, chuc r~, K~t lu~n ve thol khaj sinh ci'ta Yi~t-nam, chuug toi tiii \'iet: « Nen u¢c l~p ella cO Vi~t dii dllQ'C hoan thanh trong em dE:'p cua tho i binh nen mroc Yi~t-l1am ch~ng khac gl m¢t qua chin rung ra khoi cay me d~ t" sling met cuec <t6-i rieng, mang ally till sinh hrc trong chinh minh » (9). Khi I11Qt cay tiii mang diiy (ttl sinh hrc trong chinh minh, va illi e6 g6c m~p r~ san, thl m¢t canh c6 th~ b] g~y, va, van nhl(t, thaD clly c6 th~ b] don. nhirng dy khong sao cMt duge. T" g6c n6, ngll6-i ta sil thl(y mam ll:~Y l~n va cay song l~i ..•

Tro- l~n la 6n elS •••

~~g 1)0.. elS elSt I!~ tri taD..:

Ngay mai Clla Vi~t-nal'l1 nhu lb' nlo ?

MUIDl biet, ell dem cai ita Iich su vira ph'n tlch so sanh vD-i thirc tr~ng n~ay nay, lr Trung-hoa ••. (y Vi~t-nam ...

M(lt di~u c6 the chae dU'Q"e, 111 n~u cac nhk Hinh c1~o hi~n lhiri DAm ch~t day cuong Iich su, thi ch~ng Dhftong Vi~t-nam se thitng, rna con lblng trong nhil-ag dil!u ki~n ve vang nhlh.

NfJ UYEN-PHL'O XG

(9) Nglly~n-PhU'O'ng, Vi~/·Nam, tho; Rlllli..,inll, 9~i-h9C Hufi, 1965 trang 335.

33

lU'O'O.Sti CHE-D(j XA-TH6/V a VlfT-NAM

A' A &

CHE-SO XA-THON TV-TRI

• ••

c6 NEN CIl] vv CH.f,D9 XA-TH6N TI/-TR/ KHONC r

e Phan-Khoang

D~T VAN D~

BAT cll' 0- ntl'O-C nao, xa thon 13 n~n tn6ng Clla qu5c gia. Lang co .yen, nl.l'O-c mo-i tr], con S1,l' to chirc 0- don-v] cO- ban nay da khOng thlch dang thl xii bQi lQn-x¢n 'ttr eh6 g6c r~, guong may cai tr] chung khong th~ di~u hhh deu-d~n dE: dem l~i S1,l' binh on din thi~t eho 51/ phiit trien clla quoe-gia.

V~y quan-tr] xa thon la mQt van-de quan trong th~ rna ttr tfU'tYC den nay, trtr hang ngu-o-i hii'u trach, chung ta It ai hru tam d~n. flo la mQt S1,l' lang quen, ho~c mQt 51,l' ngQ nh~n dang trach. Hien nay trong cong cnQc cai tao, kien thiet l~i qudc-gia, thi~t tU'Crng van-de quantrj xii then la met trong nhfrng van-de can-ban can phai dU'Q'c nghien ciru ky-!U'o-ng.

COO-Cau quoc-gia ella ta xtra kia c6 mQt d~c-di~m la gom hai b~c; lang v? nU'o-c; tuy lang Cr trong pham-vi cua mroc, nhtrng nU'o-c khong dU'Q'c xam pham den quyen han clla lang, Lang c6 tU' each « phapnhan », va do dan lang quan-tr], chinh quyen khoog can' d1,l' den. V~y COD ngU'o-i c6 hai truong-so d~ heat dQng: lang va mroc ngU'o-i cIS

31

<'l3i-nang, c6 sang ki~n n~u khong dem ma dung dtroc a quoc-gia till "em dung a lang, d~ ki~n thi~t, d~ ma mang, d~ lam cho lang thjnh 'lI'U'Q'ng.

V &i ch~-dQ Xl then t~ tr], dan chdng deu dlfQ'c trllC-tiep tham df1 vi~c cong ctta lang, til rninh s~p d~t, trj ly, nen gay cho nglfo-i dan cai tinh than tl,1' trl, tinh than trach nhiem.

Ve phtro-ng-dien chlnh-tr]. nglfo-i ta nhan thay a day mQt S\.1' dung hoa kheo-leo gifra chlnh-sach trung-u-ong t~p quyen va dja-phiro'ng phan quyen, Phii c6 mQt chinh phu trung-iro'ng manh-me d~ gifr vfrng -nen thong nhat !anh th~. nen chlnh-sach t~p quyen 1.1 din thift. Nhtrng neu t~p quyen thai qua thi kh~c nghi~t va c6 th~ sinh ra nhieu tai ha], vi v~y tc> tien ta da dung s~ phan quyen, nhirng chi phan quyeD a cap xa ma thoi, can ttl' Huyen, Phtt (qu~n) tra len thi tri~t de trirc othuQc chlnh-quyen trung-trong, Nhtr v~y, chinh-sach trung-trong t~p quyen v~ dja-phU'O'ng phan quyen hop tac ch~c-che, khong mQt ben nao dtroc .ba lam, thai qua, d~ gifr SI,1' quan blnh cho quoc-gia, S\.1' quan- blnh ay bi~u hi~n 0. khap cac nganh sanh hoar ctta dan tQc. « Phep vua thua l~ lang », phap-luat cua rrieu-dinh va tuc I~ ctta nhan-dan phai cang dlfQ'C tinh trong thi ly xtrng hop, tlnh thea thue, coug tlf tron VItD. -I>6 phai chang 1.1 triet-1y thee hj~n Ie quan-binb, cai mach song cua dan '1QC Vi~t-nam trai qua may chuc the-ky nay, Che-dQ khon ngoan ay da ,gay duyoc nhieu anh-hlfo.ng tot, dong thoi, vi khong biet cai each, canh -tin theo thoi-gian, n6 cling da lam ph at sinh nhieu t~ hai, nhieu t~p quan hu I~u lam can tro. phan nao Sll tien bQ cua nhan-dan. Nhtrng nhfrng bien-co sau 1945 da khien nhieu phong-tuc doi bai ay b] bai ,trtl' t~n goc r~. wong cong cuoc kien thiet l:_ti xa then cua Chlnh-phii 'CQng-hoa til' rmro'i narn lai day, vi nU'&c nha diro-cg 0. trong tinh-trang chien tranh, nen cling chi nh~m den hieu-hrc giai-doan ma thoi, Mai "day hca bloh tro. lai, khi kien thiet I'\Ii ffiQt each vlnh-vien ~t mQt van. de se dlfQ'C d~t ra ; c6 nen gifr l:_Ii tinh-than va che-dQ xa-thon til tr], ngbia 1a dja phiro-ng phan quyen 0. cap Xl nhtr xira khong, hay Ii t~p-trung tri~t-de vao chinh-quyen trung-u-o-ng j' Neu de eho xa then t\.l' tr], thl ,phai to-ehtrc the nao ?

De giup p~a, nao nhfrng vi muon tim cau tea loi, chung tai

zio trlnh bay nguyen dau va ltrQ'c si'r ella ch~-dQ xa thon, ch~-dQ xt thon t1!-trj, nhfrng d~c tinh va nhfrng tru di~m, khuy~t di~m nh~ thay b n6 qua kinh-nghiern clla thbi-gian d~ qui-vi ay ti~n be nghien cUu.

Sf! tMnh iq.p «Xii» - Sf! qucin-trf « Xii» qua cdc trieu Ly, TrlUt va Le·sO'.

IT Vi~t-nam, don-v] hanh-chanh Xa (lang) ra deri tu- bao gier? Trong ba theri-ky B~c-thuQc dai hon 1000 narn, chung ta khong bi~t ro khu VIlC hanh-chanh thap nhat goi Ia gl C6 Ie cung theo chec1~ nha Han truyen sang, .dji thay o<>i it nhieu ma thoi, Beri Han, 0- Tau, trong dan-gian, 10 nha goi la 19, 10 19 goi la dlnh, 10 dinh gQi U htro-ng, khong thay c6 danh ttr « Xa », v: lai, cac nha ay thtrerng- 13 ngtreri trong mQt « ho » (tQc), dinh-dang nhau vi huy~t thong, chutbong phai nhtr b Vi~t-Nam, dan trong mQt xii « lang» la ngtro'i dU'Dg let dom v&i nhau vi song chung tren AnQt khu dat ma thOi.

Slf chep r~ng dU'&i theri do-hQ rua nha Btrerng, nhan ben Tatt. ~ loan, uy quyen khong ra den ngoai, b mroc ta dan chiing ci'r Khticthtra Dt;t len lam Ti~t-dQ-slr (g06), nha Btro-ng suy yeu, khong th~ ngan cam dtrQ'c, cil ag phiii thu~n y. Khuc-thira Dt;t lam . Ti~t-dQ-slr diroc m9t" !lam'thl mat (g07), con a Khiic-Hao len thay chec cha, l~p ra LQ,,_ Phu, Huyen, Chsu, Xii, o~t quan lai, sua sang viee thu~ rna. V~y «xii:l, dO'n-vi hanh-chinh co-bln; ra deri ttr hie ay.

Qua do-i Ngo thu hlJi dQc l~p, roi den cieri fjinh, Tj~n Le, tal li~u khong cho chang ta biet each phan chia khu V1!C hanh-chinh thE n~o, nhirng chung ta c6 th~ GO an r~ng ay. a nhirng trieu-d~i ng~n ngfli, l~i. phai b~n ve vi~c dhh dep, ne 1 ~t eii 19 gifr SI! sap d~t hanh-chlnb dja-phtrO'ng cua Khuc Hao, chir khong thay doL

Nha i>inh d~t th~p d~~ quan ] Nha Tien-Le. chia 10 dao la!Jl.. 10. phu, chau.

i>en dai Lt. nen dQC l~p da vfrag ehai an-ninh, tr~t-tl1 da pht}e hoi, nh~ DU'&C mai 10 sSp d~t 1~ vi~c Unh emioh. DCri vua Ly Th~;';

~; Thu~n Thien nam I (1010) chia 10 d~o. lam 24 19, con Hoan-ebSu Ai-chau Ia dat bien-vien nen d~t lam trai, Kh60g thay n6i khu-vtrc hanb-t:bfnh thap nhat goi la gi ; c6 Ie ciing la Xli nhtr cu. Bo-i vua Ly Thai"tOng, n~m thu- 3 (1041), l~i d~t ra Giap.M",i t~p-hQ'P gom 15 ngU'iri cUm goi 1a Giap, trong ~y 11J'a mQt ngU'o-i carn dau gQi la Qudn-Gidp chiu trach nhiem ve vi~e hanh-chlnh va thue rna trong Giap mlnh, Quan-Giap khong phai 13 cong-chu-c d~i di~n eua chlnb-quyen rna la InQt Itr-nhan chen trong dan chung cua Giap, C6 Ie dU'&i trieu LY. ~eu-t() hanh-chinh v~n la Xli nhtr tr~&c, nhirng vi de nhe vi~c thu thue va kiem soat nhan dan, Thai-tong chia n6 ra lam nhieu Giap, nhtr ng v~n thong thuQc xs.

Bo-i Tran, S1J' phan chia khu-vtrc hanh-chlnh cua trieu trU'&c c.1U'Q'c 1iU-3 d1'>i hoan toan j rnro'c chia lam 12 LQ, LQ chia him nhieu PhU ho~e 'Chau chia ra lam Xli. LQ do chirc An phu-sir cai tr], PhU e6 tri-phu Cbau e6 Thong-phan cam dau. Xli e6 Xa-quan gci la Xa-chlnh, Xli.giam cam dliu, va thirong hai xli ho~c ba, bon xli ho-p l~i lam mQt, 'Vien B~i Ttr-xa ho~c Tieu TU'-xli eai trio Dai TU' xli phai 11 quan ngu -pham tro- len, con Tieu TU'-xli la quan I\1C pham tro- xl1ong. V~y Xli

-ehlnh, Xli-glam, B~i Tu-xa, Tleu Tu--xa deu l~ cong-chirc, do Trieu-dlnh

ilJ,() nhiem,

S1J'-to-chirc ay ap dung cho den do-i vua Thujn-tong vi vua '-C1loi cung trieu tran, Bay gio- Ho-qul Ly mtru toan vi~c soan do at cii te; vi~c cai trj, d~t I~i quan chirc de ti?n be; nhiern nhfrng ngll'O-i "t<ty chan, vay canh eua mlnh, Narn thir 10 do-i vua Thuan-tong ((398) -:mtr&c ehia ra lam Tran va LQ; Tran, LQ chia ra lam Phu, Phu chia Ta lam Chau, Chau chia ra lam Huyen, 6' dU'&i Huyen, dc t~p-hQ'P hai ba von lang cung cac chec B~i, Tieu TU'-xli deu bai boo Chirc Xli-ehinh Xli-giam kh6ng bo, v~y la tieu-t(\ xli v~n con. Xli-ehinh, Xli-giam vk 'a chirc quan thay m~t chlnh-quyen, CO!. Quan-giap 1:\ ngtro-j tU'-nhaD i trong giap 11J'a chon ra,

Nha Minh dep nba Ho, f)~t nen Bo hQ thl su-a di>i hoan toaD -oen hanh-chlnh, NU'&c ehia lam 17 Phu va 5 Chau ; Phu, Chau chia ra lam Ly (tu-c lang), m6i Iy c6 I I giap, mlii gi;lp It' M (nha), no-i -phU-ly ehia ra ttrng PhU'Crng. vung ngo~i-o eua phu-ly' goi 13 TU'O'ng.

Ly c6 Ly-trtr&ng, giap c6 Giap-thu dim dau deu do nha c~m qUY~1ll l1}'a ngU'Cri trong Iy, trong giap b~ nhiern.

Cuoc do-hO cua nha Minh cham dtrt, vua Le Thai-t13 len ngoi rai hai ho het cac che-dQ nha Minh rna sap d~t lai nen-hanh-cbtnh ; ntr&c chia Jam 5 Dao, m6i dao c6 quan Hanh-khien cai tr], dao chi a ra lam Phu, LQ, Tran, Chau va Xli. Dao, ngoai quan Hanh khien, can c6 chec Chinh Tuyen-phii-str, Ph6 Tuyen-phu sir, Phu thi d~t tri-phu, Li} thi d~t An-phu str, Trfin thi d~t Tran phu su-, Chau thi dat PhOng-llgl,1' su-, Huyen thi Chuy~n v~n-su- va Tuan-sat-sw, Xli thi d~t Xa-quan. V~y ti~u-to hanh.chinh v~n Ia Xli. Xii chia lam 3 hang, Xii e6 100 ngU'Cri tr& len, goi 13 dai Xii thi d~t 3 xa quan, co 50 ngtro'i tr& len goi la trung-xa, d~t 2 xa-quan : c6 10 ngtro'i tr& len, goi 13 tieu-xa, d~t I Xa.quan,

f)Cri vua Le-thanh- Tong, nen hanh-chlnh -lai hoan toan thay d1)i.Ban dau, vua ehia nU'&e lam 12 B~o Thira-tuyen, m6i £);.\0 c6 f)o-ti coi viee binh, do Chanh f)o-t()ng-binh, Ph6 f)o-tong-binh cam dau Thira-ti eoi vi~e hanh-chinh, e6 Chinh Thira-chlnh-sir va PheThira-chinh-sir dim dau;_ Hien-ti coi vi~c Hinh, c6 Hien-sat earn dauSau, lay dat Quang-nam eua Chiem-thanh, chia rnroc lam I3 XU-, m6i XU- chia lam nhieu Phu, Phu ehia lam nhieu Huyen, C, ... au j Huyen chia tam nhieu Xii, Xa gom nhieu Thon (xom). NO'i phu-ly chia ra Phuongllgo~i-o phu-ly goi Ia HU'O'ng; can Chau la dat-dai ella dan thi~u-so (hi chia ra lam Trang, Sach, f)Qng, Nguyen, Tru-o-ng,

XA- THON TU' - TRI

. .

LU'(Yc szr che-d9 xii than t~ tri til' Le- Thanh-tong tro- v~ sau. - f)Cri vua Le-Thanh-tong, narn thu- hay (1467). Ban hanh mQt cuec di-each quan trong trong che-dQ xa thcn : chirc xa-quan biii bo, va dat chirc Xa-trtr&ng d~ thay the. 55 Xli-trU'ang nhieu it tuy theo lang lon, nho ; lang c6 hO'D 500 hQ "(nha) thi c6 5 Xa-trtr&ng, lang c6 hon 200 h~ thi c6 4 Xa-trt.r&ng, lang c6 hO'D 100 hq. thl e6 2 Xa-trtrong. Trai v&i chu-c Xa-quan do Chinh-quyen b1)-nhi~m, clnrc Xa-trU'&og do dan-chuagtrong Xa lila chon bau len - Vi~c lira chon Xa-trtr&ng dU'Q'c nha vuaxuong D~ d~t dieu-l~: Nhfrog ngtrCri b.l con, thong-gia kMrg dtrgc

33

cung lam Xa-trU'o-ng 'trong mQt Xa; n~n chon nhii'ng ngU'o-i c6 it nhieu hoc-three, nhir Sinh-do, Giarn-sinh, Lai (ngU'o-i da giup vi~c quan b cac nha men] v. v ... ctru binh-si ciing dU'Q'c chon lam Xa-trU'o-ng, nhimg phai c6 it nhieu hoc-thee du lam vi;c; nhfmg ngtro-i qua 30 tuoi, tinh hanh tot, con nhs danh-gia ding c6 th~ dU'Q'c chon lam XatrU'o-ng; quan chirc vi bat dn, d~ dan chon ngiro'i vo lai lam Xatnrc-ng thi b] gian, neu ay la vi hOi IQ, ho~c vi tinh thi b] phat n~ng hon nfra,

Sach Hong-dli'c thien-chinh-tlur c6 chep r « Cac lang bau Xa-trtro-ng, ph3i ken chon cho dU'Q'c ngiro-i, theo I? thi c6 Xa-chinh, Xa-slr va Xa-tir m6i ngtro'i giii' mQt viec ; bau ai phai la ngtro'i c6 tuoi-tac; du-c hanh khOng dU'Q'c bau ngtro'i xang b~y, mtron vi~c cong Iarn vi~c ttr, ket ho-p be dang, lam ton thu-o'ng phong h6a ••• )) Nhu v~y thi chtrc Xa-trU'o-ng gem den ba ngu-o'i la XZ-chfnh, Xa-sir" Xa-tir, cung nhir do-i Tran, Xa-quan c6 hai ngU'o-i la Xa-chlnh, Xa-giam, va tuy d~ dan-chang 11,fa chon Xa-trtro-ng, nhtrng quan dja-phirong phai d~ y dirng d~ hang ngiro-i xang-b~y . dung be dang, dung tu-tlnh d~ dU'Q'c 11,fa chon,

Dau sao, viec dan chung 11,f3 bau Xa-truoiYng mCr dau mQt giaidean mo i-me trong viec quan-tr] xa-thon. Che-dQ xa-thon ttl' tr] bat dau til' d6, gay ra mQt d~c diem trong S1,f sinh hoat cua ngtro-i Vi~t-nam 0- trong lang mac va eho nen hanh-chinh clla mroc nha.

CM-dQ n6i tren ap dung cho oen euoi nha Le va trong 65 nam tr] vi ella nha Mac, vi b~n danh dep nen c6 Ie cflng khong c6 gi thay doi.

Sau khi dirt nha Mac, phuc hU'ng nha Le, chua Trinh v~n gift 51,f phan chia khu-vtrc hanh-chinh cu. Con chtrc Xa-trU'o-ng, thi 11,f3 chon each the nao ? Lich-trihi Hiht-chuimg chep « ••• Sau thoi trug,g hung khoang nam Vlnh-tho (Le Than-tong) c6 I~nh bao cac Chan, Huyen chon hang ngU'o-i nho-sinh, sinh ao d~t 13m chirc Xi-trtrO-ng. Xa-slr, Xa-ttr de trong nom vi~c lang, kharn xet, kien tung ••• flen nam Canh-trl (L~ Huyen-tong) lai . sai chon con em nha tir te d~t lam X3-trU'Cro; ~ de day do nhan dan, ba narn mQt Hin xet cQng vi~c lam, neu tot thi dU'Q'c thang lam quan chec Cr hUY~Il ••• Ttl' nam Long-dire (Le Thall-

39

tong). Vinb-h\fu (U 'i-tang, 1735-1739) tfOo v~ sau, vi~ d~t Xl-trU'o-oa d~ m~c dan cac Xa.... Xem d6 thl do-i U trung-httng, c6 Ie 11 vi tlnh-hlnb cac lang mac chua on d!ah, nen phai sai quan dja phU'O'oa chon ngtto-i dia phtrong rna d~t tam Xa-trttOong. Dllu v~y, Xa-trU'c,.og v~n 11 ngtto-i dan trong xii, chu- khong ph3i la mQt chtrc quan do trieu dlnh bo den. Den do-i Vinh-b\fu tro- v~ sau tbl Xii-trtto-ng m6-i tra I~i do dan bsu ctr.

0- Nam-hs, han dllu cac chua Nguy~n ci'ing theo nhtt each t~chirc 0- Bac-ha, nhtrng sau khi chua Nguy~n phac Nguyen cb6ng danb vo-i chua Trinh thl moi vi~c chlnh-tr] deu s~p d~t l~i nhtr mQt nU'<Yc dQc I~p. D$n chua Nguy~n-pbuCDKhoat (Vo-vtroong) thu dtr<?,c·· toan bQ dat dai Gia-Dlnh roi (1744) thi chia Narn-ha lam 12 Dinh, Dinh cbia ra PhU, Phu chia ra Huyen, Huyen cha ra Xii. Dinb c6 chec Tranthu cai tr], chec Cai-ba coi vi~c tai-chlnh, cbu-c Ky-lt;lc gift vi~c hlnh an. PhU thl d~t Tri-phu, Huyen c6 Tri-huyen. Khong biet each l11a chon Xa-trtro-ng the nao, nlnrng cMc ::iing khong khac gl each ap dung 0- Bac ttr tbCYi Le trung-hirng, nghia la do quan dia phtroong chon ngtreri trong hgt ctr len, ho~c do dan bau, chu- khong ph,ii Xiiquan,

Dcyi Tay-soon, Dinh d1>i ten, goi 13 Tran, TraD cbia ra Huy~n, ti~u-to hanh-chlnh V~D la Xa. Gifra Huyen va Xii, c6 d~t them mQt khu-vec goi la Tong, gom nhieu Xii, do chec Tong-trtro-ng dim dau, lam lien lac gifra chlnh-quyen cac Xii-trtrO-ng.

Vua Gia-long len ngoi roi, chia ntr<Yc lam 23 Tran va 4 Dinh, Ttr Thanh-hoa-ngoai (Ninh-blnh) tr& ra gQi la Bac-thanh, chia lam I I Tran, ttr Blnh-thuan tro- vao, goi Ia Gia-dtnh-thanh, chia 13m 5 Tran kboang gifra, tu-c 13 dat Trung-Vi~t ngay nay, ttr Thanh-h6a vao den Blnh-thuen, "chia lam 6 Tran va 4 Dinh. B5n Dinh, thu9C dat Kinh-ky la Quang-au-c (tu-c tlnh Thira-thien bay giCY), Quang-tri, Quang-binh, Quang; nam, con 6 khu-vec kia goi 111 Tran, (y cac Tean thl d~t chirc Tran-thu; dc Dinh c6 chec Ltru-thii coi viec cai tr], chtrc Cai-ba, chirc Ky-luc phu tao 0- B~c-thanh, Gia-dinh-thanh, m6i noi c6 d~t chirc Tong-tran thay m~t nba vua trong nom cac Trall. Tran va Dinh chia ra Phti,

40

Phti chia ra Huy~n, Chau : Huyen, Chau chia ra Xi-Chirc Xa-trtro.l11J lang lon e6 Ph6 Xa-trtro-ng phu giiip. Xa-trtro-ng va Ph6 Xa-trtro-nlJ deu do dan trong Xl l1,,1'a chon bau len. B~n- canh, con e6 chec Hiroug trtro-ng eoi viee hanh-chlnh va ki~m soat lai moi viee trong xa, H trongrnuc coi ve cua-cai eua xa, dtrCrng sa, diu e6ng trong xa, va Trumtrtro-ng coi viec tuan phong,

Vua Minh-rnang thi hanh c~<'{oh-sAr.:b trung-irong t~p quyen .. bo bai chec Tong-tran 0- B5.:-tbanu la Gia-d!tlh-tMnh, dt)i ten Tran la Tlnh, Tinh l&n c6 chirc Tong-dele, Tinb nhc c6 chec Tuan-vii ca] -tr], ben canh e6 chirc BlS-ehinh coi vi~c hQ, va .;n-sat eoi vi~c hlnh, Nhirng 0- cac Xa, v~n d~ nguyen each dan l1,,1'a chou Xa-trtro-ng ohtr ,cii, chi doi ten Xa-trtro-ng 1a Ly-trtro-ng ma thoi. Khu-vtrc Tong dlfQ'C .-d~t lai,

Cac danh-muc nay dtrQ'e ~ifr mai ve sau, cho d~n tho-i PMpthuQc, rai cac Hwong-clnrc phu ta Ly-trtro-ng dtrQ'c d~t them, v&i ten gc:>i va nbiem-v9 m6'i, d~ irng pb6 v&i nhiem-v(1 m&i,

Xem trsn, ta thay r~ng trong cdc khu-vec bal1h chlnh d~t ra t11' trtr6'c, Xa la don-v] v~n ton t~i mai, trai qua cdc S1,,1' thay doi vi hanh-chlnh cua cac trH!u-d~i,

Ttnh-oidi tf! tri cua Xii. Co-quan thira hanh va Hpi-IJ'Ong Xil..T11' khi clnrc Xa-trtro-ng do dan bau cir, chir khong phai do chlnhquyen bo nhiem nfra, Xli c6 ttnh-cach t1,,1' tr] va S1,1' t1,,1' trl ay Ian aan fQng-rai.

Sach sir khong cho chung ta bi~t X3-dtrQ'c e6 pbap-nban ttr-cach 'hi a;'ett-d~i nao, ciing nhir ben each X1i-trtrcYng va HtrO'ng-ehu-e la coouan th11'3 hanh, HQi-dong Xa (HQi-daDg Hao-muc) ra do-i t11' hie nao-

HQi-dong Hac-mac m&i 13 co-quan dieu ~hi~D vie,- lang, djnh dO~t moi vi~c ve tai-san, chi thu, quan cap cong ..1len, te t1,,1', tuan phong ••• nghia 13 nhfrng vi~c rieng ella lang, khong dlnh dang gl den chinh quy~n con Xa-trtrQollg htro ng-chirc thi chi 13 h~ng chtrc vi~e du-ng trung gian _gifra chinh-quyen va xa-dan, thi hanh m~nh-l~nh cua chinh-quyen, thu

41

thu~ d5e stru, va tbi hanh cac quyet ngh] ella HQi-dong Hao-muc m~ thoi, Ciing chae rang ban (:tau, cac ngiro'i gia ca, car. quan 1<;11 ve ntru cac ngtro-i khoa-giap, tri-thirc, ctru Xa-tnro-ng, qru Hu-o'ng-chircv , v . nghia la ~ng ngtro'i dan anh, hieu biet ho-n 0- trong lang, ~1! nhien thay c6 bCi~ ph?n cham s6c vi~c chung cua dja-phtroong minh raj Ian Ian ho !(S-chlrc thanh Hoi-dong, ai c6 du ttr-cach nao d6 thi c6 quyen sung vao de dinh doat cac viec hu-ng 19'i trit hai cho lang minh. COD thanh phan, ngoi thir trong Hoi-dong, ciing tuy t\1c 1~ m6i lang an dinh thtrong ngtroi pham ham cao hon ca, neu khOng c6 pham ham thl ngtro'i cwu T(Sng, Ly, Hiro-ng-chtrc tuCii tac ho-n ca, chu toa HQi dong goi la Tien-chl, ngtrM ph~m ham ho~c tu<3i tac ke d6 gifr ngci Thlrchi de thay the Tien-chl khi ong nay yang m~t. Ve sau, nhan-dan dong them, vi~c xa-thon cang phirc tap, thiro'ng xay ra st,r tranh gianh, mei c6 minh-van cua chlnh-phu an djnh, V?y thi HQi-d(lng kh6ng nhat dinh gorn. baa nhieu ngiro-i, ai c6 du tir-cach an dinh thl dtro c sung vao, chlnhquyen khOng c6 quyen gi den van de ay. Va trai vo i Xa-trtro-ng la:

Hiro'ng-chtrc phuc dich trong mQt ky-han 3 ho~c ~ nam (S31l d6, rou5n lam vi~c nib ph, Ii dtro-c bau ci'r), lai de vien-clnrc trong HQi-dong Hac-mac tham d1,r HQi-dong viah-vien, Tat d nhan vien HQi-dong Hac-mac va Xa-tnro-ng, Hu-ong-chirc deu lam vi~c khong hrong,

Chtrc Xa-trtro-ng d1.1'9'c dan bau ttr do-i Le Thanh-tong, nhirng. c6 Ie Xii dii c6 vo hlnh nhan each va it nhieu qtiyen til tr] trtro'c d6 nfra. C6 Ie tit khi Xii ra do-i (do-i Khuc Hao) nhan dan trong khu V1,rC ay, vi la ba con, !3 Ian c?n, song chung tren mQt manh dat, coi nhau nhtr thuQe mQt dean the, pbai chung nhau sap d~t moi vi~c lien quan den dean the, nhtr vi~c canh phong, vi~c nrong ttr ttrOODg tr9' v ... v ... ne~ dii c6 khuynh h1.1'&ng t1,r trio Rai chinh-quyen {hay rang khuynh huong ay ti~n 19'i cho eU9c an ninh chung," eM' kb6~g hai gi, nen de no phat-trien va m~c nhien cho n6 .:6 til' deb. !-lhoipnhan. Ben do-i Quang-thuan. nha vua thay rang Xii du ttr each d~ t.\! tr], nen cho phep dan cac xii t\l' Ilia' chon ngtro-i ra lam Xa-tr1.1'O-ng. V &i oleu ki~n nay, Xii m&i c6 dnh-each t1,r-tri day duo

Xii c6 thCi-vu rieng, va d~u trong ay c6 phan dat ehtra trtrng kh~n, cfing vfin 10 bao ton lay de dan lang c6 ch6 khufch tnrong ve sau,

42

Xa c6 tai-san rieng, gam f}Qng.san va bat d9ng san, c6 quyen bin, cam n6, va mua t~u dQng-san va bat dQng-san khac,

Xa c6 nr-phap rieng, Nhfrng S1,1' tranh 51,1' tranh gianh, xung 6Qt gifra nhan-dan trong lang ding nhtr nhfrng V\1 vi pharn htrongv(yc deu diro'c ban Ly, HU'O'ng thea xU-, trirng tr], nbfrng tnrongho-p quan trong phai trlnh len HQi-dang Hao-muc. a day, trong S1,1' xUdean, ngoai ly, ngtreri ta con H den tlnh, den luan-ly, dao dire, den thuan phong, rny-tuc, vol nhfrng ke tirong tranh, dau ho n hay thua klen. deu nh~n dtrQ'e nhfrng bai hQC c6 Ich eho minh. Ke thua ki~n, ke pham 16i chi bi phat m9t m6n tien va, ho~c mQt rnam teau rtrou de xin 16i, ho~e mQ! to- xin htru nai, nhirng S1,1' tnrng phat th1,1'c hanh trU'(Yc- 51,1' tai nghe m~t thay ella ba con, ella lang-dleng, nen khien hQ dau, kh~ hon 1a lao tu ella nha mroc nfra.

Xa c6 tuc l~ rieng ve S1,1' bao v~ son lam, ao ~a, rUQng rnro'ng rnua mang, va ve cac 1~ hon-nhan, rna chay,. te t1,1', S1,1' nro-ng nr nrong trQ' khi tai hoa xay den cho mQt hay nhieu dan lang.

Xa c6 tho phung rieng, ther Phiic-than va nhfrng nban-·/~t da. c6 cong-dlrc v(Yi Xl mlnh,

Xa c6 m~. dQi tl1a.:! dinh rieng de gifr gin an-ninh, phonr. ngii trQ1l1 cU'(yp cho dan lang. ::51,1' tuan phong dU'Q'c t~ chirc nghiem nh~t; 81,1' dieu khien va thu lao cac tuan dinh cung SI,1' d6ng g6p strong tile cua cac dien chu, nghiep chu ding m6i lang m6i khac •

. The-Ie la t~p t\1C ve cac to-chlrc n6i tren deu dtrQ'c dinh ra· trong hwong-uoc n6 doi v(Yi dan trong lang ding nhw hien-phap d<Si v(Yi dan trong mroc v~y Ciing c6 diet.! khong ghi trong hu-oug-troc, nhtrng da thl,1'c hanh lau ngay thanh ra t~p.t\1C, truyb t1,1' deri D9 den. deri kia, thi dan lang ciing phai tuan theo nhir da ghi trong HU'O'ng tr(yc~

each thi thi5 uy-quyen cua Chinh-pM doi v&i xa._ Nhieu ngU'eri cho r~ng Xii dU'Q'c quyen tIJ: tr] qua rQng rai, den n6i (e phep vua thua Ie lang », nhtr the xa d<Si v(Yi quck-gia chang khac nao mQt ntro'c trong InQt mrcc, Khong phai nhir the, Xa hU'&ng mQt 51,1' tv-tri r¢ng rai,.

chti- khong phai dQc l~p doi v&i chfnh quyen, vi phii tuan theo phap. Wt chung cho ci ntr&c.

Tuy chtrc Xii-trtrcYng ho?c Ly-tnrong do dan lang bau len, cae Huong-chec do Hgi-dong Hao-muc cir ra nhirng deu phai do chlnh,quyen cap b~ng thira nhan, va khi c6 S1,1' tranh tung ve vi~c bau eu "thl. cfing do chinh quyen phan xir. Chinh quyen Iai c6 th~ ttrcYng l~, Khi~n trach ho?c biii djch ho d~ trirng phat, V &i each ay, chinh qUYCl1 'kiem scat dU'9'c 'xii mgt each d~-dang. Kiem scat rna thoi, chir kh6ng 'the nghi den vi~c dieu khien, vi Hgi-dong Hao-rnuc hoan-toan dQc l~p doi voi chinh quyen, cac nhan-vien trong Hgi-dong nay khong do chlnhquyen cap bang, thtro'ng, phat, ho la chu-nhan trong lang ho ; lang c6 "Vi~c giao thi~p v&i chinh-quyen thi dii c6 Ly-trU'cYng thay m~t.

eM d9 xii than du:cri thiri Pluip-thusc, Nhii:ng CU9C cdi linrng hu:O'ng chlnh,- f)en Vi~t-nam, trong thily S\1' t(j-chirc va tnroc each t\1'-tri eua 'xa thOn chung tat mgt vien cai-tr] eao cap PMp da viet: (( Lang 11 mgt t()-chu-e day du, rilt tO~1D thien, den n6i h~ stra sang l?i mgt tl 13 e se lam hir-hai S\1' dieu hoa eua toan the. Chung ta khcng e6 19'i 'gi rna da dgng trite tiep hoac gian tiep den mgt co : quan n6 dii Ia mgt 19'i khl cai-tr] mau nhiem, mien la de n6 y nguyen va bao ton moi hlnh-thirc eua n6.» H9 khen ngo-i t(j-chu-c xa thOn Vi~t-nam la vi nh~n tMy cac ti~n feb. nay ; C6ng vi~c hanh-chinh xii thOn nay rat gian -<Ii rna khOng ton kern gi ella co g qui d. Chanh, Ph6-t(jng, Ly-tftrcYng

. ,

'Huong-chtrc khOng phai 1a cong-chirc, .vl do dan bau len, nen kh6ng

phai tra ltrong b(jng. Thu thue, doc suu, lay linh, cac vi~c ay, 0- cae nU'&c khac, Chinh-phii phai phai nhan vien ra tam, ton kem nhie.u lam

-,

con 0- day thi da c6 Ly, HU'O'ng 10 li~u chu daD rna kh6ng congo Lai

con nhfrng vi~c tranh tung v~t-vanh gifra dan-gian, van-de an-ninh 0- cac lang mac la nhfrng van-de thU'o-og plnrc.tap, kh6 khan va ton kern {y cae nU'&c khac nhtrng 0- day eta c6 cac xii than 10 li~u day du, khong phien d~n chlnh quyen,

Vien cai tr] cao dIp 3Y c6 may leri nh~u xet nhtr trf.i kia ta -vl chi nhin den phi a canh tot clla che-dl} xa thcb, khia canh ~y thu.}n 19'i cho c6ng-cu~c cai tri chung, chir ben tro.ig lJy tre xanh, nhtr ta

se th~y sau day. che dO ay ding da gay bao nhi~u t~ hai, bao nhleu. phong tQc hu l~u n6 dl! can tro- phan nao S1,1' tien bQ cUa ngtrai diD que.

Vi e6 nhfrng nh~n xet nhir tr~n, nen trong giai doan dau tien. hic ngtro-i Phap mei den, phong trao ch6ng Phap con manh, trong ntrac 10~n lac, ho khong dam d:i dQog gl den t~-chirc xa then cua ta da danh~. rna den khi cUQc blnh-djnh da xong, nha cam quyen Phap cung giii'gin hlnh thirc va tinh-tban cua t~-chirc xa-thon san ce, chi thay dM, doi pl!an 0- Nam-Vi~t 1a thuQc-dia cua ho rna th3i.

(y Narc-Viet, mai den nam 1904, nghia 1a ho-n 40 nam sau khi ngtro-i Phap den, mo-i e6 SI1 cai-cach trong t~-chirc hanh-chlnh ~xa. Theo di-cach nay, m6i lang c6 mQt ban HQi-te, gQm II ngU'o-i 1a Hiro-ngCa, Htrong Chu, Htro'ng Suo, Hirong Trirong, Htro ng Chanh, HirongGiao, Htro'ng Quan, Thu bQ, Htro ng Than, Xa-triro-ng, Htrong-hao deu. do ban HQi-te 111a ngtroi cit' len khi co khuyet; va khi c6 SI! tranb tung thi do quan cai tr] dliu tinh giai quyct.

Nam 19~7, them vao ban HQi-te chec Chanh L1;tc-bQ (gifr hl}tich), va buec moi SI1 l11a chon nhan vien ban HQi-te phai diroc quan cai tri tlnh chu~n y. Nghia la quyen l1,1'a chon v~n d~ cho lang, nhirng !!I1,1' ki~m-soit eua chinh quyen ch~t-che hon. M6i nhan-vien ban HQi-t~ gifr mQt chtrc.vu rieng, nhir Htrong Ca 13 Chu-tich, Htro .ig Chu la Ph6 Chu-tjeh va gifr coug qui, Htro'ng suo xem xet cong vi~c tam eua HU'O'g' chirc khac, Hirong TrU'Crng trong nom vi~c hoc, Hirong Chanh thoa Xlr cac vj~c tranh chap trong nhan-dan va co-v~n cho Hirong Than, Hirong Giao 13 thU'-ky clla ban HQi-te, l~p bien ban cac eUQe hQi-nghj, Htro-ng, Quan coi vi~c clnh-sit hanh-chlnh va nr-phap, tuan phong dU'o-ng si. cau eong, Thu-bQ gifr thue-bQ, dja-bl} va so sach ctta lang, con HU'O'ng Than, Xa-trtrlrng, Hirong-hac lJ ba nhan vien chap hanh, lam moigi&i gifra lang va chinh quyen, Xa-trU'o-ng gifr tri~n cung nhir Ly-trU'Crng_ (y Trung, B~e-Vi~t, thu thue kh6a. DU'ai cac Hirong chirc ay, eon nhfrng nhan vien h~ cap nhe Ph6-x3, Ph6-1y, Ly-trU'o-ng, Bi~n-l~i, cai-tuan v.v •.•

NhU' v~y, trong xa 0- Nam-ViCt, coo quan thira h~nh va H9idong xa kbonJ phan bi~t ro-rani nh1.l P' B~c, Trung-Vitt.

& B~e-Vi~t, tMy vi~e hU'oong-chlnh theo t~ t6i xira tau ng~y da gay nhi~u mCSi t~ nhtr nan eU'Crng hao nhiing nhi~u, nhfrng t~p t(Je hti l~u, nen narn 1921, phU ThCSng-str dii th\1'c hanh mQt cuQc di each ma ngirei ta goi la ( cai-lU'O'ng htrong .. chlnh » CUQc cai each -nay eM trong hai vi~c cCSt yi:u la thanh l~p Htrong-hoi thay the HQidong Hao-muc, va d~t s(5 chi thu cho lang. Trai v&i HQi-dong Haomuc, Htrongchci gam nhu-ng tQc-bieu do cac tQc bau ra, trong mQt -nhiem ky 3 nain, va trng-cu--vien khOng can phai c6 pham ham gl HU'O'ng Mi tI}' eu- ra mQt Chanh Htrong-hci va mQt Ph6 Htro'ng-hoi, hai chirc nay cling nhtr la Tien-chl, Thir-chl trU'&c kia cusc cai each nay ~ii dem

- .1:;ti nhfrng ki:t qua khong tot. Vi hang ngtro'i c6 danh vong trong lang

-S,?, mat the dien, khong chiu ra trng CU-, thanh ra Htrong-hei chi gam

nhfrng ngU'Cri tre mo, khong biet viec, lai khong dU'Q'c dan tin phuc,

f)~ ctrU viing tinh trang ;fy; nam I~27, (y B~c vi~t Chinh-phti b:io hQ pbai d(ji qui chi: xii-thon mQt lQn nU-a. Htrcng-hci v~n gifr lai, -nhirng ben canh, d~t them HQi-dang Ky-muc la co-quan kiern soat toi cao eua lang. HQi-dang Ky-rnuc gom nhirng ngU'Cri c6 pharn bam c6 -Mng cap C11U T(jng, Ly, va nhiem-ky vlnh-vien y nhtr HQi-dong Hac, .mI}C trU'&C kia. Ay la vi ngtro-i ta nhan thay din phai phuc hoi mQt phan nim che-dQ cfi, rnQt che-dQ da an S3U vao t~p tue cac xii thon l~u ngay <1'oi nen khong th~ vQi-vang bai bo ngay di dU'Q'c. Nhirng -HQi-dong Ky .muc la nhfrng ngtro-i c6 danh vong, c6 uy tin, nen (y nhieu lang, hQ ltbong (y trong pham-vi cua nhiern-vu kiem scat, rna Ian sang cong vi~c .ainh-do:}.t, quan tr] vi~c lang.

Narn 194! qui-che xa-lhon B~c-vi~t l~i dtrQ'c stra d"i mQt Ian -nfra. C6 Ie, ly--do cUQc su-a d(ji qui che xii-thon Ian nay la cUQC the. 04::hien thtr 1=, chtr khong ph;ii de di thi~n nQi tinh cac lang mac, Thea s, di each nay, thi Xa-chl c6 mQt HQi-dong qudn tr] Ia HQi-dang Ky.hao, gom nhfrng ngtro-i c6 phllrn ham hoac o!ing cap, ho~c dii lam Chanh T(j ~g, Ly, Htro ng trong ba nam j trong HQi-dang nay lay pharo ham cao thap rna djnh ngoi thir, va ghe Chis-tjch danh cho ngU'Cri c6 pharo hl n cao hon h~t. Nhfril6 H ~i-da!lg dong qua ::0 ngtro-i c6 the uy quy~n ::110 IDQt ban thtrO-,1g-trltc 7 ngll'O-i. V~y HQi-d~.13 Ky-hao nay cMllIE

-46

khk gl HQi-dong Hac-mac trtr&c kia, chi kbac 13 Sll ki~m soat roa -Chinh-quyen eh~c-ehe hon, vi danh-sach cac vien chu-c v;\ nhfrng SI1 1:hay d<>i, them bot trong H9i-dong phai trlnh len nha dim quyen biet. each tuy~n Cll' Ly-trtrbng, Ph6 Ly v~n y nhtr cu, dtr&i hai chtrc nay con c6 m9t Chtrbng-bQ, m9t HQ-4i, - mQt Thir-ky, mQt Tbu-qul, mQt Trtrbng-tuan.

(y Trung-viet, vi~c quan tr] xa thon vh . theo Ie 16i cu cho den de qui che ban hanh theri Thanh-thai, theri Khai-djnh. Qua cac qui cM ay, ngtreri ta thay ben canh ban Ly, Hu-ong 13 co quan thira hanh, c6 mQt HQi-dong Hao-rnuc nhtr da n6i tren kia, trong d6 hang clurc s~c. mi~n sai, mi~n dieu, deu dtrQ'c quyen tham d1,1'. Ly-trtro-ng v~n do dan bau, va giup Ly-tnro-ng c6 PM Ly-trtr6ong va ngu Htro'ng 1.1 Hiro-ngbQ (gifr bQ dien th<>, b9 sinh tll', gia thu), Hiro-ng-bbn (coi tai-chinb), Hl1'O'ng-ki~m (tuan phong), Huo'ng-muc (coi dtrerog sa, diu cong) va Hiro-ng dich (lien l~e); njgU Hiro'ng do H9i-dong Hao.rnuc Cll' len. Narn 1942, mQt dao D(1 minh dinh thanh phan va quyen han cua HQi-dong Hao-rnuc hang ngtreri c6 ph~m ham, c6 b~ng cap, C1,1'U T()ng, Ly deu dtrQ'c tham -dir, HQi-dong Hac-mac c6 th~ uy quyen cho mQt ban thtro ng-trtrc. Qua de dieu khoan ella Du Dam 1942, ng 1.1' oi ta nh~n thay trong khi thira nhan quyen quan tr] xa s~n c6 cua HQi-dorli" Hao-muc, Chlnh-phis muon thi tho quyen hanh rQng rai hon trong vi~c bau Cll' Ly, Htrong cung nhtr muon ki~m soat viee xli thon ch~c-che ho-n tnroc,

Du sao, cac cong-cuoc di each n6i tren da khong dem i~i ket qua tot: trong cae xii thon con day d~y nhfrng phong-tuc hu l~u nhfrng bon ciro-ng hao nhfing lam, Ay 1.1 vi Hoi-dang Ky-muc, ho~e Hao-muc, coo quan quan-tr] tCii eao, vin la nhirng ngtro'i cli ky, khong thee kip da tien h6a clla tho-i dai, nen khong biet di each viee xa then eho xtrng ho p, con dan-gi.in thl nhieu t~p-t'.lC da an sau vao nao ho qua lau roi. (y Trung-Viet, tlnh-canh er xa thon nro-ng d5i khong qua phirc tap, chir & Bk-Vl~t thi th~t 1.1 kho-khan ! Cui & Nam-Viet, trtro-c narn 1945, trai qua cac CU9C cai-deh, nhisu lang nho da ket hop thanh lang l,)on len c6 phuo-ng tien ve tai-chinh, ve nhan-s1,1' d~ -phat tri~n; ho lai khong e6 nhli'ng t~p-t\.le ve lnrong am; "gai thu-,

-khao _V9'1g v. v ••. nen xI thon kho:1g den n6i muc nat nhtr b Trung,

47

BSe, nbt.rng hlnb nht.r hQ kh6ng c6 dt.rQ'c cAi tinh-thhn tf,t' ttl nhll' b hai 1l0'i kia, vl d~ chlnh-quyen can thiep ~u:i nbieu vao nQi dnb cae d.

Trlr len ta n6i v~ ~inh-hinh cac xli trt:r&c narn 1945.

NHO'NG M6I LQ'I, H~I ellA eH~-BO XA THON TV-TRI.

Ch~-dQ xii than t1,1' tr], tu- 5 th~-ky nay, dli dem l~i cho auae Viet-Nam nhi~u dieu l«?,i fch, cling nhu' nhieu dieu te hai,

L(YI :

a) Gdy tinh-thdn dan-chzi, tinh-thiiti trech-nhiim. - V &i ch~-dQ ay. ngU'o-i dan nao cling dU'«?,c dt,r vao vi~c cong cua lang minh. D~u ngU'o-i mQc-nQt, dot nat nhat, cling dU'«?,c d1,1' bau Ly-trtrlrng, va trU'O'c m~t ban Ly, HU'O'ng, trU'&c m~t H~i-dong Hao-muc, trong nhfrng cUQc hQi hQp & dlnh, ding dU'«?,c an n6i, bay to nhfrng thac-mac, nhfrng y nguy~n clla minh. Nhan vien trong H~i-dong Hao-muc va cac LY,. Hirong dU'«?,c toan quyen sap dJt, tr] It viec tang rninh, htrng lQ'i,. trir hai, 10 sao cho lang minh dU'«?,c y!n ~n, thjnh viro'ng, .chang khac gl Quoc-hQi va Chinh.phii sap d~t, tr] ly vi~c mroc, 10 lang cho mroc dU'Q'c phat d~t, vi vang. M6i ngU'o-j tl! th~y c6 mQt trach nhiem, va minh 13 quan M d~n S1,.1' thlnh, suy CU:l lang. Va con c6 die\! khac veri Quoe-hQi, v&i Chinh-phu 1a H9i-dong Hao-rnuc gifr nhiern-vu vinh-vien, cac Lt, HU'O'ng sau khi thoi-dich se sung vao HQi-dong Haomuc, v~y S1,1' thjnh, suy clla lang do mlnh gay nen, mlnh se htrbng th\l ho~c chiu d1,1'ng suot do-i, va qua d~n d&i con chdu mIa, chc nen cai tinh-than trach-nhi~m cang tha thi~t bi~t chirng nao 1

b) Gay tinh-than doan ktt.- S6ng dU'o-i nhfrng phong-tuc, t~pquan, troc-l~ chung, cung vui nhfrng cai vui chung, cung 10 nhfrng cii 10 chung, nhan dan m¢t lang rani buec nhau bo.i nhfrng dayvo hinh ma ben ch~c. Dlnh lang 13 nM thO- chung, U noi mQi ngU'bi I~P gO' d~ cung te, d~ y~n 1m, Mi h~, cling nht.r ban lu~n vi~c chung, nen tieu bi!u mQt m6i than thi~n, thi!ng lI!ng, n6 gan lien dt ca dan.; chung. Giay doan k!t ~y cang ch~c-chc them v&i nhfrng hQi )~p ra. de cuu trQ', giup d& lin nhau, hy h~ v&i nbau nhU' hQ Hieu, hQ Hy~

48

V~y (y thon que, ben canh gia-dlnh, lang la mQt doan-th~ rtc vfrng chai.

c) Duy-trt dgo-dli'c va thuCin-pllOng my-IVc.- DU'&i n6c mOt ngoi dinh, nhan dan mot lang da cam thay mlnh fang bUQC l~n nhau bo-i mQt S?'i day tinh than thl vinh ella mQt ngiroi Ia vinh chung tat ca dan lang dU'Q'c bU'o-ng, nhuc ella m?t ngll'eri la nhuc chung ca lang ph ii chju - Vi v~y, ai nay phai 10 gifr gin net hanh, s9' ca lang phai mang tieng xau vi mlnh,

Nhan-dau mQt lang song ebung nhau do-i nay qua do-i khae, va nhfrng vi~c lam ella mQt ngtro-i se dU'Q'c ngiroi dong Inro'ng nhac nho-, pham blnh mai mai ve sau, 0- d.yi con, cieri chau ho, khien con chau dU'Q'c tieng them lay hay phai mang tieng xau thira vi hanh-vi ella ang cha. Cho nen ai nay ciing gang 4a11l vi~c tot, tr.inh vi~c b~y d~ kboi di xu cho h~u.du~.

Ly-tmo-ng do dan bau, Hwong-chec do HQi-dong Hso-muc eli len, nen hang ngU'eri nh~:n cac chirc-vu ay phai 10 gifr gin tlnh-hanh de dU'Q'C tlcng tot clla dir lu~n.

Cac y-ni~m vira ke 13 nhflng su-c manh duy-trl d\lo-du-c ldnIy, thuan-phong my-t\1c 0- cai lang mac mQt each rat (6 hi~u quaVi v~YI 0- Vi~t-nam, da til' Jau roi, n6i den thuan-phong my-t\1c, den tin, nghia, hieu, de va bao nhieu dirc-tlnh khac, ~t p!Jai tim 0- thon que moi trong thay th~t S\1', chu- 0- thanh-th] thl chl thay tren giay ter, ngbe tren cll-a mi~ng rna thoi - Va di d~c-s~c ay 0- thon que ciing 1a do che-dQ X3 thon kia ma c6 dU'Q'c v~y - Va ehinh nho- hang dan que ay lam nen m6ng dan-tQC ma Xa-hQi Vi~t-nam COn c6 g1 la ben vfrng, la trong sach ngay nay.

d) Hq.ng nguiri co niing-hrc, seing kitn co cM hoq.t d~n,.- V&i quyen t\1'-do ay, lang kheo tri ly, kheo w-chlre tbi dan laog dU'Q'c btrbng 19'i Ich, lang d~ cong vi~c hdn dQn, an ti~u cong qui thl dan lang pbai chiu thiet bai - Vi the, xtra kia, ngU'eri dan que, ngoai vi~c gia-dinh ra, coi viec lang 13 vi~c M trcng nhat, de bet tam h,re V30 day, cung nhu' ngiro'i cll Hy-lap doi v6'i viec thj-bang cua h<jl v~y. «HU'O'og dang, ti2u

49

~ri!u-dlnb. f vI a d6 cilng c6 ng6i tbu-, c6 tracb-~hi~m, v~ ai n!y d~u het long miru 10 hung IQ'i. trir bai cho dan lang cung nhir (y Trihidlnh, tram quan van vo deu miru 10 himg lQ'i trir hai cho nU'&c v~y - Ngtreri ta da thay nhieu lang nhOo c6 ngU'eri kba ra xU'&ng suat vi~c cong rna tang phat d~t : cong qui tang gia, tai nguyen khai thac, dU'erng sa, call c<Sng, cho biia, trU'Oong hoc rno- rnang, nhan dan c6 vi~c lam an, nhe phan dam phu, ke ngheo kh6 dU',?,c nang <15', ke g~p tai nan dU'O'c ceu trO' v ... v .• , Nen cau cham-ngen cua ke si theri ~y la u tao vi quan, thOi vi hirong», nghla la dU'O'c ra tam quan d~ phb trQ', dat d~n nhjn dan trong ntro-c cang hay, nell khong lam quan dU'Q'c thl lui v~ tam vi~c lang d~ pho tro, dat d~n dan trong lang, col hai cung la dem nang.lllc phuc-vu nh ln-dan, chl ben fQng, ben hep rna thOi. NhOo quan ni~m ay ma the-i xua, hang ngtrOoi c6 nang-l\1'c, c6 khi-thtrc, mu6n hoat dQng, c6 che; dem n6 ra thi thIS.

Lam vi~c lang, HQi-dong Hac-mac khong c6 ti~n thtl lao da danh, rna L1, Htrong CU:1g khong c6 IU'O'og b~ng. Trir s<S but-chl-dien, va a nhfrng lang giau, dan dong, m6n trQ' cap xe cQ cua cong-bbn, men ti~o thu theo l~ khi clnrng th\1'c giay tOo rnua bin dQog san, Mt dQng san, Ly, HU'O'ng khong utrQ'c quyen IQ'i v~t-chat gl khac. V~y khong ke hang sau mot lam nhfrng chuy~n phu thu l~m b~ ta c6 th~ n6i r~ng ho phai hy sinh, nhat la Ly, Htt,O'ng lang ngheo, vi hQ phai thtrong lui to-i nha men, tiep xuc vo-i chlnh quyen, nen phai t<Sn thi gio-, bo cong vi~c lam an, xuat ti~n hrng ra tieu phl. The ma cac chtrc-v(1 Ly-trU'o-ng, Huong-clnrc vIn dU'Q'c dan lang ham chuang, nhi~u khi tranb gianh nhau kjch Mt nfra - Vi sao'? ±>6 la mQt di~m chung ta nen d~ y.

TrU'o-c het, danh vong Ia IY·do chanh ] dtrQ'c li~t vao hang dan anh CU;l dan, dU'Q'c rn?t ch6 ngoi tren dan trong nhfeng bu~i hQi-hQ'p, te tl1 {y dlnh trung, cii ten g~i on~ Ly, O:lg Htrong, dU'Q'c diJ' Hoidong Hao-muc la. H?i-dong toi cao qu iu tr] vi~c lam sau khi lam vi~c man nhi~m-ky m?t each thanh -thol - Nb.ttng ngoai cac 1y-do ay, ciing nen nh~a r~ng y thtrc b~n ph~n va y-thu-c danh dl1 la hai d9ng-CO' da thu~ day trong nhi'eu tnrJo .1g-hQ'p - Nghia 1a cung c6 nbieu ngU'ai y thtrc trich nhiem diSi vo-: do~n-th~, diSi v&i que htro ng, thay dng vi~c laeg la viec chung cua dan lang, ai c6 du tir-cach thl phai thay

50

phi~n nhau m~ ganh vac. Va ra Urn vi~c Ung d~ lam viec t~t dep cho Ung, Ich IQ'i cho dan thl kh6ng chl mlnh dU'Q'c dahh gia rna con d~ lai tieng tho m cho con chau ve sau nfra - Va, dU'Q'C dan-chang tin nhiern b ru len, Hgi-dong Hro -rnuc xet au tai, du-c Cll' ra, ay chang la mgt danh-dtr d6 sao? 51,1' y thtrc bO:1 ph~Cl ay dang qui, va S1,1' tau danh d1,1' ay cung ho'n S1,1' trQ:lg 19'i IQc mQt b~c cao - Neu Ly, HU'O'ng dU'Q'c tra hro'ng bong thl hai quan-ni~m tot dliP ay se kho ag con, ngU'erj ta chi vi IQ'i rna lam vi~c, nhlrng ngU'eri c6 th~ lam Ly, HU'O'ng chi 13y C?P rn~t vt;1 IQ'i rna nhin vi~c I.ing. roi ai nay vi lQ'i rna gianh nhau mlii maio

T~ HAl J

. .

B~n canh cac lQ'i Ich ~y. ch~-d~ xl t'l ttl cflng da dem l~i khong bi~t bao te h~i cho nhieu lang.

a) GU'lYng hao nhilng nhicl1.- Tuy che-dQ !y khong th~ lam thi~t h~i gl S'I thOng nbat quiSc-gi2., nhung a nhii'ng lang xa xoi, ho~c a nhfrng Ung khong c6 ng1.1'J'i kha, bon Hro, Ly vi dU'9'.! quyea hlah rQng rai, I~m khi tac oai dc phdc qua dang, nhung nhi~u, lam kho, h~i dan lanh khong ft. Cai hQ3 c.U'erng hao 13 mQt nhot ICr _ Cr cac -xli thon Vi~tnam da tit lau do-i, chinh nher che-dQ t'1 tr] ma nhQt mai lCr th6i trlnh dQ ay.

b) Tranh gUmh ngoi thrr.- C.ii t~ hai ngoi thtr cling kheng nbO«HU'O'ng dang, ti~u trieu dinh Il, «mQt mi~ng thit laug bang mQt sang thit cho' », cac tau t1,lc-ngfr ay vi hi~u sai y nghia, roi vi tranh nhau mQt eh6 ngoi Cr chiSn dinh truug, gianh nhau cai dau, ccii nong can heo « than hu~ », cung vi~c khao, vi~c vong v.v... ma d:1 gay ra biet bao vt;1 xoxftt, ki~n t(tng, lam cho nhfrng ke dL1'O'ng SI,1' phai vong gia, that tho. tha oan deri dCri. TrLt&c can m~t con ngL1'eri thoi d~i nay, cae y-tU'Crng ay th~t Ia ti ti~n, nen n6 ali t1,1' nhien phai l\1t tau narn roi.

c) Hqn eM SI! sinh hOQt, thu h(!p nhiin-qnan ngtrlYi dan.- Lang dli nhtr la mQt nU'ac nho, c6 phong t(1c, t~p quan, l~-lu~t ribg, nen ngU'b'j dan Umg nay khi den lang khac cam thay nh1.1' den mQt xtr 1\1 - Vi v~y, hQ it muiSn di dau xa, roi que i Ian v6'i th6i «an tho, trong thien », diu ngheo Ct;C d'bg khong chju 111 noi khdc lam an, S<?, mang tieng I( tha phU'O'LIg cau th'1c " - Ela siSng mai trong lily tre lang, nhan quan hQ khong VL1'Q't ra ngoai ngoi dlnh, cai -:hQ', nen 116i vai viec teo 19 tlnh, trong nu-6'c, mang nhien khong hi~u biet gl den.

PHAN-/(HOANG

Thic pluu: .. hoa nhii:ng net d{li .. cu:O'ng v~ Dia-ly hinh-the eua Nam .. Plum Viet-Na1Yt

.

EB LAM-THANH-LI~M

Nam-phfn Viet-Nam, mi~n tru-phu nMt eua Vi~t-Nam C~ng~ Hoa, a noi t~p-trung gan 60% lan-s5 qu5c-gia (I), tren mQt di~n-tfch 70.000 cay-siS vtIong (2). S\1' gia-ta 19 thien-nhien v~ nhan-van hien nay rat nhanh-ch6ng, dU'Q'c chirng-minh bang nhfrng thoog-ke sau day (3)'

1928 4.300.000 ngU'O-i.

I961: 8.500000 ngU'o-i (m~t-dQ # 125 ngU'o-j I km2). Saigon-Cho-len : tren 1.500.000 ngU'O-i.

Chlnh Nam-Phfn Viet-Nam nuoi·song trl1e-ti~p hay gian-tl~p, It llh3t 80% din-chUng nong-thon.

S1,1' tru-phu etta mien nay ta nho- each e~u-t~o eua dia-th~ nhO' nhftng di~u-ki~n khi-Mu, song-ngoi v.v ... d~t-bi~t thu~n-l9'i cho 811 phattri~n nong-nghi~p.

1.- CACH CAU-T~O CllA BONG-BANG CHU.THb SONG CUU-LONG

Nam-phan Viet-Nam nam (y euoi dau ban-dao Bong.DU'O'ng gifra hai vi-dQ (Latitudes) 8°30 va Il040 (Bic Vi.BQ).

Chieu dai nh it, tit vinh Thai-Lan den ranh-gi&i cua mi~n Nam Trung-Phan, tbeo dU'o-ng th11lg chim bay, do dU'9'c 500 km va chieu ngang, eM r~:1g nh~t, vac khoang 350 km,

(1) Agricultural Statistics, 1961 (Ni~1I Gidm thOng-k8 Ndllg-nghiep).

Be) Cal-tib N ~ng-tMn, trang 5. (2) S6 tlnh-tron (chiffres arrondis).

(3) Vi.ll QUl'lc-Gia TMng·k8 va qUY~ll La Co,'hlncJ.ine, Exposition coloniale internatlo~lal" - Paris 1931.

52

Citra 2 day sO'n-kh~i, nui t)~u-Kh~u (r) va day Tmo-ng-SO'n (~), la mQt dja-the trung dircc nhieu lap Thuy-tra-thach va phil-sa songngoi (eli va mail lap phlng_ - Cac lap nham-thach nay n~m xep-tang deu-deu, hoi nghieng til' Elong sang Tay.

MQt cau hoi dttQ'c d~t ra:

Trong nay, n~m ch3n ngang 2 sO'n-kh6i, thuQc loai dia-th~ g11 C6 hai gia-thuyet:

I.- Gid-thuyet cua mpt trzlng gdy-slJp (Depression tectonique).

C6 th~ dong-bang chu-thc; song Cl'ru-Long thuQc mQt trimg gIysup, do dja-dQng theo chieu thhg-du-ng (3) (mou vernents tectoniques verticaux) (y cu6i tho-i d~ nhat ky-nguyen (ERE PRIMAIRE), lam cho phan chlnh gifra clla nen thach Hoa-Cirong (Socle granitique) b] S1,1p xu5ng va dong-tho-i, hai ben (Nui f)~u-Khau va Day Truong-Scu) dtrQ'c nang len cae,

·r t ---t r;
-;..
-r
+
+ +
+ t J +
+
-1- '--+ SO.t>~' C~A TR0NG SUP

~ N~n +~~ch hoa.CI.1'6Ng_

11 Cl1ia:u Vld6V\~ cos cac ~6c c§r

(~RCE TEC~ONIQU£;

(1) Cardamomes, lta Ores d~ nh] k)' nguyen (Cretace 1)_

(2) Thach Hoa.Cuong va cac thach ket tinh-khac (d'autes roches cristalhnes). Ban da ltja-cMt Vi~t-Mi~n-UIO, ty l~-xich: J 11. 000 000.

(3) Bia-tM da-nlln trong quy~n -Biu-/Ii lIillh-lM, Laui-Thanh-Llem, Nha SaC;1 Khal-Trl xu't-bito.

53

K~-ti~p, Bi~n d~-nhi ky nguyen (Mer secondaire) xam-nh~p v~O trung-sQP, bien wing nay t~anh mQt cai Vjnh. Vjnh du-o c thuy tra-thach, (da Gres cretace) va phu-sa song ngoi (Ciru-Long, Bong-Nai ••• ) lap phdng dan, tao-thanh dong-b~ng ehu-th~ Nam-Phan.

Neu gil-thuyet nay dung thl ehe; tiep-.xuc gifra aong b~ng, nui B~u-Khau (phla By) va day Tnrong-Son (phia Bong) phai la mQt dja-the e6 nhieu Phay (Failles).

Nhtrng neu ta giai-thlch trung-sQp nay dtrQ'e clu-t\lo vao euCSi d~ nhat ky-nguyen, thi ta lai g~p mQt van-de nan-giai : d6 13 tang tMytra-thach Gres l1~m phu len tren thach Hoa-Circng eua nui Cardamomes. f)a Gres nay dU'Q'c cau-t~o & giai.doan dia chat CRET ACE (cuoi d~ nh] ky-nguyen). Neu cho r~ng trung-sup aa xuat hi~n & thai d~nbat ky-nguyen va a.ong-thO-i nui B~u-Khau atrQ'c nang cao, thl chung ta .khOng the nao giai-thlch dtrQ'c SIl hien-dien cua lap da Gres Cretace dlt day den vai tram thiroc, vi vao cuoi d~ nh3t ky-nguyen, vung B~uKhau da nbO len khoi m~t bien va do do, Bien de-nhi ky-nguyen khong the DaO de l~i lap th~y-tra-th~ch nay teen nui B~u-Khau dtrQ'c.

Vi ly do tren, 'l;ac-gia hac be> gia-thuyet cua trung-sQp.

z. _ Gid-thuy~t cua trung hq- dp ch4m (depression de subsidence lente)'

Bong b~ng chu-thb Cfru-Long e6 the nro-ng-trng vai mQt dia-the trting ha-ap th~t ch~m (I) vao cuoi de nhat kY.-nguyen. B] bien d~ nh] ky-nguyen xam-nh~p vao, trung ha-ap ay bien thanh mQt cai vjnh rQng Ion, kha sau, chay dai den khoi vung Battambang cua Cam-bet.

Bien d¢-nhi ky-nguyen de l;.1i treng vinh lap dol Gres day. Duo i su-c n~ng eiia cac lap thuy-tra-thach, triing cua nen ngam (plate forme) tiep-tQc ha-ap rat ch~m cho den cuoi de nh] ky-nguyen, dong tho-i, djathe & 2 ben vinh dtrQ'c nang cao dan va sau cang, mien Tay va mien Bong eua vjnh nho len khoi m~t bi~n. Do do, hien Day, phi a ben

(1) -Bia-ill Hlnh-the, Um-tbanb-Li~m.

n~y v~ ph fa b~n kia caa d~ng b~ng chu-th~ Cu-u-long, ngU'o-i ta tlm thKy I\li I&p da Gees Cretace bao phu cdc son khOi (E>~u-Kh~u, pbfa Nam Trtreng-Son),

Tren nguyen-t~c, n~u trong nrong-lai, de nba dia-ch~t-hQc dung may dao tham-do (sondage) dong-b~ng Cu-u-Long, thl ngU'cYi ta phai tim tMy

e

tang da Gres Cretace n~m gian.do\ln (en discordance) tren d~-nen thach

Hoa-CU'O'ng.· Cac lop nham-thach se n~m xep-tang deu-deu hoi nghieng til' Dong sang Tay, theo thu tv ctia cac thcYi-ky dja-chKt nhU' sau :

- PM sa cu va m&i: d~-tu kY.-nguyen va gan day.

- E>~t-c~n ao-hl> (san, soi, dat-set ... ): miocenes, pliocenes, v. v ...

(d~ III kY.-nguyen)

Cn!tace (d~ II kY.-nguyen) v. v ...

====================== m~tgian do:].n (Surface de discordance)

_ Da Gres

Cac ban-d~ dia-ch~t ([) cho chdng ta bj~t nhirng v~t-li~u c~u-t~o d~ng-bang Ct'ru-Long thuQc cac loai phu sa cfi, moi, dat-c~n ao-ho (depots lacustres: san, ~oi, dat-set •. )

V~y chang ta c6 th~ giai-thfch Sl! b~i-d~p cua d~ng-b~ng nhtr sau :

* Sau khi trung b~·ap dtrQ'c cau-t~o, bi~n d~ nh] kY.-nguyen xam-th1!c vao, d~ l~i tang thuy-tra-th~ch Gres Cretace,

Su6t ca tho-i d~ II ky-nguyen nay, dla-the Nam-phan ciing nhir (y kh~p Ban-dao Bong-DLl'O'ng dU'Q'c yen-tinh va keo dai den dau d~ tam ky-nguyen.

* Trong khoang tho-i gian tqt dai ay, xam-thtrc da blnh-dja day Trtro-ng-Son, bien thanh mQt ban blah-nguyen.

" Ben tho-j pliocene, xay ra dia-dQng theo chieu tMng dUong, tao d!a-the g~y-s\1P' Day Trwong-So-n diro-c tai nang-cao, dl!Q'c tre-trung-hoa. (2)

Nhieu Phay dtrQ'c cau-t~ol tUlJi pliocene, dong tho-j hi~n-ttrQ'ng ma-son xuat-hi~n nhieu nh:lt tai mien Trung va Nam Trung-Phan. Vi~t-Nam (Cao-nguyen Plei-ku, Darlac, Banmethuot, Kontum, Di.linh) Bao-l~c ••• )

T~i cae vung nay, t&p thach Basalte bao p~u cac nham-thach kettinh [Th~eh Hoa-Cirong (granite), Di~p -thach ket-tinq, (schistes cristallins I nhtr Gneiss, mica diep-thach cia thai tien Hercyniens, Caledoniens ••• -

Ngtro-i ta tim thay l~i thach basaltes (y rai-rae tren sO'~-kh()i B~u.

KMu nhtrng t~i. vung n~y, dung nham n~m trai tren thach Gres Cretace

Tdi lai, b dong-b£ng chu-th() song Ct'ru-Long, thach basaltes bao phu pbu sa cii d~ ttl' ky-nguyen va phu-sa gan day, tao-thanh mQt vong dai (ceinture) chay dai (3) til' mien Long-Thanh ngang qua Pha-Rieng, H&n-Quan den Kompong-Cham va phfa Nam cua

(1) Vi~t-Mien-Uo: 1/2 OOO.OOO~ Saigon: 1/500.000~

(2) nay B~i-Kh1{u cUng <tuQ'c nang-can vao tho-i-ky n~y. (:I) Nhung bi gian do~n nhi~u nol,

Kom pong Thorn. V~y thl bi~n-ttrQ'ng Hoa-SO'n kh~ng nhling <fax&y ra thM pliocene, rna con tai xuat-hi~n tberi de tu- kY.-nguyen va gan day (1).

Bi'Yi nhfrng IY..,do tren, chting ta c6 the k~t-Iu~n dng cbu-tb~ CiruLong cia dU'Q'c cau-t~o h~n, trtr&c khi tai' xuat-hien hO\1t-dQng Hoa-Son V30 thoi de tu- kY.-nguyen.

Nhirng tac-nhan nao da lap phang dong b~ng nay? Vinh dtrQ'c bi~o thanh chu-th~ nher phu-sa do he-thong song ngoi mang d~n lap ph~ng dan Vjnh, Hien.nrcng boi dap nay l~i dU'Q'c trQ' giup them nher dia-the eua nen ngarn nho len cao gan mat bien. Song Ciru-Long la tac-nhan chanh da de 1 d~n rat nhieu phu-sa (2), khep-kln, lap pMng db, lam cho vjnh tri'Y nen can, thu nho hep l~i vao sau cung, vjnh tri'Y thanh dong b~ng chu-thb Nam- Phan.

Bien-ho clla Cam-bot la day clla vjnh xtra con ton ~i hien nay. St}' cau-t~o eua doog-b~ng chu-tb~ Cu-u-Long c6 th~ t6rn~tlh nhtr sau:

Hien-tU'Q'ng Tram-lt,rc (Cu6i de I kY.-nguyen) tao nen mQt trung h\1-ap.

_ Giai-doan II: * St}' xam-nh~p ·cua Bi~n de II kY.-nguyen bi~n

- Giai-doan I

trjmg ay thanh vlnh.

* Bien d~ l~i trong vjnh I l&p da Gres day. * Vjnh ti~p tt;1c h\i-ap, 2 bb vinh dU'Q'c naDg cao dan.

* Xam-tbt}'c blnh-dia TrU'erng.SO'n t\10 nen mQt ban blah-nguyen (den dau de III kY.-nguyen).

- Gial-doan III : Bja-dQng theo chieu tMng du-ng (pliocenes) * Tnreng-Son dU'Q'c tre-trung-hea,

* E>~u-khau dU'Q'c nang len cao.

* Hien tirong hOa-sO'n xuat hien (III ky nguyen).

(1) Nhllt III t~i mi~n B8ng Nam-phlin va Cam-b6t.

(2) So de c~p' den s6 Iuc;rng eua phil-sa nliy irong bdi lui.

_ a.iai-do~n tv : * N~n ng~m dU'Q'c nhe, l~n cao d1n, g1n m~t bi~n. * Tai xam-th1,fc manh-liet .- Phil-sa (cii va moo) l~p pbang vinh, bi~n vjnb thanh dong h~ng chu-th~.

* Tai xu5t-hien ho~t-d¢ng bOa-sO'n (mi~n Bong; Cam-best).

II.- etc LO~r HiNH- THE CHANH CUA E>ONG-BA.NG CHU.

.. A •

THO SONG CUU-LONG.

E>ia.th~ cua dong-b~ng chu·th~ Nam-phan dt tam-thU'Oong, khong tao mQt chU'&ng-ngq_i-v~t nao dang k~.

Nhtrng n~u din-ell' tr~n cdc d~c-tinh ctia cao-d¢ va dia cMt, thi chdng ta c6 th~ pban-bi~t hai mi~n r5.r~t.

I.- Mien Toy va Mien Trung-U'trng,

Hai mien nay thu9c vung «d5t tMp II (Terres Basses) do cae phu. ss m&i c~u-qo (dat cat, dat set), Hau Mt 0- kMp mci noi, phu-sa mo'i bao phu lap phu-sa ctl 4~ tll' ky-nguy~n, va 2 l&p phu-sa oay, c6 ch6 day den 200m (eung v&i thiiy-tra-thgch Gres Cretace), n~m t\1'a tren nen thach Hoa-Cwong, M~t dia-bloh tb~t-pbang, hoi nghieng v! pbia Tay. Vi dia-tbe th5p (Cao-dQ trung-blnh cbirng vai thU'&c cao hon m~t bi~n), nen mien Trung-U'ong nhat Ia mien Tay bi ng~p l1;1t vao mua mua,

M1Fc nU'&c song Cti-u-Long va cae phQ-lU'u dang len cao daD tir thang 6 den thang 10, tran-ng~p 2 ben bOo song va cac trung nam 0- sau day dat «Giong ».

Chinh cae rUQng lua trong d!a-th~ trung khep-kln nay dt d~c-bi~t phl-nhieu vi Mng nam, nU'&e l\lt cua song Cti-~:Long mang den rat nbieu phil-sa Limons. Bat phu-sa n~m tdi deu tr~n m~t dja-the va hoi· d5p cao dan cae trung ay. Nhieu trung r¢ng l&n hien nay chira dU'Q'c hoi-dap ban nhtr tnfo-og-hQ'p ctia u Canb dong Chim » (La Plaine des Oiseaux) ~i ban-dio cua Mai Ca-Mau.

58

t>6 la rnQt dia-th~ trtmg rna cao-dQ t~i trung-tam th~p hon rn~t bi~n. Hien nay, cac ao-ho va dam-lay chi~:n cu- rn~t ph~n 1&.1 di~n-tlch.

Tie dung boi-d:lp cua song Clru-Long vin ti~p-t(1c n&i r.()ng dongbhg chu-thb Nam-phan v~ phla M:ii C1.Mll1 tao-thanh II mQt dia-th~ duy-nMt tren th~-gicYi» (1).

Hlnh-th~ nay dlfolC cal1-t~o, nho- 2 tac-nhan khac nhau, phoi hop lai : song Ctrl1-Long va 2 dong hai-lltu chay dec theo bo- bien Viet-Narn va Vjnh Thai-Lan.

Thee v~y, 2 dong hji-llfl1 1&~y do anh-hltOong clla gi6 mila tao dn (2).

- Dong hai-lltu Dong-Btc - Tay-Nam, tltooog-u-ng v&i chi~u hlt&ng cua Gi6-Mua e maa Dong» (chay doc theo· mi~o duyen-hai V. N va Thai-Lan).

- Dong hai-lltu Tay-Narn - Dong-B~c, tl1'oong-u-ng v&i chieu hl1'6-ng Cll1 Gi6-Mua « mua H~ D (chay doc theo Vjnh TMi-L1n VltQ't qua khoi Miii Ca-Ml'J rai di-d9ng nglfQ'-= v~ pala Sic, doc theo bo bien Vi~t-Nam).

Dong hai-Iltl1 D.>ng-B£e - Tay-Nam tlfoong-d5i manh va chay taudai hem, trong nam, so v&i dong Bl1'cYC bi~n Tay-Narn - Dong-S~c ; do 'd6, dat phil sa cua song Ctrl1-Long khong the nao l~ng-t\1 00 phla tmo-c ctra cac song, vi m9t phan l&n bi dong hai-hru D.)ng-B~c - Tay-Nam loi-cu5n n6 v~ Mui Ca-MlU va t~i no'i day, dat phil sa, l~ng-xuong, boi dap dan, lam cho MCii Ca.Mau m3i ngay mQt l&n rQng them ve phia Narn-Hai.

Nglto-i ta tlnh trung-blnh, m5i nam, mui Ca-Mau dltQ'c dai rQng them ra vao k.hoang 6om. (bang tac-d\1ng b~i-dap clla song Mississipi t\li dong_ Mng chu-thl> cua song nay 00 yen Vinh M~-tay-Coo).

(I) P. Gourou, trong quy~n L'Asie, Lib. Hachette, 1953, trang 329.

(2) P. Pedelaborde, Introduction d l'Btude scieniifique du Ctimat, P.U.F. 1961 va Les Moussons, ColI. ARMAND COLIN, 1958.

B3-dinh-Ctrerug, Khi-Mu Vi~t-Nam, Nha Giam-d6c KhI-TtrVnS xu!!:t ban, 1964.

Ngoai 2 hlnh-th~ vu-a k~ tr~n (dja-th~ phhg, MrH Ca-Mau', mi~n Trung-irong nhat 1.1 mien By con c6 mQt loai dia-th~ khac ma ngtro-i dja-phtrO'ng g9i lJ (( dat Giong ».

Theo djnh-nghia, «dat Giong» la mQt day dilt cat pha-l~n dat ,,~t n~m d9C theo 2 ben bo- song hay gan cac mien duyen-hai. Bia-th~ nay do tac-nhan boi-dap clla song.ngoi khi ntr&c song dang len cao rai tran ra 2 ben bo- song, 16i cuon thee phu-sa, Dat pha sa nay nam trai doc thea 2 me song, tao ra «diit Giong », chieu cao dQ vai thuoc.

~iC;Nt:;

~

. .. . .- .

" .

~.~

----

Bat Giong ding c6 th~ nguyen-tbjiy thuQc nhfrng day-cat duyen h3i xtra (cordons littoraux) va chinh tren dja-tM ctia dat Giong nay, ngtro-i ta thiet l~p cac lang mac, d~ tranh ng~p-l~~, g~p mua nu-&c- 1il nhtr trtro-ng- hc-p ctta phong-cdnh (Site) Lang (y dnh Tra- Vinh (Vinh-Binh) (I).

z.- Mi~n Dong.

Trai v&i mi~n Trung- U'o-ng va mi~n Tay (vung «dilt thilp »), mib Bong 1a mien «Bat-Cao» (Terres Hautes).

Cao-dQ trung-blnh tu- vai rmroi thtrIYC d~n 200m t6i-da. Diath~ cao dan khi chung ta di thien ve phla Nam ctta vung Cao-Nguyen Trung-phan.

Th~-nhtr(yng ctta mien Dong ciing khac. D\li-ctrO'og, ngU'6-i ta c6- th~ phan-chia ra lam 2 lO\li dat chanb:

(1) P. Gourou, L'Asie, trang 330, hlnh 56 53 •

. 60

- DSt dm (Terres grises): phu sa cli (alluvions anciennes) thu~c lo~i nham-th~cb Silice bo~o Silici pba 11C1 dat set (Silico argileuses),

Dat n~y rlt tUm nttac va khong dtr9'c phl-nhieu m~y.

- D.lt do: nguyen-thuy thuQc n~p (nappes) da basaltes, bl x'rnth1tc. m~c, tan ra ra (se decomposer) tao.thanh, Loai dlt nay n~m x~p gi6ng-t1,ra nhtr nhii'ng 89'i day-da (Ceintures) nhirng b] gian-do~n (discontinues) nbieu doan chay-dai tll' tinh Long- Thanh, ngang qua de vang Xuan-lQG, Han-quan... den t~n Hinh-th1> clla Carn-b St (Kompong Cham; phfa Nam Kompong Thom.)

D~t do dt phi nhi@u va thlch-hop vai don-di~n Cao-su; oha d~ctlnh nly, eac giai trong-tia Phdp dll tim-each trj~t d~ khai-khkn eae mi~n dat-do d~ thi~t-l~p eac don-dien Cao-su (Xuan-lQ::. H&n-Quaa ••• ) vlo cu6i th~ ky XIX va giii'a hai d~i the chien.

V~ pbtrO'ng-di~n hinb-th~ (physique), mien Dong e6 nhi~u hlnhth~ (formes) khac hln mien Trung U'ong hay mien Tay.

Tuy eao-dQ trung-blnh khong dang kt dja the mien D:hg dt phtrc-tgp va tr~c-trQot (accideutes) vi cac cao -nguya-i thfp b] h~.thong song-sulSi sau, hep cb~n-chit, vo-tr~t-tlf c~t dtrt ra nhieu manh tao thanh nhfrng doi dlnh hlnh khum (Sommers arrondis) (ho~c phlng) gi6ng t1,1'a blnb Ittag-clru (d is de moutons) va dai-khi, stro-n-doi kha do.:.

Nhil'ng dinh ceo-nguyen va doi hau nhU' Qo tung m~t cao-d~ va thttang m~t dia-th~ ph~ng hoi nghieng mQt tf ve phla Narn,

Vai nhii'ng d~t tinh-tren, chang ta c6 th~ ket-lu~n 13 nbfrng m~t pMng !{y tttO'ng-u-ng vai m~t blnh.dja (Surface d'aplanissement) clla tho-i d~ nblt kY.-nguyen. Bf dla dQng d~-tam kY.-nguyen (pliocene ?), ban-blnhnguy!t1 dU'Q'c nang-cao trQo-l~i va do-do, tai xa-tl-th1,1'c cia dao-mbo, cltt dtrt m~t-bll1h-dta!{y ra nhieu Minh.

Ngtrb'i ta ciing tlm tbay l\'oi m~t-blnh-dia Qo cao -nguyen Bao- t~c (Blao), Di-linh (Djiring).

Nhli'og mlt-blnh-dja, n~tn ke-tiep nhau, gilSng-t1,l'a nhtt hlnh n~cthang (en gradias ou en escaliers) chl la mQt m~t xam-th1,1'c duy nMt (1)

61

(La m~me surface d'er,nion), dl hI Phay (failles) cit dtl-t va nang-cao len b nh&ng cao-d¢ khac nhau.

V.y chO ti~p-xuc gifra mien Dong va phi a Nam cua Cao-nguyen Truag-Phfn 11 m¢t b1ii Phay (Champ de failles) [ding nhtr chd ti~p. )Cuc gifra Cao-nguyen vang Dlnh-Qu in - Bio-LQc ; Blo-LQc - Di-Linh ; Di-Linh - Dalat.

Chinh dia-th~ Phay tao ra cac « deo » (Bao-lQc, Prenn '?), da-t~o ra 511 di-b* v~ cao-d¢ gifra cac cao-nguyen,

Tai mi~n Dong, ngU'Qoi ta con tim thay mQt 10~i hinh-th~ di~n_ hlnh khac : d6 .13 nhfrng « Nui » co-l~p (Monts isoles), nhe len cao va ch~-ngl.l' dja the phang xung-quanh nhtr tnrong-hcp cua Nui Ba-den (93~m) b Tay-Ninh hay nui Chau- Th&i gifra ThU-DtfC va Bien-Hoa

Hlnh-th~ n~y lam chang ta lien-tU'o-ng den loai hlnh dja-th~ Inselb erg ngoai sa mac nhtrng dQ-nghieng cua sU'cyn nui co-ijp ay kern hon trU'0-ng hop cua Inselberg.

V~y cac « nui eo-l~p I) iren thuQC loai dia-the gl? Tac gia dU'a ra ba gi3-thuy~t: nui co-l~p c6 th~ la:

- I di dao b] tac-nhan boi-dilp eua Ciru..Long dU'Q'c sat-nh~p vao llQi-dia

- I hoa son da ~-t~C, b] xam-thuc dao-mon phan tren eua mieng nui lira (hlnh n6n) d~ ton-t~i l~i e culot » etta hoa-sO'n.

- Hay mQt dla-tb~ do hien-tU'Q'ng th~ch ket-tinh troi ra ngoai dia-th~.

Trong bai ky t&i, tac-gi:i se gHi-thich hlnb th~ n~y, v&i nhfrng hlnh-anh va sO'-do d~n-chtfng, dong tho-i se de c~p d~n he th6ng songngoi eua d()ng-b~og chu-tho Nam-phan •••

62

TIfO'NG- QUAN Gilt A sit - HQC VA

NHAN CHUNG - HOC

•

ED NGHlliM- rHAM

lr IT 1956, sau khi tra v~ mroc nha d~ tr6ng coi v~ cong viec khao-c6, Bao-lon Cll-tich va khao-ciru v~ cac n~n van-minh . tren Hinh-th6 Vi¢l-nam toi .co nhieu dip len vung cao_nguy~n trung-phan Vi¢t-nam d~ sun-tam tai-lieu (1) va khaosat ve phong-tuc tap-quan cua cac dong bao ,ThU'Q'ng nen toi thay S,! can-thi~t phai lap mot Vi~n Bao-tang Nhan.chung va phai hulin-luyen cac chuyen-vien v~ nhan-chiing-hoc, Vi vf}.y toi c6 vi~t mot bai d~ keu goi S,! giup deY cjia chanh quysn va cua cac tu-nhan (2). Nho lo-i keu gQi d6 rna chlnh-phii hoi d6 quy~t-d!nh cho thauh-lap chirug-chl Nhan-chimg-hoc t~i

(1) Xem: Nglrihn-TkalU: So-JLr'?'c v~ dc kho-tang chu-a bao-v~t cua cac vua Cb~m (trong Kfttio-cS t#P-SilH s~ 1; Saigon 1960, trang 1)1- 163) va Nghielll-TMim: Bi tham kho-tang cua c~c vua Cham (trong VIIII- 1r6a lIglly#t-san s~ 56, tMng 11-1960, trang 1359-1360 va s~ 57, thang 12.- 1960, trang 1567-1675'

(2) Xem: Nghiem-TltSIII: Nhsll chung-hgc, mgt v~n-ct~ Van-h6a quantr«;lfig (Ieri Hu ggi cua m~t nh~ NhSn-chung-hgc Vi~t-nam), (trong Viin-Iroa Ngllyrt-san s~ 48 th~ng 1 va z nam 196o, trang 15-32)'

63

Vlin-khoa Bal-hnc Saigon hi nie n-khoa tflAl-1962. Rhi dtl'O'c ty. thac tli-chtic clnrng-ch] Nhan-chung-hoc t},ll Saigon. 101 rut klDb. nghiem dA than IUQ'm dircc 0- cac ruroc khac nhu Phap, Bllc va Thuy-dien nen da huang clnrng-chl nay vao mue-dlch thuc-tf 11\ lam sao cho cac sinh-vien Vi¢t_nam hi~u dtrcc ohu-og van-a~ c6 lien-quan d~n thl!C-te cua mro c Viet-nam la mot mroc may man c6 nhi~u gi5ng nguci cung chung s5ng tren met liinh-thli. Toi c~ tranh nhiing mon hoc ly-thuyet suong khorig dua tren din-ban thl!c-te va tranh hat cac sinh-vleu phiii hoc nhfrng Iythuyel trong cac sach va. M9t sinh-vien t5t-nghi¢p Nhau-chiingh9C rna khong hiet gi den nhfrng vall-de cac gi5ng ngtrai- song tren dal nU'C1c Vi$t-nam thl con gi d i ug hli-th~n hon nira, Trong may nam gan day ta thay van-de cao-riguyen trung-phan Vi~tnam dii tra nen rat quan-troug trong lich-sjr chinh-tri tai Vi~tnaru, Vi v~y nen _ toi qua u-niern trong chtrng-chl Nhan-chiinghoc tai Vi~t-nam phai lay phan noi ve cac gi5ng nguot song t~i Vi.t-nam lam phan chfnh cho clnrong-trtnh hoc cfia moi pam. Le c5t-nhien la trong bid gillOg ve cac dan-toe thi~u-s() tal Viet-nam cling phai uoi it nhieu den nhfrng ly-thuyet canban ve Nhan-chung-hoc d~ cac nguci - co th~ nho cong viec nghien.ciru ve cac dan-too thi~u_so Vi¢t-nam rna hi~u diroc cac phong.tuc tlp-quan ciia cac giang nguo i so-khai a cac noi khac tren th"e gi(yi. Nhfrng ly-thuyet ve Nhan.chung.hoc neu kh6ng dua tren nhfrng can-ban chile chan thi cfing ch~ng c6 IQ'i ich gi. Va chi khi nao rninh hi~l1 ky nhirng van-de thl!c-te c6 the ki~m.soat ngay tren Hinh-tho Viet-nam thl moi c6 Ih~ n6i den nhfrng lj-thuy~t vi! Nhan.chung.hoc, Thl du kbi n6i den nhlrng ly-thuytit v~ nhfmg each tll.ehllc xli-hOi, III chirc gia dinh va van-de cac ho hang thAll_tOe trong cac xa-hoi, thl phai nen nho la ta co th~ tim dUQ'c ngay t~i dat mroc Viet-nam nhfmg tal-lieu d~ ki~m-sotH cac Ij-thuyet tllng-quat c6 dung that khong (1).

'(1) Xem P. B. L"jJnt: Contribution a I'ttude des structures sociales des Cham du Vietnam troog Bullet II Je l' Ecole F~fll/~tlise J' Extr(lIIe Orient, tome LII, fase 1 1964, traog 157-171.

64

Ct11~ d vl)y rna ta co tb~ coi lit thcyj mOt ngtrCYi menh danh lil Nhan.chiing.hoc chl ngai trong ihu phong d~ khao_cti-u cac ly-thuyet v~ nhan-chuug.hoc d1l bj coi la thai qua.khrr cua khoa nhan-chung-hoc. ThCYi nay la phlli lam nhilng chuyen khso (monographie) VI! cac v~n-de uhau-chung.hoc nghia III phai di tai tan noi song voi cac giong ngtrCti d~ lam cac cong cucc khao-cuu chlnh xac, Ta cling khOng ne n quen lit chinh cac nha NhllU-chung.hQc eo danh tieng Ct the·giai nhir Malinovski, Griaule, Levi-Strauss, v.v .. deu lit nhirng nguo i dli sinh ~ong trong uhieu nam voi cac giong nguOj so-khat rai sau moi tiJimh

.....

. nhirug ly-thuyet.gia cua khoa Nhau-chuug-hoc va cac nha hac-

hoc nay cling phai luon luou lilY cac kinh-nghiem khi sinh 'Song vai esc ngucyj so-khat d~ minh chirug cho cac Iy-thuyet.

Nhfrng . cong cuoc nghieu-cuu ifl'rng dAn ve nhau.chuughoc giup ta hi~u cac giong ngucyj va giup ta hi~u l\ch-sir ella IIQ.

Ngay nay vi cac duong glao-thong thua n lQ'i va co rat nhieu phirong-tien d~ kuao-ciru va gni chep cac tai-Iieu ue n coug viec khao-cuu ve nhau-cbvug-hcc them duoc nbieu s~ d~-dilUg. Ntnmg ding vi cac dtrang giao- thong thnan-lci nen cac ngirot co th~ di khlip noi va vi vf}.y ta kho kiem diroc nhfrng noi co nhimg giong nguot song rieng biet xa h~n nen van-minh ella cagiai. Cling vi the rna cac dan-toe con so-khat d~ chiu anh-lnro-ng eua cac nell van-mirth tay phirong va nhisu khi cac nen vanminh so-khat d6 d~ hi tieu diet di. Cling vi Ie d6 rna cac nha bac-hoc trong hQi Iien-hiep 'quoc t~ v~ nhan-chimg-hoe (International Union of Anthropological and ethnological Sciences) dii phai xuat-blm mQt tf}.p ky-yl!u: Bulletin of toe 'intertuiticnuu committee ou urqen! anthropologicaL and eihno Log ical research. xu~t-bil.D I~~i Vieune do giao-su Robert von Heine-Geldern lam chii-nhiem d~ ken gol, d~ thuc dIiy lam cac cong cuoc khllOciru v~ cac dan-toe dang sap b] tieu diet di. Nhfrng conlJ cuoc khao-ceu nay se ghip ich rat nhi(;u cho viec nghlen-cuu v~ I!chsu- van-minh cua nhan.Ioai.

Nhung cong CU9C khao-cuu ve nhau-chuug-hoc chile chan se gitip Ich nhieu cho khoa sir-hoc. Tai Bai-hoc Paris t~ thay chung-chi nhan-chiing-hoc duoc liet van danh sach cac clnmgchi sif-hQc cua Bai-hoc Van-khoa Paris. Chinh that lich-sir, nMit 18. cC> Slr da giup nhieu cho coug viec khao ciru ve cac giang ngiroi song trong thai xira. Herodote, mot Bll' gia Ily-lap thai co (480-425 triroc Tay-lich) au giup cho ta hi~u ve nguoi cli Ai-cap, Hornere (the ky IX triroc Tay-lich) au giup . ta hi~u ve nhfing phong-tuc tap-quan clla nguol cl) Hy-lap, l\Ia-Boan-Ulll (th~ k5' XIII) trong cutin Viin-hien Thong-khllO' eta gillp ta hiet nhieu ve nhfrng phoug-tuc tap-quan cua cac giang nguo i (y Nam Trung-ho a, Viet-nam va Bong-dtrong,

No i chung thi Slf-hQc vi c6 nhiem.vu ghi chep nhimg viec drr xiiy ra ne n ta c6 th~ coi sil'-hQc la dung dan trong nhfrng khoa-hoc tro giup eho cong cuoc khao-sat ve nhan-chiingh9C. Cac tac-phjlrn sir-hoc co khi cho ta bi~t nhli ng nhan xet ve phong-tuc, I~p-quan, tin-ngu&ng cua nhimg thai dff qua. Nhfrng tai.Iieu cua sir-hoc !'iit nhieu, nhirng __gia-tr~ kho ng deu nhau va rat kho dung. Ta phal lucri luon ap-dung plnro ng-phap pheblnh cua si'f-hQc d~ xem xet cac tal-lieu d6 c6 dung SI! thirc va e6 oll'Q'e ghi chep dl.n-th;\n khong.

Ngiroc lai, chinh nho khoa Nhan-chimg-hoc rna cac .nba si'r-hQc hi~u bief duoc nhieu tf n-nguong va phorig-tuc thai Thtrong c~.

Trang Nhau.chung-hoc co nganh C() nhan-chfiug-hoc (paleoethnologie) nghien-ciru ve cal? giang ngtroi thai trtroc, d6 14 khoa lien-slr-bQc Khan nay kll()ng nhjj.'ng giup ta hi~u ve cae giting nguoi thai tru-ce va each s inh-hoat ella ho. 96 Ii.! phiin ljch-si'r cua nhan-loai triroc khi co cac tal-lieu l~ch-si'l' hling chii' VI ct.

Cac nha khao-ciru danh cho cac nha nhan-chung-hoc cong viec s iru -t~m tai- lieu va nghien -cuu ve cac giang ngtrai so-khai song rai-rae tren nhi~ll nol tre n lh~-giai. Nhimg rai, cac nha

ti6

-nhan-clning-hoc cling nghien-crru ve phong-tuc h_1p-quan cua nhfrug dan-tOc. d§ c6 nhfrng trlnh-do van-minh cao. Chinh nh« nhfrng sl!nhl),n xet cua cac nha nhan-chfmg-hoc khi khiio-ciru v~ -eac giong ngmyi so-khai rna ta hi~u duo'c nhisu phong-tuc thai et> .d§ do cac si'r-gia tho'i truce ghi lai trong nhlrng h(l Slor eli

Quan-niem dung khoa cll nhau-chiing-hoc va nhao-chullgho d~ nghien-ciru ve lich-sir van-minh cua nhan-loai ngay nay -diroc cac nha khao-ctru tay phirong ap-dung d~ nghien-cuu (I).

N6i tom lai ta thay hai khoa Nhan-chung-hoc va Sir-hoc ,eo lien-quan kha m~t-thHH v&i nhau va hai khoa-hoc nay d.l bl>-IIic cho nhau d~ ta co nhfrng quan-niem chac-ch~n v~ lich.slr van.minh cua nhan-loai.

NGHIEM-THAM

(1) Xem eugn saeh eua P. Laviosa Zaruhotti : L~s ol'ig;"tI et I. Jiffusi " ,Je fA C;viiiJlltion do nha Payot xu~t.-ban nam 1949.

TIN MlrNG

• f)U'Q'c tin mung anh liuyoh-van-Ngon saoh duyeo cung ch] Cbung-anh-Chitu, bOn Ie d1l eu- Mob ngay. -2I-1l-65 t~i Long-An.

Thanh- tb~t cbtic Ngon-Cbieu tram nam hanh phuc," NGUyi:N-NHA

• Nh~n dU'Q'c bong-thi~p rea hQi-vien Tran-dinh- Tbn, giao SU' trtrung Long-Thanh.

Thanh th~t chuc Tho-Mai tram nam hanh phiic.

NH6M SU-DIA D~t-HQC SU-PH~M SAIGON

b7

? ,

"NU BIIVU· 1U'O'N(I-

•

,

NClII., IU'n.

cuoc aANH CHIEM MY-THO NAM 1861 CUA QUAt'v PHAp - su CHONG elf T~N TAM CUA QuAN viet

Thanh kin/' t!1ng < ~

vonq-linb NCUYEN·TRUNC-THANC, Thay dSfy sti-,clja cua tai

U My-Tho (1922-1926).

Pb~ - LaDf TRU'O'NG BA-PHAlj-

T HAN G Dam (Cr Bac Dh~m do-i U-Hi Ton nam tou- tU') elf quan tong.binh chlnh ten 13 Diro'ng-Nh] hay L\' Dirong-Ngan-Djch v6D> 13 gi~c bien hung-cir Cr Long-Men (dnh Quang-Bong), Ben cutiSi dcri Thu~n-Tr] (Tan-Slt'? 1661) t&i dau KhU'O'ng-HI (Nham-Dan 16(2) nha ThanJv ben Trung-Hoa, Nh] hay la Bleh hi~p v&i bon thuy-khau 13 D~ng-Dj~m ... Tay-B.ru, Du'o'ng- Tam Clf&p boc ghe thuyen qua l~i tlnh Quang-Dong:'Va Hai-Na-n. Khi Bich- Trinh- Trung cling lien-hi~p v&j Trjnh-Kinh Cr E>aiLoan, ho Duong thee ve; Trinh-Kinh phong cho- DttO'ng chtrc tongbinh t~i tran U-Vo, chl-huy mQt m~t bio-v~ thtroug- chuyen,di lai NamDU'O'llg va m~t khac ho~t-dQng t~i bon huy~n Lei, Liem, Cao, QUYnD eM' Chl1C de hlfCrng trag v&i Ngo-Tam-Que dU'Q'c_ T.hU'~ng~Chi.T{n (1).

68

<loon ella Thircng-Kha-Hy quan tran-thu Quang-Dong) ung-bQ; bon Que ~t-dQng chanh-tr] a Quang-Bong, Quang-Tay. Trinh-Kinh dau bjnh t~ idn, tM-h,rc Trinh suy giarn, bon Dich hay la Nh] nhtr r~n mat dlu. ~ Dha Thanh uy-hi~p. Nh] va pho-urong Hoang- T~n cung t!)ng-binh w-thU cac dja-phirong Cao, Loi, Liern 13 Tran-Th£ng-Tai tlrC Tran'ThtrQ'ng-Xuyen (e6 ten khac la Tran-Th~ng.) va phc-nrong Tran-An-Blnh 4.em tat c:i binh lite va gia-quyen tren ba ngan ngtrCri cho- tren nam dUik thuyen nhap hai hii-cang Tir-Dung (Ttr-Hien) va Ba-Nang deu g Trung- Vi~t.

Luc ay c6 tho tran-tinh cua quan Vi~t-Nam d~ len nha Chua. tNguy~n-Phuc- Tan, M~u- Tf 1648 - Binh-Mao 1687). U),i Ie trong tho .rlng:

(! G~p dip (y Bkha hay phi~n-dQng (2) ma quan binh no tit .. xa chay den, chtra ro th~t d6i the nao, hu6ng chi chung ho y-phuc ... kh:ic tieng n6i khac, kh6 be tinh-dung djch Slr. Nhirng nay ho bi • tb~ cung btrc, chay qua dau nb~p, to bay truug-tiet, thl ta vi nghia «khOng nen cit luyet. Va lai, (y dia-phtrO'ng Gian-pho (biet danh dat GiaII Binh khi xtra) dat rUQng phl.nhieu d~n nghin d~m, Trieu-Dinh chira «kinh-Iy den, nay nen lay su-c lltc rea chung uy-giao dat ay cbung a c va khai-khjin, ay 13 .mQt vi~c rna c6 ba dleu iQ'i v~y I) (3).

Sau khi ngbe tran-tinh chua Hien (ten t9c cua Nguy~n-PhUc- Tan) cho V30 (y ThUy-Cban-L:;1p.

(2) Chua Trinh o· B~e-Ha ell- lam-Ie x~m-ph~m mi~n Nam eua Chua Nguy~ v~ le 0- B~e cO vua Ls, th~ thl Nam phli tung ph\lc Bte, d~U ,lily Nam U'<yng-ng~nh kh8ng dong thu~ cho Bk

Tu- nam Binh-Mao (1627) d~n nam NMm~Tu- (1672.) chua Trinh ..a chlJa Nguy~n b~t d~m quy~n I<;ri t5i thU'<;rng eUa VU'!yng-qu5c Vi~t-Nam .tiao-tranh cMng nhau a~n bay I~n.

Theo s~ch Fifl-NiI'" SI}-iU'p-c eUa Tr~n- Trong-Kim, quy~n h~, in I~i 'fin thtr ltai ~i Ha-n~i, nha in Vinh va Thanh, 192~, trang 4).

(3) Vl.-HIJII Ngu)'fl-Stll1 s~ 61, th£ng 6 nsm 1961, hai: Ljclt-S", .gU'lri HOIl-KilN f~ Vi/t-N'InI, tac-gia: T~n Vi~t-Bi~u, nhfrng trang Sso 'lSI va SS2.

Nha Chua ding ha du cho Vua Chan-Lap 1a N~c-6ng-Non bi~t~ en ti~n be doi dId cho xtrng ngoi birc.

Dirong-Ngan-Dlch va Tdln- Thtro'ng-Xuyen bet long t~ on, dem binh thuyen tr\fC chi vo Nam, H9 Duo-ng va Hoang-Tan den ctra bi~n Soi-R~p- va E);Ii-Ti~u hai-mcn (thuec Cli-Dc My-Tho) roi tru noi MyTho (4). Trdn-Thwo-ng-Xuysn va pho-nro-ng Tran-An-Blnh noi thea dU'erog Can-Gier, don tru (y Dong-Nai, cho' Bang-Lang (Ben G6) (5), gao tinhI'{ Bien-Hoa, l~p cho pho bucn ban thong-thu-o-ng vo'i ngtro-i Tau, TayDU'O'og, Nhwt-Bsn, ogU'eri Cha-Va.

The la, thlnh-llnh, Chua Hien tim dU'Q'c dong-minh d~ khai-tbac xU- Chan-Lap noi ngiro'i Trung-Hoa,

My-Tho 13 dat cc.n, My-Tho dia-danh cua ChO'n-L~p (6).

(4) Cu.a B,?i va Cu.a Ti~u.

(5) Chic Iii Chlia HiEn da chi dinh cho DtrO'ng 0- My-Tho, Xuyen ~ B~n Gll (ten n~y nay con g9i).

Ch9" T~n-Un: 0- thtln T~n-Lan, huy~n Phtr6-c-Chlnh, t\1C gQi cher Dan Un (hay mn-Lan) phei xa tru .m~t: xira T r~n - Thtr9"ng-Xuyen aan-tCl~. 0- mn-Lan tlrC la ch~ n~y.

Theo sach &tJi-NIIIII Nlrdt Th6I1.~-Ck£ L\lc-Tlnh Nam-Vi~t, trang 2<J

(6) Theo Giteau : Ta- th~-ky thlr nhlrt va th~-ky thlr sau sau CongNguy2n xli' Thuy Chan-L~p gQi Iii Phu-Nam (Su. Tau g9i nhtr th~, Phap ~m 1a Founan).

Danh ta- ChO'n-L~p (Tchen-La) cling cua ngU'o·i Trung-Hoa d~t r~ iU g9i. Trong th~-ky thu' tam O~i Canh-Tu~t 710 va At-Mao 71)) xU'" Ch3n-L~p chia ddi: L\1c-Chan-L~p (Tchen La de Terre) va Tbuy-Ch3n-L~p (Tchen-La d'Es«),

L\1c Chan_L~p 0- Vao aia-ban C~-ChO'n-L~p (ancien Tchen-La) chi~m gifr mi~n nui non H~-Lao (Bas-Laos) va Lao Xiem-La (Laos siamois) 151 vung Oubon, Kemmerat ngay nay.

DU'o-ng nhtr Thuv-Chan-L~p

? ,

o- vao

aja-ban xtra

? ,

cua xu'

Phu-Nattr

tnr6-c khi xli' n~y cU'6'ng th~nh. (Nct' hQc gil Giteau, tr. 2,).

70

Luc ~y, ch~k chi e6 ngU'o-j Hue-Ki~u theo Dirong-Nh] dinh-cU' Qo 4~t My-Tho rna thoi, ho?e gif c6 ngU'b'i Vi~t thl rung rat thi~u-so, vi ttl' My-Tho len den Ben-Lu-c la dat sO-.hii'u eua Cam-Bot (t&i nam Tan-Hoi 1731 hay con ctta viro-ng-qudc nay) (7).

«OU'O'ng-Nhj dung nba cit-a, nh6m dan Han-Oi, k~t l~p x6m lang, «I~p ra chln trU'b'ng biet-nap : Qui-An, Qui-H6a (8), Canh-Dll'O'ng, Yen«MQ, Quan-Tac, Ho;mg-Tfch, Tam-L~eh, Ba-Canh, Tan-Th~nh cho dan «I~p ap khai-khlin, lai chia ra lam tirng trang trai deu theo ban-nghi~p «lam an nap thue (9»).

xu- Tam -Bon Xoai.Lap la dja danh ctta Chan-Lap dung d~ chi • ehau Binb-Vi~n, dinh Long-Ho v~n thuQc ve phu Gia-Djnh » (10).

Sau nam KY.-Vi 1679 chin nam (M~u-thln 1688) l~i c6 eUQc lam phin eua Hoang- T~n pho-nrong ella Bleh. Djch bi ,gi~t, roi t&i Tan rung khong con.

Nam Giap-Tuat (1754) ,nh~m narn thu- 17 ella chua Vo-VU'O'ng Nguy~n-PhUe-Khoat, be toi la B~m-Am Nguy~n-CU'- Trinh v6-i TMngSuat (khong biet ten) dem quan dep loan N~c-Nguyen.

<7) Theo quy~n ss.r» thl Binh-TU'o-ng (My-Tho) v~ Long-Ha mai d~n nam Tan-H9'i 1731 m6-i thu~c v~ Chua Nguy~n-Phuc-Tru.

Th~ thi Tan-H9'i lui l~i Ky-Vi (1679) vua Ch~n-L~p c6n tri-vl. (8) Qui-An va Qul-He« th~nh ra An-He« n,gay nay chang?

Hai nam M~u Thln 1688 luc Hoang-T~n phin gi~t DU'o-ng-Nhi do-i linh dong (). xu. R~ch Nan (thu~c tr~n Sinh- T U'~)"Qg).

Phai chang o' An-Hoa thu~c hu-u-ng~n s8ng Ti~n-Giang (b~y gio- con th~y tr2n aia-ita Hanh-Chanh Nam-Phsn 1960), Hoang-Hn chuy~n binh sang R~ch Nan (ngay nay kh8ng th~y R~ch Nan tr~n clia-aa, cO le la (). ta-ng~n ?).

(9) Theo Bf!i-Nnl/l Nlui't Tfttm,F:-CM Lyc-Tinh Nam- Vi?t, t~p ThU'9'ng, trang 99.

(10) S~ch B,!i-Nam NMt ThOllg-CM L\lc-Tioh Nam-Vi~t, t~p H~, trang 1.

71

Binh D~m-Am d~n d1u quan Cam-Bllt d~u bang d~n Ii".

N~e-Nguyen eh~y trtSn gln Vinh-Long.

Nam At-HQ'i (1755) Th5ng-Su!t (?) thua C7 d~t Vo-Tc\-An (e611 vung Dong- Thap) bi Vua giang ehu-e eho Trirong-Phuc-Du thay th~.

Darn-Am dang stY tau v&i Vua xin hay ap-dQng ehanh-saeh (( t&\m thl1e» (t~m an dau). Chanh-sach n~y ngoai m~t khOng th~y nguy-hi~m nheng ben sau vo cung dQc hai vi n6 l~n d~t l~n-l~D.

Trl.1'tYe dirng s& nay, N~c-N2uy~n xin hi~n n~p hai phis Tam-Bon (Tan-An bay giM va Lai-L~p (Soi-Rap r Gb-Cang bay gia). ChUa VoVircng khong U'ng, nay dU'Q'c s& e6 y-thu-e Sl1 lQ'i eua ebanh-saeh ay, ChUa chju ngay.

Nam KY.-Mao (1759) nham nam thu- 22 cua V5-VU'oong l~ dU'Q'e hien dat Tam-Phong-Long (Chau-Boe va Sa-Bee).

Mai den nam Nhan-Thin (1772) la nam thu- 8 cua Dinh-Vl.1'oong Nguy~n-Phuc-Thuan, (( vua sai quan tran Gia-Dinh dem <tat My-Tho l~p thanb TrI.1'Qong-Bon-f)~o, d~t chu-e Cai-CO', Thoo-Ky d~ cai-trj D.

Nam Tan-D~u (1781) cai lam Tdn-Bjnh (lue o1y Nguy~n-VU'oong la Anb con l~n-d~n v~ Tay-Soon).

Niim At-ti (r785), - Chieu-Tang va Chieu-Seong (Vd"n-hOa Nguy~tsan, so 6~ goi ta Tnrong) vtrng ljnh vua Xiem dem binh ung-hQ Nguy~nAn, hoan ve Vi~t-Nam. Chung di tit Kien-giang Ian Ian den Can-ThO", f>ong..khau-d:;to (Sadec) theo gibng Ctru-Iong roi d6ng C7 Tra-Tan. Binh Xiem vo ky-Iu~t den dau CI.1'&p pha den do. Nguy~n-Anh can-thiep v6i Tang va Stro-ng khong cong-hi~u, chl c6 11t dau than thC7 thai.

Tl.1'tYng Tay-Soon giii dat Gia-dlnh 1&\ Trl.1'oong-van-Ba m~t-bao cae 5'1 ay ve Qui-Nhon,

72

Tldng ttl' nam At-ti (T785) (loa) N~IIY~~ HlIe eu- 50.000 bin" (ff')b) ir,m thuy, IQc-quan tit Qui-Nhon vao Gia-Dlnh, dem chi~n thuyen thana xu6ni r\lch Xoai-Mut va' R\lch-gam (ca thay thu¢c dnh My-Tho) ". cho su gia di thtrO'ng-thuy~t v&i Tang va Strong. Binh Xiem d6D1 ,(y d(jn Tra-Tan (nay con Rach Tra-Tan, mOt chi-leu m~ trai song Cu-uLong, l5i eli-lao Nam Then, don Tra-Tan ch~c a chd hQ'p-ltru Cu-u-Long 'Va rach Tra- Tan).

Roi sau, binh Nguy~n Hue nhlr Xiem-quarr Danh dau th~t1g d6, Xiern binh sinh kieu, giap thuy chi~n v&i quan Tay-Son, va bi yay khon do Tay-son nup va ch~n b rach Xoai-Mut va Rach.Gam, ThUy.quan Tay-Son dn cong ba m~t gia qua, Xiem-qufn k~o len bO, khoang .gifra hai rach tren, luc-quan Tay-Soon mai-phuc s~n, do ra danh yay mQt tr~n thu nhl, dau Xiem-binh roi rQng nbtr sung chin. Luc di alam van, khi ve chi hon mQt van (lac).

Nguy~n-Anh chay ra dao Tho-chau va tra 4i bO.ba b Xiem-quoc.

N3m Minh-Mang thu 12 (Tan-Mao I83I) chia dat dai l~i m6'i g9i la tinh Dlnh-ttrang, d~t Tuan- Vii va Bo-Chanb An-Sat hai ty.

Trtr&c kia huy~n Kien-Hoa (Go-Cong) thuQc Phien-An nam TanMao (1831) nay l~i thuQc ve tlnh £)inh-Ttrang.

Nam Minh-Mang tbu- 14 (Quf-Tj 1833) U-van-Khoi kheri day <chi~m thanh My-Tho, sau binh trao Nguy~n khoi-ph\1c d~t them huyen Xi~n-Dang (nay la vang Ccii-Be, Cai-L~y).

Nam Minh-M~ng tbu 19 (M~u-Tuat 1838) d~t phil Ki~n-TtrQong, 'bai bO huyen Ki~n-Dang, l~i d~t them huyeu Kien-Pllong (nay la vung 'Cai- Thia, MY.-Luong) thuQc phu Kien- Tuang.

(10 a) Theo riln-Hoa Nglly;t-Slln sg 61. vl Mo B,!i-C/'un! Xu~n Kj-Su-u 1949 tic gi~ L2-th9-Xu~n, tr~n Nguy~n-Hu~ thing Chi@u Tang vl .au@u-SU'O'ng ngay m5ng cllln thang ch~p nam Giap.Thln trich veri rilt-NII", .... 1U'r. tr~n Mn thang. ChU'a bi~t I! phli 0. ben nao?

(10 b va 10 c) Nhirng con sg tren a~u can c~ theo VHNS ,g (i,.

73

Nam Thi~u-Trj ngtrcn-nien (Bn-Stru 1841) be, huyen , Tan-Holt (bay la vung Go-Cong). Huyen Day lai tr& ve tlnh Gia-Djnh.

Til' nam At-Stru 1865, nghia la nam b~t dau soan-thao bQ DQiNam Nhiit ThOng-Chi (nam T\1'-t>trc thtr 18) tlnh t>jnh- Tirong chia tam hai phu : Kien-An va Kien-Tirong.

Phu Kien-An gom c6: huyen Kien-HU'ng (c6 thanh-trl My_thO) huy~n Kien-Hoa (c6 cho cii My-Tho, Ben- Tranh).

PhU Kien-TU'erng gorn c6 : huy~n Kien-Phong (vung Cai-Thia, My_ Luong) huy~n Kien-Dang (vung Coli-Be, Cai-Lsy). N6i v~y ciing chua biet roo vi khong thay dja-do clla Vi~t. Nho' din-ctr theo tam dja-do d~, • Carte generale de la Basse-Cochinchine d'apres les travaux executes en 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862 et publies par le Depot de la Marine» trong sach, II L' Expedition de Cochinchine en r86r» cua Leopold Pallu thi hoi NhamTuat 186; bien gi&i tlnh t>jnh-TU'erng nhtr sau day:

- t>ong, ttr nga ba Bao-Bjnh-Ha (arroyo de la Postel v&i song Viing-Gu (vaico occidental cho mau hieu) chay gioc theo ber ben m~t BaoBjnh-Ha t&i loi ntra song Day (theo be dai) chay tach ra, gom Ch9'-G~(). xu6ng t&i song Ctra Tieu (loi Yarn Giong goi theo bay gier) ra bien, Cfra. B~i va Ct'ra Ba-Lai;

- Narn, tir Ct'ra Ba-Lai ch~y l~n theo song Ba-Lai (lay ber ben. trai) t&i db My- Thuan bay gier;

Nam Gia-Long thir bay (M~u-Thln 1828) cal dinh Tran-t>inh Him tran Bjnh- Tircng thuQc thanh- Gia-Djnh,

- By va Tay-Nam, til' ben do My- Thu~n len d~n Hong-Ngt,r (ber ben trai song Tien-Giang), hoi nam 1862 gQi 16i 3Y 1;\ Bouthan.

- Bac va t>ong-B~c, ttr Hong-Ngtr chay dai theo dja-gi&i vtro-ngquoc Cam-Bot den nguon song Vang-Gu, ttr d6 chay theo ber ben m~t xuong nga ba song Day v&i Bao-Djnh-Ha,

Qui ban hinh-dung tht'r thl thay phan dat tren B£c, t>ong-B£c va Tay-Narn th~t rQng, chay xuong Ctra Tieu, Ct'ra t>~i va Cira Ba. Lai hep hon phlin dat tren nhieu, Neu cac ban cho phep thl toi tU'Crng tirong ler-mer ill¢t di chai chong ml~(lg ra Nam-Hai,

74

Roi' cUQc do-i ti~n-tri~n khong ngirng. Dan Vi~t vi ch~m chon Va' vi r~t nhieu nguyen-nhc'n ' li-ti rna toi khong k~ ra day chi, nen phai danh. nhiro'ng btro-c -cho cac quoe-gia tan-tien 0- Tay-DU'O'ng. TM 1~ DU'O-C Phap d~n va Iam-le nMy len ghe chu-nhon-Sng.

Ngay 24 va 25 thing hai 1861 (1 I) rnQt tr~n danh quyet-liet va. quyet-dinh nrong-lai cua vuong-qubc Vi~t 0- KY-Hoa.

Quan Vi~t that CO' rut lui, quan Phap tie? to-i. Gia-dinh bi chiem, Phap-quan quay xuong My-Tho. C6 ba dtro-ng di My-Tho

Nga thu- nhirt vo song c&a Ti~u.

Nga thtr nhi xuong B~i Vam-Co rai noi theo song Viing-Gu (Vam-Co Tay) t&i hop-leu Bao-Binh-Ha (12) va Viiog-Gu, theo Bao-Bit1h-H~ [kinh ChQ' G~o) het kinh nay la t&i thanh My-Tho.

(11) Chua nhl!t dm th£ng gi2ng nam T~n- D~u v~ thu. 'hai 16 thang. gj~ng nam T~n-D~u,

(12)' Von l~ do,j nha Chua Nguy~n-Phltc-Chu thu. 1) (At-D~u 170», cai-co' la Nguy~n-Ci'ru- VSn khi d£nh Cao-Man co dip lily dai tir quau ThiCai (?) cUn chI! LU'O'ng- Phlt, ti~p gi£p hai ngu~n s&ng Cu-U c (bit tir sang. Vilng-Gu xu5ng) va s<>ng My-Tho len, d~n nU'o-c v~ lam h~o Q. ngo~i luyd~ phong ngira, nMn sau dU'o.ng mro-c IU'u-thong ctao s~u them ghe thu~n (Ii dU'I!c, Ben ch~ giao-i!~u-thuy (thuy-t('i~u Q. song Vilng-Gu v~ thuy-tri~\Y song Cib Ti~lI, g~p nhau vi-tri n~y sau dong cit: Q. dU'o-i nU'6-c hoi Phap chi~m, Um thanh chU'o-ng-ng~i-v~t thu. ') d~n chU'o-ng-ng~i-v~t thu. 6) bOllJ~y hai s()ng t\1 h~j che; n~y, UU ngay can h~p, Nam Gia-Long th{r 1:> (Ky.Mao 1819) vua khi~n tr~n-thu t1n1 Binh- TU'o-ng la Nguy~n-van-Photl.g item dan.phu ch;n ng~n ngU'o-i a~n d~O, KhiYi d~u th£ng gi@ng cl~n th~ng. ttr, to' Thang- T r()ng (c~i thang i!g ng~m hU'o-ng dio cho ngay gQi Iii. V Qng_ The) a~n Huc-B9ng (khong bi~t vi-tct ch~c Q. i!~u) Vua Gia-Long- ng-I! ttl' t2n la Bao -Binh-Ha. N am Minh-M~ng thu. 6 (At-Mo.j 183 SJ il&i 13 'n >'_;'I),~ T ri- T It'o-ng,

~ch &ifi-Nllff' Nldt Tlrtll1~-Ckl, t~f1 Th l'g-ng, trang 107-

Nga thtr' ba ding V30 song Viing-Gu qua khoi hop-lou Bao-E>iob 113 va Viing-Gu d~n nga ba song nay va kinh Thtroong-IYIai (khong 'biet hoi 1861 goi Ia kinh gi nhung tirng ch~ng toi tMy sach Abregl de t'Histotre d'A'l'la'l1, tac-gia : Schreiner, trang 184, goi la Rach-Chanh, 'Kinh Ba-Beo, Rach Cua va Rach Ba-Rai tai day l~i Ibng song c~n vi ban lay: co lac, chl c6 ghe nho ltru-thong dtrQ'c rna thoi), Vi-trf ch5 hQ'p-ltru Kinh nay va song Cira Ti~u 130 0- tren thtrQ'ng-ltru My-Tho.

Mu6n tan-coog My-Tho, chien-phap d~y r~ng tau chien phai no; dtrcYng kinh nay ~t thanh-cong ch~c-ch~n va mail 1~ hon cac lQ-trlnb kia, nlnrng vi n6 can m.Qt doan kha dai nen khong the dung cho tau ,lU'u-thong dtrQ'c.

Coo lai hai dtrcYng, nhtr ta da thay tren kia.

Hai chiec phao-ham La Mitraille, l' Alarme va ti~u phao-ham s5 ']:8, 31 va 20 d~u huy-dong.

Vi Phap-quan khong db d?im trtrac, Den Dgay 27, 28, 29, va 30 thang ba Dam 1861 (13), hai-quan Trung- Ta Bourdais, chl-huy trtrerng cuQc xam-Iang My-Tho tien vao kinh Thtro'ng- Mai. Thay khong den mucphieu dll-dinh, Bourdais quay miii tau tb6i lui va tat ca deu irer ra song Viing-Gu va V~o Bao-Dinh-H2.

N~~y 01 thang ttr 186I (I4) dOaD tau tien tai, h3i-quan TrungUv GuJoni, cbi huy cbiec La Mitraille p!la hai chtrang-ng?i-v~t dtrai Bao-Dinh-Ra.

Ngay 02, La Mitrailfe di tnroc theo sau L' Alarme; La Mitraille m~c C?O, nhirng chira du dtrcYng qua cho phao-ham 18, 31 va 20. Rai don hai ben b~n xUe>ng, phao-ham b~n tra lai, che>c tat 2 don nin im, Phap-quau chiem pha chuong-nga! thu- ba va thu- nr,

Ngay 03 thang ttr khi ti~n tai, Phdp-quan dung phlli mQt don thu- ba 0- me t3 Chi-hay trtrerng Viet-binh b] d?n bu-t mat mot vai

(13) Nh~m thu. tU', thu. Dam, thu. s~u va thu. b~y 17, 18, 19 d se th~ng hai nam nn-D%u.

(14) Thu. hai 1.2. thing 02 nam nn-D~u .

. 76

tue rno'i kb&i SI,.1' b~n. Chtr&ng-ng:,li-v~t thu- nam gem c6 nee, tre d6nglong song, than cau, xa mQt chtit mQt ghe chai nh~n chim dl,.1'ng day' dat. Khoang ttr chtro ng-ngai-vdt thu- nam den thu- sau c6 hai mtrO'i lam chiec be tren d~t diern-sanh va do d~n-h(h. (j vj-tr! nay hai ngon ntr&e song Viing-Gu (song Yam Co Tay) va Tien-Giang giao di~m nhau va sinh Hiy, lam can, Chfnh chiec ghe chai b] Vi~t-quan nh~n chlm 0- day de lam chwong-ngai,

Theo tam ItrQ'c-do « carte pour servir a l'intelligence de l'Expidition contre My-Tho» 0- trang 116 ctta sach Leopold Pallu, Phap-quan phai 0- day suest nhirng ngay 03, 04 va 05 thang ttr, Bjnh dich-ta xuathi~n ngay 03, kern theo dich-ta ('6 binh s6t ret va kiet-ly'.

Ngay 04, quan tien-vi~n den dtrai thcng-bao-ham L'Echo do B~iOy de Vautre cal-huy, Cilng ngay 11y, Charner sai Du Quilio v&i nam tram binh tiep-vj~n tir Saigon xu5ng Bao-Binh-Ha (14a).

Ngay 05 c6 phao.bam 16, chi-huy trU'o-ng Behic den tang etrirng .. va pbao-ham s5 22 keo theo sau d~-nhi trung-dQi va m¢t trung-dQi luc-. quan thuy-chien do nhieu tau nho (cbaloupes) cho-,

Ngay 06, lai c6 them vi~n-quan do h:ii-quan Trung- Ta Desvaux dieud9ng difn.

Hai-quan trung-ta Le Couriault du Quilio t&i ch6 v~ Bourdais giao. quyen chi-huy lai cho ngtriri (14b).

Bli biet trtr&c c6 dtrOong bQ di dtrQ'c, ngtrai ta chi- buy luc-quan noi theo bOo tay trai cua Bao-Dinh-Ha, chirng den gan My-Tho se sang bOo m~t.

Ciing ngay 06, phai pha chtr&ng-ng:,li-v~t thu- bay ch~n ngaog_ song (theo ban ItrQ'c-do eta n6i tren],

Tren don (don thu- nr) Vi~t-quan nha d~n lien hoi. T~i vl-trf nay, Vi~t-quan huy-dong tat eel phirong-tien phOng-thu. (j song cbtrangng~i-v~t khong-Io, tren dat me ta kinh Bao-Binh, Hnh gian mQt m~t tr~n ch1n ngang, tir Bao-Binh-Ha ra 15i mQt ngan thuo-c, sung 5D~ haa hoi. Phap-quan nghinh chien, bon khu-truc a gifra di trtrac, ben ~t

(14 a) vl (14 b) Theo B'liltetill ies A",is JII Vieux- H"I No. Janv.Mars 19~ S, trang 88, bai « Phoc-trlnh coa Charner» ~n-hanh troag If L". A01litell" Uni"erul, numero du .6 Juin 1861 »,

7.'1

'c6 thtiy-qu3n va qU3n Tay-Ban-Nha, ben tdi c6 luc-quan thuy-chi~n. Hai ben b~n nhau. Quan TaY-Ban-Nha, do Trung-Uy Maolini, blnhtinh b£n trung dlch. Vi~t-quan ming tM rut lui, bo lai nhfrng xac cua dong-dQi, thay vi dem di nhtr nhfrng Ian trtr&c. Phan doi 19c.quan Phdp chiem don. Con ky dtr quan-binh d~u trOo t&i d6ng trong lang & trtr&c don, Mt tir My-Tho len.

Chtr&ng-ng~i-v~t thu- tam th~t l&n lao : ba hang ghe chai nh~n chlm, mdi mQt hang gom c6 chin chiec day sinh. Khoang dai' dQ hon m~t ngan thiro'c day dly nhfrng than cay cau dtmg nam ngon-ngang. Het khoang nay ta den d~-ctfu chtr&ng-ng:?-i-v~t.

Ttr chirong-ngai-vat thir tam, bjnh dinh-ta l'.li 'Ian qua darn I\1Cquan khu-truc.

Ngiroi ta cho dern di sau h~u-tuyen mQt tram uam mtro'i ngtrai .mac bjnh nay-

Hai-quari Trung-Uy Vicaire, chi-huy trt.r&ng chiec tau La Loire, d~u tren song Viing-Gu, thay nam ngtr&i hat hoi cuoi cung trong vai giO-.

Ngay 08 vtrQ't qua d~-ciru chtr&ng-ng'.li-v~t va chieu nay nhfrng ;ph20-h~m Mng s~t d~u dtrQ'c ch6 cua luc-quan d6ng tren bOo.

Sau vi-trl d~-ciru chtr&ng-ng'.li-v~t, Bao-Dlnh-Ha quanh m¢t ngo~c chin mtro'i dQ, roi be ngo~c thir hai cling gan ngan' 5y dQ, thanh thir .cling y nhtr cii nghia la htr&ng B£c-Nam song c6 trjch dtrC)'tlg tMng.

Ngay 09 thang ttr 186 r, luc-quan eli mQt khoang dtrOong dai, con phao-ham tien mau vi khong g~p chtrong-ngai, C6 Ie la IInh Viet (y lang My-Tjnh-An (goi thea 1960) m&j rut lui d6. Phap-quan vo chiem kh6ng g~p cUQc khang-cu: nao,

Clia~ dem 3Y loi II gio-, ngU'ai Vi~t dung hoa-cong dot tau cua 'Phap : hai-quan Trung-Uy Joucla chi-huy tau Echo, hai-quan Trung-Uy .Desnard, m~i ngtro-i bat dtrQ'C mQt chiec ghe cho- day datl va chay sang ,rIFc. Hai ngU'o-i cung doan thuy-thti xo hai chiec ghe ay vao mQt chi-

~U'u cua Bio-Dlnh-Ha. Lira tren hai chiec ghe ;{y m~c su-c hoanh-hanh -chay Ian ca thao-mQc moe len lCli do,

Ngay 10 thang tU' 1861 (15) liSi ba gio- chi~u Bourdais dttQ'c llnh di trU'&e v&i phao-harn 18. MQt it lau sau don Vi?t (don thir nam) xa sung b~n Phap-quan b.1n tra l~i cho' chua biet dich don ?:t ch~ nao.

Thinh llnh loi biSn tram thU'6'c, tren khiic quanh, m~t don og6 Ogay. DU'&i phao-harn nhii d~n len. Tre~ b~n ba ph <it lai : mQt den be tau, mot lam mQt ngtro-i bi thirong, mQt tning ng~y Bourdais bu-c trai tim, ru-t canh tay trai cua Bourdais. Phao-ham 18, 31, 16 va 2. thi nhau b~n. Tr~n don b~n tra, roi irn,

The quan Vi~t rut lui, quan Phdp chiem

.."

«on,

Desvaux thay the Bourdais.

Som mai, II thang tir, dai-qudn den don ~y. Tlr day, ngU'o-i ta be bo- til, di theo quail lQ me bo' hfru. Phap-quan dU'Q'c thong-bolo la don thu- sau, don Tam-leon (16) be, tr5ng rai. Ngay nay 10 tong-tang Bourdais.

Ngay 12 thaug til' (17) t~t eel d~o binh d~u vo d6ng ?:t lang TrungLI1O'ng.

LiSi II gio-, quan tien-phong thay mQt virng kh6i 1&0 len cao trl16'c etra thanh My-Tho.

Ngay 13 thang nr, cong blnh, v6'i tbang, Mn trung-dQi IQc-quan -Wily-chien tien mau v&i SU'1g b~n tao-dan, mao-dan, nhirng khi con

-chirng mQt tam sung thay cO- Phap tren thanh,

Chuy~n -l1y nhtr yay :.

Hoi 10 gio- ngay 10 thang til', hai-quan Thifu- Tu'6'og Page dang can-ngfr ?:t Bien-Hoa dU'Q'c linh di-chuy~n' v~ My-Tho.

Page da chi-buy phao-ham Fusee, gio- day e6 them chiec Lily v~ :Sham-Rock va vo etta Ti~u se c6 phao-harn La Dragonne lam tien.phong

(1 sl Thu. tll' mBng m~t thang ba nim nn D~u. (16) Trung-Lwo-ng.

(17) Thu. sau m~ng ba thang ba nam nn- D~u.

Nguyen la Charner luan luan dU'Q'e bao tin ve l(i-trlnh. ve ehU'&ngngai, ve bi~n-h6a v. v ... ella dao-quan vi~n-chinh danh ehi~m cac don. Bao-Dinh-Ha. Charner toan biet Ia ngay 12 thang tU' d~o-binh noi thea dU'o-ng Bao-D!nh-Ha se t&i My-Tho, va d~o thir nhl do Page ehl-huy ciing phai den d6 muc-dich tang-cirong d~o quan thir nhirt va yay ham c6 kien-hi~u hon hau chiem tbanh-tri mau le,

The nen ngay tam thang til', Charner sai chiec Lily va ShamRock dem tho cho Page trong d6 ngiroi n6i hai tau tren m&i di thamhiem song Ctru-Long ve va bay gio- giao dU'&i quyen eua Page, d~ Page chi-huy hai tau ay xuong My-Tho cho kip de cong-harn thanh nay.

Do <16 rna 10 thang te, chiec Fusee theo sau c6 Lily va ShamRock, t&i Cira Tieu, t:}i day. La Dragonne di tien-phong.

Ngay I I va 12, h:}m-dQi ay phai di qua hai ch6 c6 d6ng citva don b vj-trt ay xa sung b3n non xUelng nhu mtra da, nhtrng roi .. ~ Phap-quan cflng qua dU'Q'c va hoi mQt gia rU'cri trtra den d~u each, hai tram tbU'&c don My-Tho.

Lfnh Viet da rut em hoi 16i ba gio- tnr&c.

« Trtrcc khi rut lui cac quan Vi~t truyen cho dot «kho lua va val . c6ng-th\1' khac » ([8).

Llnh Phap do Trung-Uy h~m-dQi Desaux (d~o-quan do Page c~ihuy) vo thanh, trong luc ay dao-binh Bao-D!nh-Ha con d6ng (y lang· Trung-Ltrong, mai den 14 thing tir d~i quan mo-i vao thanh,

Chiem dU'Q'c thanh-tr] My -Tho, Phap . nhay len ghe chu-nhO'n-ong' ba rl nh mien Dong.

Hoi nam 1861, ti rh t>!nb- TU'cl'Dg 1.1 «vl1a lua ella viro'ng-qudc Vl~t-Nam II ([9).

N lU' Cllll'1J ta t'1ay 0. trtr&c, quan Vl~t chong CI1 het Ibng, naohan song, nao chat chircng-ngai-vat, d(1ng bOa-cong v.v ... nhung vi sung

(18) Theo BlIlIeti" Ju A",is till Vieux-Hui, trang 91, dong 13 v~ 1 t. (19) Theo sach I( His/oiu J~ J'ExpMitioll .. » trang It), dong 23, 2t_

80

dl CU, t~m sung Mn ng£n hon sung' Philp, d~i-bac thl n~p (y hong, thay vi nap h~u nhtr cua Phap, tau chay b~ng buom va su-c ngtreri cheo thay vi tau PMp chay Mng hoi ntr&c, quan gifr th~ thu ma khong 15i congo So sanh hai ben, chting ta thay Vi~t-quan bai binh 13 dting v~y.

Vj-trf thanh My-Tho (y ch6 nga ba Bao-E>jnh-Ha va Tien-Giang, ben bo- hfru Bao-£>jnh- Ha.

« Thanh-trl la - mQt hlnh vuong, va c6 phao-dai. Nhfrng rmron a chung-quanh rQng-rai, day ntr&c. Lliy n1)i va c6 be day. Tai mQt a v~i di~m, c6 sinh lay lam tang 11.rc-Itr<?,ng bao-v~ nho-n-tao do thiena tao phu them. Sting 5ng trong thanh My-Tho gom cac sting d~i-bac « ncng len. Thanh-trl ay coi tat ca song Tien-Giang va chi.hru cua n6. «V~y n6 13 mQt chi~n-phap-di~m quan-trong » (20).

Theo Planche III, Carte pour servir a l'intelligence de l'Fxpedition contre My-Tho, trong sach «Histoire de l' Expedition ... » tren g6c m~t c6 vi: thanh-trl My-Tho.

Do theo ty-l~-xlch cua dja-do nbO nay thl thanh c6 15i 500 thtr&c tay be canh, bOn g6c c6 bOn phao-dai (bastions).

Can-cu- theo sach Dqi-Nam Nhat ThOng-Chi thl luc ban-tri~u rthanh My-Tho xay cat (y go Ki~n-Binh thon Tan-Ly-Tay (nay ten a nay hay con (y 15i qu~n Ben- Tranh) huy~n Kien-KhtrO'ng (ten cli c1ia «huy~n Kien-An) goi la Tran-E>inh-Bon, n;en-hi~u Gia-Long deri qua thon aMy-Chanh (phai nay la thon Tan-My-Chanh (y Ch<?, Cli My-Tho?) «huy~n Kien-Hoa. Nam Minh-Mang thu- bay (Bfnh-Tuat I826) deri den «ch6 day, d~p -thanh dat, (y dja-ph~n thOn Bieu-Hoa (ten nay nay hay «con) va thon Blah-Bien (ten nay nay khOng thay) huy~n Kien-Htrng «(huy~n c6 tlnh-ly My-Tho ngay nay)» (21).

(20) Dich theo sach Histoire Je I'ExpiJilion ... trang 14), dong 13

t6-i 22.

(21) Thee B9i-Nnm NMt ThOng-eM Lvc-Tinh Nam-Vi~t, t~p Thuyng, trang 1 03 va 104.

81

D{rng v~ m~t trung-thanh thulln-tuy v&i sir-hQe, tac-gia thay c6 blln-ph~n 111 l~p l:_li bai tMt-ngon bat cu dtr&i day. (Thea y-kien etta tac-gia 06 111 ket-qua eua st.t' che-nhao khong nh~m ehe; eua thoi-nhori, vi Mi 186r, dan-tQc Vi~t vi nhtr nhfrng hanh-khach tren can tau s~p d~m, phai m6i ngtro-i m6i phtro-ng tim each ngan st.t' d~m tau ay. Nguy cho nhfrng ai khOng 10 xa ! Neu quan tran-thu thanh My-Tho ta Nguy~nCong-Nhlln bai binh thl qufic-gia Vi~t c6 thiet-th~t vi~n-anh mat tt.t'-ehu, mat tir-do, ca dan-tge oeu dau do-n, the phai ho~e 111 kho-dich, ho~c 13 moi gan 6c s1e hien-ke, oau nay de gia eua bai thi sau day bao biem gi~u eQ't).

Bai bat-eli nhir vliy:

Co .quan hUng dung Nguyln-Cong-NMn,

Hung dung nhimg rna lai nhat gan,

G i/.c ttYl Ben Tranh Tun 14p-cqp,

T u vo Cira- TI~u chay bo can.

MU'u th?in tTU'O-C biet ngang song cM.n . .(22)

Kt q'JY sau toan aong cui hang, (23)

That-thu muon lreu cho TO titt,

N g(j.t vi can, V{J' b4n dura an. (24)

(22) Co hIm sang Cu.a Ti~u va Bao-Binh-Ha nhtr chttng ta cia thay tnro-c,

(13) Thea tili th1 « dong ti~ng nhan, gan, can.

cui han », nhtr v~y ti~ng han m&i

A , •

v~n vcrl

Bong cui han II dong cu' ilg han, i1g bit long s8ng.

(24) Chep thea sach BlJlI V; Allh-H,}ng Kftllllg-Ckit" Mi'en Nil"" trang 1 S.

82

Tir ngay I:3 tbang 4 nam 1861 d~n ngay 31 thing 4 nam 1868 trong tho-i-gian boon bay nam khong tMy Slr n6i c6 cuOc danb pha nao. t~j thanh My tho.

Tuy nhien Phap-quan phai 10 ch5ng v60i nghia-quan n~i d~y chung quanh Mytbo.

Kip o~n ngay or thang 5 nam 1868 (25) c6 xay ra v9 ct.r60p thanh, dot pha trai ltro'ng-thao do ngtron-soai Than chl-huy,

Sach Les premieres auues de la Cochincnine cua Paulin Vial khong c6 dau nen khong biet ten nhir yay c6 dung v&i ngt.rai ngoai th~t-te chang '?

«Ngay 0 r thang 5, hoi ba gio- khuya, mQt ltl ct.r5'p (26) lQ'i dung I t5i, leo vao thanh My tho noi phia Tay-B1c, va danb pha nhfrng trai «!trO'ng-thao vi nhfrng tqi nay gan ch6 xu5ng ho a. Chung n6 ha-sat I ngU'eri trtro-ng-kho va lam bi thirong ba ngt.rai tuy tbuQc. Cbin mt.rO'i n lam ngU'ai Hob oon, Up t~p chay ra va b~n vao dam ct.r&p, chUng I trOD mau 1~. Den sang, ngt.rai ta g~p trong bui lam each ber mt.rai «hai tram thiro'c, mQt sat-nhon - da gan cMt. Ngt.rO-i ta tim nhfrng u tung-dang tU--bt.r60ng va ngt.rO-i ta - gia-dinb nhfrng ngt.rai cbU-dQng u trong V(1 am-sit nay 1a bon ngt.rM b~n-tb~ pb9c-v9 trong kho hrong « vua b] duM ra.

«Vi vong tt.rang thanh rQng qua ma quan-s5 qua It oi, nen bi e ctrop, con chau-thanh ngoai, tea hIS va vai can nba ctia vai ngU'ai (AU 0- deu khong bi bam doa, Ngt.rO-i ta tt.rO-ng cUQc bien-co 3y 13 «ket-qua cua SI,1' tt.r-tbu, nhtrng ngU'o-i ta dab ngQ ngay (~7).

VQ ~y du-t khoan va tt.rO-ng dau da chim l~p dU'&i toay theri-gian

",.

roi,

Dung mQt cai nam Canh-Ngc 1870, dem thu- bay 24 thang chap (28) nghia-quan cong ham don Cai-L~y.

(Z5) Niim 1868, nh~m thu. s~u m~ng chin thang hr nam M~u-Thln. (z6) Gi9ng van x~ chi~.

(z 7) Ngtro-i Phap h~ nghi Nguyan- T rung- T rife chi-huy VI} am- sat n~y Tu- « Ngay 1/5... t6-i nhU'Dg ngtrai ta dnh ng~ ngay» la dich cua

Vial quygn II, trang zp dong z6, 1,7, va 1,% dong trang 233'

(1,8) Nh~m m~ng ba tha~g mU'o-i m~t nlim Canh.Ngii.

83

tlem n~YI nhil'ng ngU'oi Cong-giaa hanh-l~ Sanh-Nhtrt. Vi cUQc l~ ~Y, nhirng Cong-chu-c thea cong giao d Phap l~n Nam deu v~ng m?t. TU'O'ng k~ t1J'u k~, nghia-quan khbi len danh pha va dot nha d~ tro oai.

I

Hai rmroi Him ma-ra, dU'&i quyen cua dQi CO' rut V30 don va

b~n vao dam dong, nhc- v~y ma d~y lui dU'Q'c cuec tan-congo Con bep It1J'U thl chet vi xa don ve kheng kip.

Nghia-qnfin do ngiro-n.soai Than (29) dieu khi~n.

Hay dU'Q'c tin, Phap-qudn huy-dQng llnh b bOn dia-di~m d~ bao yay :. Tan-An, My-tho, Go-Cong va Vinh-Long, ngoai ra vien thanhtra (y Cai-Lay (30) va t.Qc b Cii-Be di lung kiem roi. Phap.quan l~i Mt hUQc mQt ngan hai tram ngU'c-i (31) di theo cUQc dim kiem ay. Vong vay siet cMt, den tam ngay sau, nh~m ngay mQt thang gieng narn 1871 (32) ngwon-soai Than sa lU'&i v&i mQt tram nam chuc du-kichquan (:n)

Ch~c n$lU'O'n-soai Than hi xU- tu- ?

Rat tiec thay cho 1IlQt tU'&ng nghia-d5ng.

Tuy khOng lam nen vi~c d nhtrng ding to tam can trtro'ng cho Phap-qufn hiet v~y.

PHO-LANG

(Z9) Schreinu vi~t la Thin.

(30) H~i nam Canh-Ngu 18.70 Q. Cai-Lty con Thanh-tra-to». Ng~y 7/6 nlm 1871 (Dn-Mui) toa ~y m6-i cMm d!tt .- Schreiner, tr. 307, dong 18.

(31) V6-i I.Z00 ngU'o-i thU'o-ng d~n theo cu~c hanh-qu~n la m~t SI! hit bU~C ch6- kh8ng phai d~n-chUng t1!-a¢ng theo nhU' Schreiner da n6i kh&ng chiu suy ngh!.

(32) Chua.nhl!t 11 thang 10 nam Canh-Ngu.

(13) S~ 150 ngtreri Ia theo Vial, quy&n II, dong

,

1 Z va 13.

Ph~n 16-n hli «TIllh &jnb-Tlrfl'llg ngay xtra » rut tai-li?u trong sach « HiItoire Je l'ExpMition de Cocltincltine en 1861 » tkgia: Leopold PaUu tu-

trang III t6-i 145.

84

"., ,"',.

NHl1NG SACH, TAP·CHI DUNG KHAO·Cl1U:

.

1.- Trllng-Holl Si'r-CIt'O'ng, t~e-gia EHo-Duy-Anh, nha xu~t-ban:

Quan-Rai tung thU', Hu~, 1942 (ban gi~y b~eh).

2.- Vi#t. Nam Sir-Llr!"c ella T r~n-trQng-Kim, quygn h~, in l~n thu. hai ~i Hil-ngi, nha in Vinh va Thanh, 1928.

3.- Bl}i-Nam N!t;it Tk6ng-CIzl Lvc-Tlnh Nam-Vi€t, t~p ThU'((ng va H~, djch-gia: Tu-Trai Nguy~n-T~o, cir-nhan Han-HQc, Nha Van-H6a, Be) Quoc-Gia Giao-Dve xu~t-ban, 1959.

4.- Ssi-Vi«, so~n-gil: U-NgQC- Trv va Ph~m-van-Lu~t, x\J~t-ban l~n thu. nhu.t: nn-Vi~t, 1950.

5.- B6n Vi Anh-HI}/tg Khang-Chiin Mi'ln NIIHl, quy~n 1, t~c.gil:

Thai- B,}ch, S~ng- M6-i, 195 7.

6.- Hai trilHl nilm JlrO'ng-lick va tlfft-lich J6i-ch;iu 1780-1980, cua Ng\Jy~n-NhU'-Un, nha in Man-Sanh, 1961.

7.- Histoire JII CllmhoJge, tic-gil: M. Giteau.

8.- Hisloire Je [,ExpMition Je Cochinchine en 1861, tic-gil Leopold Pallu, Paris, Librairie L. Hachette et Cie, Boulevard Saint-Germain 77, 1864'

9. - Abdge Je l' HiJloire J' A~nll"" tic-gia: A. Schreiner, Saigon, deuxieme c!dition, nha in Coudurier va Montegout, 1906.

10. - Les premieres a1tnees Je III Coclrinchine pllr Palliin Vial, Tome II, Paris, Challamel' A Ine, Libraire- Editeur, '30 rue des Boulangers et 1. 7 rue de la Belle Chasse, 1874'

11.- Van-Holl NguYrt-San s5 61., thang 7 nam 1961 bli 0: Lich-sit ngU'lri Hoa-Ki~u Q. Vi~t-Nam », tkgil: nn-Vi~t-Bigu, tr. 715/29, dong 16.

12.- B~o Bl}i-Cltlmg, xuan Ky-Siru 1949 bai (l Tr~n R~ch G~ 1I cua U- ThQ- xuan.

13.- Bulleti« Jes Ami.r Ju Vieux-HlIl, 19 erne Annee No 1, JanvierMars 1~p.

14.- Viln-Holl NguYrt-San s6 61, thang 6 nam 1961, B9 Qugc-Gia

Gi~o-Dvc. .

~

&IA· &0

•

1).- Bia-d~ trong s~ch Histoire Je [,ExpMition en 1861 va c!r trang 116 cung sach ~y (do Vi~nJ Khao-C& tang trfr).

16. - Bia-d~ ngoai sau s~ch On{e mois Je sous-prijectllre ell RuseCochillchilte, tac-gil: M. Lucien de Grammont, capitaine au 44 erne de lig e Paris, Challamel Alne, Libraire Editeur, 30 rue des Boulangers, J 863 (00 Vi?n Khao-C& tang-trfr).

1

17'- Bia-d~ Hanh-Chanh Nam-Phsn, ty-l~ - 1960.

• soc.coo

85

Xel hli nguyen .. nhan

CUA CAe YU LOAN DIfO'I Bltl TIf -Bite

•• •

~ PH~M- V AN-saN

TH U' 0' N G thtrong tren Iteh-slr ta tMy sau khi danh d~ xong mQt ehe-dQ, eng vua khai sang etta trieu-d~i m&i chi con 10 vi~e an-dan. Trieu-d~i m&i c6 sh ngay mQt chiro-ng trlnh thiet l~p cae qui-me quoe-gia, van hoi tr~t t1,1' va b~t dau mer mang cac vi~c chlnhtr], kinh-tf, van-h6a, Xa-h9i v» ...

Nhwng nell eng vua cua trieu-d~i m&i chi 13 ke tMng tr~n tren phirong di~n quan-S1,1', vii-l1,1'e ma long dan chtra phuc tong thl tinhthe quoc-gia vIn chtra c6 th~ goi 1a ~n-djnh. Mam roi loan vh am-i trong long dan thi s&m mU9n cac cu¢c phien-dQng se bung ra va 13m lung-lay che-d¢.

Vua Gia-long v&i S1,1' tfQ'-giup cua Tay-phrrcng, va ctia cac ntr&c Men, Lao, Tiem-la da thanb-ceng trong vi~c tieu-di~t con chdu nha Tay-so-n nhirng vIn khcng gay dtrQ'C cam-dnh v&i si-dan trong ntr&c, do d6 ngay khi con sinh tien nha vua da phii m~t long vi nhieu cUQc doi-khang lien tiep di~n ra trtr&c m~t ngai va sau d6 trtr&c m~t cac eng vua ke tiep. Roi tu- Minh-mang, qua Thieu-tr], T1,1'-d(rc ntroc ta m6i ngay mQt loan nhieu bon, tai h:}.i hon cl la deri T1,1'-au-c cbanh quyen thu- thCri vu-a phai d5i ph6 v&i gi~c trong ntr&c vu-a phai chong tra quan ngo~i xam.

86

f)~ dc ban c6 mQt nhin nh~n t(')ng quat ve tinh tqng ntrIYC ta d1.1'6'i deri Nguy~n -so nhat la dl1'&i deri vua D1,1'c-toag, chung toi X1n co g£ag trinh bay vo-i cac ban mQt so tai-li~u sau day rna cae su-than ella bIIO trieu (nha Nguyb) khong muon chep ky, tam k~ qua nhfrng thien -tai thtiy hoa tftro-e het nhtr sau:

- 1848 (T1,1'-dfre nguyen nien) dong bao Ha-tlnh khon don vc gia g~o len cao,

- 1850: mat mua. Tai Hfi'u-tr1,1'c-ky (tu-e ta ttr Ninh-blnh vao den Quang-trj) va t~i Ta-tr1,1'c-ky (ttr Quang-nam vao den Blnh-tbuan) b~nh d~u mua da hrorn di to-i 60 van ngiro'i,

- 1853: han han.

- 1854: e6 nan cldu-ehau e£n hia tai B~c-nioh va Soon-tay (ta

goi Ja sau hoang-trung),

- 1856: e6 nan It,1t to ?:Y B~c-ky - de deu vf1 lung tung, hang ngan lang mat tich dlro-i Ian nlrO-c tr£ng, roi nan d6i xly ra Ian fQng khap vung Trung-chau the tham khOng sao ke xiet.

- 1857: bao l\1t kh£p cac doh Bac-ky ke tiep tr~n l1;lt na:n tnrec cang lam cho dan khOn don them.

- 1858: nan d6i tiep t\1c hoanh-hanh, di-nhien phai c6 vi daD chua kip cay cay tr?:Y l~i.

- 1859: t~i Quang-nam cling c6 nan doi, Su- chep «vua 1.ly lam 10» va lien theo cai d~i hca nay la dich t~ Ion,

- 1860: den IlrQ't Blnh-djnh bi bao.

- 1863: mat mua kh£p nlrO-c.

- 1864: thang 5 nan d6i kheri ttr Thira-thien, thang 10 nan d6i

tran qua Quang-narn, Quaog-ngai, Quang-blnh, Ngh~-an, Ha-tinh khien nhan daD nhieu ke b] chet. Nam-ky cling chung so ph~n troog dip nay do d~i han, lua chet vl nong dan khong c6 tien mua ~th6e gioog de lam maa tr?:Y l~i.

87

- I865: Vlnh-Iong, An-giang hie nay con thuoc ve trieu-dinh sau khi Phap gianh xong ba tlnh mien Bong (Gia-djuh, Bien-boa, DjnhttrO-ng) .. 6' day dan diy bo rU9ng hoang vi d~i han. Thing 3 B9 Lai tau len: « Gia gao cao vet may nam nay, tro-i lam dai-han tau ngay tumua Bong d~n mua Xuan, dan d6i kh~ kh~p chon ... )) Thang 4 nam ay ngoai B~c-ky cac tlnh Trung-du va Thtrong-du nhir Cao-bang, Langson, Thai-nguyen, Tuyen-quang, Son-tay, Quang-yen cfing c6 nan d6i.

Thang 5 Hai-diro'ng va Hu-ng-yen c6 d~i han,

Nan d6i 10-n trong mroc da dU'Q'c ghi chep nhat 1a vao nam 1858 qua nhfrng cau ve dtro-i day:

Btnrc . sang ndm Ngl) thiuig muiri, Niim dem nghi lqi boi hoi s(ll.l .ritng, Ta than mpt Uri nguyen,

van nien niim Ngp,
NM giau dqi phU;
Cii.ng xuat than di vay.
Giii:« nang vlJ. cay cay, Sang tluing miriri kiet cu. Ai hay van v(ln xep chit. Ai hay va ve xep tai, Dtrirng, hoa nguy~t gai trai, Luc My giir ding xep. Trang gia tid khcinh ki~t, Da • la-limg bOi hoi.

Thiri Tl!-du:c len ngai, Chcing thiri nao binh chinh. Thcing niim mat bq.ch-dinh, Rupng can mat lua ngirng. DIl'{Yc ndm ba mui bOng,

88

Csng anh cay bira nong VIJ. Btrirc sang tluuig bdy,

Chr;r (tMy) lua tot thQp phi2n, Anh vay n(Y ve man.

Sang thang muoi tTa ki?t ...

Troi gia tai lam ban dan thien-h~ dau kho Ia nhe v~y,. the ma cflng nam 1858 lai con nan binh dao v6'i th\1'c dan Phap vao tbang 7 (M~u-ngQ) (y ctra HAN. Tai ~ac b3i dlln Ao-hai, Ton-hai quan dan ta ehet khong it tnroc hoa-l1,1'c hung h~u cua bon Rigau1t de Genouilly. The mroc yeu qua khien ta c6 clm tU'Crng b9 m~t ella Vi~tNam hie nay nhu bi? m~t vang vet clla m9t b~nh -nhan gan dat xa treri. Nam 1860, Nguy~n-tri-PhU'O'ng da tau len vua Dl,fc-tong; « Quan va Dao ki~t qu~ lam roi L.» V~y ma vai oam sau dan con phai d6ng. gop suu cao thue o~ng cho Nha-mroc tien bac hang nam thanh toan boi khoan chien-phi cho quan xam lttgc thl «tram ho » chju sao noi. (Do vi~c mat ba doh mien E)_)og va vi~c ky-ket c1ia Phan-thanh-Gian. Lamduy-Hiep (Hoa U'6'c Nham-tujit 186'1), trieu dlnh ph3i oQP cho Phap bon tri~u nguyen tra lam 10 na~, m6i nam 40 van. T\1'-du-c cung phai ren 1a du ro Ia nha vua khcng phai 13 khOng biet tlnh hlnh tai chlnh ntt6'c ta luc nay , bi-dat den mirc nao, i>a v~y bay giCl' con nan tharn nhflng ciing them mi?t moi dau kbo ofra eho nMn dan, tho to cao t~ hOi 19 bay ve trieu nhir btrom-buem. Dog hoang Tung-thi~n-VU'O'ng ph3i chau may nghien ding va Dng-ich-Khiem ding ph3i n6i len S\1' ki~n dang buen nay b~ng hai cau:

Tlen bqc ndm quy€n dan xdc mtrO-p. Trtia de ngay hitn aU-a rang bau.

i>oan-hfru-TrU'ng lanh-t9 dam u Gi~c chay voi» gay cUQc bao hanh vao cam T\1'-d(rc thir 19 (1866) ~i kinh thanh trU'cYc d6 cung da than!

Nhi'eu ncri p_hzi tT{Jng hinh oai,

Binh k€u d6i Tach, ddn van kh6 ngheo.

khien chang ta nghi ding tac-gia clla nhfrng cau tho k~ tren c6 Ie da ro nhieu nU'cYc m~t trLr6'c clnb nU'cYc lo~n dan tan.

89

~uQc kh~ng-hoang chanh-tri d~n deri 11,.1'-dU-c di-nhien 1a nghiemtrong nh~t va n6 mang lai cho xa-hQi Vi~t-Nam mQt S1,.1' phan h6a hoan toan trtro'c khi mat mroc, nhirng phai nho' r~ng cUQc khung-hoang nay Mt dau ttr dau the-ky (1802) la narn N5uY~1l-Anh nhat thong son ha. Dtro-i trieu Gia-Long la hie dtrQ'c eoi nhir «bOn phirong philng li7ng» thl da e6 to-i bay vu loan noi len m~c dau vua The to da ap.dung ngay che-dQ Tong-tran giao hoan toan quyen sinh sat cho Nguyen-vanThanh, Le-van-Duyet nhfrng quan nhan khet tieng th!l:og tay dao biia, doi vo-i B£c-tMnh ding nhtr Narn-thanh (Nam va B£c-kY). Rieng & Bacthanh nha vua dii l~p ra Tinh-bac-lau la mQt co-quan chuyen 10 tran ap nong dan (tai lieu eua cu Doan-ke-Thien) bo.i dtr&i m~t chanh quyen mam loan dang nhen-nh6m khap noi khap chdn, khong ke mien ngiro'c hay mien xuci, Nam hay Bk

V&i trieu Minh-rnang cac v(1 khei-nghia qu~o trong len to-i so ba mtro i, dang ke nhfit la vl,t Le-van-Khoi da lam eho nha vua 10 lang den bo ca thu san CQP ban voi, va ra l~nh tha ca chim quy trong vtrern khong mudn ung-dung nghe h6t nfra.

Ngay vao nam 1840 (con thuQ"c ve thoi Minh-mang) trtro'c S\1' roi loan dang Ian tran, Nguyen-cong- Trir da: ~6 ban bao cao n6i : « ••• Hang ngay nghe tieng vang la viy danh, ch6 nao ch6 ay bon phi t\1 hop nhieu nhir ruoi d~u mu6i bay )) va cfing can ghi r~ng clU'&i deri Thieu-Tr] ngan ngui c6 7 nam (184I-1847) ma da: c6 t&i 9 CU9c vung d~y cua dan chiing ngheo kho.

M~c dau ntr&c nha b] xao trQn, b] lam than nhtr v~y, Quoe trieu chinh bien toat yeu v~n khen « th~t la thjnh-tr] (I) D va trong tho It ngl! che t1(1u xuan)) ong vua thu- ba deri Nguy~n-sO' v~n nu-c nO. tan t(1ng trieu-d~i cua minh r~ng :

II Nhan dan no ilm vui choi thanh blnh »

nhe ch~ng kem deri Nghieu, Thufn, Con vua T1,.1'-dU-c, ta khong tMy kh6c nhan dan thit nat xU'O'ng tan, thanh trl do nat trong vt;1 PM p t~n cong Da-nhg ma chi thay kh6c:

It en thf Bang oi t1li milt rlii! dt 13 lam-1y, tham thiet.

90

Nam T1,1'-tfu.c nguyen-nien Trirong-qudc-dung ding dang sO- trinh len taD qudn :« Tai hrc cua nhan dan khong b~ng 5, 6 phan 10 narn trU'o-c do loan-ly, l1.1t lQi, han han da thiro-cg-xuyen xay ra - :E>e Vangiang vo- 18 narn lien lam cho nhan dan d6i kha, keu ca thanh cau tuc ngfr « Oai-odi nlur phU khoai xin IU'O'ng », An-sit Hoang-van-Hoe mo-t3 tinb eanh bi-dat 'cua dan trong bai « Nhi khach. ha.nh » nhir sau :

Viin-giang cq.p Tien-lir, Lien we khO diem han.

V (In ly than eii tq.n dieu lqc,

True dCiu mpc mq: phil thir don. Thu chi tan han va ban hu~, C1!u tcmg tan l(lp oa nguyen than. Cap baa tll vi d(lo IU'O'ng ke,

Bach va nhii: thi; kh6ng mang bim ...

tam dlch e

Van-giang va Tien-'lii'r

Lu: lpi may ndm lien,

Menh msng trt1ng l(ing kMp mien, Giun roi lam t~ tY tren ng9n canh, Vtz miia kh6ng mpt nhiInh lUa msi, Thsc d~ gianh ech, gicii nuot trai. Vpi vang tim ke sinh nhai,

Gqo kh6ng etau ban bai hoai ma di. (Chu- Thien)

va cac nha tho nhir Nguy~n-Du, Cao-ba-Qudt, Nguy~n-van-Sieu, Nguy~nKhuy~n, Nguy~n-dinb-Chi~u, Tung tbi~n-vtrO'ng ciing eta pban anb tinh trang ngheo kho, cung quin cua dang bao qua nbieu sang taco Cung vao tbilri d6 cac nha «thien Van)) cua trieu-dlnh da neu ra It nbieu diem quai gOo rai nhfrng bat ttro-ng tri tri~u Day ciing dtrQ'c ghi vao bai ve :

91

Bqch. 19 chi tiet,

Chim cat ctinl: bay.

Sao m(Jc giii a ban ngay, Ai ai ciing ch9.

Chinh triia (giii'a) giir ng(J,

s,! tae quai ngq.e nhien.

Liu: My giir vi~c nU'cYc kMng yen, CO' triri sao loon.

BU'cYe sang thang tam,

Kien hi~u sao dr.

Trang vira rang tir mir,

Ga cat sang tieng gay. Bon phU'O'ng deu thirc dQY, Thify S,! qua ngq.e nhitn, Thai vi~e mrtrc kh6ng yen,

CO' triri sao IOQn •.•

Bai ve nay cang gay them khOng khi hoang-mang trong dai-chung vi d~i chting dang mat tinh than sau may chuc nam rang loan, ly, l~t lQi, han han lien mien.

Ch£ng ehju noi girong vua Minh-mang can biet 10 phan nao cho v~n nU'o-c, ong vua til' chtrong nhat ctta h9 Nguy~n (Dl1c-tong) v~n mai me, san b£n, ·lam tho; soan tuong va xai phi rat nhieu rea cong vao cae vi~c xay cat khong c6 19i Ich quoc-gia. Tl-de, vi~c kien thiet lang V an-nien,

Than van-Nhiep dang sO- keu «Than xem SI1 the ngay nay

Cr mien Nam tbo-i dat dai bi cat mat, C:t mien Bac thi gi~c-

.. ... len nhtr eng, tai tro-i ach DU'O-C khong Dam nao ..
gla DOl vang
ma cong xay dl1ng lang V~n-Dien l~i ton '" mU'o-i lang Thien-th\1
gap
(lang Gia-lcng). Do s£t, do ngoi tho-i .. & Hill-chau, do
gU'l mua 92

choi mua b ben Thanh, do g~m v6c, tt'ru 1au nam Dao ciing pbai ngtrc,.i di mua 0- ngoai qUClC. iHn djch tranh ve nam nao ciing phai thanh toan h6a don v&i Tay-dtrO'ng.Lau dai 0- trong cung vira xong, !au dai b ben song da tMy ke tiep, nhtr v~y c6 th~ bao la khOng tc;n hai chang ~ D.

Dire-tong khOng cMp nMn st,t' khuyen can va da tra lc,.i: «Cac vi~c ngtrc,.i trach deu 13 16i cua trim, nhimg ngay nay nhieu vi~c qua trim lai thiro-ng dau (Sm, neu diu-chap 0- nhii ng truy~n nho nhen trim dau con ho-i Sll'C rna lam vi~c ..• » Roi nha vua cll' tiep-t~c nhfrng y cau an hu-o ng lac cua minh c6 Ie khong ngoai cai ehll trtro ng thong thtro ng 1a lam vua phjj dtro c thu hu-ong ho n dan thi mei phcii 1a vua va c6 the mai bo lam vua, con ntrac mat con phiin l&n b tt,t' long troi, chbg v~y ttr r862 - 1867 Ia giai doan toan dan Nam-kj' '>oi mau ciau tranh cung quan ciro-p mro-c, sa tau cac no'i bay v~ tri~u xm nha vua cirong quyet chdng gi~c, c6 Ian vua T1!-dll'c da phe vao mQt phieu trlnh nhtr sau :

(( Sang dOi danh, chieu dOi danh cdc ngtriri muon m~ eon ta di My giir? ).

Oi 1 lo-i phe den nhir the c6 khac gi gao ntro'c lanh dQi vao bau nhiet h4yet ciia moi tang lap si-dan va cai tinh than Chll bai, Chll hoa ay khong mang lai c ii tharn canh mat rnro-c sao dtrQ'c!

Dau v~y dong baa ai-quiSc xU- f)ong-nai vin theo truyen-thdng anh-diing ella tc>-tien, yin n@t1g long vai xll'-so- chien dau cho t&i khi quan co the yeu' ho~c nga gQC no'i chien trtrong ho~c phai giai-giap vi qua ki~t qu~. St,t'-ki~n nay da dtrQ'c phan chieu trong may C3U vi! hay van tho day oan vcng va trach m6c clla Phan-van- Trj sau Hoa-troc 1862:

TO-Ie ken tMi ·tiing ndm ba, Nghe lpt VQO tai luting x6t xa.

Utin khiu: song Rang mit. mit kh6i, Vting ve thanh. phll-ng Ii s(lu hoa, Tan nha dim n8i cau ly-h4n,

Cat «at thuong thay cure gidng-hOa.

93

Gid blJi dbi cO'n xieu ngci co, Ng4m aroi Mt ndi n8i quan tao

..

Tho. thua xu5ng Lang xuiing Btrng, Keo ra illiu gijfe b(H chtmg qulin than.

Phan, Lam miii quoe, trieu dinh khi dan.

C6 nen nghi r~ng S1,.1' dau bubn

.

cua

dong bao mien Narn m&i

chi b£t nguon tll' bi~n-co Phap d~t chan len L1,1c tlnh roi do thai-dQ trong hen khi~p nhtroc ctia vua quan. do-i T1,1'-du-e rna long da~ sinh O<ln-h~n bi~n 10~n. Nhirng v&i dong bao B£e-ky thi S1,1' bat man con nhieu gap bQi va da e6 tll' lau do nhieu nguyen-nhan sau d~rn hon ve moi phirong di~n:

a) Ve chdnh-trj m?c dau Le-tric1.i sau nay suy bai, di cong on ctia ngtro'i nong dan dat Lam-so-n mu-o'i narn n~m gai nem m~t danh du~i quan Minh gian lao C1,.1'C kh~ den tQt dQ con ghi vao long cac tang I&p xa-hQi chtra phai. HQ Trinh hifp che con chau vua Le-thai-tCl thl dan thwong x6t hon Ia che trach cae- vua da nhu nhiroc khien c6 vi~c quyen than hiep chua. Cac chua Nguy~n-Kim, Nguy~n-Hoang ra m?t chOng ke IQng than nen nhan tai trong mro'c tim den di-nhien vi cai chieu-bai «PM Le, di~t Trinh D eua Thu~n-h6a Sau nay Nguy~n-A.nh danh bai dtrQ'c Tay-son cling Ia nho- (y anh-htrapg cia cai chanh nghia PM-Le, dU'Q'c toan quoc cong nh~n tll' nhieu do-i trtr&c. Nhirng t&i khi Nguy~n-A.nh ten ngo;, tr£ng trgn bO nien hi~u Canh-hU'ng eua nha Le, tuyen b5 khai sang mQt trieu-d~i m&i thl si dan B1c-ha su-ng-sot, b5' ngo- nhtr birng tlnh sau mQt giac mo,

Le-van-Duyet, Nguy~n-van- Thanh, f)~ng-tran- Thirong, dtrge I~nh thiet I~p ngay che-dQ Tl>ng-tran (y S£c-ha, dCli cii xU- goe ra mQt thanh goi 1a B£e-thanh v~ vua Gia-long chlnh thu-e d6ng do (y Phii-Xuan (Thu~n-h6a). Ngtro-i dan mien B£c da het su-c hoang-mang vi ebe-dc}

94

T~ng-tr~n 1~ eM dQ tMng tr] trong .tay cae eng ttf&ng v~ ngtfOoi ta khOng kboi nghi ngOo n6, kheng hon khong kern chi Ia eh~-dg quan-phi~t. COO tiet n~m trong tay, bon cae eng Thtrong, Thanh, Duyet lien ra oai s5:m set mang nhan si B£e-ha ra lam tgi, tha ht> sinh sat do cac vi~e bao an baa oan, D~ng-tran- Thtro-ng e6 h~n eli v&i Ngo-theri-Nhi~m, lien ding nee Nge ra gifra san Van mieu ther dll'e Khr>ng tai Giam th~ng dnh danh tram roi dau e6 m6e cau khien Nhiern sr> rUQt ra ma ehet. Phan-huy-feh cling b] don dau va neu khOng lla deri la nher khong e6 hiem rieng. Nhfrng viec si nhuc qua dang nay aa lam cho gi&i tri-thirc mien B£c muon deri nh& maio Di-nhien vi S1,1' viec dang tiec nay leri hieu tri~u cua Gia-long deli v&i cac cel-than nha Le khong c6 ket-qua va d6 chi m&i la nguyen nhan nbO ma thOi.

Cai nguyen nh3n tro.ng-yeu hon ca la he Nguy~n aa that tin d5i v&i quoc-dan do vi~c bo nha La d~ len lam vua ntf&c Nam, Tha r~ng Nguy~n dtrng hb hen, dtrng dung nien hi~u Canh-htfng trong cac giay ter ttrng hi~u I~nh cho toan qu5e ttr lau thl khOng ai che trach hQ Nguy~n aa: dung thu-do:}.n va ba-thu~t. C6 Ie nao mgt dong ho ell' lam vua mai, deri nao nhan dan cling hi~u nhir v~y.

b) Dieu tMt sach nfra la I vua Gia-long d6ng do (y Thuan-hca mgt dja-phirong m&i eua ntf&c nha, thua s11t ve nhin tai, v~t-l\1'c, xa lla d5:t kinh-ky cli la noi van-hi en ngan nam, non song hung vi, da tirng ch5ng ngoai xam rat d£c l\1'c nher e6 du thll' tfu-di~m - Can den dau thi bo, can do dau thl nuoi, do d6 khi gi~c Phap danh cu-a Thu~n chi sang t&i chieu quan Jt.rc cia trieu-dinh dli tool beri manh giap va xin hang lien, tdi l:Ji cae- V\1 cMng Phdp (y B£~-ha v&i Hoang-hoaTharn, Nguyen-thi~n- Thu~t, Ngl!1y~n-quang-Bfch keo dai ng6t 30 nam m~c dliu khong c6 mgt Mt th6c, mgt quan tien etta vua quan nha Ng~y~n:

Cai quan-niem ve vi~c l~p do (y Hu~ c6 mQt tam quan trong l&n lao vo cung v! m~t tam-Iy va chfnh tr] Ia vi the, ngoai ra n6 con bieu· IQ 5\1' lanh-dll-m, Sll chia re do noi chanh quyen m&i d5i v&i B£cha - Vi~c ngtfQ'c dlii nhfrog ngtferi d'ili di~n trf-thll'c Bkha 13 NgothO'i-Nhi~m va Phan-huy-Ich cung nhieu nho-gia khac la mQt blng cISkhong chCli dii dtfQ'c. Sau nay l~i c6 nhfrng vi~e tham nhling, ha-kh£c ella tall ch~-d9 them vao thi di-nhien B~c-ha phai loan-ly lien mien

95

d~. cCS gO- mlnh ra khoi dam vua quan m~· B£c-M khong nhifng khong phuc rna con eoi la nhifng ke thu dich. (Cac d~i-th~n nhtr Nguyln-vanThanh, Ls-van-Duyet, E>~ng-van- Thu-ong da hi tc> do ve cac v~n de gian l~n eua eong, eh~p chiem hat hop-phap hl) ao, tham lam eong quy va hi ket Mt vao til' tQi, trong tQi).

c) Cac : cong tac de dieu, nong-vu, Xa-h9i v.v... toy tren gi~y ler deu c6 l~nh phai cham nom nhirng bon quan lai ella Nguy~n-trieu ch] 10 b6c lQt nhan dan d~ lam giau rl)i dem pha nhau de lay cong va gianh dia-v] cho dl be' thao tung chanh-str. Be Van-giang v& 18 nam lie1jl thl vi~e e~y e~y, canh ciri la ngubn sc>ng can ban clla nhan dan tieu rna het, dan khong lam loan d~ t1,l' ciru thi con trong vao dau '? Ngay sir ella trieu Nguy~n cling con phai ghi nhtr sau (Nguyen nhan thir 3 theo Vi?t-Nam su- lmrc, trang 441):

«Ba la bon quan lai cli' hay nhfing nhi~u lam eho long ng1.1'OOl khong d1.1'9'c thOa thu~n va trong dam quan tnro ng thtrong hay c6 th6i b&i m6e nhau de tang cong tang can. Nha vua (Minh-mang] lai e6 tinh hep hoi, khong bao-dong nhirng . ke cong than, hay tim chuy~n lam utft&c moi ngll'iri rna 0- vrri th?1n dan thi nghiem kMc qua cho nen nuri thanh ra nhieu S{l' riJi loqn ... »

Chung toi chi ke ra day vai nguyen nhan chinh-yeu ve S1,l' .that chanh cua deri Nguyln-soo rna thoi va h~u-qua cua st.t' thllt chanh lIy di-nhien da cham ngoi cho rat nhieu V1,1 p:lien-dQng Volo de trieu d~i sau Mt dau til' do-i vua T1,l'-dU-c. Cai di san tai hai c:ia ba trieu vua tr1.1'&c . ke da n~ng ne rl)i c9ng vao v&i nhfrng l6i larn va hat h}c. cia chinh deri ngai nifa, n1.1'&c m&i rai ren hon bao gio- het. Chung toi n6i nhtr v~y d~ c6 S1,l' cong b~ng rna xae djnh r~ng vua T1,l'-du-c khong dang ganh chju bet trach-nhiem ve bi-trang n1.1'&e Nam trong giai-doan ngai d6ng vai chu t~ n1.1'&c nha tr1.1'&c quc>c dan va lich-sir '?

Tuy v~y ngay nay sir v~n e6 th~ chep d1.1'9'c dng d1.1'&i deri cua ngai gi~e gia lien mien, tr3.n Ian kh£p chc>n, c6 khi rn6i narn c6 den Mn narn vQ n~i loan, noi nay chtra yen, noi kia da noi d~y, dam nao cung dong dao «mugi ktu thanh stfm, kien hpp rung cay» (I)

(1) Van tu thanh Ioi, nghi quan ham thu (theo Trlln tinh Van eua Cao-ba-Nha),

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:Day nhfrng v1,1 10~n dang k~ nMt 1

- 1851: Gi~c Tarn-diro'ng (ngU'o-i Tau) la Ly-d~i-XU'oong, Hoang Nhi-Van, LU'u st-Anh hoanh hanh (y Thai-nguyen va keo dai may nam li~n.

- 1854: Gi~c Chau-chfu do Cao-ba-Quat c~u mtru va do L@duy-C\1' dong d5i nha Le lam thu lanh day dQng t<].i Son-tay -.Ha-n~i. Cu5i nam ~y e6 nhi~u chfu-chfu pha mua mang nen ngU'o-i tho-i bay gio- goi Ia gi~c chau eh3u. Gi~e chsu-chfu quay rai dU'Q'C vai nam thl hit.

- 1855: MQi Ba Vaeh n~i v~y (y Quang-ngai.

Le-U~n n~i d~y (y B~e-kY.

_ 1860: Gj~c Mien danh pM doh An-giang, Ha-tien,

- 1861: NgU'o-i Mieo va dan Cong-giao n~i d~y (y Nam-ky. Ta-van Phung lay ten 13 Le-day-Minh con chau nba Le t1,.1' xU'ng

13 minh-chu .n~i len (y Quang-yen lien l<].c v&i eac lo<].n-dang khac (y Hai-dirong, B~c-ninh Son.tay, Thai-nguyen, Tuyen-quang, Thanh.hoa, Ngh~-an lam cho quan quan nhi~u ph en pbai that dien hat dao va thi~t h~i rat nhieu. (Quae trieu chinh bien to at ylu).

- 1862; Gi~c Cai Yang n~i len V30 thang 4 hang-ctr t~i B~cninh lien lac v&i canh Ta-van-Phung «xam pham cac phu -Lang-giang, Yen-dung, vay danh tlnh-thanh ", quan trieu dlnh danh mai m&i dep dU'Q'C.

Thang 5, bien dQng (y Hai-diro'ng, Loan-quan h<]. sat dU'Q'c vien Tri-huy~fI Gia-1Qc ten la B~ng-Lang.

Thang 6, tlnh Hai-diro'ng hi vay ham. Trieu dlnh ph3i dem llnh (y kinh do va Thanh-Nghe ra danh dep, Vi~c d1,1 hang cac quan phien loan (y cdc tioh Hai-dtro-ng, HU'ng-yen, B~c-ninh, Thai-nguyen, Cao-bfng khOng c6 ket qua. Cu6i thang ay doh Quang-yen b] vay g~t. Thiro'ng-bien Nguy~n-tien L9C giri s& ve trieu tau dng CI Giq.c ilong han qulin czia trieu-ilinh, the khong dich nbi » rM tr6n xu6ng Nam-dinh,

Thang 8, quan Man, Nung tit ben kia bien-tMy Vi~t- Hoa 30 sang (Hnh ctro-p cac huyen B<].i-tit, Tong-boa thuQc doh Thai-nguyen r~i vay tlnh thanh, Quan quan thua l&n. Gi~c tran ca sang Phd-blah (y U c~n.

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Tri-phd Doan Chfnh bl th~ phai nhay xu6ng song t\1' v~n. TrtrO'ng qu()c-D(1ng do vua TV-E>{fC phai ra ciru Thai-nguyen ciing b] vay luon-

-Thang 9 bon Le-V~n lien minh v&i Nang-hang Thac (y Tuyen quang va Hoang-Anh ngtr",i Tau h9P dtrQ'c boon mtr",i ngan quan vay thanh Tuyen-quang. Hai quan gifr thanh 1a Nguy~n-t~t- To va Nguy~nvan-T6 be) chay, Trieu-dlnh lai cir mQt dao quan thtf hai do cac danh ttr&ng nhir Nguyen-tri-Phtro'ng, Phan-dlnh, Tuy~n, T8n-th~t- Tu~ phu trach, Hai nrong Tu~ va Tuyen tir tr~n, binh si bo mang r~t nhieu.

Cung thang ay tinh Cao-bfng cilug b] vay do quan clla Ly-hopTh~ng nglf",i Tau. Tinh-thlln Ia . Le-van-Ph~ phai bo thanh va diu vi~n sau moi thu phuc dtf,?,C thanh nay.

Quan trieu phan cong Ct Hai-dtrong.

Thang 10 quan trieu day lui dtr,?,c quan ella Cai Yang i!:t B~cninh. Cai Yang rut ve hoat d9ng Ct phil Nam-sach, Kinh-mon roi qua Do-sO'n, Cat-ba.

Quan trieu phan cong (y Quang-yen va Lang soon.

_ 1863: Thang gieng, quan ella Van, Trinh d~i ehi~n v&i Nguy~n-tri-PhtrO'ng t;,ti cac huyen Hiep.hoa, Vi?t-yen, Yen-th~ (Bac-giang] va Lang-giang.

Thang 4: quan trieu danh l~y lai dtr,?,e thanh Tuy~~-quang giao cho Vt1-Tao nhirng Vt1-Tao lai b] gi~c b~t gi~t.

Thang 5: quan trieu phan cong i!:t B~c-ninh Va Thai-nguyen.

Thang 6: quan trieu th~ng Ct Quang-yen nhirng thang 9 bon Ta-van-Phung phdn cong : TMng roM thuy d~o Hai-yen Le-quang- Ti~n va HQ phu Bui-huy.Phan b] thua to nMy xuong bien t\1' tir.

- 1864: Thang gi~ng, MQi Da Vaeh I~i day d¢ng i!:t Quang ngai.

Ti~u-phU-stf Nguy~n- Tan mat cong danh dep trong vong 2 nl{m m&i y~n.

Thang 7: quan tri~u m&i b~t dau phan cong gi~c MQi.

Cung thang ily kich-cbi~n Ct Ha-b~c, La-khe gifra quan thtf tlnh Hai-yen v&i Ta-van-Phung, Quan trieu d~i bai, Hi?p thong Tnrcng-"

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